CHOLS
(1901)
Of course, after such a start, we were delayed in getting the animals
ready for the journey, and the sun had been up full half an hour when we
left. It was a short ride to Hidalgo, which lies prettily in a small,
flat valley, on a good-sized stream. We were doubtful about our
reception, for Yajalon was the last town in Valencia's district, and we
had no documents to present to the town officials, until we should reach
El Salto, the _cabecera_, except our general letter from Governor
Lopez. It is true that the _presidente_ of Yajalon, at our request, had
telephoned Hidalgo that we came highly recommended, and that everything
possible must be done for our assistance. The _agente_ was an old man,
suffering from headache, who showed but listless interest in our work.
In a general way, he gave us his endorsement, and we, therefore, took
the management into our own hands. He had kept the people in town,
so that we had subjects, though fewer than we had hoped. We measured
twenty-seven men, and there were really no more in the town, the rest
being away on _fincas_. The men gave us no trouble, but the women were
another matter. Several times we issued orders that they be brought to
the town-house for measurement, and each time, after an effort to obey
our orders, we were told that they would not come. "Very good," said I,
"if they will not come, it is plain that we must go and measure them in
their houses." Accompanied by the town government, we started on our
rounds. The first house was tightly closed, and no reply was made to our
demands for entrance. The second was the same; one might imagine that
it had been deserted for weeks. At the third, the door was opened, and
within, an aged woman, ugly, bent, decrepit. Here we measured. The next
house, and the next, and the next, were shut. And then another open
house contained another veritable hag. Passing several other houses,
tightly closed, we found a third old woman, and I saw that we were
destined to secure nothing but decrepit hags, as representatives of
the fair sex. At the next closed house, I stopped, and turning to an
official, who spoke Spanish, said, "I am tired of these closed houses;
who owns this house?" His name was given, and I wrote it down. "Very
well," said I, "I shall recommend to the _jefe_ of the district, when I
reach El Salto, that he be made to pay a fine of five pesos." At this,
the town officials gasped, but we walked to the next house, which was
also closed. "Who owns this house?" And down went a second name. By
the time I had three names of owners of closed houses on my paper, the
officials held a hasty whispered consultation; then coming to me,
they begged me to excuse them for a moment, as the _secretario_ would
accompany me upon my round, and they would soon rejoin us. With this,
they disappeared, and we entered another old woman's house. When we
emerged, a wonderful change had taken place; every house in the village
had its door wide open, and in the doorway were to be seen anywhere from
one to three or four ladies of all ages. From this time on, there was no
lack of women, and the twenty-five were promptly measured.
We had picked out our subjects for modeling before we started on our
rounds to measure women; and had left Ramon in charge of that part of
our work, staying only long enough to see him make the mould of the
first subject. This was an indian, named Juan, the first _alcalde_ of
the village. We had carefully explained the operation to our subjects;
we had described in detail the sensations and emotions connected with
the thing, and thought we had the subjects well prepared. When Juan
began, he seemed to have good courage, but we told a young fellow, who
sat near and understood Spanish, that he should tell the man certain
encouraging things which we repeated to him. The translation was
promptly done, and we were therefore much surprised to see our subject's
confidence gradually give way to terror. While we were applying the
first mould, he began to sob and cry like a child; this was, however,
nothing compared with the abject terror and sorrow which he displayed
while we were making the face-mould. The tears flowed from his eyes; he
sobbed, cried aloud, and we could see the thumping of his heart against
his chest. We had never had a subject who took the matter so hardly.
When the operation was completed, we learned the cause of all this
trouble. Our interpreter turned out to be a joker, and, while we were
telling him encouraging remarks, with which to soothe the subject, he
was saying, "Now you will die; pretty soon you will not be able to
breathe any more; you will be dead and buried before to-morrow; your
poor widow will no doubt feel badly, but probably she will find another
quite as good as you." We had always realized the possibility of such
misinterpretations, but, so far as we know, this was the only time that
our interpreter ever played us false.
On our return from measuring the women, we found that Ramon had made
no progress. The three subjects, whom we had selected and left in his
charge, under strenuous orders, had taken fright at Juan's experience
and fled. We lost two hours in hunting them and bringing them in; and we
should not have succeeded then, had it not been for Juan's assistance.
