CONCLUSION
But it was not necessary to go to distant Oaxaca and Chiapas to find
Mexican indians. On the border of the capital city lie Santa Anita,
Iztacalco, Mexicalcingo, Ixtapalapa, and a quantity of other villages
and towns, where one may still find Aztec indians of pure blood,
sometimes speaking the old language, sometimes wearing characteristic
dress, and maintaining, to the present, many ancient practices and
customs. At Santa Anita, for example, one may eat _juiles_ and
_tamales_, catch a glimpse of indian weddings, and delight his eyes with
the fresh beauty of the _chinampas_,--wonderful spots of verdure and
flowers--the floating gardens of the ancient Aztecs. Half an hour, or
less, in the tram-car takes the traveller to Guadalupe, which may be
called the heart of Indian Mexico. There, on the rock of Tepeyac, the
Virgin appeared to Juan Diego; there, in the churches, dedicated in
honor of that apparition, thousands of indians, from leagues around,
gather yearly. On December 12, in the crowded streets of Guadalupe,
groups, fantastically garbed as indians, dance in the Virgin's honor,
and in their songs and dances, modern though they be, can be found
suggestions of the olden time. Now and then, one may witness, what I
saw in December, 1895--a group of indian pilgrims from a distant town,
singing and dancing to the Virgin, within the great church itself. And
near the high altar, where thick glass plates are set into the floor,
letting a dim light into the crypts below, one may see crowds of indians
rubbing the smooth surface with their diseased parts to effect a cure.
On the streets of the capital city, one daily sees bands of pure Otomis
in rags and filth, bringing their loads of charcoal and of corn to
market. Their ugly dark faces, their strange native dress, their harsh
language, make on the stranger an impression not easily forgotten.
Reliable figures are wanting as to the number of pure Mexican Indians.
If the population of the Republic be estimated at fifteen millions, it
should be safe to say that five millions of this number are indians
of pure blood, speaking their old language, keeping alive much of the
ancient life and thought. In some parts of Mexico, it almost seems as if
what white-blood once existed is now breeding out. The indian of Mexico
is conservative; he does not want contact with a larger world; his
village suffices for his needs; he is ready to pay taxes for the sake of
being let alone, to live in peace, after the way his fathers lived. In
his bosom there is still hatred of the white man and the _mestizo_, and
distrust of every stranger. The Chamula outbreak in 1868, and the Maya
war just ended, are examples of this smouldering hatred. Mexico has a
serious problem in its Indians; the solution of the problem has been
attempted in various ways, according to whether the population dealt
with was Totonac, Yaqui, Maya: it is no small task, to build a nation
out of an indian population.
Soon after the publication of my "Indians of Southern Mexico," I had
the pleasure of presenting a copy of the book to President Diaz, and of
looking through its pictures with him. When we came to the general view
of Yodocono, and its little lake, tears stood in the old man's eyes as
he said, "Sir, that was my mother's birthplace, and in her honor I have
established, at my own expense, two schools, one for boys, and one for
girls." Looking at the round huts of Chicahuastla, he shivered, and
remarked: "Ah, sir, but it is cold in Chicahuastla." I replied, "Your
Excellency, I see that you have been in Chicahuastla." When he saw the
Zapotec types, from the District of Tehuantepec, he said: "They are fine
large fellows; they make good soldiers; when I was Governor of Oaxaca, I
had a body-guard of them." He then told me of the six orphan boys who,
in memory of his body-guard, he had adopted and educated; he told me
with pride of the success which the five who still live had made, and
of the positions they were filling. When he reached the portrait of the
little Mixtec, carrying a sack of corn, who, with pride, had told me, in
answer to my question, that his name was Porfirio Diaz, the President
of the Republic looked long and earnestly at the picture, and I noticed
that, when we turned the pages, his finger marked the spot where the
likeness of his name-sake was, and, when the book was finished, before
closing it, he turned back again, and looked at the little fellow's
face. At the first Otomi portrait, he had said: "Ah, sir, but my schools
will change the Otomis."
It would be pleasant to have faith in President Diaz' solution of the
Otomi problem, but to me it seems doubtful. Of course, I recall with
pleasure my visit to the boys' school at San Nicolas Panotla. It was
interesting to see those little Tlaxcalan fellows solve problems in
alligation and percentage, in bonds and mortgages; but it is doubtful
whether any of them, in actual life, will have to deal with blending
coffees, or with selling bonds, and cutting coupons. Still, from such
indian towns great men have come in the past, and great men will come in
the future. Benito Juarez, who laid the foundations on which Diaz has
so magnificently built, was a pure-blood Zapotec. From the Aztecs, the
Tlaxcalans, Mixtecs, Zapotecs and Mayas, we may hope much in the future.
They were races of achievement in the past, and the monuments of their
achievement still remain. But that the Otomi, the Triqui, or the Mixe,
should be made over by the schools is doubtful. Personally, I feel that
the prosperity of Mexico rests more upon the indian blood than on any
other element of national power. That schools will do much to train the
more gifted tribes perhaps is true. But there are indians, and indians,
in Mexico.
GLOSSARY OF SPANISH AND INDIAN WORDS
abusos. abuses, disturbances.
adios. adieu, good-bye.
agente. agent.
agua. water.
agua bendita. blessed water.
agua miel. lit. honey water, the unfermented juice of the maguéy.
aguardiente. a spirituous liquor.
aguas frescas. refreshing drinks.
ahuacate. a fruit, the alligator pear.
aje, or axe. an insect; a greasy mass, yielding a lacquer-like lustre.
alcalde. a town judge.
arbol. tree.
arriero. a convoyer of loaded mules or horses.
atole. a corn gruel.
autorizada. authorized, having authority.
axolotl. a water salamander, with peculiar life-history.
ayatl, or ayate. a carry-cloth.
barranca. a gorge, or gully.
bruja. witch.
brujería. witchcraft.
burro. ass.
cabecera. the head-town of a district.
cafe. coffee.
caiman. a reptile much like an alligator.
camarón. shrimp.
camisa. shirt.
cantera, cantero. a water-jar, or pitcher.
cargador. carrier.
carreta. cart.
carretero. a carter.
cascarón. an eggshell filled with bits of cut paper.
catalán. a wine, named from a Spanish town.
cenote. a cave with water.
centavo. a coin, the one-hundredth part of a peso; a cent.
chac mool. a stone figure, found at Chichen Itza, Yucatan.
chalupa. a boat-shaped crust with meat or vegetables in it.
chamara. a blanket for wearing.
champurrado. a mixture, as of atole and chocolate.
chapapote. chewing-gum.
chicha. an intoxicant made from sugar-cane.
chicle. chewing-gum.
chinampa. "floating garden," a garden patch.
chirimiya. a shrill musical instrument, somewhat
like a fife or flageolet.
chirimoya. the custard-apple.
cigarro. cigarette.
cincalótl, cincalote. granary.
clarín. a bird, with clear note.
cochero. coachman.
colorín. a tree.
comiteco. a spirits made at Comitan.
