(pp. 245-255)
[1] On July 20 the party went from Santa Ynez Mission north to Jonatas,
at Las Olivas, then to Saca on Alamo Pintado Cr. The next village,
Olomosong, was probably on the Sisquoc R. near the 120th meridian. After
4 leagues further travel they reached Gecp, apparently on the south
slope of the Sierra Madre range, because after climbing a mountain they
came out onto plains, no doubt the Cuyama V., in approximately T 10 N,
R 28 W (San Bernardino base line). Two leagues to the east was
Talihuilimit.
[2] Lisahua was probably in lower Salisbury Canyon in T 9 N, R 26 W.
Cuia may have been in lower Santa Barbara Canyon, T 9 N, R 25 W.
Siguecin would then have been 12-15 mi. up the canyon to the south.
[3] The party evidently bore more to the north and found Sgene somewhere
in lower Cuyama V., T 10 N, R 25 W.
[4] Malapoa is located by Gifford and Schenck (1926) as on Bitterwater
Cr. It is identified by them with Hoschiu of the Yokuts tribe, Tulamni.
All the preceding villages were Tokya Chumash (see Kroeber, 1925, pl.
47). Nopalea can have been on either Bitterwater or Santiago Cr.
[5] Buenavista can have been 8 leagues north of either Bitterwater or
Santiago Cr. It is identified by Gifford and Schenck as Tilamniu, which
Kroeber (1925, pl. 47) puts on the western or northwestern end of the
lake. Sisupistu is considered to be Pohalin Tinliu at the southeast
corner of Kern L. The big river is of course the Kern.
[6] Six leagues from Sisupistu would have brought Zalvidea to the mouth
of either Tejon or El Paso Cr. at the edge of the foothills. In the
reconnaissance of July 28 the group explored the lower courses of El
Paso, Tejon, and Pastoria creeks. Tupai is placed doubtfully by Gifford
and Schenck at Tejon Ranch on El Paso Cr.
[7] The party apparently doubled back west past Grapevine Cr. to Tacui
which was undoubtedly Tecuya on Tecuya Cr.
[8] Nine leagues north of Tecuya, on the Kern R. was Yaguelame, which
Gifford and Schenck think was either Loasau or Woilo. My preference is
the latter since Loasau was on Kern L. rather than the river and since
Woilo is very close to 9 leagues from Tecuya.
[9] The eastern end of Kern L. in T 32 S, R 28 E (Mt. Diablo base line).
[10] Gifford and Schenck place Taslupi on Tejon Cr. This conforms with
the distances given. However it is more likely to have been Pastoria
on Grapevine Cr. since the party arrived at Castaic, at the head of
Grapevine Cr., on August 7.
[11] Antelope V.
[12] The San Gabriel Mts. The party crossed the mountains and went
southwest to San Gabriel Mission. Several villages of the Serrano
Indians were seen but the area concerned is well beyond the limits
of the San Joaquin V.
[13] Camp was on San Benito R., 1 1/2 leagues from San Juan Bautista,
not on Pacheco Cr., as stated by Cutter (MS, p. 100).
[14] Camp was approximately at San Luis Ranch, where Highway 152 crosses
San Luis Cr.
[15] The camp at Santa Rita was 15 to 20 mi. east of San Luis Gonzaga
and 5 or 6 mi. west of the main San Joaquin R. (see account of the 4th
day). According to distances this point would be on Salt Slough or Paso
Slough, a few miles northeast of Los Banos. The course of the sloughs
and the channels of the San Joaquin are difficult to locate with
precision on a modern map because of the drainage and reclamation
operations of the past century.
[16] Camp on the San Joaquin may be assumed to lie in T 8 S, R 11 E.
[17] This village may be placed on the east bank of the river in T 11 S,
R 14 E. It was one of the several villages along the lower San Joaquin
which had been effaced so thoroughly that modern informants gave
ethnographers no indication that they had ever existed.
