A DARK TRAGEDY--THE BURNING OF NIAGARA.
The victory of the British arms in Lower Canada led to vigorous
efforts to drive the American invaders out of the upper province.
Lieutenant-General Drummond assumed command, and at once resolved
to regain possession of Fort George. Early in December he
despatched Colonel Murray from Burlington Heights with a force
of five hundred regulars and Indians to drive in the marauding
bands of the enemy that were pillaging the country. McClure, the
American general, fell back on Niagara and Fort George, and,
fearing an attack in force, and his garrison being much reduced,
resolved to evacuate the fort and abandon the country. But before
doing so he resolved, in obedience to instructions from the War
Department at Washington, to perpetrate an act of inhuman
barbarity which shall hand down his name to infamy so long as the
story shall be told. In order to deprive the British troops of
winter quarters he determined to burn the town of Niagara,
leaving the innocent and non-combatant inhabitants, helpless
women and little children, the sick and infirm, homeless and
shelterless amid the rigours of a Canadian winter.
It is one of the dread results of international conflict that the
inhabitants of the hostile frontiers, who may have previously
dwelt in good fellowship and neighbourly helpfulness, are often
changed to deadly enemies, and even claim for their bitter
hostility the sanctions of duty. There was one conspicuous
exception on the banks of the Niagara. Mary Lawson, the daughter
of the village miller and merchant of the little hamlet of
Youngstown, that nestled under the wing of Fort Niagara on the
American side of the river, was as blithe and bonnie a lass of
eighteen summers as ever gladdened a father's heart. Admirers Mary
had in plenty, but the must eligible of them all, in the opinion
of the village gossips, was young Ensign Roberts, attached to the
American forces at the Fort.
Not so, however, thought Mary. The favoured of her heart was a
smart young Canadian, who for some time had acted as clerk in her
father's store, and had shortly before opened a small
establishment of his own on the opposite side of the river, in the
thriving village of Niagara. Every Sunday young Morton crossed in
his own light skiff to attend church with Mary; and on summer
evenings many were the pleasant sails they had upon the shining
reaches of the river, watching the sun go down in golden glory in
the bosom of blue Ontario, and the silver moon bathe in its pale
light the bosky foliage of the shores, beneath which, dark and
heavy, crouched the stealthy shadows, while the river rippled
calmly by.
With the outbreak of the war, however, these pleasant sails and
visits ceased. George Morton naturally espoused the cause of his
native country, with which, too, all his commercial interests were
identified. This brought him at once under the ban of Mary's
father, and his visits were interdicted. Ensign Roberts took
advantage of the absence of his rival to press his suit, which
Squire Lawson favoured as being likely, he thought, to wean Mary
from her forbidden attachment to one who was now her country's
foe. But he little knew the depth and the strength of a woman's
affection. The more her royalist lover was aspersed and maligned,
the more warmly glowed her love, the more firm was her resolve to
be faithful unto death.
In the action which led to the British evacuation of Fort George,
young Morton took an active part in endeavouring to repel the
invasion of his country. As barge after barge transferred to the
shore, under cover of a heavy fire, the hostile force from the
crescent-shaped fleet that lay moored on the blue bosom of the
lake before the town, he with the militia company to which he was
attached, was lying in a hollow near the beach, to check if
possible the advance of the foe. A round shot from the fleet
struck the ground in front of him, covering him with earth and
breaking the arm with which he was loading his musket. At the same
moment a bullet from the enemy struck his nearest comrade, passing
right through his body as he lay upon the ground. A slight quiver
convulsed his frame, and then it was at rest forever. As the foe
advanced in force, driving back the British, George, unable to
retreat as rapidly as the rest, was taken prisoner and with others
sent across to the American fort.
Personally, George Morton received every kindness from the officer
and surgeons of the American hospital; and in the gentle
ministrations of Mary Lawson, which he shared with the rest of the
wounded, he found a compensation for all his sufferings. Upon his
partial convalescence he was released on parole, and returned to
Niagara to look after his disorganized and partially ruined
business. By his skill and industry, aided by the fictitious
prosperity caused by the presence of a numerous army, before the
winter it had become again exceedingly flourishing, but only to be
ruthlessly and completely destroyed.
Amid the active preparations made for the transfer of the American
forces and _materiel_ of war across the river, preparatory to
the destruction of Niagara, intelligence of the atrocious design
came to the knowledge of Mary Lawson, chiefly through the
indignant dissent and remonstrance of some of McClure's own
officers against the unsoldier-like cruelty. The intrepid girl's
resolve was taken on the instant. She determined under cover of
the night to give the alarm to Morton, and through him to the
inhabitants, that they might, if possible, frustrate the infamous
design, or at least rescue their moveable property from
destruction.
It required no small courage to carry out her purpose. The winter
had set in early and severe. The river was running full of ice,
which rendered crossing, especially by night, exceedingly
perilous. To this was added the danger of being challenged, and it
might be shot, by the sentries of the American camp. But when did
true love in man or woman stop to calculate chances, or hesitate
to encounter danger or even death for the beloved one?