Conquista. Conquest.
copal. a gum, much used as incense.
coro. loft.
corral. an enclosure for animals.
costumbre. custom.
cotón, cotones. a man's upper garment, a sort of poncho.
cuartel. barracks.
cuezcomátl, cuezcomate. granary.
cura. parish priest.
curato. parish house.
danza. dance.
doctrina. doctrine, catechism.
don. Mr., used only when the Christian name of a person is spoken.
dulce. sweet, sweetmeat.
dulcero. maker or seller of sweets.
dulceria. sweetmeat factory.
enagua. woman's skirt.
enchilada. a fried tortilla with chili and cheese.
feria. fair.
fiesta. festival.
finca. farm, plantation.
firma. signature.
fiscal. fiscal officer,
frijol, frijoles. bean, beans,
golondrina. swallow,
gramatica. grammar.
gringo. somewhat derisive term applied to foreigners,
especially Americans.
guardia. guard.
hacienda. a country-place.
haciendado, haciendero. the owner of an hacienda.
hennequín. a plant producing fibre, sisal hemp.
hermita. a retired shrine.
herrería. smithy, forge, ironworks.
h'men. conjuror.
huehuetes. the old ones.
huehuetl, huehuete. the ancient upright drum.
huerfano. orphan.
huipíl, huipili. a woman's waist garment.
huipilili. a woman's waist garment, worn under the huipíl.
idioma. idiom, language.
incomunicado. solitary, not allowed communication.
itinerario. itinerary.
itztli. obsidian.
ixtli. fibre from the maguéy and cactus.
jacál. a hut.
jarabe. a popular dance.
jícara. a gourd-cup, or vessel.
jonote. a tree.
Jornada. a day's march.
juez. judge.
ke'esh. a votive figure.
ladino. a mestizo, a person not Indian.
ladrón, ladrones. thief, thieves.
liana. vine.
licenciado. lawyer.
lima. a fruit, somewhat like an insipid orange.
lindas. pretty (girls).
llano. a grassy plain.
machete. a large knife.
maestro. teacher, a master in any trade.
maguéy. a plant, the century plant or agave, yielding pulque.
mai, pelico. tobacco, mixed with chili and lime.
malacátl, malacate. spindle-whorl.
malinche. malinche.
maméy. a fruit, orange flesh and brown exterior.
manta. cotton-cloth, a woman's dress.
mañana. to-morrow.
mapachtl. a small animal, perhaps the raccoon or badger.
mapaho. beating-sticks, for cleaning cotton.
mayores. chiefs, village elders, police.
medio. six centavos.
meson. a house for travellers.
mescal. a spirits, made from an agave.
mestizo. a person of mixed blood.
metate. stone upon which corn is ground.
milagro. miracle.
milpa. cornfield.
mogote. a mound or tumulus.
mole. a stew, highly seasoned with chili.
mole prieto. black mole.
moral. a tree, mulberry.
mozo. a young man, a servant.
mudo. mute, dumb.
mulada. a mule train.
muñeco. doll, figure.
municipio. town, town-government, town-house.
nacimiento. an arrangement of figures and grotto-work,
made at Christmastide.
nada. nothing.
naguál. conjuror.
negrito. (diminutive) negro.
nublina. mist, fog.
ocote. pine-tree, splinter of pine.
otro. other.
padre. father, priest.
padrecito. priest.
país. country, esp. one's native town.
panela. sugar in cake or loaf.
papaya. a fruit.
pastorela. a drama relative to the Nativity.
pastores. shepherds.
patio. inside court of house.
pelico, mai. tobacco, with chili and lime.
peso. a money denomination, one hundred centavos, one dollar.
petate. mat.
pinolillo. a species of tick.
pinto. a disease, spotted skin.
pita. a fibre.
pitero. a fifer.
pito. fife.
plaza. town square.
portales. a building with corridor in front.
posol, posole. corn prepared to carry on journey, for mixing with
water.
prefecto. prefect.
presidente. president.
principales. principal men, councillors.
pueblito. small pueblo, village.
pulque. an intoxicant, made from maguéy sap.
quichiquemil. a woman's upper garment.
rancho. a country-place.
ranchito. a small ranch.
rebozo. a woman's garment, a wrap or light shawl.
regidor. alderman.
remedio. remedy.
sangre. blood.
santo, santito. saint.
señor. sir, gentleman.
señora. madam, lady.
señorita. Miss, young woman.
serape. a blanket, for wearing.
sindico. recorder.
soltero. an unmarried man.
sombrero. hat.
subida. ascent.
tabla. board.
tamales. dumplings of corn-meal.
tambour. drum.
tatita. papa.
tepache. a fermented drink.
teponastl, teponaste. the ancient horizontal drum.
tienda. store, shop.
tierra caliente. hot country.
tigre. tiger, jaguar.
tinaja. water-jar.
topil. a messenger or police.
toro. bull.
tortillas. corn-cakes, cooked on a griddle.
tortuga. turtle.
tsupakwa. dart-thrower.
ule. rubber.
vaca. cow.
vámonos. come on, we are going.
viejos. old.
vomito. yellow fever.
xalama. a tree.
xtól, xtoles. a dancer, or dancers (see Mérida, narrative).
zacate, sacate. hay, fodder.
ITINERARY
The expedition of 1896 was preliminary. We went by rail from the City
of Mexico to Oaxaca, capital of the state of the same name. Thence, we
journeyed by horse through the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, to the city
of Guatemala, entering the Republic of Guatemala at Nenton. The return
journey was made by rail to the Pacific port of San Jose, steamer to
Salina Cruz, rail to Coatzacoalcos, steamer to Vera Cruz, and rail to
the City of Mexico. Only the portion of this journey between Oaxaca and
Nenton is here described, the rest not lying in Indian Mexico. The City
of Mexico was headquarters for the work in 1897-98. A trip was made by
rail from there to Dos Rios, to measure and photograph the Otomis of
Huixquilucan, in the state of Mexico. Thence we went to Patzcuaro by
rail, and studied the Tarascans in the villages about Lake Patzcuaro,
visiting these by canoe-trips. We then made a trip on horseback to
Uruapan (then without rail connection), returning by some important
indian towns. After returning to Mexico, we visited the states of
Tlaxcala and Puebla. In and around the City of Tlaxcala, we secured
our Tlaxcalan subjects. At Cuauhtlantzinco, we worked upon Aztecs. Our
experiences at this large town of Puebla are not described, as Bandelier
has already rendered the place familiar, and we ourselves have written
of it elsewhere. With these two peoples, we made our first essays
at bust-making. After returning to Mexico, we went by rail, on the
Guadalajara branch of the Mexican Central, to Negrete. From there, by
coach (there being then no railroad) to Zamora. Thence, we struck, on
horseback, through the Tarascan territory, across to Patzcuaro. On the
way, we secured our full series of Tarascan busts, at the Once Pueblos.
By rail, we went from Patzcuaro to Dos Rios, to secure our lacking busts
of Otomis at Huixquilucan. In the second field expedition, January to
March 1899, we worked entirely in the state of Oaxaca. At first a trip
was made, by horse, from Oaxaca into the Mixteca Alta, where Mixtecs and
Triquis were studied. Again starting from Oaxaca, we traveled over our
old trails of 1896, through the mountains to Tehuantepec, returning
by the high-road in common use. Zapotecs were studied at Mitla and
Tehuantepec, and the Mixes, Juaves, and Chontals in various towns and
villages. The season's work closed by our study, at and near Cuicatlan,
of the Cuicatecs. At this town, too, we began to work upon Chinantecs.