He seemed to feel that, having undergone the operation, it might ease
his position, and decrease possible danger, if he had companions in
misery. Finally, at 4:30, long after the hour we had set, we left for
Tumbala. We secured six _cargadors_--one each for the four moulds,
one for the instruments, and one for the remaining plaster,--as our
pack-animals had long since passed. Five of them were left to follow
at their leisure, on condition that they reach Tumbala early the next
morning, but the sixth, a wee old man, who had helped us woman-hunting,
went with us, by his own request, to carry the instruments. He was so
small that we did not believe he could carry the burden, but he made no
sort of trouble about it, trotting along most happily. We had been told
that the road was _pura subida_--pure ascent--and so we found it. We
were soon in the tropical forest of the Chinantla, and the land of the
Mixes, with begonias, tree-ferns, bromelias, and orchids. Here and
there, were bad bits of road, deep mud, slippery stones, irregular
limestone masses. It was dark before we reached Tumbala, and although
there was a moon, the mists were so dense that it did little good.
Arriving at 6:45, we found the town a wretched place, with a worthless
and nerveless _agente_. This was once the largest of the Chol towns,
and we had thought to do the bulk of our work there. It is fortunate,
indeed, that we stopped at Hidalgo, because Tumbala is now completely
ruined by the contract-labor system, which has sent its men all through
the country onto _fincas_. The _agente_ would probably have done nothing
for us, but his little daughter, much impressed by our letter from the
governor, took an active interest in our welfare, promised to prepare a
dinner, and decided him to give us sleeping-quarters in a store-room
in the building. He thawed a little after we had eaten, but spoke
discouragingly regarding the possibility of working there. He said we
would do well to go to El Triunfo; that it would take two days to find
indians and bring them to the town; that there were no animals, nothing
to eat, no conveniences in Tumbala, in all of which he probably was
quite correct. Our _arrieros_ had contracted only to this point from San
Cristobal. We urged them to make the further journey, and offered them
a price much above the regular, but they wanted to be back in San
Cristobal for Holy Week, and assured us that the roads ahead were the
worst that could be imagined, and that they ran the risk of killing all
their animals if they went with us.
[Illustration: THE TORO; FRAME AND BEARER; EL TRIUNFO]
[Illustration: PLAYING TORO; EL TRIUNFO]
As we were on the road, a little before we reached Tumbala, we found a
company of indian boys making camp for the night. Calling to us, they
said that Don Enrique had told them if they saw us on the road, to say
that we should keep straight on to El Triunfo, as he had a message for
us. We had never heard of Don Enrique, and thought there was some error,
but after supper, the _agente_ handed us a letter which had come that
afternoon from the gentleman in question. In it we read: "Sir: Mr.
Ellsworth, of the Rio Michol Rubber Co., Salto, asked me by telephone to
tell you that he will be waiting for you the 4th of April in La Cruzada,
and hopes that you will kindly accompany Mrs. Ellsworth as far as
Mexico, and that, in case she would not find a steamer in Frontera, he
is going to charter one. Hoping to see you here in Triunfo, and waiting
for an answer to La Cruzada, I remain, Yours truly, H. Rau." This was
a gleam of light amid our dark affairs. There we were, with all
our baggage and instruments, but without carriers, deserted by our
_arrieros_, and with no opportunity in Tumbala to secure new animals
or helpers; it was like the voice of a friend, to receive this English
letter from El Triunfo, and we felt that, if worst came to worst, Don
Enrique might help us out.
The room in which we slept was filled with stored stuff and two tables.
On one of these I made my bed, while my companions spread a large
_petate_ on the floor, and our little indian carrier put down a small
one for himself, as he declared he should not leave us until morning. He
had a good supper, and in a fit of generosity, presented Louis with what
was left of his package of _posole_. With much enthusiasm, he told us of
an "animal" which he had seen and tried to catch upon the road. From his
description, it appeared to be an armadillo. Before he lay down on his
_petate_, he kissed my hand, wished me a good night's rest, and asked my
good-night blessing. He was happy in possession of a _real's_ worth of
_aguardiente_, from which, at intervals during the night, he drank.
Early in the morning, he opened the door, and, looking out, crossed
himself, and repeated his morning prayer. He then came to _Tatita_
(little father) to receive his morning's blessing, and hoped that I had
passed a good night in slumber. He then brought me a _jícara_ of cool,
fresh water, after which he urged me to take a sip from his dear bottle.
Going outside a little time, he returned with two roses, heavy with dew
and very fragrant, and gave them to me as if they were a gift for kings.
Very soon, however, his potations got the better of him, and bidding us
a fond farewell, he started for Hidalgo.
It was my day of fever, and I spent the greater portion of the morning
on my hard bed, getting up from time to time to try to move the _agente_
to procure an animal, on which I might make the journey to El Triunfo.
Finally, in despair, after difficulty in securing a foot-messenger, I
sent a letter to Don Enrique, asking him to send an animal for my use.