It was on the 9th of December--a bleak, cold, cloudy night--that
Mary, having secured the aid of her father's faithful servant,
Michael O'Brian, a jolly but rather stupid Irishman, who knew no
fear, escaped through the window of her room after the family had
retired to rest, which was not till near midnight, and set forth
on her perilous mission of mercy. In order to avoid the American
sentries they attempted to cross about a mile above the camp, and
in the murky darkness, fearlessly launched their little boat,
steering by the lights in the town, slumbering unconscious of its
fate, where some patient watcher kept her vigil beside a sick bed.
The dark water eddied and gurgled amid the ice-floes, from which a
ghastly gleam was reflected, like that from the face of a corpse
dimly seen amid the dark. Occasionally a huge fragment of ice
would grate, and crash, and crunch against the frail ribs of the
boat, as if eager to crush it and frustrate the generous purpose
of its passengers. But the strong arm of O'Brian pushed a way
through the ice, while Mary sat wrapped in her cloak and in busy
meditation in the bottom of the boat.
But they had not calculated on the strength, of the current, and
the resistance of the ice. In spite of every effort they were
being rapidly borne down the stream. Another danger stared them in
the face. Should they be carried into the lake with the floating
ice, they might before morning be drifted out of sight of land and
perish miserably of cold or hunger; or be dashed upon the ice-
bound shore, where they could hear the waves roar harshly, like
sea-beasts howling for their prey.
But the bitter north wind, which had been such a source of
discomfort, now proved their salvation from this imminent danger.
Blowing fresher every moment it arrested the ice-drift, and formed
a solid barrier from shore to shore and extending far up the
river. But this in turn effectually prevented the progress of the
little boat which had almost readied the Canadian shore; and worse
still, the dim grey light of morning began to dawn.
Suddenly the sight of a black object in the middle of a white
field of now dense ice, and the sound of O'Brian's oar striving to
force a passage through, caught the watchful eye and ear of the
sentry near whose beat they had unfortunately drifted.
"Halt!" rang out sharp and clear on the frosty air the challenge
of the sentry.
"Faith an' it's halted fast enough I am," answered Mickey.
"Who goes there?" repeated the sentry's voice.
"Sure I don't go at all, that's what's the matther," said the
boatman, unconsciously anticipating a slang phrase of later times.
"Advance and give the countersign," exclaimed the enraged soldier,
who in martinet obedience to discipline, would challenge a
drowning man before trying to save him.
"It's that same I would if I could," replied the bewildered
Irishman, "but I can't walk on wather, and this ice-slush isn't
much betther." "Unless you answer, I'll fire," shouted the sentry,
to whom Mickey's maunderings, half drowned by the crashing ice and
gusty wind, were unintelligible.
"Au' that same is the very thing I want, for it's starved wid the
cowld I am," said the shivering creature, who with characteristic
ingenuity had failed to apprehend the meaning of the menace
addressed to him. But a sudden flash and the dull thud of a bullet
against the ice beside him interpreted to his sluggish brain the
danger in which he stood.
"The saints be betune us an' harm," he exclaimed, devoutly
crossing himself. "Oh, sure ye won't murder a body in cowld blood
who's kilt entirely already. It's half drownded and froze I am,
without being riddled like a cullender wid your bullets as well."
"Why, Mickey O'Brian!" exclaimed the astonished soldier, who had
by the gun-flash recognized the familiar features of a quondam
friend; "why on earth didn't you tell your name, man? I might have
killed you as dead as a door-nail."
"An' a purty thrickit 'ud be for ye, too, Tommy Daily. It's not ashamed
of my name I am, an' if I'd know'd it was you, I'd tould ye before.
But help us out of this an' I'll bear ye no malice whativer."
The guard had turned out at the report of the gun, and getting
such planks as were available laid them on the floating ice; but
still they could not reach the boat. Tommy Daily with fertile
ingenuity tying some twine to his ramrod fired it over the skiff,
when it was easy to send out a strong fisherman's line, which Mick
tied to the thwarts, and a dozen strong arms drew the boat
ashore. [Footnote: The present writer witnessed the rescue of a
shipwrecked crew, in the manner here described, near this very
spot.]
The benumbed form of Mary was borne to the guard-room, and Ensign
Roberts, the officer of the night, immediately sent for.
"Why, Miss Lawson!" he exclaimed with astonishment, "to what can
we owe your presence at such a time and place as this?"
"To the inhumanity of your commander, and to my desire to rescue
an innocent people from its consequences."
"I regret, Miss Lawson, that my military duty prevents my
permitting you to carry out your generous purpose. You will be
entertained hero as comfortably as our rude accommodation will
allow till the river clears, when you will be sent safely home."
"Is this your generosity to a fallen foe, Mr. Roberts?" she
exclaimed; but, too proud to ask a favour from a discarded suitor,
she relapsed into haughty silence.
