CHAPTER VIII.

GEYLUM TO PATAGONES.

A Sick Camp. -- Oerroè Volcanic Hill. -- Crimè's Deathbed. --

Graviel's Promotion. -- The Burning Ground. -- Hot Springs. --

Fighting the Gualichu. -- A Real Fight. -- A Soda Lake. --

Encampment at Telck. -- The Doctor comes to Grief. -- An

Obliging Ostrich. -- Appointed Chasqui. -- Miseries of Pampa

Life. -- A Bad Time. -- The Plains of Margensho. -- Casimiro's

Distrust. -- Doctor and Sick Child. -- Duties of a Messenger.

-- Departure of the Chasquis. -- Travelling Express. -- The

Paved Pampas. -- An Ideal Bandit. -- Letter from the Chupat

Colony. -- Trinita. -- Teneforo's Pampas. -- Champayo's

Generosity. -- A Morning Drink. -- Departure from Trinita. --

Valchita. -- The Pig's-Road. -- Wild Horses. -- The Travesia.

-- Limit of the Patagonian Fauna and Flora. -- First View of

the Rio Negro. -- Sauce Blanco. -- The Guardia. -- San Xaviel.

-- Approach to Patagones. -- Señor Murga. -- Welsh Hospitality.

-- Among Friends at Last.

We were now fairly started on our journey eastward to the Rio Negro,

on my part with contending feelings of regret at quitting my recently

acquired and amiable relatives, and of joyful expectation of reaching

Patagones and finding there that which travellers, amidst all the

excitement of new countries and strange people, still so eagerly long

for--news from home! We galloped forward casting longing looks behind

at the forest-clad slopes and snowy peaks of the Cordillera, the

never-to-be-forgotten beauty of which made the dismal prospect of the

country before us still more dreary.

My friends had been unanimous in describing the district that intervened

between Geylum and a place spoken of as Margensho, nine marches distant,

as both difficult to travel, and affording scanty pasture for the horses

and little game for the people. The rain which had been falling when

we left, had turned to sleet driven by a strong westerly gale, and my

load of mutton sadly interfered with the management of the sheltering

mantle. Fortunately, as the direction of our route was easterly, we thus

escaped having to face the storm, while the gale in our backs stimulated

both horses and riders to their utmost speed.

At the entrance of the rock-strewn gorge which formed the eastern

gateway of the valley of Geylum, to the south of which towered the

isolated column of rock, we were suddenly startled by the apparition

of mounted Indians galloping towards us from the direction which our

advanced party had taken. Conjectures as to possible calamity in the

shape of a fight or accident were speedily dispelled, as they proved to

be Tehuelches riding back in search of lost horses, which they averred

had been stolen and craftily concealed by the Araucanians. So we

continued our march through a succession of narrow rocky gorges winding

amongst the hills, till, as the twilight was growing dark, we arrived,

wet and weary, and feeling symptoms of illness, at the encampment

situated in one of the usual grassy valleys. The toldo when reached

proved to be in utter disorder, two of the women and a child having been

attacked with the epidemic; so we set to work ourselves to light a fire,

secure the skin covering of the toldo, and arrange the beds, and after a

time the interior assumed a more ship-shape aspect, although the grass

(our carpet) and everything else were wet. On every side one heard

complaints of some child having fallen sick, and throughout the night

the wailing cry of the women 'Ah gelay loo!' over their darlings

rendered sleep all but impossible. Next morning broke fine and clear,

so it was determined to march onwards in the hope that speedy change

might get rid of the epidemic, but starting was almost as difficult as

staying.

Of our party Meña had returned to look for a missing horse; Crimè was

dying, and Casimiro was attending to him; and what with sick friends and

children all were occupied or distracted, and the business of catching

the horses devolved on myself, single-handed at first. Having secured

the troop, the next task was to catch my newly-acquired steed; the sight

of a lazo was sufficient to make him gallop a league, and as he was

very swift, three hours were spent in ineffectual efforts, but at last,

two or three of my comrades coming up to my assistance, he was caught.

Giving my flibbertigibbet page charge of the remaining horses, I

started, in company with one of my friends, to join the hunting circle,

already in course of formation.