During the afternoon, a fine mule and a letter came from El Triunfo.
"Sir: The boy brought me your letter, and I send you a good mule for
yourself, so we shall talk all the rest when you shall get here. If you
need more pack-mules I will send them afterwards, as soon as you tell
me how many you need. Hoping to see you this afternoon, I remain, Yours
very truly, Henry Rau." The road was down hill, and there were but two
or three bad spots. I rode through tropical forests, the whole distance,
with high trees, bound together with a mass of vines, and loaded with
parasitic or aerial plants. Here and there, rose the largest tree-ferns
I have ever seen. I was not in the best mood, however, for enjoying the
journey, and the hour-and-a-quarter seemed like much more. The great
coffee _finca_ of El Triunfo occupied an irregular valley, the slopes
of which were covered with thousands of coffee-trees, with their
magnificent dark green leaves and sweet-scented, white flowers. Three
hundred and fifty thousand trees made up the plantation, which was one
of two owned and managed by Señor Rau. The house was large, and rather
pretentious, two stories in height, with buildings for cleaning, packing
and storing coffee on the same terrace, and with a veritable village of
houses for the indian workmen down below. I received a warm reception
from the Señor and his household, who have established here a veritable
bit of Germany in tropical America. Not only was I myself cared for, but
I was urged to make no haste in going further, as no steamer would go
from La Cruzada before the 4th, and it would be easy to reach that
place in twenty-four hours. So, for several days the hospitable
plantation-house was my home. Great lines of mules were constantly going
from here, through to El Salto and La Cruzada, with loads of coffee,
and coming back with provisions, and the many supplies necessary for an
establishment of this importance. When the next _mulada_ should appear,
animals would be sent to Tumbala for my companions and the luggage.
Curiously, none came for two whole days--a very unusual occurrence--and
the boys remained prisoners in that dreary town for all that time. For
my own part, I was thankful to reach a place where a comfortable bed and
certain meals were to be counted on. My fever left me, but the following
morning I found myself suffering from swollen jaws; every tooth was
loose and sore, and it was difficult to chew even the flesh of bananas;
this difficulty I had lately suffered, whenever in the moist mountain
district of Pennsylvania, and I feared that there would be no relief
until I was permanently out of the district of forest-grown mountains.
Nor was I mistaken, for ten days passed, and we had reached the dry
central table-land of Mexico, before my suffering ended. One day, while
we were on the _finca_, considerable excitement was caused by one of the
Indians working in the field being bitten by a poisonous serpent. The
man was brought at once to the house, and remedies were applied which
prevented serious results, although his leg swelled badly. The serpent
was killed, and measured about five feet in length, having much the
general appearance of a rattlesnake, but with no rattles. Don Enrique
says that the most dangerous snake in this district is a little creature
more brightly colored, with a smaller head, which is less markedly flat,
and with smaller fangs; he showed us one of these, not more than a foot
in length, from whose bite a man on the plantation, a year before,
had died. In telling us of this event, he gave us a suggestion of the
working of the contract-labor system; the man who died owed one hundred
and forty pesos of work--almost three years of labor; the _jefe_,
indeed, had sent the son to work out the debt, but the young man soon
ran away, and the most diligent effort to recapture him had failed.
[Illustration: CHOL WOMEN; LA TRINIDAD]
Perhaps two hundred persons lived as workmen on the _finca_ of El
Triunfo. They were, of course, all indians, and were about evenly
divided between Tzendals and Chols; it was impossible to gather them for
measurement till Sunday, when they all came to the house and the store.
It was a day of amusement and recreation for the laborers, a day when
all of them--men, women, children--drank quantities of liquor. It was
interesting to watch them as they came up to the store to make their
little purchases for the week. All were in their best clothing, and
family groups presented many interesting scenes. On Sundays and fiestas,
they play _toro_--one man creeping into a framework of light canes
covered with leather, meant to represent a bull, while others play the
part of bull-fighters. The Chols present a well-marked type. They are
short, broad-headed and dark-skinned; their noses are among the
most aquiline in Mexico. Men, especially those of Tumbala, have a
characteristic mode of cropping the hair; that on the back of the head
is cut close, leaving the hair of the forward third of the head longer.
The men are almost immediately recognized, wherever met, by the
characteristic _camisa_, made of white cotton, vertically striped with
narrow lines of pink, which is woven in the Chol towns, and does not
appear to be used by other Indians.
The doors of the hospitable home at El Triunfo are ever open, and a day
rarely passes without some traveller seeking shelter and entertainment.
