THE CRUISE OF THE SQUADRON.
All things being as ready as it was possible to make them, on the 14th
of August, 1779, amid the booming of cannon and the waving of flags,
the expedition set sail. Very pretty it must have looked, dropping
down the roads, as sail after sail was set on the broad yardarms
extending above the little commander on the poop deck of the Indiaman,
resolutely putting his difficulties and trials behind him, and glad to
be at last at sea and headed for the enemy. And yet he might well have
borne a heavy heart! Only a man of Jones' caliber could have faced the
possibilities with a particle of equanimity. By any rule of chance or
on any ground of probability the expedition was doomed to failure,
capture, or destruction. But the personality of Jones, his serene and
soon-to-be-justified confidence in himself, discounted chance and
overthrew probability. I have noticed it is ever the man with the
fewest resources and poorest backing who accomplishes most in the
world's battles. The man who has things made easy for him usually
"takes it easy," and accomplishes the easy thing or nothing.
The squadron was accompanied by two heavily armed privateers, the
Monsieur and the Granvelle, raising the number of vessels to seven.
The masters of the privateers did not sign the concordat, but they
entered into voluntary association with the others and agreed to abide
by the orders of Jones--an agreement they broke without hesitation in
the face of the first prize, which was captured on the 18th of August.
The prize was a full-rigged ship, called the Verwagting, mounting
fourteen guns and loaded with brandy. The vessel, a Dutch ship, had
been captured by the English, and was therefore a lawful prize to the
squadron. The captain of the Monsieur, which was the boarding vessel,
plundered the prize of several valuable articles for his own benefit,
manned her, and attempted to dispatch her to Ostend. Jones, however,
overhauled her, replaced the prize crew by some of his own men, and
sent her in under his own orders. The Monsieur and her offended
captain thereupon promptly deserted the squadron in the night.
On the 21st, off the southwest coast of Ireland, they captured a brig,
the Mayflower, loaded with butter, which was also manned and sent in.
On the 23d they rounded Cape Clear, the extreme southwestern point of
Ireland. The day being calm, Jones manned his boats and sent them
inshore to capture a brigantine. The ship, not having steerage way,
began to drift in toward the dangerous shore after the departure of
the boats, and it became necessary to haul her head offshore, for
which purpose the captain's barge was sent ahead with a towline. As
the shades of evening descended, the crew of the barge, who were
apparently English, took advantage of the absence of the other boats
and the opportunity presented, to cut the towline and desert. As they
made for the shore, Mr. Cutting Lunt, third lieutenant, with four
marines, jumped into a small boat remaining, and chased the fugitives
without orders; but, pursuing them too far from the ship, a fog came
down which caused him to lose his bearings, and prevented him from
joining the Richard that night.
The crew of a commodore's barge, like the crew of a captain's gig, is
usually made up of picked men, and the character of the Richard's crew
is well indicated by this desertion. The other boats luckily managed
to rejoin the Richard, after succeeding in cutting out the brigantine.
The ships beat to and fro off the coast until the next day, when the
captains assembled on the Richard. Landais behaved outrageously on
this occasion. He reproached Jones in the most abusive manner, as if
the desertion of the barge and the loss of the two boats was due to
negligence on his part. One can imagine with what grim silence the
irate little American listened to the absurd tirade, and in what
strong control he held himself to keep from arresting Landais where he
stood. It gives us a vivid picture of the situation of the fleet to
find that Jones was actually compelled to consult with his captains
and obtain the consent of de Varage before he could order the Cerf to
reconnoiter the coast, if possible to find the two boats and their
crews.
Thus, as Commodore Mackenzie, himself a naval officer, grimly remarks:
"Before giving orders of indispensable necessity, as a superior
officer, we find him taking the advice of one captain and obtaining
the consent and approbation of another."
But we may be sure that it was only dire necessity that required such
a course of action. Evidently the situation was not to the liking of
the commodore, but it was one that he could not remedy.