We rode up a valley in an easterly direction, on our way passing the

invalid Crimè, who, groaning with pain, lay stretched out at full length

on a sort of couch composed of blankets on the horse's back, his wife

leading the horse and wailing out loud. But as condolences were of

little use, we passed on in silence, and shortly emerged from the

valley, which sloped up by gradual ascent to a wide plain of sandy soil

and stunted bushes, bounded on the eastern horizon by a line of high

jagged hills, which stretched to the southward as far as the eye could

reach. While sitting under a bush by the fire, I was attacked with

headache and sickness, the premonitory symptoms of the epidemic;

however, I mounted and joined the hunting party, and at the end of

the circle felt much better, although unable to eat.

The finish brought us to the entrance of a valley which wound among the

precipitous rocky hills of the range seen from the farther verge of

the plain. While watching the cavalcade of women and baggage, I looked

long in vain for my own troop of four horses, but at last descried

them trotting without a guide in the rear of the column, their natural

sagacity or perhaps thirst having induced them to follow their comrades.

The trusty page had left them to take care of themselves, and gone off

hunting on his own account, which behaviour, repeated on a subsequent

occasion, caused the loss of the stud. Towards evening we encamped in

a valley enclosed by three hills, one of which, of decidedly volcanic

aspect, was named 'Oerroè.' The side of this hill was thickly scattered

with fragments of the vesicular lava which furnishes the favourite

material for the hand bolas. As most of us had exchanged our weapons

of the chase for apples, piñones, &c., in Las Manzanas, many were soon

employed picking stones and fashioning bolas. I took very good care

that my page should be unprovided with hunting implements, but, alas!

here he fell sick, or pretended to be, and was just as useless as

before. The day after our arrival Crimè's sufferings were terminated. I

received a summons to his death-bed; the Cacique, though wandering, knew

his friends, and called all to witness that his death had been caused by

a Southern Tehuelche whom he named and described, and then, raising

his arm, pointed to a vacant space and cried, 'Look at him, there he

stands.' He then asked me to 'feel his arm,' and as, to please him, I

laid my finger on his pulse it beat slower and slower, till, with a

sudden gasp, he died. According to etiquette we silently retired, and

the toldo resounded with the clamorous crying of the women and the

wailing of his widow. The usual funeral rites were hurriedly gone

through, but most were too absorbed in their own troubles to participate

in them. During the night three children died, and more were at death's

door; and, the supply of horseflesh from the funeral victims being

abundant, all thoughts of marching were abandoned, and the camp

resounded with the lamentations of the women. In our toldo all the

inmates were sick, and the duty of looking after the horses devolved

on myself and Casimiro, who was recovering from his attack.

We were joined in this place by Hinchel's son with his Araucanian wife,

with whom another man came to look for a girl who had run away from

Foyel's toldo, but his quest proved fruitless, as she remained

invisible, stowed away in some of the toldos. This man brought further

news that Cheoeque's people, renewing the old feud, were arming to fight

now that we had gone; also that a man had been killed in a drunken brawl

since our departure, and that a rumour was current that the Valdivians

had had their cattle taken from them, and various other stories, most of

which were declared to be lies by Orkeke, who, having lost a horse, had

returned to look for it in Geylum; the budget of alarming news thus

proving to be a fresh illustration of the Indians' proneness to invent

if they have nothing of real importance wherewith to astonish their

hearers. Crimè's widow took up her abode in our toldo; and as, by this

chief's death, the post of Capitanejo, with the rank of Lieutenant in

the Buenos Ayrean army, and the right of drawing rations, was vacant,

Casimiro consulted me as to his successor. But successive proposals of

those who seemed most fit, beginning with Wáki, were objected to by the

Cacique, who at last declared that he should name his almost insane son

Graviel as the chief to be placed by the Argentine Government upon the

list of the Caciques to be conciliated by annual pay! On April 22 a

start was made, but we remained to the last, as four of Casimiro's

horses which I had brought down to the valley the previous evening were

missing, so the chieftain returned to look for them, and the rest of the

toldo pursued their journey.

