Ear, 74.
Ear, formation of, 51.
Early specialization, 111.
Echinodermata, 44.
Echinoidea, 44.
Echinops, 148.
Echinorhinus, 172.
Echinus, 43.
Economy, Fuegian political, 192.
Eczema, 183.
Edentata, 174.
Egyptian monuments, 138.
Elasmobranchs, 140.
Elbow and knee affections, 183.
Empedocles, 288.
Eocene ungulata, 110.
Eolis, 170.
Equus, 97.
Ericulus, 148.
Ethics, 188.
Eudes Deslongchamps, 99.
Eurypterida, 141, 171.
Eutropius, 147.
Everett, Rev. R., 98.
Evolution requires geometrical increase of time, 139.
Eye, 76.
Eye, formation of, 51.
Eye of trilobites, 135.
F.
Fabre, M., 46.
Feather-legged breeds, 181.
Feejeans, 199.
Fertilization of orchids, 55.
"Fiat justitia, ruat coelum," 195.
Fibres of Corti, 53, 279.
Final misery, 194.
Finger of Potto, 105.
Fish, flying, 64.
Fishes, fresh-water, 145.
Fishes, thoracic and jugular, 39, 140.
Fixity of position of limbs, 39.
Flat-fishes, 37, 166.
Flexibility of bodily organization, degrees of, 119.
Flexibility of mind, 267.
Flies, horned, 93.
Flight of spiders, 65.
Flounder, 37.
Flower, Professor, 163, 232, 283.
Fly, orchid, 55.
Flying-dragon, 64, 158.
Flying fish, 64.
Foetal teeth of whales, 7.
Food, effects on pigs, 99.
Footsteps of Connecticut, 131.
Foraminifera, 186.
Formally moral acts, 195.
Formation of eye and ear, 51.
Forms, substantial, 186, 272.
Four-gilled Cephalopods, 76.
Fowls, white silk, 122.
French theatrical audience, 198.
Fresh-water fishes, 145.
Frogs, Chilian and European, 149.
Fuego, Terra del, 192.
[Page 292]
G.
Galago, 158.
Galaxias, 147.
Galeus vulgaris, 172.
Galton, Mr. F., 97, 113, 228.
Gascoyen, Mr., 182.
Gavials, 43.
Gegenbaur, Prof., 176-178.
Gemmules, 208.
Generative system, its sensitiveness, 235.
Genesis of morals, 201.
Geographical distribution, 144.
Geographical distribution explained by Natural Selection, 6.
Geometrical increments of time, 139.
Geotria, 147.
Giraffe, neck of, 24.
Gizzard-like stomach, 83.
Glacial epoch, 150.
Glyptodon, 110.
Godron, Dr., 101.
Goose, its inflexibility, 119.
Göppert, Mr., 101.
Gould, Mr., 88.
Grasshopper, Great Shielded, 89.
Gray, Dr. Asa, 253, 255, 261.
Great Ant-eater, 83.
Great Salamander, 172.
Great Shielded Grasshopper, 89.
Greyhounds in Mexico, 99.
Greyhounds, time for evolution of, 138.
Guinea-fowl, 120.
Guinea-pig, 126.
Günther, Dr., 145, 146, 172.
H.
Hairless Dogs, 174, 175.
Hamilton, Sir Wm., 267.
Harmony, musical, 54, 279.
Heart in birds and reptiles, 158.
Hegel, 217.
Heliconidæ, 29.
Hell, 194.
Heptanchus, 172.
Herbert Spencer, Mr., 20, 28, 67, 72, 163-166, 168, 170-172, 184, 187,
202, 203, 205, 218, 228, 245, 246, 248, 251.
Hessian flies, 170.
Heterobranchus, 146.
Hewitt, Mr., 124, 181.
Hexanchus, 172.
Hipparion, 97, 134.
Homogeny, 158.
Homology, bilateral or lateral, 156, 164.
Homology, meaning of term, 7, 156.
Homology, serial, 159.
Homology, vertical, 165.
Homoplasy, 159.
Honey-suckers, 90.
Hood of cobra, 50.
Hook-billed ducks, 100.
Hooker, Dr., 150.
Horned flies, 93.
Horny plates, 40, 42.
Horny stomach, 83.
Human larynx, 54, 278.
Humphry, Professor, 163.
Hutton, Mr. R. Holt, 202, 203.
Huxley, Professor, 67-69, 71, 72, 95, 103, 109, 130, 131, 137, 141, 163,
172, 173, 231, 247, 273.
Hybrids, mortality of, 124.
Hydrocyonina, 146.
Hyperphysical action, 253.
Hyrax, 179.
I.
Ichthyopsida, 109.
Ichthyosaurus, 78, 106, 132, 177.
Ichthyosis, 183.
Iguanodon, 71.
Illegitimate symbolic conceptions, 251.
Illustration by clock-thinking, 249.
Imaginal disks, 46, 170.
Implacental mammals, 67, 68.
Independent origins, 152.
Indian butterfly, 30.
Indian region's butterflies, 83.
Indians and cholera, 192.
Individual, meaning of word, 2.
Infirm, care of, 192.
Influence, local, 83.
Insect, walking-leaf, 35.
Insects, walking-stick and bamboo, 33.
Insectivora, 68.
Insectivorous mammals, 148.
Insectivorous teeth, 68.
Instinct of bull-dog, 260.
Intermediate forms, 128.
Intuitions, primary, 251.
Irregularities in blood-vessels, 182.
Isaria felina, 115.
[Page 293]
J.
Japanned Peacock, 100.
Jews, 212.
Joints of backbone, 157, 162.
Jugular fishes, 39, 141.
Julia Pastrana, 174.
K.
Kallima inachis, 31.
Kallima paralekta, 31.
Kangaroo, 42, 67.
Kowalewsky, 81.
Knee and elbow affections, 183.
Kölliker, Professor, 104.
L.
Labyrinthici, 146.
Labyrinthodon, 104, 134.
Lamarck, 3.
Lankester, Mr. Ray, 152, 158.
Larynx of kangaroo, 42.
Larynx of man, 54, 278.
Lateral homology, 164.
Laws of correlation, 173.
Leaf butterfly, 31.
Legitimate symbolic conceptions, 251.
Lens, 76.
Lepidosteus, 172.
Lepra, 183.
Lewes, Mr. G. H., 94, 212, 214, 216.
Lewis, St., 206.
Lewis XV., 206.
Lewis XVI., 206.
Limb genesis, 176.
Limb muscles, 180.
Limbs, fixity of position of, 39.
Limbs of lobster, 161.
Links, supposed connecting, 107.
Lions, breeding, 234.
Lions, diseased pelvis, 182.
Llama, 109.
Local influences, 83.