In the third field expedition, during the early months of 1900, we
visited seven populations, making our regular study upon six of them. To
fill a week that would otherwise have been lost, we made a pedestrian
trip through the interesting indian towns on the slopes of Malintzi.
Then, from Cuicatlan as a center, we made two journeys--one to San Juan
Zautla and San Pedro Soochiapan, to examine Chinantecs; the other to
Coixtlahuaca, for seeing Chochos. From Cuicatlan, we struck north by
rail to San Antonio, and, by coach to Teotitlan del Camino and by horse
beyond, penetrated to the great Mazatec town of Huauhtla. Chinantecs,
Chochos, and Mazatecs are tribes of Oaxaca. Leaving that state, we
traveled by rail to Tulancingo. From there, by coach and on horseback,
we visited Otomi, Aztec, Tepehua and Totonac towns in the states of
Puebla and Hidalgo. With the field season of 1901, our work in Indian
Mexico ended. It was pursued in three separated areas. From the City of
Mexico, we went by rail to Tampico. From that point, a journey by canoe
and horse enabled us to see the Huaxtecs of the state of Vera Cruz.
Returning to Tampico, a trip by steamer across the gulf brought us to
Yucatan. Progreso and Mérida were visited, and our work was done upon
the Mayas living near the town of Tekax. A second trip on the gulf
brought us to Coatzacoalcos, whence the railroad was used to Tehuantepec
and San Geronimo. From the latter point, an ox-cart journey of ten
nights, across the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, brought us to Tuxtla
Gutierrez. By horse we continued through Chiapas to El Salto, where we
took steamer for Frontera. From there, by steamer to Vera Cruz and then
by rail, we traveled to the City of Mexico. Zoques, Tzotzils, Tzendals,
and Chols were studied in this portion of the journey.
APPENDIX
STARR IN OLD MEXICO
Oaxaca, Mexico, March 1.--Prof. Frederick Starr, of the University
of Chicago, is deep in the midst of his savages. He is manipulating
primitive town governments, wielding the authority of federal and state
governments, county police, and that of the clergy as well. He is
threatening, cajoling, clapping in jail, when necessary, and in general
conquering his series of strange nations. I found him doing all this,
and more, in a little native village fifty miles from the city of
Oaxaca, Feb. 2nd. The fat little man was complete master of the Zapotec
town of Mitla, far distant from the end of the last of the railroads,
a town famous for its ruins. He bustled about like a captain in a war
haste, dressed in a massive Indian sombrero, from which a white string
floated picturesquely behind, a necktie of slim, dusty black, which
seemed not to have been unknotted for many a day, a shirt less
immaculate than the one he may wear at the entertainment shortly to
be given him in London, and no coat. The professor's trousers are not
Indian. They are farm trousers, of an original type, with double seat
for the saddle.
The professor's blood was up. A grand native feast--in which drunken
dances, bull-fights, and a state of accumulated irresponsibility are the
rule--had delayed him three days. The Indians could no more be measured
and "busted"--as the professor calls the making of plaster casts--than
could the liquor they had drunk. After three days of pleading,
threatening, and berating, in which orders from every government and
church official in the country, from lowest to highest, had failed,
Prof. Starr seized the black-bearded and wiry president of the town
council, the chief potentate of the reeling set, called him a drunken
scoundrel, threatened in deep seriousness to imprison every man in the
town, and finally won his point--but not until the feast was done. When
feasts are over, the people are kindly, suave, gracious.
Then the professor corralled those he wanted. He was to measure for
scientific purposes 100 of the Indians, in the order in which they
chanced to present themselves. After such wheedling as it must have
taken infinite practice to acquire--pattings of the Zapotec
back, hugging of the men, chucking the children, with elaborate
explanations--the thing "took" and the people fell into the spirit of
it. The jail was the only accessible building, and was strangely empty.
It was of adobe, a jail of one room, with a dirt floor. There were no
windows, only the single barred door.
From every cane-walled, thatched, tropical hut that helps to make the
irregular cluster around the central plaza and its adjoining bull ring
they came, if not to be measured, to see. They were driven by the
highest of the town authorities--for every element of the population
waited on the bidding of the little sugar-tongued professor from the
north--one by one into the jail, and the rest curiously watched. The
measuring was done without undressing, but the "busting" was the point
of chief interest. Five representative specimens had been carefully
selected for this purpose. They were won slowly, by the glitter of 75
cents of Mexican silver. In some towns, only 50 cents was required, and
in others, $1. The smirking Indian, with his wildness hidden away, or
only peeping from his eye, entered. He disrobed with no shame. He was
put flat on the floor, face down, on a little piece of matting. At
this stage some objected. Then the Anglo-Saxon was down on the floor,
wheedling, talking such sweetness as can be spoken without silliness
only in the Spanish tongue.
The victim finally consents. Then the Mexican plaster worker, who has
followed the caravan from its start, goes to work. He makes a cast of
the back of the head and shoulders, and the Indian is turned over,
face up. Another cast of the breast and neck and chin is made, and yet
another of the front half of the head and the face, with little tubes
for breathing sticking through it. The Indian has grunted, snorted,
laughed and squirmed, but he has been made to understand that he must
be still. That great 75 cents is held always over him, and the thing is
accomplished.
During all the process, the crowd of Indians about and in the jail was
eager-eyed and astonished. The women wear odd woolen, blanket-like
skirts of red or black, folded in two great plaits down the front. The
dress does not reach the ankles, and the feet are bare. They carry the
baby on the back, wound in the rebozo, with its bare legs straddling
her and sticking out. The men wear a sandal quite different from the
ordinary Mexican footgear.
Of the 100 that were to be measured, Jose was one. Jose was of a better
family, a character in the town, and proud. He rebelled. This breach of
the professor's authority could not be allowed. Jose was summoned by the
president of the town, the honeyed, affable "Señor Presidente," the same
who had been called the drunken scoundrel, now accommodating, a true and
emotional friend. Jose sent a thousand excuses, and finally defiance.
"That man," cried the professor, showing his writ of authority from the
_jefe politico_ of the district, "I order to be arrested."
Jose did not flee. He was found next morning in the bull ring riding a
bull. He was arrested by the Chicagoan's orders, and taken to jail. He
was peremptorily ordered by the professor to appear for the measurement.
He escaped, and again defied the powers. He was again caught, and it was
explained to him by the president that this man of might from the beyond
had sworn to drag Jose with him all the way across this wild country
slowly to Tehuantepec, thence back to the city of Oaxaca, where the
state authorities would deal most painfully with him. And this, indeed,
in mighty manner and impressively, had the "man from the beyond" sworn
to do. Jose came and was measured, and I afterward saw him calling to
the professor to come and take a jolly drink out of the gourd he was
shaking at him, in the manner of a comrade.
In the afternoon, the work being done, the civilities and sugared
conduct must be continued, with a view to future visits. The professor
wanted to enter the church, which, though modern, stands in the
middle of one of the mysterious ruins. The church was locked, and the
mayor-domo not to be found.
"But I must photograph a strange picture you have in there."
"The mayor-domo is drunk, at your service, my most excellent friend,"
replied the president, sympathetically. "I am sorry, but he got under
the influence three days ago at the beginning of the feast, and he has
slept ever since. Ah, the mayor-domo is sleeping now, my excellent
friend, and he has the keys."