After taking a farewell look at the Cordillera, which was presently shut

out from view by the hills, the counterslope of which we descended, a

hurried march led us through a very barren rocky country entangled in

broken irregular hills, with scarcely a bush to shelter under, and

little or no pasture. We encamped, or rather reached the camp after it

was pitched, in a cañon containing a small spring and a very little

green pasture, and went to bed supperless, as, not being in time for the

hunt, and game being very scarce, what we could beg from our neighbours

was naturally given to those recovering from sickness.

Jackechan's wife and child were still very unwell, and, as the child was

supposed to be dying, the doctor was sent for. He proceeded to cure it

by laying it on the ground, muttering a charm and patting it on the

head; after which he put his mouth close to its chest and shouted to

bring the devil out: he then turned it on its face and repeated the same

process. The child's health mended next day, and it was shortly out of

danger.

About ten o'clock at night Casimiro returned with his horses, which had

strayed a considerable distance on the road back to Geylum. The next day

a long march of twenty miles brought us to an encampment on the western

verge of a broad plain, watered by a brooklet. During the hunt the

first Patagonian hares, or cavies, were caught. These little animals

live in burrows, but are generally out feeding or sleeping in the grass

during the day. They are excessively swift for perhaps a mile, but, like

the foxes of this country, soon get tired. The chase of these small deer

afforded an agreeable relief to the monotony of the journey. As soon as

we entered a plain or valley where they abounded, as they always were

found in numbers where the pasture was good, all hurried off to 'stop

the earths,' i.e. close up the burrows with bushes; but the cunning

little beasts often evaded us by slipping into a burrow overlooked

by the earth stoppers. It required considerable skill to bring them

down with the bolas, as, if only caught round the legs or body, they

disentangled themselves quickly, but a blow on the head proved at once

fatal. They are good eating, though the flesh is somewhat dry when

roasted. Their skins are made up into mantles, but are of little value,

as the hair soon comes off.

About a mile below the encampment, where the sandy plain narrowed

and sloped down to a low-lying grassy valley, a singular phenomenon

presented itself. The morning after our arrival, when going out to look

for the horses, a furious easterly gale whirled the dust aloft in dense

clouds, and, to my great surprise, the sand, which was driven into

our faces, was as hot as when the fire so nearly encircled us. Almost

blinded in forcing our way through this curtain of driving sand, we rode

right into a hollow, where the earth appeared to be on fire; as the

horses plunged through the heated surface the hair was burnt off their

fetlocks, and they were nearly maddened with fright, so that it was a

difficult feat for the riders without saddles or stirrups to keep their

seats. Once I was somewhere near my horse's ears, but, more by good luck

than good management, just escaped being thrown as it were into the

fire. After the gale had partially moderated, I proceeded to inspect

this place, and found that, although not, as I at first thought,

absolutely on fire, the ground was smoking as if from internal

combustion. The surface presented a crust of baked yellow clay, which,

yielding to the horses' feet, disclosed a black subsoil; there was

no flame, but a thin white vapour issued from the ground. When I

incautiously ventured a step on the treacherous crust it gave way, but

I managed to extricate myself with no further damage than burning my

potro boots. The Indians stated that the fire had been originally caused

some years previously by their having kindled the pasture higher up

the valley, and that the ground had been burning ever since. It

was impossible to discover whether there was any subjacent bed of

combustible matter which might thus have been ignited; but, as there are

hot wells and springs in the same range not many miles distant to the

south-east, it seems more probably due to volcanic agency. The principal

hot spring was described as a circular basin of about six feet in

diameter, the water, of a temperature not so hot as to scald the hand,

bubbling up through numerous holes in a clay bottom. In many of the

surrounding hills there are lava and pumice of not extremely ancient

formation; some of the hills have also an appearance of having been at a

recent period the outlets of eruptive forces, which have scattered large

shattered masses of rock over the sides of the extinct craters.