But Colonel McClure was not without plain-spoken remonstrance
against his contemplated act of inhumanity. In the prosecution of
his spiritual functions Neville Trueman had free access to the
people of the town of Niagara, many of whom were members, of his
church or congregation. Among these a large number of American
soldiers were billeted, and very burdensome and unwelcome guests
they were. From the unusual commotion and covert threats and hints
dropped by the soldiers on the eve of the evacuation, Trueman
apprehended some serious disaster to the towns-people. With the
prompt energy by which he was characterized, he resolved to
proceed to head-quarters and to intercede for the devoted town. He
was received by Colonel McClure with a cold and repellent dignity,
and obtained only evasive answers. As he was about to leave the
presence of that officer, the Colonel said in a constrained
manner,--
"Mr. Trueman, I respect your calling, and respect your character;
I therefore advise you if you have any personal effects in the
town to secure them at once, or I will not be answerable for the
results."
"I have only a few books and clothes," said Neville, "but there
are families here who have much at stake. Surely no evil can be
intended those innocent and non-combatant people."
"There exist reasons of military necessity which I cannot expect
you to appreciate," said the Colonel, stiffly.
"There are no reasons that can justify inhumanity," replied
Neville, stoutly," and inhumanity of the gravest character it
would be to injure the persons or the property of these
defenceless people."
The gallant Colonel seemed rather to wince under these words, but,
as if anxious to exculpate himself, he replied, "An officer has no
option in carrying out the instructions received from the military
authorities."
"That will not remove from you, sir, the responsibility of the
act, if, as I infer, the wanton destruction of this town is
intended," replied Neville, with significant emphasis. "I make
bold to affirm that the act will be as unwise as it will be cruel.
It will provoke bitter retaliation. It will tenfold intensify
hostile feeling. I know these people. I have travelled largely
through this province, and mingled with all classes. They are
intensely loyal to their sovereign. They would die rather than
forswear their allegiance. They will fight to the last man and
last gun before they will yield. If wanton outrage be inflicted on
this frontier, I predict that fire and sword shall visit your
cities, and a heritage of hatred shall be bequeathed to posterity,
that all good men, for all time, will deplore."
"Young man, I admire your zeal, although I may not appreciate your
sympathy for a country which I understand is not your own,"
answered the officer, haughtily. "I am, however, responsible for
my acts not to you, but to the War Department at Washington. This
interview is fruitless. I see no advantage to be gained by
prolonging it."
"Sir," said Neville, solemnly, as he rose to leave, "you are
responsible to a higher tribunal than that at Washington. I have
not learned to limit my sympathies and my instincts of humanity by
a boundary line. You are a scholar, sir, and perhaps you remember
the words of the Latin poet: 'Homo sum; humani nihil a me alien um
puto.' I have the honour to wish you good day," and he bowed
himself out.
As he returned to the town he beheld soldiers going from house to
house warning the people to turn out and remove their property,
and proceeding, with inhuman alacrity, to set the buildings on
fire. Then might be seen the women--most of the men were away with
the troops--hastily gathering together their own and their
children's clothing and a few treasured heirlooms, and with tears
and bitter lamentation leaving their sheltering roof, going forth
like the patriarch, not knowing whither they went The frost had
set in early and severe. The snow lay deep upon the ground. Yet at
thirty minutes' warning, of a hundred and fifty houses in Niagara,
all were fired save one. There was scarce time to rescue the
nursling babe, and the aged and infirm, from the doomed dwellings.
The wife of Counsellor Dickson lay on a sick bed. Her husband was
a prisoner on the American side of the river. The unfortunate lady
"was carried, bed and all, and placed in the snow before her own
door, where, shivering with cold, she beheld her house and all
that was in it consumed to ashes."[Footnote: Jaines. Quoted by
Auchinleck.] Of the valuable library, which had cost between five
and six hundred pounds sterling, scarcely a book escaped.
Late into the night burned the fires, reddening the midnight
heavens with the lurid flames of comfortable homesteads, well-
filled barns and is stacks of grain. Herds of affrighted cattle
rushed wildly over the adjacent meadows, the kine lowing piteously
with distended udders for the accustomed hands of their milkers at
eventide. Of the hundred and fifty dwellings fired, only two or
three escaped by accident, one of which still remains; and four
hundred women and children were left to wander in the snow or seek
the temporary shelter of some remote farm-house or Indian wigwam
in the woods. Some wandered for days in the adjacent dismal "Black
Swamp," feeding on frost-bitten cranberries, or on a casual rabbit
or ground-hog.
But a swift avenging followed the dastardly outrage. In two days
the British re-occupied the site of the smouldering town, now but
a waste; of blackened embers, which the Americans had, evacuated--
horse, foot, and artillery--not a hoof being left behind. So
precipitate had been their retreat, however, that a large quantity
of stores, together with the barracks and tents, were left, which
fell into the hands of the British. As the old red-cross flag was
run again on the flag-staff of Fort George, an exultant cheer went
up to heaven, and not a few eyes of those hardy militiamen were
filled with tears. Their homes were but heaps of ashes, it was
true; but their country remained; its soil was relieved from the
foot of the invader, and their loyal allegiance to their sovereign
had been shown by their costly sacrifice.