[18] Cutter (MS, p. 104) thinks this was Bear Cr., rather than Mariposa
Cr., since it is approximately 3 leagues south of the Merced R. I see
no reason to disagree with him.
[19] The party which went north reached the Merced R. somewhere west
of Livingston in T 6 S, R 11 E. The other party, which must have gone
north-northeast, probably reached it east of Cressey at the crossing of
Highway 99. The village where the old woman was baptized was Chineguis,
according to the list at the end of the diary. Near by were Yunate,
Chamuasi, Latelate, and Lachuo, some of which were seen on the return
trip. On September 29 Munoz saw Chineguis, and the other party found 5
other villages. Within the area, therefore, was a minimum of 6 villages.
The average population was about 225 souls, according to the village
list, or a minimum total of 1,350 persons. Very possibly the number of
villages was greater, particularly if it be assumed that Moraga's 5,
seen on the 29th, are in addition to the 5 listed for the Merced by
Munoz. Certainly the total number of inhabitants between the San Joaquin
R. and the foothills must have been fully 2,000.
[20] The Tuolumne, according to the direction, near Modesto. The
presence of several villages, although deserted, indicates a fairly
heavy Indian population.
[21] Undoubtedly Dry Cr. The description is valid even today.
[22] The Stanislaus. The party, if it continued in a northwesterly
direction from near Modesto would have reached the river at, or east of,
Ripon. The remnants of the oak forest can still be seen. It extended
perhaps a mile each side of the river at this point and ran parallel to
the stream continuously from the junction with the San Joaquin eastward
to beyond Oakdale. Here the valley oak park merges with the general
foothill forest and chaparral.
[23] This spot is difficult to locate according to the description.
However, 6 leagues upstream from the vicinity of Ripon or Riverbank
barely reaches the limestone bluffs just below Knights Ferry. Certainly
no place lower on the river could possibly provide the physical
characteristics demanded by the account. These bluffs are not very high
but are unquestionably precipitous. Without heavy equipment an invader
would be hard put to scale them. As an alternative one must go far into
the foothills beyond the Calaveras-Stanislaus County line. Not only
is this distance greater than is indicated by Munoz but also the
description lacks any indication that the party had really entered
the mountains. The best guess is the vicinity of Knights Ferry.
[24] There is some controversy concerning the ethnographic affinity of
the natives living in this area. Kroeber thinks they were Yokuts. He
mentions as Yokuts groups (Handbook, p. 485) "the Tawalimni, presumably
on Tuolumne River, which appears to be named from them; the Lakisamni
... rancheria at Dent's or Knights Ferry on the Stanislaus...." Schenck
(1926, p. 141) says, under the caption _Taulamne_: "The villages
Taulamne and Taualames are both definitely placed, the former on an
inaccessible rock on the Stanislaus river in the foothills, the latter
at the ford of the San Joaquin just below the mouth of the Tuolumne
river.... This seems to establish the region between the lower Tuolumne
and Stanislaus rivers as Taulamne territory." Kroeber on his map of the
region (Handbook, pl. 37) draws the line between Miwok and Yokuts at the
county boundary, near which the village of Taulamne seems to have been
situated. Hence the inhabitants may have been either Miwok or Yokuts.
The villages higher up the river mentioned by Munoz must have been
Central Miwok.
It is noteworthy that Munoz makes no mention of villages on the lower
Stanislaus within the very favorable environment created by the oak
forest. Villages were seen on the Tuolumne but were deserted. It is
highly probable that a similar series existed on the Stanislaus but
by 1806 had been abandoned. The only village mentioned by name in the
supplementary list is Tahualamne.
[25] Cutter (MS, p. 107) concludes that the first stream (Rio San
Francisco) was the Calaveras, and the second (Rio de la Pasion) the
Cosumnes. There is little reason to disagree. The distances are right,
and the linguistic border between the Miwok and the Maidu runs along
the Cosumnes. On the other hand, it is difficult to explain the failure
of the diarist to mention the Mokelumne, an all-year stream. Moreover
a round trip of 30 leagues, or about 75 mi., is incredible, even for
an accomplished group of horsemen traveling without baggage. Another
guess would be that Munoz meant the first river was 6 leagues from the
starting point on the Stanislaus and the second 9 leagues _from the
Stanislaus_, rather than 9 leagues _additional_. This would end the
trip at the Mokelumne and satisfy the criterion of distance but would
not explain the linguistic change.