As the Cerf approached the shore to reconnoiter, she hoisted the
English colors to disguise her nationality, and was seen by Mr. Lunt,
who had evidently overtaken the deserters. Mistaking her character, he
pulled in toward the shore to escape the fancied danger, and was
easily captured by the English with the two boats and their crews. By
this unfortunate mishap the Richard lost two of her boats, containing
an officer and twenty-two men. The Cerf, losing sight of the squadron
in the evening, turned tail and went back to France, instead of
proceeding to the first of the various rendezvous which had been
agreed upon. The Granvelle, having made a prize on her own account,
took advantage of her entirely independent position and the fact that
she was far away from the Richard to disregard signals and make off
with her capture. This reduced the squadron to the Richard, Alliance,
Pallas, and Vengeance. It was Jones' desire to cruise to and fro off
the harbor of Limerick to intercept the West Indian ships, which, to
the number of eight or ten, were daily expected. These vessels, richly
laden, were of great value, and their capture could have easily been
effected, but Landais protested vehemently against remaining in any
one spot. Among other things, the Frenchman was undoubtedly a coward,
and, of course, by remaining steadily in one place opportunities for
being overhauled were greatly increased. Jones finally succumbed to
Landais' entreaties and protestations, which were backed up by those
of Captains Cottineau and Ricot.
Of course, it is impossible to say how far his authority would have
lasted had he peremptorily refused to accede to their demands, as
paper concordats are not very binding ties; but he might perhaps have
made a more determined effort to induce them to carry out his plans
and remain with him. To leave the position he had chosen, which
presented such opportunities, was undoubtedly an error in judgment,
and Jones tacitly admits it in the following words, written long
afterward:
"Nothing prevented me from pursuing my design but the reproach that
would have been cast upon my character as a man of prudence.[11] It
would have been said: 'Was he not forewarned by Captain Cottineau and
others?'"
The excuse is as bad as, if not worse than, the decision. But this is
almost the only evidence of weakness and irresolution which appears in
Jones' conduct in all the emergencies in which he was thrown. It is
impossible to justify this action, but, in view of the circumstances,
which we can only imagine and hardly adequately comprehend, we need
not censure him too greatly for his indecision. In fact, the decision
itself was a mistake which the ablest of men might naturally make. The
weakness lay in the excuse which he himself offers, and which it pains
one to read. In this connection the noble comment of Captain Mahan is
interesting:
"The subordination of public enterprises to considerations of personal
consequences, even to reputation, is a declension from the noblest in
a public man. Not life only, but personal credit, is to be fairly
risked for the attainment of public ends."
It can not be said that Jones was altogether disinterested in his
actions. The mere common, vulgar, mercenary motives were absent from
his undertakings, but it must be admitted that he never lost sight of
the results, not only to his country and its success, but to his own
reputation as well. If Jones had proceeded in his intention, and
Landais had finally deserted him, the results would have been very
much better for the cruise--always provided that the Pallas at least
remained with the Richard. We shall see later on that all the ships
deserted him on one occasion.
On the 26th of August a heavy gale blew up from the southwest, and
Jones scudded before it to the northward along the Irish coast.
Landais deliberately changed the course of the Alliance in the
darkness, and, the tiller of the Pallas having been carried away
during the night, Jones found himself alone with the Vengeance the
next morning. The gale having abated, these two remaining vessels
continued their course in a leisurely manner along the Irish coast. On
the 31st the Alliance hove in sight, followed by a valuable West
Indiaman called the Betsy, mounting twenty-two guns, which she had
captured--a sample of what might have resulted if the squadron had
stayed off Limerick.
The Pallas having also joined company again, on the 1st of September
the Richard brought to the Union, a government armed ship of
twenty-two guns, bound for Halifax with valuable naval stores. Before
boats were called away and the prize taken possession of, with
unparalleled insolence Landais sent a messenger to Jones asking
whether the Alliance should man the prize, in which case he should
allow no man from the Richard to board her! With incredible
complaisance the long-suffering Jones allowed Landais to man this
capture also, while he himself received the prisoners on the Richard.