Lobster, 160.
Long-tailed bird of Paradise, 91.
Lubbock, Sir John, 193, 204.
Lyell Sir, Charles, on dogs, 99, 106.
M.
Machairodus, 110.
Macrauchenia, 109.
Macropodidæ, 69.
Macroscelides, 68.
Madagascar, 148, 152.
Magnificent Bird of Paradise, 93.
Maize, American, 100.
Mammals, 67.
Mammary gland of kangaroo, 42.
Mammary gland, origin of, 47.
Man, origin of, 277.
Man reveals God, 267.
Man, voice of, 54.
Manatee, 41, 175.
Manchamp breed of sheep, 100.
Manis, 175.
Man's larynx, 54.
Many simultaneous modifications, 57.
Marcus Aurelius, 206.
Martineau, Mr. James, 200, 245.
Mastacembelus, 145.
Materially moral acts, 195.
Matter, crystalline and colloidal, 266.
Meaning of word "individual," 2.
Meaning of word "species," 2.
Mechanical theory of spine, 164.
Mediterranean oyster, 88, 98.
Meehan, Mr., 88.
Mexico, dogs in, 99.
Mill, John Stuart, 15, 189, 193, 194.
Mimicry, 8, 29.
Miracle, 287.
Molars, 111.
Mole, 176.
Molière, 230.
Mombas, cats at, 98.
Monkeys, American, 226.
Monster proboscis, 123.
Moral acts, 195.
Mordacia, 147.
Murphy, Mr. J. J., 52, 53, 76, 103, 114, 115, 137, 185, 221, 276, 281.
Murray, Mr. Andrew, 83.
Mus delicatulus, 82.
Muscles of limbs, 180.
Mussel, 79.
Myrmecophaga, 83.
N.
Nasalis, Semnopithecus, 139.
Nathusius, 99.
Natural Selection, shortly stated, 5.
Naudin, M. C., 101.
Nautilus, 76.
Nebular evolution, 273.
Neck of giraffe, 24.
Newman, the Rev. Dr., 260, 268, 270, 286.
[Page 294]
New Zealand crustacea, 149.
New Zealand fishes, 147.
Niata cattle, 100.
Nile fishes, 146.
Normandy pig, 99.
North American fish, 147
Nycticebus, 179.
O.
Object of book, 5.
Objections from astronomy, 136.
Octopods, 77.
Offensive remarks of Prof. Vogt, 13.
Old, care of the, 192.
Old Fuegian women, 192.
Omygena exigua, 115.
Ophiocephalus, 146.
Optic lobes of pterodactyls, 71.
Orchids, 92.
Orchids, Bee, &c., 55.
Organ of hearing, 74.
Organ of sight, 76.
Organic polarities, 185.
Origin of man, 277.
Orioles, 90.
Ornithoptera, 84.
Ornithorhynchus, 175.
Orthoceratidæ, 170.
Orycteropus, 174.
Ostracods, 79.
Ostrich, 70.
Otoliths, 74.
Outlines of butterflies' wings, 86.
Owen, Professor, 74, 102, 123, 217, 238, 274.
Oyster of Mediterranean, 88, 98.
Oysters, 79.
P.
Paget, Mr. J., 182.
Palæotherium, 109.
Pallas, 125.
Pangenesis, 19, 208.
Pangolin, 175.
Papilio Hospiton, 85.
Papilio Machaon, 85.
Papilio Ulysses, 84.
Papilionidæ, 83.
Papuan morals, 197, 198.
Parthenogenesis, 217.
Passiflora gracilis, 107.
Pastrana, Julia, 174.
Pathological polarities, 184.
Pavo nigripennis, 100.
Peacock, black shouldered, 100.
Peacock, inflexibility of, 119.
Pedicellariæ, 44.
Pelvis, diseased, 182.
Pendulous appendages of turkey, 100.
Perameles, 68.
Periophthalmus, 146.
Perissodactyle ungulates, 109.
Permian, jugular fish, 141.
Perodicticus, 105, 179.
Phalangers, 67.
Phasmidæ, 89.
Phyllopods, 79.
Physical actions, 253.
"Physiological units," 168, 218.
Pigeons' "boots," 181.
Placental mammals, 67.
Placental reproduction, 81.
Plants, tendrils of, 107.
Plates of baleen, 40.
Platypus, 175.
Pleiades, 193.
Plesiosaurus, 106, 133, 178.
Pleurodont dentition, 148.
Pleuronectidæ, 37, 166.
Plotosus, 147.
Poisoning apparatus, 66.
Poisonous serpents, 50.
Polarities, organic, 184, 185.
Political economy, Fuegian, 192.
Polyzoa, 80, 81.
Pompadour, Madame de, 206.
Poppy, variety of, 101.
Porcupine, 175.
Porto Santo rabbit, 100, 122.
Potto, 105, 179.
Pouched beasts, 67.
Powell, the Rev. Baden, 259, 261, 285.
Premolars, 111.
Prepotency, 124.
Primary intuitions, 251.
Primitive man, 204.
Problem of origin of kinds, 1.
Proboscis monkey, 139.
Proboscis of ungulates, 123.
Processes, bird's-head, 80.
Psettus, 146.
Psoriasis, 183.
Pterodactyles, compared with birds, 70.
Pterodactyles, wing of, 64.
Puccinia, 115.
Purpose, 259.
[Page 295]
Q.
Quasi-vertebral theory of skull, 172.
R.
Rabbit of Porto Santo, 100, 122.
Radial ossicle, 176.
Rarefied air, effect on dogs, 99.
Rattlesnake, 49, 50.
Red bird of Paradise, 92.
Relations, analogical, 157.
Relations, homological, 156.
Reptiles compared with birds, 70.
Retina, 76.
Retrieving, virtue a kind of, 189, 205.
Reversion, cases of, 122.
Rhea, 70.
Ribs of Cetacea and Sirenia, 41.
Ribs of flying-dragon, 64, 158.
Richardson's figures of pigs, 99.
Roger Bacon, 266.
Rudimentary structures, 7, 102.
S.
Sabre-toothed tiger, 110.
St. Augustin, 17, 263-265.
St. Basil, 17.
St. Hilaire, M., 179.
St. Thomas Aquinas, 17, 263, 265.
Salamander, great, 172.
Salter, Mr., 124.
Salvia officinalis, 213.
Salvia verticillata, 213.
Scapula of birds and reptiles, 70.
Schreber, 13.
Sclerotic, 76.
Scorpion, sting of, 66.
Seals, 83.
Sea squirts, 81.
Seeds, dissemination of, 65.
Seeley, Mr., on pterodactyles, 71.
Segmentation of skull, 172.
Segmentation of spine, 171.
Segments, similar, 160.