In this encampment I had a serious misunderstanding with our chief,

which all but ended in a downright quarrel; but after consideration we

agreed to make it up, as although on two occasions of danger he had left

me to my fate, I thought it better on the whole to keep friends for the

present. The evening of this quarrel, as a party of three toldos were

starting off to go to the Chupat, and Casimiro was desirous of extending

his fame to the Welsh settlement, I wrote a letter to the authorities

enquiring about some saddles, part of his Argentine rations sent thither

by mistake, which the chief declared to have been intended for him,

but which had been distributed amongst other Indians. The letter was

forwarded by one of the Indians who was supposed to be of English

parentage on one side, although he showed but little traces of English

blood in his type, with the exception perhaps of his hair, which was of

a lighter colour than that usually met with: he was a very good-natured

fellow, and I regretted his departure, as he was one of my adherents,

but being a man of very sober habits he did not wish to be mixed up in

the universal orgie which would probably take place on arriving in the

vicinity of Patagones. With this party the young widow who had made

overtures of marriage to me also departed, after an affectionate

farewell, and receiving a handkerchief as a remembrance. The following

morning we also started, and one of the universal loafers who had

gambled his property away, asking for a mount, was told to catch the

'white horse' presented by Orkeke: he accordingly borrowed a horse to

catch him, and at the end of our day's journey had not succeeded in

doing more than driving him in, to use a nautical term, in our wake;

this was exactly what I had intended, as this Indian was a great rogue,

and had cheated me at cards out of a set of metal bolas, equivalent to

a horse.

Our march lay up the valley, and the circle was formed on the

surrounding volcanic hills, the sides of which, besides the vesicular

lava, presented large masses of the ironstone noted as having been

observed at Santa Cruz. Shrubs were sparsely scattered on these hills,

and game was exceedingly scarce.

Towards evening we encamped on the borders of a stream in a place called

by the Indians Telck. There the sickness broke out afresh in its worst

form, and several children died, in consequence of which a quantity of

mares and horses were slaughtered, and numbers of ponchos, ornaments,

and other property burnt by the parents in their grief. It was most

distressing to see and hear the melancholy manifestations of sorrow,

and the sound alone of that dreadful crying aloud, and the dismal

'ullagoning,' to use the Irish expression, of the old women, haunted

me even in my sleep. The night of our arrival a mock combat with the

Gualichu took place, in which everybody joined. After dark, when many

were sitting by the firesides conversing, and I myself was reclining on

my bed smoking, the Doctor came into the toldo, and communicated with

the chief, who told all to get their arms ready, and loaded his gun: on

a shout being set up all fires were immediately extinguished, and all

commenced firing off guns, clashing their swords, and beating the backs

of the toldos, and yelling 'kow-w!' at each blow; firebrands being, at

the same time, thrown into the air by the women, with clamorous shouts

and cries. The scene was wild and striking, the darkness of the night

being only illuminated by the flashes of the guns or the sparks from

the brands whirled high into the air. At a given signal all stopped

simultaneously, and for two or three minutes the camp remained in

perfect darkness, after which the fires were relighted, and things

resumed their ordinary aspect.

The following day, strange to say, a real fight took place, in which one

man was wounded, and for a few minutes a general mêlée or free fight

appeared imminent. Parties were already forming to cancel old blood

feuds, when further mischief was checked by the return of Hinchel,

myself, and others. We had been absent trying new horses on the

racecourse, which, as in almost all the camping-grounds since leaving

the Rio Sengel, was a regular beaten level track of about a couple of

miles in length, and my new horse had established his fame as a racer

by winning a match over a distance of a mile-and-a-half; meanwhile the

quarrel broke out--such are the uncertainties of Indian life.

We remained some days in this place, and whilst hunting in the

surrounding country (where hares abounded), we observed a new

description of spinous shrub with small ovate leaves and yellow flowers,

resembling holly, and growing to about two feet in height. Casimiro

and myself agreed to try whether the leaves might not be medicinal, so

a quantity were bruised and boiled: the infusion proved exceedingly

bitter, reminding me of quinine, and acted as an admirable sudorific,

being administered to the invalids with great success. In one of our

excursions we had crossed the hills and descended on a high elevated

plain, concluding our hunt near a swelling eminence exactly resembling a

huge 'barrow' thickly overgrown with shrubs, from which what appeared to

be a salina was espied, to our great delight. Hinchel and myself being

alone, and having a fat ostrich to discuss for dinner, determined to

enjoy our meal by its shore, first testing the quality of the salt, a

luxury which we had long been destitute of. Dismounting, we proceeded

to investigate it; but to our great disappointment, after walking over

every part of it, and digging down with knives a foot below the surface,

the supposed salt proved to be bitter and nauseous nitrate of soda.