These two vessels, in violation of Jones' explicit orders, were sent
in to Bergen, Norway, where they were promptly released by the Danish
Government and returned to England on the demand of the British
minister. Their value was estimated at forty thousand pounds sterling.
The unwarranted return of the vessels was the foundation of a claim
for indemnity against Denmark, of which we shall hear later. On the
day of the capture Landais disregarded another specific signal from
the flagship to chase; instead of doing which, he wore ship and headed
directly opposite the direction in which he should have gone. The next
morning he again disregarded a signal to come within hail of the
Richard, on which occasion he did not even set an answering pennant.
On September 3d and 4th the squadron captured a brig and two sloops
off the Shetland Islands. On the evening of this day Jones summoned
the captains to the flagship. Landais refused to go, and when de
Cottineau tried to persuade him to do so he became violently abusive,
and declared that the matters at issue between the commodore and
himself were so grave that they could only be settled by a personal
meeting on shore, at which one or the other should forfeit his life.
Fortunately for the peace of mind of the commodore, whose patience had
reached the breaking point, the Alliance immediately after parted
company, and did not rejoin the command until the 23d of September. If
Landais had stayed away altogether, or succeeded in getting himself
lost or captured, it would have been a great advantage to the country.
Another gale blew up on the 5th, and heavy weather continued for
several days. The little squadron of three vessels labored along
through the heavy seas to the northward, passed the dangerous Orkneys,
doubled the wild Hebrides, rounded the northern extremity of Scotland,
and on the evening of the 13th approached the east coast near the
Cheviot Hills. On the 14th they arrived off the Firth of Forth, where
they were lucky enough to capture one ship and one brigantine loaded
with coal. From them they learned that the naval force in the harbor
of Leith was inconsiderable, consisting of one twenty-gun sloop of war
and three or four cutters. Jones immediately conceived the idea of
destroying this force, holding the town under his batteries, landing a
force of marines, and exacting a heavy ransom under threat of
destruction.
[Illustration: Map showing the cruises of the Ranger and the Bon Homme
Richard, and the dash of the Alliance from the Texel.]
Although weakened in force by the desertion of the ships, by the
number of prizes he had manned, and the large number of prisoners on
board the Richard, he still hoped, as he says, to teach English
cruisers the value of humanity on the other side of the water, and by
this bold attack to demonstrate the vulnerability of their own coasts.
He also counted upon this diversion in the north to call attention
from the expected grand invasion in the south of England by the French
and Spanish fleets. The wind was favorable for his design, but
unfortunately the Pallas and the Vengeance, which had lagged as usual,
were some distance in the offing. Jones therefore ran back to meet
them in order to advise them of his plan and concert measures for the
attack. He found that the French had but little stomach for the
enterprise; they positively refused to join him in the undertaking, a
decision which, by the terms of the concordat, they had a right to
make. After a night spent in fruitless argument between the three
captains--think of it, arguments in the place of orders!--Jones
appealed to their cupidity, probably the last thing that would have
moved him. By painting the possibilities of plunder he wrung a
reluctant consent from these two gentlemen, and proceeded rapidly to
develop the plan.
As usual, not being able to embrace the opportunity when it was
presented, a change in the wind rendered it impossible for the
present. The design and opportunity were too good, however, to be
lost, and the squadron beat to and fro off the harbor, waiting for a
shift of wind to make practicable the effort. On the 15th they
captured another collier, a schooner, the master of which, named
Andrew Robertson, was bribed by the promised return of his vessel to
pilot them into the harbor of Leith. Robertson, a dastardly traitor,
promised to do so, and saved his collier thereby. On the morning of
the 16th an amusing little incident occurred off the coast of Fife.