"You shall send a boy into the tower to ring the bell and wake the
mayor-domo," cried the professor.
The crowd sat on the stone steps, the bell was pealed, and at last the
church was opened, and the picture photographed.
The procession then moved to the top of an ancient pyramid, in which
tombs have been opened, and bones and gold ornaments found. The
professor dashed through all the tunnels, with the government after
him, before mounting to the top. On top a strange conversation was held
between the professor and the president and secretary. They appealed to
this northern man, who seemed to have all earthly authority back of him,
to grant them one longed-for boon. Would he not please speak, when he
returned to the capital, to the minister of encouragement, that he send
them a brass band! They wanted to welcome northern visitors to the ruins
with modern music.
"You have great power. You need but to ask of those in Mexico and the
band will come. Most beloved friend, oh, most excellent professor from
the far north, give to us a brass band!" And the professor promised to
speak to Minister Leal about it. Then, too, the beastly state government
was dragging some of their precious ruins away to put in a museum. Would
the professor please have the kindness to stop this? The professor
promised to do what he could, and he was hugged and blessed and patted
by the simple people.
Prof. Starr began his ethnological studies to westward of Oaxaca. Mitla
is eastward. In the west, he visited two tribes--the Mixtecas and the
Triquis. The latter are a branch of the former, but much different,
living in round bamboo huts, surprisingly like those of some African
tribes. He secured two excellent casts of the Triquis, and three of the
Mixtecas. He intended to take five of each tribe he visited, but his
plaster failed to arrive. He studies the languages, also, as he goes,
and finds many varying dialects, from each of which he secures a
test vocabulary of 200 words. He is now approaching the Mixes, the
"cannibals." All the City of Mexico papers laugh at the idea of his
encountering the slightest danger, and the professor himself scoffs at
it. He believes some of the Mixes have, within forty years, eaten human
flesh, but he says he is certain they are harmless now.
CHARLES F. EMBREE. [From _The Chicago Record_: March 24, 1899.]
THE PURPLE SPOT ON MAYA BABIES
When I was in Yucatan in 1901 the parish priest of Texax told me that it
was said that every pure blood Maya Indian has a violet or purple spot
on his back, in the sacral region. He stated that this spot was called
by the native name, uits, "bread," and that it was vulgar or insulting
to make reference to it. I at once examined three Mayas of pure blood--a
boy of ten years and two adult males--but found no trace of such a
spot. I concluded that the presence of the spot might be an infantile
character, as it is among the Japanese, but at that time I had no
opportunity to examine Maya babies.
Dr. Baelz, a German physician, who has spent many years in Japan, long
ago called attention to the existence of such spots on Japanese infants.
The spots described by him were of a blue or purple color, were located
upon the back (especially in the sacral region), and were variable in
form and size. They were temporary, disappearing at from two to eight
years of age. The occurrence of these infantile color blotches was so
common in Japan as to be almost characteristic of the race.
In time, other students reported similar spots on other Asiatic babies,
and on non-Asiatic babies of Mongolian or Mongoloid peoples. Chinese,
Annamese, Coreans, Greenland Eskimos, and some Malays are now known to
have such spots. Sacral spots have also been reported among Samoans and
Hawaiians.
Practically, all these people belong to the great yellow race, as
defined by De Quatrefages, and are, if not pure representatives of that
race, mixed bloods, in part, of it. Baelz and some other writers have,
therefore, gone so far as to consider the purple sacral spot a mark
peculiar to that race, and to believe its occurrence proof of Mongolian
origin. They have asked whether the spot occurs among American Indians,
and would consider its occurrence evidence of an Asiatic origin for
our native tribes. Satisfactory observations had not been made. Baelz
himself found two cases among Vancouver Island Indians.
In my recent trip to Mexico I planned to look for this spot among
several Indian tribes. Out of six populations that I expected to visit I
really saw but two--the Aztecs and the Mayas. I do not believe that
the sacral spot exists among Aztecs. I made no search, because
Aztec friends, who would be sure to know, all agreed in denying its
occurrence. Among the Mayas, the case is different. In the little Maya
town of Palenque I examined all the pure blood babies. The back of the
first little creature bared for my inspection bore a clearly defined,
dark blue-purple spot, just where it might be expected. The spot was
almost two inches wide and nearly three-fourths of an inch high. The
child was a boy of eight months. A brother, two years old, showed no
trace of the spot, but the mother says it was formerly well defined.
Every one of the seven pure Maya babies, below ten months old, in the
town was purple-spotted. A pair of boy twins, two months old, were
marked in precisely the same place with pale blue-purple spots, of the
same size and form. In one boy of ten months the spot seemed to be
disappearing and was represented by three ill-defined and separated
blotches. In the village, there were three babies of suitable age, but
of mixed--Spanish-Maya--blood; no one of these showed any trace of the
colored spot. We may say, then, that in Palenque every Maya baby below
ten months of age was sacral spotted, and that no Mestizo baby was.
Does this prove that the Mayas are Asiatics by ancestry? The daily press
asserts that I make that claim; it is mistaken. I am free to say I don't
know what to do with my spotted Maya babies. I presume that Baelz will
cousin them with his little Japanese.
FREDERICK STARR. From _The Chicago Tribune_: January 11, 1903.
INDEX
abandoned river course, 374.
acacia, 97, 216.
Acala, 48, 361.
Agua Bendita (Chiapa), 44, 348.
Agua Bendita (Mex.), 64.
agua miel, 61.
aguardiente, 255.
Aguazotepec, 240.
aje, 45: insect, 46; 79.
Ajuno, 76, 84, 107.
Akxotla, 191.
alcaldes indios, 357.
alligators, 277, 290.
Ancona, Bishop, 300.
antiquities, 116, 223, 230, 239, 288, 345.
ant--foraging, 289;
--honey, 190.
apparition of the Virgin, 395.
Aranza, 82.
arbol huerfano, 196.
arriero--tardy, 271;
--unreliable, 358;
--abandons us, 385.
Arroyo--Jefe, 247.
Atla, 245;
carry-sacks, 256;
costume, 256;
witchcraft, 256.
Atlihuitzia--Santa Maria, 195.
axolotl, 64.
ayate, 58, 267, 271.
Ayutla, 23, 149.
Aztec, 242, 279, 281, 283, 285, 397;
breakfast, 196.
babies--carrying, 267;
--care of, 57.
bamboo, 289.
band--Huauhtla, 237;
--honors us, 124.
bandolier, 318.
Barela, Sr. and Sra., 189.
bark-paper, 245, 246, 268.
Baron, 293, 320.
barranca, 190,191, 214, 280, 363.
Barrios--Pedro, 230.
basalt, 196, 249.
battle of flowers, 321.
begonia, 246.
Belen, 194.
bells--pottery, 112.
Benito Juarez--steamer, 293.
Bernal Diaz, 91.
bishop--Mérida, 300.
blackflies, 343.
Blanco--Juan, 303, 316.
blessing--a mother's, 111.
bloom--trees, 340, 364.
Boca del Rio--rancho, 168.
books--Mixe, 155;
--Mixtec, 141;
Zapotec, 165.
bowls--calabash, 353.
boxes--scarce, 370.
boy--work of, 35, 37;
--and iguana, 54.
breech-clout, 344.
bridge--covered, 77;
--of vines, 32, 207.