After quitting the vicinity of the Cordillera the weather had every day

become warmer, and the frosts at night much lighter: indeed whilst in

Telck some warm days were experienced, although the winter season was

fast approaching. Near this encampment the small edible root previously

described as growing in the dried-up lagoons was found in abundance, and

was collected by the women and children.

Cavies were plentiful in the hollows and valleys in the neighbouring

hills, and even close to the encampment, but the chase of other game

proved difficult, the hill sides being so strewn with stones as

to render galloping a horse a certainty of laming him. In this

neighbourhood Hinchel pointed out a detached pinnacle of rock, much

resembling that noticed at Geylum, and according to custom invoked a

blessing from the guardian spirit; and then he informed me that on the

third next march we should pass a deposit of yellow ore, lying to the

south of the route, and that during the hunt he would show it to me.

Orkeke also corroborated this statement, and I have every reason to

believe that there is in that locality a deposit of iron or more

probably copper ore.

As the meat of the slain horses was nearly consumed, we marched the

following day across a most stony, rocky, and inhospitable country, and

at length arrived at a range of hills, through which ran a steep, narrow

gorge. Descending through its tortuous windings, we at length arrived

at a spring, the waters of which, joining with another small rivulet,

flowed out and formed a sort of marsh at the head of a large plain. From

the slope of the hill bordering the ravine a fine panorama extended to

the east, the entire face of the country appearing to be more uniformly

undulating than the confused ranges of hills, through the intricacies

of which we had been marching and hunting since leaving Geylum. In the

foreground were visible distant black figures, moving with swiftness

across the plain in pursuit of numerous ostriches; and away to the

eastward rose a column of smoke, the cause of which was eagerly

speculated on.

I am conscious that the description of this part of the journey is not

likely to give a very clear idea of the country traversed; and that

the directions of the successive ranges, and the general character of

the ground, are left too much to the reader's imagination; but, in

deprecation of criticism and censure, it is pleaded that I was under

the impression that this district had been traversed, and accurately

surveyed and described, by a savant employed by the Argentine

Government; and that I was deprived of the assistance of my compass,

which had been presented to Foyel. The notes taken at the time were very

scanty, and my recollections were confused, inasmuch as I was labouring

under a constantly-recurring attack of sickness, which was only kept

at bay by resolute endeavours not to give way; but which rendered

observation and record, in addition to hunting and the usual toils of

marching, impossible. It was the more needful for me to endeavour to

keep up, as all were more or less ill, and becoming increasingly gloomy

and dispirited. To add to the troubles which weighed down the Indians'

spirits at this place, the doctor's horse fell while descending a

precipitous rocky hill. The unfortunate physician was stunned, and very

nearly crushed to death by the horse falling on him; great grief was

universally expressed at this catastrophe, as no one was left to cure

the invalids and contend with the malignant Gualichu, who it was natural

for the Indians to imagine had laid a trap for his opponent, and upset

the medicine man's steed in order to have the field clear for himself.

We encamped in a sort of morass by the side of the hills overlooking the

plain, and were woke at daylight by the chattering of a flock of blue

and orange parroquets; these birds, which brought back old pleasant

associations of the banks of the Parana, and almost seemed to be

harbingers of civilised life, were numerous in this locality, though

they were the first of the species that I had observed in the country.

The distant signal smoke was concluded to indicate the presence of

Jackechan and the Pampa Indians under Teneforo, and all were in spirits

at the prospect of obtaining news, and perhaps luxuries in the shape of

flour, yerba, &c., from Patagones. The order was accordingly given to

march, and a large answering signal fire kindled in some dry pasture

bordering the hill side, a messenger being at the same time despatched

to ascertain the news. After a rather long march over a barren plain

strewn with angular masses of chalcedony and projecting rocks resembling

alabaster, we arrived at a dreary encampment, sheltered under a bank,

from which a spring gushed out, forming a refreshing rivulet.