Self-existence, 252.
Semnopithecus, 139.
Sense, organ of, 51, 69, 74, 76.
Sensitiveness of generative system, 235.
Sepia, 77.
Serpents, poisonous, 50.
Sexual characters of apes, 49.
Sexual selection, 48.
Sharks, 83.
Shell-fish, beauty of, 54.
Shells of oysters, 88, 98.
Shielded grasshopper, 89.
Silurian strata, 140, 142.
Simultaneous modifications, 57.
Sirenia, 42
Sir John Lubbock, 198, 204.
Sir William Thomson, 136.
Sitaris, 46.
Six-shafted bird of Paradise, 90.
Skull bones, 153.
Skull segments, 172.
Sloth, windpipe of, 82.
Smithfield, wife-selling in, 198.
Snow, crystals of, 186.
Sole, 37.
Solenodon, 148.
Species, meaning of word, 2.
Spelerpes, 165.
Spencer, see Herbert Spencer.
Spider orchid, 55.
Spiders, flight of, 65.
Spine of Glyptodon, 110.
Spine, segmentation of, 172.
Squalidæ, 38.
Squilla, 160.
Sterility of hybrids, 125.
Stings, 66.
Straining action of baleen, 41.
Struthious birds, 70, 151.
Sturgeon, 171.
Suarez, 18, 263.
Substantial forms, 186, 272.
Sufferings of beasts, 260.
Supernatural action, 252.
Supernatural action not to be looked for in nature, 15.
Supernumerary digits, 122, 181.
Syllis, 169, 211.
Symbolic conceptions, 251.
Symmetrical diseases, 182.
Syphilitic deposits, 183.
T.
Tadpole's beak, 83.
Tails of butterflies, 85.
Tapir, 123, 134.
Tarsal bones, 159, 198.
Teeth of Cetacea, 83.
Teeth of Insectivora, 68.
Teeth of kangaroo and Macroscelides, 69.
Teeth of seals, 83.
Teeth of sharks, 83.
[Page 296]
Teleology and evolution compatible, 273.
Tendrils of climbing plants, 107.
Tenia echinococcus, 170.
Teratology, 173.
Tetragonopterina, 146.
Thomson, Sir William, 136.
Thoracic fishes, 39.
Thorax of crustaceans, 79.
Thylacine, 67.
Tierra del Fuego, 192.
Tiger, sabre-toothed, 110.
Time required for evolution, 128.
Tope, 172.
Trabeculæ cranii, 172.
Transitional forms, 128.
Transmutationism, 242.
Trevelyan, Sir J. Peacock, 100.
Trilobites, 135, 141, 171.
Tunicaries, 81.
Turbot, 37.
Turkey, effects of climate on, 100.
Turkish dog, 45.
Two-gilled cephalopods, 76.
Type, conformity to, 241.
U.
Umbilical vesicle, 82.
Ungulata, 25, 109.
Ungulata eocene, 110.
Units, physiological, 168, 218.
Unknowable, the, 245.
Upper Silurian strata, 140, 142.
Urotrichus, 68.
V.
Variability, different degrees of, 119.
Vermiform appendix, 83.
Vertebræ of skull, 172.
Vertebral column, 162, 171.
Vertebrate limbs, 38, 163.
Vertical homology, 165.
Vesicle, umbilical, 82.
"Vestiges of Creation," 3.
View here advocated, 5.
Vitreous humour, 76.
Vogt, Professor, 12, 273.
Voice of man, 54.
Voltaire, 230.
W.
Wagner, J. A., 13.
Wagner, Nicholas, 170.
Walking leaf, 35.
Walking-stick insect, 33.
Wallace, Mr. Alfred, 2, 10, 26, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36, 54, 83, 84, 87, 89,
90, 103, 117, 191, 197, 226, 274, 281-283.
Weaver fishes, 39.
Weitbrecht, 179.
Whale, foetal teeth of, 7.
Whale, mouth of, 40.
Whalebone, 40.
Whales, 78.
White silk fowls, 122.
Wife selling, 198.
Wild animals, their variability, 120.
Wilder, Professor Burt, 180, 184.
Windpipe, 82.
Wings of bats, birds, and pterodactyles, 64, 130.
Wings of birds, origin of, 106.
Wings of butterflies, outline of, 86.
Wings of flying-dragon, 64, 158.
Wings of humming-bird, 157.
Wings of humming-bird hawk moth, 157.
Wings of insects, 65.
Wombat, 83.
Women, old Fuegian, 192.
Worms undergoing fission, 169, 211.
Wyman, Dr. Jeffries, 185.
Y.
York Minster, a Fuegian, 197.
Z.
Zebras, 134.
Zoological Gardens, Superintendent of, 126.
R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, LONDON.
* * * * *
Notes
[1] In the last edition of the "Origin of Species" (1869) Mr. Darwin
himself admits that "Natural Selection" has not been the exclusive means of
modification, though he still contends it has been the most important one.
[2] See Mr. Wallace's recent work, entitled "Contributions to the Theory of
Natural Selection," where, at p. 302, it is very well and shortly stated.
[3] "Natural Selection" is happily so termed by Mr. Herbert Spencer in his
"Principles of Biology."
[4] Biology is the science of life. It contains zoology, or the science of
animals, and botany, or that of plants.
[5] For very interesting examples, see Mr. Wallace's "Malay Archipelago."
[6] See Müller's work, "Für Darwin," lately translated into English by Mr.
Dallas. Mr. Wallace also predicts the discovery, in Madagascar, of a
hawk-moth with an enormously long proboscis, and he does this on account of
the discovery there of an orchid with a nectary from ten to fourteen inches
in length. See _Quarterly Journal of Science_, October 1867, and "Natural
Selection," p. 275.
[7] "Lectures on Man," translated by the Anthropological Society, 1864, p.
229.
[8] Ibid. p. 378.
[9] See Fifth Edition, 1869, p. 579.
[10] _The Rambler_, March 1860, vol. xii. p. 372.
[11] "In primâ institutione naturæ non quæritur miraculum, sed quid natura
rerum habeat, ut Augustinus dicit, lib. ii. sup. Gen. ad lit. c. l." (St.
Thomas, Sum. I^æ. lxvii. 4, ad 3.)
[12] "Hexaem." Hom. ix. p. 81.
[13] Suarez, Metaphysica. Edition Vivés. Paris, 1868. Vol. I. Disputatio
xv. § 2.
[14] "Pangenesis" is the name of the new theory proposed by Mr. Darwin, in
order to account for various obscure physiological facts, such, _e.g._, as
the occasional reproduction, by individuals, of parts which they have lost;
the appearance in offspring of parental, and sometimes of remote ancestral,
characters, &c. It accounts for these phenomena by supposing that every
creature possesses countless indefinitely-minute organic atoms, termed
"gemmules," which atoms are supposed to be generated in every part of every
organ, to be in constant circulation about the body, and to have the power
of reproduction. Moreover, atoms from every part are supposed to be stored
in the generative products.