[26] Cutter (MS, pp. 109-110) identifies the Santo Domingo with Mariposa
Cr. and the Tecolote with the Chowchilla.
[27] The Santa Ana was the Fresno R. Throughout the journey from the
Merced to the San Joaquin Moraga's party stayed close to the eastern
edge of the valley. On the seasonal streams found in this area there
was a distinct absence of permanent Indian settlements. Pizcache, on
the San Joaquin, is listed in the appendix directly following Lachuo,
on the Merced. On the San Joaquin, Moraga probably halted approximately
north of Fresno, below Le Grand.
[28] There is a discrepancy here. Moraga, or Munoz, says that this
village was in the mountains or at least the foothills. But Kroeber
(Handbook, p. 484) says that the Pitkachi "held the south side of the
San Joaquin, living at Kohuou, near Herndon or Sycamore; at Weshiu,
on a slough; and at Gewachiu, still farther downstream." Gayton (1948,
p. 5) says: "After getting aid Derby's party reached the bend of the
San Joaquin River, country attributed to the Pitkachi, on May 24." It
appears as if this group moved downstream between 1806 and 1850.
[29] For comment on the New Mexico legend see Cutter (MS, pp. 110-111).
[30] Kings R. was reached near Sanger or Centerville.
[31] No record exists of this expedition.
[32] The village list at the end of the report mentions by name Aycayche
and 4 other villages which can be ascribed to the Kings R. basin. The
text mentions Ayquiche plus 6 others upstream and 3 downstream, a total
of 9. Evidently the village list does not include all those which were
actually seen.
[33] The entry for the 27th day (17 Oct.) is missing. However it is
clear that on the 28th day the scouts reached the great oak forest along
the Kaweah delta at or above Visalia. To this area the main party moved
on the 29th day (19 October). The water evidently was very low--somewhat
unusual for this region, even in October. The large village of 600
souls, at which 22 persons were baptized was Telame, according to the
statements under dates 19, 21, and 23 October, and also the description
in the village list. These are the Telamni of the ethnographers, and are
repeatedly mentioned by the early explorers.
[34] The tremendous aboriginal population of the lower Kaweah drainage
is attested by several lines of evidence. It probably reached a much
higher figure than the 3,000 mentioned by Munoz.
[35] The Tule R.
[36] After a winding course for two days, the party camped on the Tule
R. near the foothills, probably not far from Porterville.
[37] Probably Deer Cr.
[38] Probably White R.
[39] No distances are given, but from the description the most likely
stream is Poso Cr.
[40] The Kern R., probably some miles above Bakersfield. A "long trip"
downstream would have brought them into the slough country south of
Bakersfield. From the entire absence of any mention of Buenavista L.
farther to the west it is clear that Moraga did not get within sight
of it.
[41] Grapevine Canyon. As Munoz predicted, Father Zalvidea left an
account of the villages in this area (see his report for the expedition
of Aug., 1806).
[42] On the last three days the party left the valley by way of
Grapevine Canyon, over Tejon Pass, across the Tehachapi Mts. (Cutter
says the Santa Susanna Range) to San Fernando Mission.
[43] Olivera may be thinking of Moraga's expedition of 1808, which went
north into the Sacramento V.
[44] No recorded expedition remained in the field for any such length of
time.
[45] Here the reference is clearly to the 1806 expedition.
[46] This expedition of 1807 is otherwise unrecorded.
[47] Possibly the entrance to the Gorge of the Kern R., east of
Bakersfield.
[48] The abundance of wild horses and cattle testifies to the early date
at which these animals escaped from the range country of the coast and
overran the plains of the valley. The effect on native economy and
living habits was very great.