The mutiny of my page had compelled me to enjoy the pleasure of driving

my own cattle, following the track in advance of the other people;

besides this, an attack of fever rendered me indisposed, and, indeed,

incapable of hunting. While languidly jogging on in the centre of the

circle which was made on both sides of the tracks, and anathematizing

one of the horses who would every now and then endeavour to join the

hunt on his own account, I observed an ostrich coming straight towards

me: the sight was reviving, and leaving the horses to themselves, I

galloped to the cover of a friendly bush, and when he was within a short

distance dashed out, and discharging the bolas, had the satisfaction of

seeing him turn a somersault and lie with outstretched wings stunned. An

Indian riding up at the time claimed the customary division, and took

charge of the bird, on which we regaled our friends at the close of the

hunt. Many of the hunters came in empty-handed, or with only a skunk,

of which there were numbers in this vicinity, hanging to their saddles.

By this time the armadillos had taken up their winter quarters under

ground, and only came out of their burrows on a remarkably sunny day.

At night we encamped under a barranca or steep rising to the eastward.

On his arrival Hinchel informed me that we had passed the vein of ore

previously spoken of, and the hot springs, the Indians having shortened

the journey by deviating from the usual line of march.

The chasqui returned late at night with intelligence that the smoke had

been caused by a party of Pampas Indians travelling to join Quintuhual,

or, at any rate, in that direction, but whatever provisions or tobacco

they had they kept to themselves, and had purposely avoided us.

Jackechan and Teneforo had started for Valchita _en route_ for

Patagones, after waiting for our coming more than a month in Margensho,

the place appointed as a rendezvous. Whilst there they had received

liquor and other luxuries from Patagones, but no disturbances had

ensued, the only casualty being that a woman had been severely burned by

falling into a fire whilst in a state of intoxication. All was reported

to be peaceable at Patagones, and a rumour was current that Commandante

Murga was about to give up his governorship. Casimiro, on receiving all

this intelligence, immediately wished a despatch to be indited, although

I pointed out to him that it would be better to wait until we had

arrived at a nearer point; he was so urgent that on the following

morning I composed an elaborate letter, detailing the union of the

tribes, the precautions taken for protecting Patagones, and requesting

a hundred mares for Casimiro and his people: when finished it was

carefully wrapped up and stowed away in my baggage till wanted.

The talk then naturally turned on the subject of the choice of

messengers to be despatched to Patagones on our arrival at Margensho.

It had been previously arranged that I should be sent fully commissioned,

as being better able to represent to the authorities what had been

resolved on, as well as to impress upon them the immediate requirements

of the Indians, and several others now volunteered to accompany me, and

got quite merry at the thoughts of a drink. But we were still three

marches distant from Margensho. The following day we were again _en

route_, traversing a succession of plains with rocky ridges cropping up

at intervals, until we at length reached a grassy valley enclosed by

steep walls of rocks sixty feet high; gravely perched on the summits

of which several slate-coloured Chilian eagles were visible, their

occupation being to prevent the excessive multiplication of little

cavies. On the hill sides bordering this valley, our old friend the

incense bush, which had for many marches back been very scarce, grew in

luxuriant profusion. At this season it was covered with berries which,

though uneatable, are used by the Indians mixed up with water as a

drink; this infusion has a very sweet taste, but I should think must

be very unwholesome. On arriving at the encampment, at the head of the

valley, near some pools of standing water, we were apprised, by the

lugubrious sounds of the women's monotonous chants, that the number of

the children had been further diminished by several deaths. One of this

day's victims to the epidemic being Algo, Tankelow's youngest daughter,

the father was in great distress and anger, as he attributed the death

not to the distemper, but to witchcraft.