[15] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 192.
[16] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 414.
[17] "Origin of Species," 5th edit., 1869, p. 110.
[18] Ibid. p. 111.
[19] Ibid. p. 227.
[20] The order _Ungulata_ contains the hoofed beasts; that is, all oxen,
deer, antelopes, sheep, goats, camels, hogs, the hippopotamus, the
different kinds of rhinoceros, the tapirs, horses, asses, zebras, quaggas,
&c.
[21] The elephants of Africa and India, with their extinct allies,
constitute the order _Proboscidea_, and do not belong to the Ungulata.
[22] See "Natural Selection," pp. 60-75.
[23] "Principles of Biology," vol. i. p. 122.
[24] See "Natural Selection," chap. iii. p. 45.
[25] Loc. cit. p. 80.
[26] Ibid. p. 59.
[27] Loc. cit. p. 64.
[28] "Origin of Species," 5th edit. p. 104.
[29] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 351.
[30] Loc. cit. pp. 109, 110.
[31] Heredity is the term used to denote the tendency which there is in
offspring to reproduce parental features.
[32] Loc. cit. p. 64.
[33] Loc. cit. p. 60.
[34] The term "Vertebrata" denotes that large group of animals which are
characterized by the possession of a spinal column, commonly known as the
"backbone." Such animals are ourselves, together with all beasts, birds,
reptiles, frogs, toads, and efts, and also fishes.
[35] It is hardly necessary to observe that these "sea-snakes" have no
relation to the often-talked-of "sea-serpent." They are small, venomous
reptiles, which abound in the Indian seas.
[36] "Origin of Species," 5th edit., 1869, p. 179.
[37] "Origin of Species," 5th edit., p. 532.
[38] Mr. A. D. Bartlett, of the Zoological Society, informs me that at
these periods female apes admit with perfect readiness the access of any
males of different species. To be sure this is in confinement; but the fact
is, I think, quite conclusive against any such sexual selection in a state
of nature as would account for the local coloration referred to.
[39] Mr. Darwin, in the last (fifth) edition of "Natural Selection," 1869,
p. 102, admits that all sexual differences are not to be attributed to the
agency of sexual selection, mentioning the wattle of carrier pigeons, tuft
of turkey-cock, &c. These characters, however, seem less inexplicable by
sexual selection than those given in the text.
[40] I am again indebted to the kindness of Mr. A. D. Bartlett, amongst
others. That gentleman informs me that, so far from any mental emotion
being produced in rabbits by the presence and movements of snakes, that he
has actually seen a male and female rabbit satisfy the sexual instinct in
that presence, a rabbit being seized by a snake when _in coitu_.
[41] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 319.
[42] The reader may consult Huxley's "Lessons in Elementary Physiology," p.
204.
[43] "Natural Selection," p. 350.
[44] Bivalve shell-fish are creatures belonging to the oyster, scallop, and
cockle group, _i.e._ to the class Lamellibranchiata.
[45] The attempt has been made to explain these facts as owing to "manner
and symmetry of growth, and to colour being incidental on the chemical
nature of the constituents of the shell." But surely beauty depends on some
such matters in _all_ cases!
[46] It has been suggested in opposition to what is here said, that there
is no real resemblance, but that the likeness is "_fanciful!_" The denial,
however, of the fact of a resemblance which has struck so many observers,
reminds one of the French philosopher's estimate of facts hostile to his
theory--"Tant pis pour les faits!"
[47] Fifth Edition, p. 236.
[48] Mr. Smith, of the Entomological department of the British Museum, has
kindly informed me that the individuals intermediate in structure are very
few in number--not more than five per cent.--compared with the number of
distinctly differentiated individuals. Besides, in the Brazilian kinds
these intermediate forms are wanting.
[49] By accidental variations Mr. Darwin does not, of course, mean to imply
variations really due to "chance," but to utterly indeterminate
antecedents.
[50] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, p. 235.
[51] _I.e._ warm-blooded animals which suckle their young, such as apes,
bats, hoofed beasts, lions, dogs, bears, weasels, rats, squirrels,
armadillos, sloths, whales, porpoises, kangaroos, opossums, &c.
[52] "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology" (1868), vol. ii. p. 139.
[53] See "Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist." for August 1870, p. 140.
[54] See "Proceedings of the Royal Institution," vol. v. part iv. p. 278:
Report of a Lecture delivered February 7, 1868. Also "Quarterly Journal of
the Geological Society," February 1870: "Contributions to the Anatomy and
Taxonomy of the Dinosauria."
[55] "Proceedings of Geological Society," November 1869, p. 38.
[56] The archeopteryx of the oolite has the true carinate shoulder
structure.
[57] "Proceedings of the Royal Institution," vol. v. p. 279.
[58] This remark is made without prejudice to possible affinities in the
direction of the Ascidians,--an affinity which, if real, would be
irrelevant to the question here discussed.
[59] "Lectures on the Comp. Anat. of the Invertebrate Animals," 2nd edit.
1855, p. 619; and Todd's "Cyclopædia of Anatomy," vol. i. p. 554.
[60] See "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 321.
[61] A view recently propounded by Kowalewsky.
[62] "Natural Selection," p. 167.
[63] "Natural Selection," p. 173.
[64] Ibid. p. 177.
[65] "Malay Archipelago," vol. i. p. 439.
[66] "Natural Selection," p. 177.
[67] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, p. 166.
[68] Vol. ii. p. 280.
[69] See "Natural Selection," p. 64.
[70] The italics are not Mr. Wallace's.
[71] "Malay Archipelago," vol. ii. p. 150; and "Natural Selection," p. 104.
[72] See "Malay Archipelago," vol. ii. chap. xxxviii.
[73] Loc. cit. p. 314.
[74] _Fortnightly Review_, New Series, vol. iii (April 1868), p. 372.
[75] "Lay Sermons," p. 339.
[76] "Hereditary Genius, an Inquiry into its Laws," &c. By Francis Galton,
F.R.S. (London: Macmillan.)
[77] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i. p. 37.
[78] Ibid. p. 47.
[79] Ibid. p. 52.
[80] Carpenter's "Comparative Physiology," p. 987, quoted by Mr. J. J.
Murphy, "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 171.
[81] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i. p. 72.
[82] Ibid. p. 76.
[83] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i. p. 71.
[84] Ibid. p. 114.
[85] Quoted, Ibid. p. 274.
[86] Ibid. p. 324.
[87] Ibid. p. 322.