Spaniards, Mexicans, Germans, Englishmen, Americans, all are welcome,
and during the few days of our stay, the house was never free of other
visitors. Among these was Stanton Morrison, famous in Yale's football
team in '92; he now lives in this district, and has a coffee _finca_
four hours' ride away.
Finally, at 10:10 Tuesday morning, April 2d, having completed all our
work, we started from El Triunfo for our last ride of the season. We
could easily have gone, starting in the early morning, to El Salto
before night; as it was, Don Enrique planned a different method. We had
good animals, which he had loaned us, or for which he had arranged for
us with the muleteers. At two o'clock we reached La Trinidad, where he
had promised that we should eat the finest meal in the State of Chiapas.
We found a complete surprise. Trinidad is little more than a _finca_,
or _rancho_, but it has an _agente_, and quite a population of Chol
indians. The _agente_ was a decent-looking fellow, active and ambitious;
he talks a little English, and is something of an amateur photographer.
His house of poles and mud presented no notable external features, but
within, it was supplied with furniture so varied and abundant as is rare
in any part of Mexico. Chairs, rockers, tables, cupboards, washstands,
all were there; and beds, real beds, which for cleanness were marvels.
As soon as we entered the house, fresh water and clean towels were
brought. On the tables were vases of fresh-gathered flowers, in
quantities, and beautifully arranged. The visible service for all this
elegance, and for the meals, were two little indian girls not more than
six or eight years old, neatly dressed, and an indian boy of the same
size and cleanness. The invisible helpers were buxom indian girls,
well-dressed and clean, but who never came into the room where we were,
leaving all carrying, setting of tables, and serving, in the hands of
these three little servants. There was, indeed, one other person in the
household--a beautiful girl, slender and refined, whose relation to
the master I do not know, but who was treated by him as if she were
a veritable queen, or some lovely flower in the wilderness. Here we
rested, ate and slept in comfort, and here, when morning came, we paid
a bill which ordinarily would have seemed large; however, if one finds
beautiful flowers in the wilderness, he must expect to pay. It was worth
while paying to enjoy the best sleep, in the best bed, that one had had
for months.
[Illustration: A CHOL FAMILY; LA TRINIDAD]
[Illustration: CHOLS; LA TRINIDAD]
The _agente_ rode with us in the morning quite a league upon our road,
to a place which he was clearing for a _milpa_. We had heard so much
of the horrors of the road to El Salto, that we were prepared for the
worst. It was not an abrupt descent, as we had expected, but for the
most part level, over black mud. There were a few ups and downs, and
there was one limestone hill with tree-ferns and begonias, and all that
that implies. Much of the way we had a drizzling rain, and everywhere
the air was hot and heavy. After four hours' riding, we stopped at ten
to eat a breakfast which we had brought with us, and then rode through
to El Salto, where we arrived at 12:30. This is the _cabecera_ of the
district, and the _jefe_ could not understand why we should continue on
our journey, as the steamer would not leave until the following day.
Don Enrique, however, had urged us not to stop at El Salto, where he
insisted the risk from yellow fever was great. He advised us to go on to
La Cruzada, where he had a house and an agent, and where, he told us,
we could arrange for sleeping and eating as comfortably, and far more
safely, than in the town. The distance was short, but the place, in
truth, was dreary. The landing was at the bottom of a little slope, at
the upper edge of which stood Don Enrique's place, the store-house of
the steamship company, the house and barnyard of the manager of the mule
trains, and one or two unattractive huts. When we arrived, we found that
the mayor domo had that day resigned, and left the place, going to El
Salto; before he left, he quarreled with the cook, and she had gone off
in high dudgeon. Two young employes, left behind, advised us to return
to El Salto until the time of embarkation. We, however, had left El
Salto behind us, and had our luggage with us, and were little inclined
to retrace our steps. After some grumbling, we were supplied with beds,
but told that the food problem was impossible. After much wheedling,
coaxing, bribing, and threatening, a woman in one of the huts promised
to cook something for us, and we had nothing more to do but wait, until
the steamer should be ready. The chief excitement of the day was when
the mule trains were driven in, towards evening. With them came a swarm
of mosquitoes, which absolutely darkened the air. Fortunately they did
not stay, but after an hour and a half of troubling, disappeared as
suddenly as they arrived. The river had fallen to that degree that it
was impossible for our steamer, the Mariscal, to come up to La Cruzada,
and we learned that it was anchored about a league down the river. A
flatboat, poled by indians, came up to the landing, ready to receive
cargo and passengers, and to transfer them to the steamer. In the
morning, the loading of the flatboat and the getting ready for
departure, took all our thought. At ten o'clock Mr. and Mrs. Ellsworth,
with their baby and two servants, appeared in small canoes, which had
been poled by indians from the plantation, several hours' journey up the
Michol River. At the last moment, Mr. Ellsworth had decided to accompany
his party to the city. When everything was loaded, quite promptly,
at twelve o'clock, the flatboat pushed out from its moorings. Mr.