Brinton, 374.
bromelias, 22, 27, 126, 154, 199, 207, 219, 232.
bruhería, 246, 256, 376.
bull met, 214.
burning fields, 374, 376.
bust-making, 65, 99, 104, 146, 234, 382.
de Butrie--M. and Mme., 235, 236, 237.
cactus, 8, 11, 181, 182, 217, 329;
--pitahaya, 96.
Cahuantzi--Gov. Prospero, 85, 94, 193.
caimans, 290.
cairn, 218.
calabashes, 314.
caladium, 201, 249.
calandria, 334.
Calistro--Antonio, 61.
camalpa, 191.
camarón, 276.
Camotlan, 32, 155.
camp--traveller's, 178.
Campeche, 306, 355;
--banks, 295.
canal, 291.
Cancuc, 365, 366, 371, 374;
--outbreak, 374;
--reception, 375;
--music, 376;
--dress, 377.
Candaleria--Maria, 374.
canoes, 275, 289, 360;
--Tarascan, 68;
--travel, 277;
--empty, 292.
Canton--Gov. Francisco, 300, 301, 355.
Capacuaro, 78, 80.
Carapan, 104.
Carizal, 342.
carnival, 239, 317, 318, 321, 324.
Carrera, 52.
carretero, 333, 334, 342, 343;
--camping, 338.
carriers, 53, 54.
--small, but devoted, 384,386;
--trouble, 206.
carry-frame, 243.
carts, 95, 333.
cart-road, 45, 48, 139, 342.
Carvajal, 179.
cascades, 262.
cascarones, 239.
Castle, Dr., 164, 165, 170, 328, 329.
Castolo--Zapotec boy, 35, 159.
cattle, among Juaves, 168;
--loading, 294;
driving, 348.
cave, near Comitan, 50;
--witch's, near Atla, 256;
--near Pantepec, 269;
near Tekax, 313, 314.
cave formations, 315.
cave--hat-makers, 224.
celebration--St. Martin's eve, 62.
cemetery--visits to, 165.
Cempoalteca--family, 92.
cempoalxochil, 257.
cenotes, 297, 316.
chacalacca, 334, 343.
chacmool, 319.
chalcedony, 38, 139.
chamara, 366, 367.
champurado, 196.
Chamula, 45, 365, 366, 367, 371;
--outbreak, 366, 396.
chapapote, 288, 291, 292.
chavacanes, 287.
Checheb, 366.
Cheran, 78, 82, 106.
chert, 129.
Chiapa, 45, 353, 360, 361, 364;
--lacquer, 45.
Chiapanecs, 361.
Chiapas, 293, 340;
--Indians, 44.
Chicago Record, 405;
--Tribune, 411.
Chicahuastla, 131, 396;
--an afternoon in, 133.
chicha, 377.
Chichen-Itza, 318.
Chila, 7, 10.
Chilchota, 98.
child--deserted, 136;
--grateful, 164.
Chilon, 379.
chinampas, 395.
Chinantecs, 210;
--land of, 212.
chirimiya--Mitla, 18;
--Los Reyes, 91.
Chochos, 218, 226;
hats, 224.
Chols, 380, 389;
--dress, 389;
--laborers, 384;
--type, 389.
Cholula, 108.
Chontals, 173;
--type, 175.
Christmas celebration, 71.
church of the thieves, 63.
la Cienega, 349.
cincalote, 60.
circus, 42.
Citala, 378.
Citlaltepec, 277, 279.
clays, 128.
cleanliness of person, 297.
climate--results, 306.
cloud-effects, 196;
--lake, 26;
--cataract, 28.
coach--unreliable, 228, 229;
--well-loaded, 315;
--fictitious, 331.
Coatlan, 34, 157.
Coatzacoalcos, 293, 325, 326, 331, 351, 393.
cochero--troublesome, 242.
cockroaches, 378.
cocoa palms, 169, 181.
cocoles, 287.
coffee, 155;
--plantation, 387;
--essence, 204.
Coixtlahuaca, 220, 224, 226;
--hat-making, 224;
--celebration, 224.
color-massing of flowers, 212.
colorín tree, 268.
comales, 127.
Comitan, 51.
comiteco, 51.
condolence--visit, 174.
conglomerate, 181, 182, 377.
Conkal, 297.
contract-labor system, 384, 388.
convent-church, 140.
cook-house, 88.
cooking, 339.
copal, 252.
Cordoba woman, 217, 227.
Cordova--Javier, 128, 135.
corpse rejected, 189.
Cortez' trail, 196.
cosmopolitan group, 325.
costumbre-annual,--Otomi, 250;
--Totonac, 252.
costume, 242;
--Juave, 169;
--Mazateco, 221;
--Mixtec, 127;
--Otomi, 58, 258;
--Totonac, 252;
--Tzotzil, 49;
--Zapotec, 40, 177.
cotones--see costume.
cotton--beating, 202.
counterfeiters in Tlaxcala, 94.
couple--mysterious, 354.
Coyotepec, 113.
crabs, 326.
Cristobal martyr boy, 195.
crosses, 269.
crucified child, 366.
la Cruzada, 387, 391;
--unsettled conditions, 391.
Cuaquitepec, 377, 378.
Cuauhtepec, 251.
cuezcomate, 88, 190.
Cuezcomate--the, 189.
Cuicatlan, 181, 198, 215, 227.
Culin--Mr., 263, 269.
Cuquila, 129, 137.
customs-house, 295.
cycle superstition, 139.
cypress, 139.
dance wands, 257.
dancers, 317, 325.
danza, 265, 268;
--de la Conquista, 30;
--de los Negros, 287;
--de los mestizos, 325.
date palm, 126.
deaf-mutism, 48, 49, 79, 205.
December, 12, 395.
deer, 43.
deformity, 155.
Diaz--President Porfirio, ix, 396, 397.
Diego--Juan, 395.
disaster to plates, 365.
distance marks, 309.
distilleries, 51, 315.
disturbance--village, 202.
Doña Cecilia, 293.
Dos Rios, 56.
doves, 219, 288.
dragon-tree, 246.
drinking, 207.
drunken officials, 24, 25, 29, 71, 72, 80, 144, 201;
--visitor, 335.
ducks, 278.
dulces, 314.
dynamiting streams, 251, 360.
eagle, 166, 219.
earthquake, 137, 138;
--Tehuantepec, 161;
Papalo, 183.
echo, 90.
eggs, 159.
Ellsworth Mr., 385, 392.
Embree Mr., 410.
enagua, see costume.
enchiladas, 286.
Esperanza mule-line, 7.
Espindola, Sr., 331, 332, 333.
Espinola--Macario, 120.
Etla, 116.
Expeditions, vii.
Eurosa--Sr., 246.
Eustasio, our carretero, 333, 334, 336, 340, 341, 344, 347, 348,
349, 352, 379.
excitement--political, 191, 193.
exorbitant charges, 8, 9;
--Ixcuintepec, 33;
--Xalapa, 174;
--Tequixistlan, 175;
--Tulancingo, etc., 241;
--Huachinango, 243;
--Huehuetla, 271.
faja--see costume.
fans used in dance, 318.
feather-work, 82.
Feb. 5, celebration, 224.
female beauty, 352.
feria at Comitan, 51.
ferns, 23, 27, 44, 154, 199, 207, 249.