[88] Ibid. vol. ii. p. 414.
[89] Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, April 24, 1860.
[90] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i. p. 291.
[91] Extracted by J. J. Murphy, vol. i. p. 197, from the _Quarterly Journal
of Science_, of October 1867, p. 527.
[92] "Anatomy of Vertebrates," vol. iii. p. 795.
[93] Ibid. p. 807.
[94] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 318.
[95] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 344.
[96] See Dec. 2, 1869, vol. i. p. 132.
[97] "Über die Darwin'sche Schöpfungstheorie:" ein Vortrag, von Kölliker;
Leipzig, 1864.
[98] See "Lay Sermons," p. 342.
[99] "Anatomy of the Lemuroidea." By James Murie, M.D., and St. George
Mivart. Trans. Zool. Soc., March 1866, p. 91.
[100] "Principles of Geology," last edition, vol. i. p. 163.
[101] _Quarterly Journal of Science_, April 1866, pp. 257-8.
[102] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 178.
[103] This animal belongs to the order Primates, which includes man, the
apes, and the lemurs. The lemurs are the lower kinds of the order, and
differ much from the apes. They have their head-quarters in the Island of
Madagascar. The aye-aye is a lemur, but it differs singularly from all its
congeners, and still more from all apes. In its dentition it strongly
approximates to the rodent (rat, squirrel, and guinea-pig) order, as it has
two cutting teeth above, and two below, growing from permanent pulps, and
in the adult condition has no canines.
[104] _North British Review_, New Series, vol. vii., March 1867, p. 282.
[105] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 75.
[106] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 202.
[107] "Comparative Physiology," p. 214, note.
[108] See _Nature_, June and July 1870, Nos. 35, 36, and 37, pp. 170, 193,
and 219.
[109] "Natural Selection," p. 293.
[110] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i. pp. 289-295.
[111] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, 1869, p. 45.
[112] Ibid. p. 13.
[113] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i. p. 115.
[114] Ibid. vol. i. p. 114.
[115] Ibid. vol. i. p. 243.
[116] Ibid. vol. ii. p. 361.
[117] Ibid. vol. ii. p. 16.
[118] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 57.
[119] This has been shown by my late friend, Mr. H. N. Turner, jun., in an
excellent paper by him in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society for
1849," p. 147. The untimely death, through a dissecting wound, of this most
promising young naturalist, was a very great loss to zoological science.
[120] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 189.
[121] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, 1839, p. 115.
[122] Ibid. p. 322.
[123] Ibid. p. 314.
[124] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 104.
[125] _North British Review_, New Series, vol. vii., March 1867, p. 317.
[126] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, 1869, p. 212.
[127] See also the _Popular Science Review_ for July 1868.
[128] A bird with a keeled breast-bone, such as almost all existing birds
possess.
[129] "Anatomy of Vertebrates," vol. iii. p. 792.
[130] Ibid. p. 793.
[131] As a tadpole is the _larval form_ of a frog.
[132] As Professor Huxley, with his characteristic candour, fully admitted
in his lecture on the Dinosauria before referred to.
[133] "Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow," vol. iii.
[134] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, p. 354.
[135] See his address to the Geological Society, on February 19, 1869.
[136] See _Nature_, vol. i. p. 399, February 17, 1870.
[137] Ibid. vol. i. p. 454.
[138] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 344.
[139] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 345.
[140] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, p. 353.
[141] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, p. 381.
[142] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, 1869, p. 463.
[143] See his Catalogue of Acanthopterygian Fishes in the British Museum,
vol. iii. p. 540.
[144] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 102, and Ann. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. xx.
p. 110.
[145] See Catalogue, vol. iii. p. 469.
[146] Ibid. vol. v. p. 311.
[147] Ibid. p. 345.
[148] Ibid. p. 13.
[149] Ibid. p. 21.
[150] See Catalogue, vol. v. p. 24.
[151] Ibid. p. 52.
[152] Ibid. p. 109.
[153] Ibid. vol. vi. 208.
[154] Ibid. vol. viii. p. 507.
[155] Ibid. p. 509.
[156] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 482
[157] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, 1869, p. 454.
[158] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, p. 459.
[159] See Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., July 1870, p. 37.
[160] Professor Huxley's Lectures on the Elements of Comp. Anat. p. 184.
[161] For an enumeration of the more obvious homological relationships see
Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. for August 1870, p. 118.
[162] See Ann. and Mag, of Nat. Hist., July 1870.
[163] Treatise on the Human Skeleton, 1858.
[164] Hunterian Lectures for 1864.
[165] Linnæan Transactions, vol. xxv. p. 395, 1866.
[166] Hunterian Lectures for 1870, and Journal of Anat. for May 1870.
[167] See a Paper on the "Axial Skeleton of the Urodela," in Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1870, p. 266.
[168] Just as Button's superfluous lament over the unfortunate organization
of the sloth has been shown, by the increase of our knowledge, to have been
uncalled for and absurd, so other supposed instances of non-adaptation
will, no doubt, similarly disappear. Mr. Darwin, in his "Origin of
Species," 5th edition, p. 220, speaks of a woodpecker (_Colaptes
campestris_) as having an organization quite at variance with its habits,
and as never climbing a tree, though possessed of the special arboreal
structure of other woodpeckers. It now appears, however, from the
observations of Mr. W. H. Hudson, C.M.Z.S., that its habits are in harmony
with its structure. See Mr. Hudson's third letter to the Zoological
Society, published in the Proceedings of that Society for March 24, 1870,
p. 159.
[169] Dr. Cobbold has informed the Author that he has never observed a
planaria divide spontaneously, and he is sceptical as to that process
taking place at all. Dr. H. Charlton Bastian has also stated that, in spite
of much observation, he has never seen the process in _vorticella_.
[170] Professor Huxley's Hunterian Lecture, March 16, 1868.
[171] Ibid. March 18.
[172] "Principles of Biology," vol. ii. p. 105.
[173] "Principles of Biology," vol. ii. p. 203.
[174] Quoted by H. Stannius in his "Handbuch der Anatomie der
Wirbelthiere," Zweite Auflage, Erstes Buch, § 7, p. 17.
[175] In his last Hunterian Course of Lectures, 1869.
[176] "The Science of Abnormal Forms."
[177] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 322; and
"Origin of Species," 5th edition, 1869, p. 178.
[178] A remarkable woman exhibited in London a few years ago.
[179] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 328.
[180] "Ueber das Gliedmaassenskelet der Enaliosaurier, Jenaischen
Zeitschrift," Bd. v. Heft 3, Taf. xiii.
[181] In his work on the Carpus and Tarsus.
[182] An excellent specimen displaying this resemblance is preserved in the
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.
[183] Phil. Trans. 1867, p. 353.