Ellsworth's little launch was standing at the landing, and he invited me
to ride in it, with him and Mrs. Ellsworth and the baby, to the steamer.
We started off right proudly in the Miriam, but, alas, pride goes before
destruction, and we had hardly left the heavy flatboat a little behind
us, when our machinery broke down, and we had to wait until the clumsy
scow overtook us, when we became common passengers again, and drifted
down the stream to the Mariscal, passing the Lumeha plantation, an
American enterprise.
[Illustration: CHOLS RESTING, LA TRINIDAD]
The Mariscal itself was a little steamer, too small for the passengers
and freight it had to carry. It had no beds nor cabin; it was dirty and
crowded; it had not food enough to feed the first-class passengers, who
paid twenty-five pesos each for their short journey. There was, indeed,
no other class of passengers, only one grade of tickets being sold.
When complaints were made of the accommodations, or lack of all
accommodations, the _agente_, who was on the vessel with us, expressed
surprise, and seemed profoundly hurt. The stream is full of curves and
bends, is broad, and notably uniform in breadth; it has considerable
current, and is bordered closely by the tropical forest, except where
little clearings have been made for _fincas_. Formerly, caimans, or
alligators, were common, but they have become rare, through the diligent
hunting to which they have been subjected for supplying skins. Two days
are usually taken in the journey to Frontera, though it is not a fifteen
hours' run. Mr. Ellsworth arranged for our going directly through, so
that, except one stop at a midway station, we made a continuous journey,
and drew up at Frontera at 9:50 in the morning.
It is a mean little town, but far cleaner than Coatzacoalcos. Real grass
grows there, and the little plaza is almost a lawn. Last year, when
yellow fever was so terrible at Coatzacoalcos, and when, even at El
Salto, there were forty cases, there were none here. The town is hot,
and during the two days we spent there, our chief effort was to keep
cool. The steamer, Mexico, appeared upon the 6th, planning to leave the
same day. A norther came, however, and rendered the bar impassable. In
the morning, Easter Sunday, the wind had fallen somewhat. We saw the
little celebration at the church, and, learning that the boat was likely
to leave at noon, went aboard. At one we started. Sailing down the
river, we soon found ourselves between the piers, and the moment of
test had come. At the first thump of the keel upon the sand, we doubted
whether we should pass the bar; still we kept along with steam full on
and the bow headed seaward; nine times we struck the sandy bottom, but
then found ourselves in deeper water, and were again upon the Gulf. The
Mexico was just as dirty, the food was just as bad, and the crew just as
unaccommodating, as in 1896, when we had our first experience of her.
Rather than lie in the stuffy cabin, I took my blanket out on deck, and
rolled up there for the night. Room was plenty, as there were only a
score of passengers. When we woke, the boat was standing in the harbor
of Coatzacoalcos, and we landed to eat a breakfast at the hotel. Through
the day, we wandered about town, but were again upon the vessel at four
o'clock. We now numbered about a hundred passengers, and everything was
crowded. In the company was a comic theatre troupe. The day before,
a number of the passengers had been seasick; on this occasion,
three-fourths were suffering, and the decks were a disgusting spectacle.
Still, fresh air was there, and again I made my bed on deck. In the
middle of the night, having moved slightly, I felt a sharp and sudden
pain in my right temple, exactly as if I had rolled upon a sharp, hot
tack. I had my jacket for a pillow, and thought at first that there
really was a tack in one of the pockets, and sought, but in vain, to
find it. Lying down to sleep again, I presently moved my hand over the
blanket on the deck, and suddenly, again, I felt the sharp, burning
prick, this time in my thumb. Certain that it could not be a tack this
time, I brought my hand down forcibly, and, rising, saw by the moonlight
that I had killed a large, black scorpion. For two hours the stings felt
like fire, but by morning had ceased to pain me; then I found two or
three of the other passengers suffering from similar stings, and reached
the conclusion that the Mexico was swarming with the creatures. At dawn,
we sighted Vera Cruz, and were soon in the harbor, standing at anchor;
at eight o'clock, we stood upon the wharf, and our journeys in Indian
Mexico were ended.
[Illustration: INDIAN HUT; SANTA ANITA]
[Illustration: GUADALUPE; DECEMBER 12]