Fernandez--Leandro, x.
Fernandez--Sr., 320, 323.
fever, 151, 387.
fiesta--San Marcos, 31.
fishes, 317.
fishing--night, 265;
--handnets, 266;
dynamite, 360.
flight of the Virgin, 196.
floats in procession, 319.
flora, 201, 249, 262, 296;
--contrast on two slopes, 23, 154, 199, 232;
--curious assemblage, 118;
--land of Mixes, 22;
--tropical, 387.
flowering shrubs, 22.
fog, 27, 126, 132.
forest fire, 34.
Frank, 189, 192, 200, 209, 213, 216.
Frontera, 393.
frost, 245, 251.
fugitive Jefe, 136.
funeral--an interrupted, 125;
--timely, 180;
--procession, 199, 332.
Gillow--Archbishop Eulogio, 3, 6
glossary, 399.
god-house, 88.
Godinez--Ramon, viii, 200, 209, 272, 273, 276, 308, 313, 319,
324, 332, 335, 349, 382, 383.
goitre, 48, 49, 79, 155.
gold coins worn, 40, 52, 353.
Gonzales--Manuel, viii, 108-111, 115, 156, 166, 171, 184, 189,
194, 198, 200, 209, 210, 241, 273, 276, 289, 290, 324, 330, 334,
348, 349.
Gonzales--Gov. Martin, vii, 114.
Grabic--Louis, viii, 189, 192, 198, 200, 209, 210, 241, 273, 276,
306, 313, 318, 329, 348.
granary, 60, 88, 190.
granite, 38.
greetings--New Year, 114.
grippe, 186.
Guadalupe, 395.
Guadalupe, our cook at Tancoco, 284, 286.
guamara, 280.
Guatemala, 43, 52, 340;
--money, 51.
Gutierrez Zamora, 281.
Guviño, 41, 333.
Guzman--Gamboa, 301.
hairless dog, 330.
hares, 171.
hats, 127, 224, 284.
hauling timber, 95.
hennequín, 296;
--treatment, 309.
Herman, 1, 5, 9.
herons, 278, 291.
Hidalgo--steamer, 325.
high-road, 40, 173.
h'men, 307, 310.
honey-wine, 191.
horse falls, 218;
--ill, 115, 178, 179.
hot springs, 96.
houses--Aztec, 283;
--Huaxtec, 284;
--Tarascan, 97;
--Totonac, 268.
Hrdlicka--his work, v.
Huachinango, 242.
Huaclilla, 119.
Huancito, 99.
Huauhtla--view, 232;
--town, 233;
--trade, 235;
--labor ideas, 235.
Huautla, 218.
Huaxteca verucruzana, 274;
--potosina, 274.
Huaxtecs, 261, 274, 279, 281;
--character, 285;
--type, 286.
huehuetes=los viejos, 243.
huehuetl, 91;
--(wrongly so-called), 287, 318, 358, 376.
Huehuetla, 247, 261, 263.
Huejutla, 283.
Huilotepec, 166, 328, 330, 331.
huipíl, huipili, see costume.
huitzatl, 191.
Huixquilucan, 56, 59, 245;
--thieves, 63.
Huixtan, 366.
Humboldt--Alexander, at Tule, 16.
husband--devoted, 186.
husk-stacks, 60.
Hyde, Dr. George B., 15.
idols, 253.
Ignacio--boy at Chilchota, 102.
iguana, 54, 327.
imbecility, 48, 205.
incense, 368.
indian government, 49, 357.
Indian Mexico, v. 396.
injured carter, 336.
interpreter--false, 383.
irrigation, 96.
Irvine, Captain, 294.
Isidro--uncle, 193.
Itztlis, 240.
Ixcotla, 193.
Ixcoyotla (bark paper), 268.
Ixcuintepec, 33, 156, 157.
Ixhuatlan, 338, 340.
Ixtaltepec, 333.
Ixtapa, 363, 373.
ixtli, 58, 59.
Ixtacalco, 395.
Ixtapalapa, 395.
Jacona, 98.
jail--San Cristobal, 367.
Janicho, 74.
Japanese, 41.
javali, 334.
jefe politico--drunk, 328;
--inefficient, 182, 185, 198, 216;
--his relation to his people, vii;
--as peacemaker, 353;
--of Tuxtla Gutierrez, 356;
--of Tulancingo--natural son of, 247.
Jiquipilas, 43, 349.
jonote, 246, 269.
Jornada, 338.
Juanico, 179.
Juarez--President Benito, 397.
Juaves, 164, 165, 168, 331, 337, 338;
--type, 169;
--night-watch, 170;
--singing, 171.
Juchitan, 41, 161, 333, 338, 343;
--trader, 170.
juiles, 395.
Juquila (Mixe), 29, 151.
Juxtlahuaca--Jefe of, 136.
Kan--Modesto, 312.
ke'esh, 305.
kingfisher, 291.
labor congress, 45.
laborers for Yucatan, 294.
lacquer--Chiapa, 45, 361;
--Uruapang.
lagoons, 276, 277, 290, 336.
Lake Chapala, 68;
--Patzcuaro, 68, 76.
landslide, 181.
Lang,--Charles B., viii, 115, 179, 184.
leaf-water, 193.
Leal--Manuel, Fernandez, ix.
Leandro, secretario Tamalin, 287.
Leon--Governor Francisco, 45, 342.
Leyra--Pablo, 246, 260, 263, 271.
libation, 255.
lightning, 183.
limestone, 18, 44, 50, 52, 126, 217, 249, 262, 296, 306, 314, 363,
364, 373;
--erosion, 118;
--hills, 219.
llano, 278, 281, 341, 363.
la Llave, 277, 278.
Lopez--Lieut.-Governor, 351, 381.
lost at night, 167.
Lumholtz--Charles, v., 79, 80, 83.
Lux--Ernst, vii, 3, 10, 14, 159.
lycopods, 154, 199.
macaws, 4, 340.
Macuilapa, 345.
Magdalena de los comales, 127.
maguéy, 60, 119.
mai, 367.
malacates, 59.
Malintzi, 188, 189.
mangroves, 290.
mantas, 128, 148.
Manuel, our arriero, 218, 219.
mapa, 236, 330.
mapachtli, 329.
mapaho, 202, 207.
Marcelo--Alejandro, 279.
Maria as a female name, 56.
marimba, 42, 346.
Mariano, our mozo, 115, 119, 156.
market--Tehuantepec, 162;
--Oaxaca, 112.
Martinez--Quirino, 249.
Martinez--Silvano, 78, 80, 83.
maskers, 71, 240, 243.
Mayas, 297, 304, 396, 397;
--stubbornness, 312.
Mazatecs--costume, 234;
--houses, 233.
measuring--Mitla, 146;
--Ayutla, 149.
Medellin, 14.
medical practice, 36.
Mendieta, 195.
Mercado--Governor Aristeo, 78.
Mérida, 295, 297, 301, 315, 355;
--expensive living, 298;
--carnival, 318, 321.
mesquite, 97.
Mexicalcingo, 395.
Mexico--steamer, 393, 394.
miraculous cross, 6.
mist, 22, 27.
Mitla--ruins, 4;
--Mixes seen at, 13;
--festival, 17;
--fiesta, 142;
--work at, 144;
--ruins, 148.