[184] Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 255.
[185] Ibid. p. 351.
[186] "Hist. Générale des Anomalies," t. i. p. 228. Bruxelles, 1837.
[187] Nov. Comment. Petrop. t. ix. p. 269.
[188] Read on June 2, 1868, before the Massachusetts Medical Society. See
vol. ii. No. 3.
[189] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 322.
[190] "Lectures on Surgical Pathology," 1853, vol. i. p. 18.
[191] "Lectures on Surgical Pathology," 1853, vol. i. p. 22.
[192] See "Medico-Chirurgical Transactions," vol. xxv. (or vii. of 2nd
series), 1842, p. 100, Pl. III.
[193] Med.-Chirurg. Trans, vol. xxv. (or vii. of 2nd series), 1842, p. 122.
[194] See _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_ for April 5, 1866, vol.
lxxiv. p. 189.
[195] "Principles of Biology," vol. i. p. 180.
[196] See the "Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History," vol.
xi. June 5, 1867.
[197] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 75.
[198] Ibid. p. 112.
[199] Ibid. p. 170.
[200] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 229.
[201] It is hardly necessary to say that the Author does not mean that
there is, in addition to a real objective crystal, another real, objective
separate thing beside it, namely the "force" directing it. All that is
meant is that the action of the crystal in crystallizing must be _ideally_
separated from the crystal itself, not that it is _really_ separate.
[202] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, 1869, p. 577.
[203] Vol. ii. p. 122.
[204] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i p. 295.
[205] "Natural Selection," p. 350.
[206] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii.
[207] See 2nd edition, vol. i. p. 214.
[208] Page 103.
[209] I have not the merit of having noticed this inconsistency; it was
pointed out to me by my friend the Rev. W. W. Roberts.
[210] Vol. i. p. 215.
[211] "Malay Archipelago," vol. ii. p. 365.
[212] "The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man," p.
261. Longmans, 1870.
[213] "Primitive Man," p. 248.
[214] "Fiji and the Fijians," vol. i. p. 183.
[215] "Essays," Second Series, vol. ii. p. 13.
[216] See No. 117, July 1869, p. 272.
[217] _Macmillan's Magazine_, No. 117, July 1869.
[218] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 403.
[219] Ibid. p. 366.
[220] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 402.
[221] See _Fortnightly Review_, New Series, vol. iii. April 1868, p. 352.
[222] This appeared in the _Rivista Contemporanea Nazionale Italiana_, and
was translated and given to the English public in _Scientific Opinion_ for
September 29, October 6, and October 13, 1869, pp. 365, 391, and 407.
[223] See _Scientific Opinion_, of October 13, 1869, p. 407.
[224] See _Scientific Opinion_ of September 29, 1869, p. 366.
[225] _Fortnightly Review_, New Series, vol. iii. April 1868, p. 508.
[226] _Scientific Opinion_, of October 13, 1869, p. 408.
[227] _Fortnightly Review_, New Series, vol. iii. April 1868, p. 509.
[228] "Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière," tome ii. 1749, p.
327. "Ces liqueurs séminales sont toutes deux un extrait de toutes les
parties du corps," &c.
[229] See _Nature_, March 3, 1870, p. 454. Mr. Wallace says (referring to
Mr. Croll's paper in the _Phil. Mag._), "As we are now, and have been for
60,000 years, in a period of low eccentricity, _the rate of change of
species during that time may be no measure of the rate that has generally
obtained in past geological epochs_."
[230] "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 344.
[231] If anyone were to contend that beside the opium there existed a real
distinct objective entity, "its soporific virtue," he would be open to
ridicule indeed. But the constitution of our minds is such that we cannot
but distinguish ideally a thing from its even essential attributes and
qualities. The joke is sufficiently amusing, however, regarded as the
solemn enunciation of a mere truism.
[232] Noticed by Professor Owen in his "Archetype," p. 76. Recently it has
been attempted to discredit Darwinism in France by speaking of it as "_de
la science mousseuse!_"
[233] "Lay Sermons," p. 342.
[234] Introductory Lecture of February 14, 1870, pp. 24-30, Figs. 1-4.
(Churchill and Sons.)
[235] See especially "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii.
chap. xviii.
[236] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, pp. 323, 324.
[237] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 2.
[238] Ibid. p. 25.
[239] Ibid. p. 151.
[240] Ibid. p. 157.
[241] Ibid. p. 158.
[242] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i. p. 291.
[243] Though hardly necessary, it may be well to remark that the views here
advocated in no way depend upon the truth of the doctrine of Spontaneous
Generation.
[244] Vol. iii. p. 808.
[245] This is hardly an exact representation of Mr. Darwin's view. On his
theory, if a favourable variation happens to arise (the external
circumstances remaining the same), it will yet be preserved.
[246] See 2nd edition, p. 113.
[247] "Essays, Philosophical and Theological," Trübner and Co., First
Series, 1866, p. 190. "Every relative disability may be read two ways. A
disqualification in the nature of thought for knowing _x_ is, from the
other side, a disqualification in the nature of _x_ from being known. To
say then that the First Cause is wholly removed from our apprehension is
not simply a disclaimer of faculty on our part: it is a charge of inability
against the First Cause too. The dictum about it is this: 'It is a Being
that may exist out of knowledge, but that is precluded from entering within
the sphere of knowledge.' We are told in one breath that this Being must be
in every sense 'perfect, complete, total--including in itself all power,
and transcending all law' (p. 38); and in another that this perfect and
omnipotent One is totally incapable of revealing any one of an infinite
store of attributes. Need we point out the contradictions which this
position involves? If you abide by it, you deny the Absolute and Infinite
in the very act of affirming it, for, in debarring the First Cause from
self-revelation, you impose a limit on its nature. And in the very act of
declaring the First Cause incognizable, you do not permit it to remain
unknown. For that only is unknown, of which you can neither affirm nor deny
any predicate; here you deny the power of self-disclosure to the
'Absolute,' of which therefore something is known;--viz., that nothing can
be known!"
[248] Loc. cit. p. 108.
[249] Loc. cit. p. 43.
[250] Loc. cit. p. 46.
[251] Mr. J. Martineau, in his "Essays," vol. i. p. 211, observes, "Mr.
Spencer's conditions of pious worship are hard to satisfy; there must be
between the Divine and human no communion of thought, relations of
conscience, or approach of affection." ... "But you cannot constitute a
religion out of mystery alone, any more than out of knowledge alone; nor
can you measure the relation of doctrines to humility and piety by the mere
amount of conscious darkness which they leave. All worship, being directed
to what is _above_ us and transcends our comprehension, stands in presence
of a mystery. But not all that stands before a mystery is worship."
[252] "Lay Sermons," p. 20.