The ships were, of course, sailing under English colors, and one of
the seaboard gentry, taking them for English ships in pursuit of Paul
Jones, who was believed to be on the coast, sent a shore boat off to
the Richard asking the gift of some powder and shot with which to
defend himself in case he received a visit from the dreaded pirate.
Jones, who was much amused by the situation, made a courteous reply to
the petition, and sent a barrel of powder, expressing his regret that
he had no suitable shot. He detained one of the boatmen, however, as a
pilot for one of the other ships. During the interim the following
proclamation was prepared for issuance when the town had been
captured. The document is somewhat diffuse in its wording, but the
purport of it is unmistakable:
"The Honorable J. Paul Jones, Commander-in-chief of the American
Squadron, now in Europe, to the Worshipful Provost of Leith, or, in
his absence, to the Chief Magistrate, who is now actually present, and
in authority there.
"Sir: The British marine force that has been stationed here for the
protection of your city and commerce, being now taken by the American
arms under my command, I have the honour to send you this summons by
my officer, Lieutenant-Colonel de Chamillard, who commands the
vanguard of my troops. I do not wish to distress the poor inhabitants;
my intention is only to demand your contribution toward the
reimbursement which Britain owes to the much-injured citizens of the
United States; for savages would blush at the unmanly violation and
rapacity that have marked the tracks of British tyranny in America,
from which neither virgin innocence nor helpless age has been a plea
of protection or pity.
"Leith and its port now lie at our mercy; and, did not our humanity
stay the hand of just retaliation, I should, without advertisement,
lay it in ashes. Before I proceed to that stern duty as an officer, my
duty as a man induces me to propose to you, by means of a reasonable
ransom, to prevent such a scene of horror and distress. For this
reason I have authorized Lieutenant-Colonel de Chamillard to conclude
and agree with you on the terms of ransom, allowing you exactly half
an hour's reflection before you finally accept or reject the terms
which he shall propose. If you accept the terms offered within the
time limited, you may rest assured that no further debarkation of
troops will be made, but the re-embarkation of the vanguard will
immediately follow, and the property of the citizens shall remain
unmolested."
On the afternoon of the 16th, the squadron was sighted from Edinburgh
Castle, slowly running in toward the Firth. The country had now been
fully alarmed. It is related that the audacity and boldness of this
cruise and his previous successes had caused Jones to be regarded
with a terror far beyond that which his force justified, and which
well-nigh paralyzed resistance. Arms were hastily distributed,
however, to the various guilds, and batteries were improvised at
Leith. On the 17th, the Richard, putting about, ran down to within a
mile of the town of Kirkaldy. As it appeared to the inhabitants that
she was about to descend upon their coast, they were filled with
consternation. There is a story told that the minister of the place, a
quaint oddity named Shirra, who was remarkable for his eccentricities,
joined his people congregated on the beach, surveying the approaching
ship in terrified apprehension, and there made the following prayer:
"Now, deer Lord, dinna ye think it a shame for ye to send this vile
piret to rob our folk o' Kirkaldy? for ye ken they're puir enow
already, and hae naething to spaire. The wa the ween blaws, he'll be
here in a jiffie, and wha kens what he may do? He's nae too guid for
onything. Meickle's the mischief he has dune already. He'll burn thir
hooses, tak their very claes and tirl them to the sark; and wae's me!
wha kens but the bluidy villain might take their lives! The puir
weemen are maist frightened out o' their wits, and the bairns skirling
after them. I canna thol't it! I canna thol't it! I hae been lang a
faithfu' servant to ye, Laird; but gin ye dinna turn the ween about,
and blaw the scoundrel out of our gate, I'll na staur a fit, but will
just sit here till the tide comes. Sae tak yere will o't."
This extraordinary petition has probably lost nothing by being handed
down. At any rate, just as that moment, a squall which had been
brewing broke violently over the ship, and Jones was compelled to bear
up and run before it. The honest people of Kirkaldy always attributed
their relief to the direct interposition of Providence as the result
of the prayer of their minister. He accepted the honors for his Lord
and himself by remarking, whenever the subject was mentioned to him,
that he had prayed but the Lord had sent the wind!