Mixes, 112, 398;
--first veiw of, 13;
--tragedy, 18;
--land of, 22;
--life, 23;
--roads, 31.
Mixtec, 115, 139;
--boy, 397;
--language, 140;
--planter, 204.
mogote, 78, 81.
mole, 222.
money--Guatemalan, 51.
monkey's comb, 340.
Montezuma, 250, 260.
moon influences young, 217.
moonstone, 64.
Mora--Señora, 278.
moral=mulberry, 246, 259.
Morrison--Stanton, 389.
mosquitoes, 289.
moss, 273;
--crimson, 214;
--gray, 232, 277;
yellow, 199, 214.
mounds, 116.
moving stone, 349.
mulada, 387.
mule--purchase, 15;
--accident, 33;
--trouble by, 44;
--trouble with, 52;
--gives out, 53;
--reported dead, 117.
muleteer--affectionate, 179.
muñecos, 246, 250, 258, 261, 268, 269.
Murcio--Don, 369.
Murcio--Guillermo, 129, 131, 136.
Museo Yucateco, 301.
music--of the Candelaria, 24;
--at Los Reyes, 91.
Nabor--Don, 98.
nacimiento, 195.
naguál, 166.
names of one river, 251.
Negrete, 95.
los negritos, 82.
Nehuatzen, 84.
Nenton, 49, 52.
New Year--celebration, 82;
--gifts, 339.
night-blindness, 164.
night-travel, 172.
night-watch, 170.
Nochixtlan, 120.
norther, 21, 22, 33, 158, 294, 326, 327, 393.
nublina, 232, 233, 261, 272.
Oaxaca, 4, 6, 15, 112.
obsidian, 240.
ocellated turkey, 318.
Ocosingo, 375.
Ocotopec (Mixe), 153, 154,
--(Mixtec), 112.
oleander, 174.
Once Pueblos, 98;
--ride through, 102.
operation proposed, 136.
orchids, 23, 27, 44, 126, 154, 199, 201, 207, 212, 232, 248.
organo cactus, 18.
Orozco y Berra, 131, 245, 264.
Otomis, 56, 242, 261, 397, 398;
--female type, 57:
--costume, 58;
--male types, 62.
ox-cart--travel, 334, 336, 337, 338, 340;
--accident, 341.
ox played out, 347.
Ozuluama, 274, 278;
--Jefe, of 276.
Pacheco--Anselmo, viii, 115, 168, 184.
Pacific, 37, 43, 112, 132, 160, 165;
--coast--yellow fever, 329.
Padre--the, his story, 1;
--at Chila, 10;
--at Medellin, 14.
paganism surviving, 254, 269, 305, 307.
pahuatl, 245.
Pahuatlan, 242, 244.
Pahuatlan River, 242.
Palacios--Conrado, 351.
Palenque, 377.
palms, 277, 278, 296.
Pantepec, 247, 265;
costume, 267;
--houses, 268;
--women, 267.
Panuco, 283.
Panuco River, 274.
Papalo, 182, 198, 214.
papaya, 309.
parasitic fig, 340.
el Parian, 118.
Parracho, 81.
parrots, 41, 166, 262, 334.
Paso Real, 288, 289.
pastores, 72.
Patzcuaro, 84, 107.
pea-flower, 201.
Pearson Company, 326.
pebbles wedged by torrent, 266.
pelico, 367.
pemol, 287.
peonage, 45.
Peru tree--belief, 194.
piano, 208.
Pichataro, 84, 106.
pigeons, 219.
pigs, 377.
pilgrimage, 48.
Pimentel--Governor, 351.
pineapples, 361.
pines, 128, 182, 371.
pinguicula, 154.
pinolillos, 347.
los Pinos, 344, 345.
pinto, 47, 332, 353, 361.
pitahaya (cactus), 96, 216.
pito, 287, 358, 377.
plaster prepared, 135.
le Plongeon--Dr. A., 301.
polydactyly, 205.
Ponce; Padre, 70, 71, 72, 73.
population of Mexico, v.
Porfiria, Aztec cook, 286.
posole, 343, 379.
pottery, 102, 112, 127, 137, 332, 339.
pouch--netted, 367.
Powell--William D., viii, 56.
predictions dire, 374.
presidente--sleepy, 267;
--Zautla, 201.
priest--drunken, 145;
--ignorant, 4;
active, 234;
--gifts to, 123;
--reception of, 124.
priestess--pagan, 254.
prisoners, 368;
--of state, 354.
private cart, 345.
Progress, 295, 299, 320, 324.
Puebla, 283, 300, 330.
Pueblo Viejo, 274, 275.
pulque, 61, 119;
--country, 240.
puma, 41.
pumice, 128.
pygmy statue, 57.
pyramid, 303, 362.
quail, 306.
quarrel adjusted, 354.
quartz, 18.
Quechol--Romualdo, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 196.
Quezaltepec, 31, 155
quichiquemil, see costume.
Quiero--Señor, 13, 17.
Quiroga, 69, 70.
railroad--Yucatecan, 296, 303.
rain ceremonials, 271.
rain-god, 6.
rattle, 318.
Rau--Enrique, 385, 386, 390.
rebozos (Parracho), 81.
regidor perplexed, 162.
resting at summit, 373.
los Reyes, 90.
rheumatism cure, 330.
rhododendron, 22.
ridge in Yucatan, 306.
la Riviera, 291.
road ("rio blanca"), 219;
--dilapidated, 241.
roads--mixe, 156;
Zapotec, 177.
Robinson, A.A., ix.
robbery, 63.
rock-impressions, 196.
Rodriguez; Governor Pedro L., 247.
round houses, 131.
ruins (Tecomavaca), 186.
Sabina, 84, 106.
sacrifice, 252, 254.
salt, 373.
el Salto, 381, 389, 391.
San Antonio, 49.
San Antonio, 228;
--excitement at, 231.
San Bartolo (Hacienda), 19.
San Bartolo (Hidalgo), 261, 271;
--market, 262.
San Bartolo (Mixtec), 126.
San Bartolo (Zapotec), 176;
--costume, 177.
San Bartolome (Tzotzil), 49, 366.
San Bernardino, 232.
San Blas, 164.
San Carlos, 152, 177.
San Cristobal (Chiapas), 364, 365, 385.
San Estevan, 88.
San Francisco, 191.
San Geronimo (Mazatec), 232.
San Geronimo (Huaxtec), 288.
San Geronimo (Zapotec), 331, 332.
San Gregorio, 245, 268.
San Juan (Yucatan), 308, 309.
San Lorenzo; 14, 18.
San Lucas, 232, 235.
San Mateo del Mar, 168, 334.
San Miguel, 34, 157.
San Miguel (Chiapas), 344, 345.
San Nicolas, 260.
San Nicolas Panotla, 92, 397.
San Pablito, 246, 259;
--witchcraft, 257;
--paper, 259.
San Pablo el grande, 258, 261.
San Pedrito, 119.
San Pedro, 190.
San Pedro Soochiapan, 207;
--town-house, 208;
--public service, 209;
houses, 212.
San Sebastian, 364.
Sanchez--Padre, 364.
sandstone, 374, 377.
sand dollars, 327.
sandunga (song), 330.
Santa Ana, 188.
Santa Anita, 395.