[253] Loc. cit. p. 109.
[254] Loc. cit. p. 111.
[255] In this criticism on Mr. Herbert Spencer, the Author finds he has
been anticipated by Mr. James Martineau. (See "Essays," vol. i. p. 208.)
[256] Loc. cit. p. 29.
[257] The Author means by this, that it is _directly_ and _immediately_ the
act of God, the word "supernatural" being used in a sense convenient for
the purposes of this work, and not in its ordinary theological sense.
[258] The phrase "order of nature" is not here used in its theological
sense as distinguished from the "order of grace," but as a term, here
convenient, to denote actions not due to direct and immediate Divine
intervention.
[259] "A Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise," p. 29, reprinted from the
_Atlantic Monthly_ for July, August, and October, 1860.
[260] "Origin of Species," 5th edition, p. 571.
[261] "Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 431.
[262] The Rev. Baden Powell says, "All sciences approach perfection as they
approach to a unity of first principles,--in all cases recurring to or
tending towards certain high elementary conceptions which are the
representatives of the unity of the great archetypal ideas according to
which the whole system is arranged. Inductive conceptions, very partially
and imperfectly realized and apprehended by human intellect, are the
exponents in our minds of these great principles in nature."
"All science is but the partial reflexion in the _reason of man_, of the
great all-pervading _reason of the universe_. And thus the _unity_ of
science is the reflexion of the _unity_ of nature, and of the _unity_ of
that supreme reason and intelligence which pervades and rules over nature,
and from whence all reason and all science is derived." (Unity of Worlds,
Essay i., § ii.; Unity of Sciences, pp. 79 and 81.) Also he quotes from
Oersted's "Soul in Nature" (pp. 12, 16, 18, 87, 92, and 377). "If the laws
of reason did not exist in nature, we should vainly attempt to force them
upon her: if the laws of nature did not exist in our reason, we should not
be able to comprehend them." ... "We find an agreement between our reason
and works which our reason did not produce." ... "All existence is a
dominion of reason." "The laws of nature are laws of reason, and altogether
form an endless unity of reason; ... one and the same throughout the
universe."
[263] In the same way Mr. Lewes, in criticising the Duke of Argyll's "Reign
of Law" (_Fortnightly Review_, July 1867, p. 100), asks whether we should
consider that man wise who spilt a gallon of wine in order to fill a
wineglass? But, because we should not do so, it by no means follows that we
can argue from such an action to the action of God in the visible universe.
For the man's object, in the case supposed, is simply to fill the
wine-glass, and the wine spilt is so much loss. With God it may be entirely
different in both respects. All these objections are fully met by the
principle thus laid down by St. Thomas Aquinas: "Quod si aliqua causa
particularis deficiat a suo effectu, hoc est propter aliquam causam
particularem impediantem quæ continetur sub ordine causæ universalis. Unde
effectus ordinem causæ universalis nullo modo potest exire." ... "Sicut
indigestio contingit præter ordinem virtutis nutritivæ ex aliquo
impedimento, puta ex grossitie cibi, quam necesse est reducere in aliam
causam, et sic usque ad causam primam universalem. Cum igitur Deus sit
prima causa universalis non unius generi tantum, sed universaliter totius
entis, impossibile est quod aliquid contingat præter ordinem divinæ
gubernationis; sed ex hoc ipso quod aliquid ex unâ parte videtur exire ab
ordine divinæ providentiæ, quo consideratur secundam aliquam particularem
causam, necesse est quod in eundem ordinem relabatur secundum aliam
causam."--_Sum. Theol_. p. i. q. 19, a. 6, and q. 103, a. 7.
[264] "Unity of Worlds," Essay ii., § ii., p. 260.
[265] See the exceedingly good passage on this subject by the Rev. Dr.
Newman, in his "Discourses for Mixed Congregations," 1850, p. 345.
[266] See Mr. G. H. Lewes's "Sea-Side Studies," for some excellent remarks,
beginning at p. 329, as to the small susceptibility of certain animals to
pain.
[267] "Philosophy of Creation," Essay iii., § iv., p. 480.
[268] It seems almost strange that modern English thought should so long
hold aloof from familiar communion with Christian writers of other ages and
countries. It is rarely indeed that acquaintance is shown with such
authors, though a bright example to the contrary was set by Sir William
Hamilton. Sir Charles Lyell (in his "Principles of Geology," 7th edition,
p. 35) speaks with approval of the early Italian geologists. Of Vallisneri
he says, "I return with pleasure to the geologists of Italy who preceded,
as has been already shown, the naturalists of other countries in their
investigations into the ancient history of the earth, and who still
maintained a decided pre-eminence. They refuted and ridiculed the
physico-theological systems of Burnet, Whiston, and Woodward; while
Vallisneri, in his comments on the Woodwardian theory, remarked how much
the interests of religion, as well as of those of sound philosophy, had
suffered by perpetually mixing up the sacred writings with questions of
physical science." Again, he quotes the Carmelite friar Generelli, who,
illustrating Moro before the Academy of Cremona in 1749, strongly opposed
those who would introduce the supernatural into the domain of nature. "I
hold in utter abomination, most learned Academicians! those systems which
are built with their foundations in the air, and cannot be propped up
without a miracle, and I undertake, with the assistance of Moro, to explain
to you how these marine monsters were transported into the mountains by
natural causes."
Sir Charles Lyell notices with exemplary impartiality the spirit of
intolerance on both sides. How in France, Buffon, on the one hand, was
influenced by the theological faculty of the Sorbonne to recant his theory
of the earth, and how Voltaire, on the other, allowed his prejudices to get
the better, if not of his judgment, certainly of his expression of it.
Thinking that fossil remains of shells, &c., were evidence in favour of
orthodox views, Voltaire, Sir Charles Lyell (Principles, p. 56) tells us,
"endeavoured to inculcate scepticism as to the real nature of such shells,
and to recall from contempt the exploded dogma of the sixteenth century,
that they were sports of nature. He also pretended that vegetable
impressions were not those of real plants." ... "He would sometimes, in
defiance of all consistency, shift his ground when addressing the vulgar;
and, admitting the true nature of the shells collected in the Alps and
other places, pretend that they were Eastern species, which had fallen from
the hats of pilgrims coming from Syria. The numerous essays written by him
on geological subjects were all calculated to strengthen prejudices, partly
because he was ignorant of the real state of the science, and partly from
his bad faith." As to the harmony between many early Church writers of
great authority and modern views as regards certain matters of geology, see
"Geology and Revelation," by the Rev. Gerald Molloy, D.D., London, 1870.
[269] "De Genesi ad Litt.," lib. v., cap. v., No. 14 in Ben. Edition, voi.
iii. p. 186.