The warm and tolerably fine weather experienced since our departure from

Telck had been succeeded by a heavy, murky, still atmosphere, and the

clouded sky promised a downfall of rain, which speedily came. The next

day more children and the old deaf and dumb woman died; over her little

moan was made, but the lamentations over the children were terrible to

hear, and on all sides mares were slaughtered. The abundance of meat,

and the general confusion, combined with the rain to defeat Casimiro's

anxious desire to proceed. The accumulation of miseries had rendered all

the Indians gloomy and ill-humoured; and since our departure from Geylum

we had had ample experience of the wretched side of Pampa life.

This district is always dreaded by the Indians, who assert that

they invariably are attacked by a similar sickness when in it,

notwithstanding that some considered it to have been occasioned by

poison or deleterious drugs administered by our late neighbours. The

marches had therefore been forced and prolonged, and the increased

fatigue had doubtless aided the distemper in its fatal effects. Nearly

half the children and several of the elder people died during our

progress to Margensho, and the utter misery and discomfort cannot be

described. The rain had continually drenched us; the women, distracted

with their endeavours to soothe the sick children and their grief over

the dead, could not attend to their domestic duties; our mantles were

unmended, and proved but a poor shelter from the rain, no small misery

in this climate, and the arrangements of the toldos were utterly

devoid of their customary care and comfort. The usual good temper and

cheerfulness of all had fled, and grief, sickness, and angry suspicion

cast a gloom over every countenance. One misery, starvation, had

certainly been avoided by the abundance of horse-flesh, but it can

easily be imagined that we could have borne hunger better. We had

endured cold, and hunger, and fatigue, as well as danger, before, but

nothing has left so indelible an impression of a thoroughly bad time

as that march from Geylum to Margensho.

At last Casimiro issued orders to march, and with two or three more of

us started in advance. While waiting under the shelter of a mass of

rocks for the remainder to overtake us, I fell asleep, and on waking up

found the rain pouring down in torrents, and the chief just directing

Meña to return and see what the women were about. Our page arrived a

little later to say that the Indians had refused to march, the occupants

of our toldo alone being on their way to join us: these soon appeared,

so we proceeded in the storm, having agreed that to return, after having

once started, would be an ignominious proceeding.

We followed for some distance the valley, or rather the plain, into

which it had opened out, and then ascended some abrupt rocky heights at

its eastern extremity; crossing these hills, in the valleys or ravines

of which incense bushes grew almost like a forest, we halted for a time

by the side of a rivulet flowing from a spring on the hill side.

After kindling a fire to warm our bodies, wet as we were and chilled by

the wind, which, originally west, now blew from the south with cutting

violence, the sight of numerous guanaco on the heights above determined

us to encircle a herd; we accordingly mounted the heights, and having

completely failed in our attempt, descended to the other side. A large

lagoon lay at our feet, and away to the east a succession of plains

extended to the encampment called Margensho.

These plains were bounded for a short distance on the north side by

a range of hills, which came to an abrupt termination at the end of

the lagoon, on the south side by another range gradually sloping to

the eastward, and on the western side by the rocky heights we were

descending. The view would have been enjoyable on a fine day, but in

such a Patagonian tempest of rain and wind, landscapes were by no means

appreciated. Near the lagoon was another herd of guanaco, some three

thousand strong, who tempted us to a vain endeavour to encircle them,

but they descried us before we could approach within a mile, and were

soon lost to sight on the plains leading towards Margensho. Whilst

riding down the edge of the hills Casimiro pointed out some thyme, a

little of which we gathered to flavour our soup with in the evening.

We then descended and sheltered under the overhanging bank of a dry

watercourse leading to the lagoon. The women and remainder of the

cavalcade shortly arrived, and loading my page with firewood, to his

intense disgust and the extreme delight of every one else, we proceeded

a little farther to the south, where the pasture was good, and

established ourselves for the night.

The following morning early we all started to hunt, and were more

successful than on the previous day, though the wind was blowing a

fearful gale from the S.W., with occasional storms of sleet. Towards the

afternoon, by which time, having finished our hunting, we were snug

enough under the toldo, it rained hard, and with the rain the Indians

commenced to arrive, till before dusk a town of toldos occupied the

borders of the hills.