Santa Fe de la Laguna, 69.
Santa Maria, 38, 160.
Santa Maria (Totonac), 250.
Santa Maria (Yucatan), 307.
Santa Maria Albarradas, 20.
Santa Maria Atlihuitzia, 195.
Santiago Guevea, 37, 158.
santocalli, 254.
Santo Domingo (Chiapas), 350.
Santo Domingo (Mixtec), 127.
sastun, 307, 310.
Sawapa, 89, 194.
schistose rock, 182.
school-teachers, 224.
scientific results of work, viii.
school at San Nicolas Panotla, 93.
scorpion, 394.
sea gulls, 290.
las Sedas, 116.
segundo of Zautla, 203, 204.
selaginella, 154.
Seler--Mrs., 331.
semi-domestication, 343.
sensitive plants, 201.
September 16, San Miguel's Day, 271.
shales, 377.
shaly-sandstone, 374.
silk, 235.
singing, 171, 192.
sister--loyal, 361.
slate, 20.
small-pox, 119, 194, 301, 321.
Smith--Lucius, 4, 15.
smuggling, 51.
snakes, 277, 307, 358.
snipe, 290.
soldiers, 43.
songs--Aztec, 192;
--Zapotec, 330.
spear-thrower, 75.
spinning, 58, 202.
spot-sacral--on Maya babies, 411.
stalagmite, 315.
Starr in Old Mexico, 405.
stations--railroad, 303.
stream-beds dry, 41.
stubbornness, 312.
subterranean streams, 373.
Suchiapa, 361.
sugar-making, 244, 249, 314,
--mill, 307
sunset, 192.
surviving paganism, 6, 395.
syenite, 43.
Syrian peddlers, 7.
Tamalin, 279, 281.
Tampico, 274.
Tanaquillo=Tanaco, 104, 105.
Tanatepec, 42.
Tanchitla, 251.
Tancoco, 281, 284;
--hats, 284;
--houses, 284.
Tangancicuaro, 98.
Tantima, 280, 282;
houses, 283, 286.
Tapachula, 373.
Tarascans, 68;
--trading, 85.
Tatarian--Bedros, viii.
Tecomavaca, 185.
Tecomavaca Viejo, 186.
Tehuacan, 8.
Tehuantepec, 39, 161, 328;
--name story, 165;
--yellow fever, 329.
Tehuantepec River, 173.
Tehuantepec women, 112;
--beauty, 39;
--versus Tuxtla Gutierrez, 352;
--dress, 40.
Tekax, 303, 305;
--hermita, 304;
--Jefe of, 304.
temascal, 191, 192, 283.
Tenango (Chiapas), 376;
--pottery, 377.
Tenango del Doria, 247, 260, 271.
Tenejapa, 366, 367, 371;
market, 372.
Teotitlan del Camino, 228, 229.
tepache, 148, 217.
Tepanapa, 200, 213.
Tepehuas, 247, 267;
--costume, 264.
Tepeyac, 395.
teponastl, 265.
Teposcolula, 139.
Tequixistlan, 174.
thatching, 41.
theatre, 103.
tiger=jaguar, or ocelotl, 307.
tiger-cat, 279.
Thompson--Edward, 318, 320.
three-part house, 88.
Tilantongo, 121.
tinajas, 119.
Titian--the, 73, 74.
titulo, 236.
Tlacolula, 142, 180.
Tlacotepec, 38, 160.
Tlacuilotepec, 246, 248, 249.
Tlaxcala, 85, 188, 192, 283.
Tlaxcalans, 397.
Tlaxcalteca (song), 192.
Tlaxco, 245.
Tlaxiaco, 128.
toro play, 324, 384.
toros, 142.
torrent-wash, 82.
Torres--Anastasia, 362.
Torres--Padre, 72.
tortillas, 339.
tortuga, 318, 377.
las Tortugas, 272.
Totolapa, 179.
Totonacs, 242, 247, 251, 265, 396;
--fishing, 266.
toucan, 44, 340, 348.
trade, 170, 235, 236.
tramp--American, 50, 52.
tree-ferns, 22, 54, 199, 273, 387.
trees protected, 297, 309.
la Trinidad, 390.
Triquis, 131, 398.
el Triunfo, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389.
tropical forest, 22, 37, 387.
troupe--comedy, 337.
tsupakwa, 75.
tufa, 50.
tufaceous deposits, 119, 139, 263.
Tulancingo, 239.
Tule, 17, 142;
--great tree at, 16.
Tumbala, 380, 384, 385, 389;
--boys delayed at, 388.
Tuxtla Gutierrez, 44, 331, 333, 335, 338, 346, 347, 350, 351 et, 357,
376.
Tzendals, 366, 367, 378;
--dress, 372, 380;
--hair-dressing, 372.
Tzintzuntzan, 69, 73.
Tzotzils, 45, 366, 367;
--dress, 366;
--industrious, 366.
ucuares, 102.
ule, 269.
Union Hidalgo=Guviño, 333, 334, 335, 343.
United States--ideas regarding, 42.
Uruapan, 78;
--lacquer, 79;
--goitre, 79.
Valencia--Jefe, 178, 375.
Valley hot, 181.
Van Antwerp--A.L., ix.
Venta Colorado, 241.
Vera Cruz, 394.
Vice-consul (Solis), 299, 320.
los Viejos, 71.
view-extended, 362.
village crying, 65, 153.
wasp nests, 156.
watch-houses in fields, 120.
water birds, 277;
--doubtful, 341.
wayside selling, 76, 242.
wayside shrine, 28.
weaving, 50, 127, 138, 202, 211, 366.
wedding, 221, 236.
weighing, 170.
Werner, Mr., 331.
wheels--hot, 349.
whistles--pottery, 112.
Wilson, David A., viii.
wind-mills, 297.
witchcraft, 246, 256, 376;
--cave, 256.
women difficult subjects, 89, 132, 157, 162, 185, 268, 369, 381;
--easy subjects, 235, 265, 285;
--of Tuxtla Gutierrez beautiful, 352;
--Zapotec, 339.
wool, 138.
work--nature of, vi;
--views regarding, 235;
--methods and difficulties, 61, 86, 122,
132, 144, 149, 183, 234, 312, 356.
wry-necks, 278.
xalama, 259.
Xalapa, 173.
Xaya, 307, 308, 309.
Xochihua, Sr., 245, 260.
xtoles, 317, 323.
Yajalon, 379, 381.
Yaqui, 396.
Yautepec, 375.
yellow fever, 301, 308, 316, 327, 328, 329, 393.
Yodocono, 120, 396.
Yucatan, 293, 294;
--aspect of, 296;
--dress, 297.
Zamora, 97.
Zanatepec, 42.
el Zapato, 219.
Zapote (hacienda), 346.
Zapotecs, 112, 338, 379, 397;
--wounded, 19;
--woman's dress, 34;
--family, 34;
--traders, 170;
--cook, 171;
--family, 176;
--songs, 330;
--painting, 330;
--expansion, 339.
Zautla--San Juan, 201.
Zinacantan, 364.
Ziracuaretaro, 77.
Zoques, 45, 351;
--beauty of women, 352;
--dress, 352;
--baby-carrying, 353;
--houses, 357.
End of Project Gutenberg's In Indian Mexico (1908), by Frederick Starr