It is an interesting tale, but its effect is somewhat marred when we
consider that Jones had no intention of ever landing at Kirkaldy or of
doing the town any harm. He was after bigger game, and in his official
account he states that he finally succeeded in getting nearly within
gunshot distance of Leith, and had made every preparation to land
there, when a gale which had been threatening blew so strongly
offshore that, after making a desperate attempt to reach an anchorage
and wait until it blew itself out, he was obliged to run before it and
get to sea. When the gale abated in the evening he was far from the
port, which had now become thoroughly alarmed. Heavy batteries were
thrown up and troops concentrated for its protection, so that he
concluded to abandon the attempt. His conception had been bold and
brilliant, and his success would have been commensurate if, when the
opportunity had presented itself, he had been seconded by men on the
other ships with but a tithe of his own resolution.
The squadron continued its cruise to the southward and captured
several coasting brigs, schooners, and sloops, mostly laden with coal
and lumber. Baffled in the Forth, Jones next determined upon a similar
project in the Tyne or the Humber, and on the 19th of the month
endeavored to enlist the support of his captains for a descent on
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, as it was one of his favorite ideas to cut off
the London coal supply by destroying the shipping there; but
Cottineau, of the Pallas, refused to consent. The ships had been on
the coast now for nearly a week, and there was no telling when a
pursuing English squadron would make its appearance. Cottineau told de
Chamillard that unless Jones left the coast the next day the Richard
would be abandoned by the two remaining ships. Jones, therefore,
swallowing his disappointment as best he might, made sail for the
Humber and the important shipping town of Hull.
It was growing late in September, and the time set for the return to
the Texel was approaching. As a matter of fact, however, though Jones
remained on the coast cruising up and down and capturing everything he
came in sight of, in spite of his anxiety Cottineau did not actually
desert his commodore. Cottineau was the best of the French officers.
Without the contagion of the others he might have shown himself a
faithful subordinate at all times. Having learned the English private
signals from a captured vessel, Jones, leaving the Pallas, boldly
sailed into the mouth of the Humber, just as a heavy convoy under the
protection of a frigate and a small sloop of war was getting under way
to come out of it. Though he set the English flag and the private
signals in the hope of decoying the whole force out to sea and under
his guns, to his great disappointment the ships, including the war
vessels, put back into the harbor. The Richard thereupon turned to the
northward and slowly sailed along the coast, followed by the
Vengeance.
Early in the morning of September 23d, while it was yet dark, the
Richard chased two ships, which the daylight revealed to be the Pallas
and the long-missing Alliance, which at last rejoined. The wind was
blowing fresh from the southwest, and the two ships under easy canvas
slowly rolled along toward Flamborough Head. Late in the morning the
Richard discovered a large brigantine inshore and to windward. Jones
immediately gave chase to her, when the brigantine changed her course
and headed for Bridlington Bay, where she came to anchor.
Bridlington Bay lies just south of Flamborough Head, which is a bold
promontory bearing a lighthouse and jutting far out into the North
Sea. Vessels from the north bound for Hull or London generally pass
close to the shore at that point, in order to make as little of a
detour as possible. For this reason Jones had selected it as a
particularly good cruising ground. Sheltered from observation from one
side or the other, he waited for opportunities, naturally abundant, to
pounce upon unsuspecting merchant ships. The Baltic fleet had not yet
appeared off the coast, though it was about due. Unless warned of his
presence, it would inevitably pass the bold headland and afford
brilliant opportunity for attack. If his unruly consorts would only
remain with him a little longer something might yet be effected. To go
back now would be to confess to a partial failure, and Jones was
determined to continue the cruise even alone, until he had
demonstrated his fitness for higher things. Fate had his opportunity
ready for him, and he made good use of it.