[270] Lib. cit., cap. xxii., No. 44.
[271] Lib. cit., "De Trinitate," lib. iii., cap. viii, No. 14.
[272] Lib. cit., cap. ix., No. 16.
[273] St. Thomas, Summa, i., quest. 67, art. 4, ad 3.
[274] Primæ Partis, vol. ii., quest. 74, art. 2.
[275] Lib. cit., quest. 71, art. 1.
[276] Lib. cit., quest. 45, art. 8.
[277] _Vide_ In Genesim Comment, cap. i.
[278] Roger Bacon, Opus tertium, c. ix. p. 27, quoted in the _Rambler_ for
1859, vol. xii. p. 375.
[279] See _Nature_, June and July, 1870. Those who, like Professors Huxley
and Tyndall, do not accept his conclusions, none the less agree with him in
principle, though they limit the evolution of the organic world from the
inorganic to a very remote period of the world's history. (See Professor
Huxley's address to the British Association at Liverpool, 1870, p. 17.)
[280] "Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic," vol. i. Lecture ii., p. 40.
[281] In the same way that an undue cultivation of any one kind of
knowledge is prejudicial to philosophy. Mr. James Martineau well observes,
"Nothing is more common than to see maxims, which are unexceptionable as
the assumptions of particular sciences, coerced into the service of a
universal philosophy, and so turned into instruments of mischief and
distortion. That "we can know nothing but phenomena,"--that "causation is
simply constant priority,"--that "men are governed invariably by their
interests," are examples of rules allowable as dominant hypotheses in
physics or political economy, but exercising a desolating tyranny when
thrust on to the throne of universal empire. He who seizes upon these and
similar maxims, and carries them in triumph on his banner, may boast of his
escape from the uncertainties of metaphysics, but is himself all the while
the unconscious victim of their very vulgarest deception." ("Essays,"
Second Series, _A Plea for Philosophical Studies_, p. 421.)
[282] Lecky's "History of Rationalism," vol. i. p. 73.
[283] "Lectures on University Subjects," by J. H. Newman, D.D., p. 322.
[284] Loc. cit. p. 324.
[285] Thus Professor Tyndall, in the _Pall Mall Gazette_ of June 15, 1868,
speaking of physical science, observes, "The _logical feebleness_ of
science is not sufficiently borne in mind. It keeps down the weed of
superstition, not by logic, but by slowly rendering the mental soil unfit
for its cultivation."
[286] By this it is not, of course, meant to deny that the existence of God
can be demonstrated so as to demand the assent of the intellect taken, so
to speak, by itself.
[287] See some excellent remarks in the Rev. Dr. Newman's Parochial
Sermons--the new edition (1869), vol. i. p. 211.
[288] _American Journal of Science_, July 1860, p. 143, quoted in Dr. Asa
Gray's pamphlet, p. 47.
[289] See _The Academy_ for October 1869, No. 1, p. 13.
[290] Professor Huxley goes on to say that the mechanist may, in turn,
demand of the teleologist how the latter knows it was so intended. To this
it may be replied he knows it as a necessary truth of reason deduced from
his own primary intuitions, which intuitions cannot be questioned without
_absolute_ scepticism.
[291] The Professor doubtless means the _direct_ and _immediate_ result.
(See Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 90.)
[292] "Natural Selection," p. 280.
[293] Dr. Asa Gray, _e.g._, has thus understood Mr. Darwin. The Doctor says
in his pamphlet, p. 38, "Mr. Darwin uses expressions which imply that the
natural forms which surround us, because they have a history or natural
sequence, could have been only generally, but not particularly designed,--a
view at once superficial and contradictory; whereas his true line should
be, that his hypothesis concerns the _order_ and not the _cause_, the _how_
and not the _why_ of the phenomena, and so leaves the question of design
just where it was before."
[294] "All science is but the partial reflexion in the _reason of man_, of
the great all-pervading _reason of the universe_. And the _unity_ of
science is the reflexion of the _unity_ of nature and of the _unity_ of
that supreme reason and intelligence which pervades and rules over nature,
and from whence all reason and all science is derived." (Rev. Baden Powell,
"Unity of the Sciences," Essay i. § ii. p. 81.)
[295] "The Reign of Law," p. 40.
[296] Though Mr. Darwin's epithets denoting design are metaphorical, his
admiration of the result is unequivocal, nay, enthusiastic!
[297] See "Habit and Intelligence," vol. i. p. 348.
[298] The term, as before said, not being used in its ordinary theological
sense, but to denote an immediate Divine action as distinguished from God's
action through the powers conferred on the physical universe.
[299] See "Natural Selection," pp. 332 to 360.
[300] Loc. cit., p. 349.
[301] See Professor Huxley's "Lessons in Elementary Physiology," p. 218.
[302] It may be objected, perhaps, that excessive delicacy of the ear might
have been produced by having to guard against the approach of enemies, some
savages being remarkable for their keenness of hearing at great distances.
But the perceptions of _intensity_ and _quality_ of sound are very
different. Some persons who have an extremely acute ear for delicate
sounds, and who are fond of music, have yet an incapacity for detecting
whether an instrument is slightly out of tune.
[303] Loc. cit., pp. 351, 352.
[304] Loc. cit., p. 368.
[305] Loc. cit., p. 350.
[306] Published by John Churchill.
[307] Natural Selection, p. 324.
[308] The italics are not Mr. Wallace's.
[309] "Unity of Worlds," Essay ii. § ii. p. 247.
[310] Ibid. Essay i. § ii. p. 76.
[311] Ibid. Essay iii. § iv. p. 466.
[312] A good exposition of how an inferior action has to yield to one
higher is given by Dr. Newman in his "Lectures on University Subjects," p.
372. "What is true in one science, is dictated to us indeed according to
that science, but not according to another science, or in another
department.
"What is certain in the military art, has force in the military art, but
not in statesmanship; and if statesmanship be a higher department of action
than war, and enjoins the contrary, it has no force on our reception and
obedience at all. And so what is true in medical science, might in all
cases be carried out, _were_ man a mere animal or brute without a soul; but
since he is a rational, responsible being, a thing may be ever so true in
medicine, yet may be unlawful in fact, in consequence of the _higher_ law
of morals and religion coming to some different conclusion."
[313] Quoted from the _Rambler_ of March 1860, p. 364: [Greek: "Hopou men
oun hapanta sunebê, hôsper kain ei heneka tou egineto, tauta men esôthê apo
tou automatou sustanta epitêdeiôs hosa de mê houtôs apôleto kai apollutai,
kathapeo Empedoklês legei ta bougenê kai androprôra.]"--ARIST. _Phys._ ii.
c. 8.
End of Project Gutenberg's On the Genesis of Species, by St. George Mivart