Casimiro this evening sent for volunteers to go in with me as messengers

or chasquis to Patagones, on our arrival at Margensho, now but one march

distant. But of those previously so desirous to go on, not one appeared,

nor would any one Indian consent to lend his horses for so long a

journey. The chieftain was sadly put out, and cursed the caciquillos all

round. He then tried to dissuade me from going myself, saying that it

was a great distance, that the desert or travesia was a fearful place,

that I should probably lose my horses, that many people had starved,

at the same time wishing me to lend my horses to some other Indian. He

narrated how he himself had occupied twelve days in crossing it, and had

been obliged to abandon a horse and the saddle and gear of his remaining

steed, and with difficulty, nearly starved, on foot, and driving his

almost worn out horse before him, had made his way to a station.

At the same time a young Indian started to cross the desert, but lost

his way, and, quoth the Cacique impressively, 'His bones are there now.'

One statement, that the chañals or white thorns grew higher than the

horses' heads and tore the unlucky riders' mantles to pieces as they

forced their way through them, my own after experience fully verified.

I, however, adhered firmly to my original intention of going, as agreed

to by him, and conveying, with my own hand, the letter I had written:

and it was finally settled that Meña, Nacho, and I should, on arriving

at Margensho, start on our journey as chasquis. Casimiro's real motive

for dissuading me was distrust, as we had on two or three occasions

disagreed, and once nearly come to blows; he was therefore afraid that

I should, on arriving at Patagones, work against his interests and

give him a bad character. Meña, who had taken a great fancy to me,

volunteered for the purpose of keeping an eye on Nacho, who was my

'bête noire' and not to be trusted.

These arrangements having been brought to a satisfactory conclusion,

we proceeded to the toldo of a friend and assisted at the ceremony

performed by the doctor of curing a sick child, more especially

concerning the part of painting with red ochre, killing, and eating

a white mare.

On this occasion the parents formally invited the principal chiefs and

their relations and friends, and the ceremony commenced as follows:--All

the men were either sitting or standing in a circle, in the centre of

which sat the mother holding her infant in her arms. The doctor then

came in, and under his direction the mother plastered the infant

from head to foot with white clay, the wizard meanwhile muttering

incantations; when this was completed the doctor disappeared for a

minute or two, returning with an ornamented hide bag in his hand; this

he opened, and produced from the bottom some charms carefully enveloped

in rags, which he, after performing some mystic hocus-pocus, returned to

the bag. He next took the baby from the mother, and patting it gently on

the head, and muttering in a low tone, dipped its head into the bag two

or three times, and then returned it to its mother. A white mare was

brought up and, after being daubed all over with hand-marks of red

ochre, was knocked on the head, cooked, and eaten on the spot, the

heart, liver, and lungs being hung on a lance, to the top of which was

suspended the bag containing the charms. Care was taken, as in other

ceremonies, that no dogs approached to eat the offal, which was buried,

the head and backbone being removed to a neighbouring hill.

On the 9th of May we started, arriving the same evening at Margensho,

which was, as the Indians had previously described it to me, a large

grassy plain lying below a step or barranca, and watered by a brook

running N.E. and S.W. During the hunt over the previously described

plains there was nothing remarkable except the extreme scarcity of game,

skunks alone being numerous; fortunately I killed a male guanaco, and as

I had the previous day corrected my page he brought up the horses most

carefully, so that all was in readiness for an early start. Before

sundown the chiefs were collected, and the contents of the letter read

to them; they all appeared pleased, and after adding a postscript

setting forth the names and number of the chiefs who required rations I

closed the correspondence.

Hinchel came and provided me with tobacco, asking as a favour that if

any of his friends in the settlement should enquire if he got drunk when

occasion offered in the Pampas, I would bear witness to his sobriety; he

also entreated that I would either return to the Indians or remain in

Patagones until he arrived, which latter I promised to do.

At the risk of repetition it must be said this man was the best

Tehuelche, excepting perhaps Wáki, I ever had anything to do with; he

was frank, honest, generous, sober, and in every way fit for a chief; a

ready and skilled workman in all Indian trades from breaking a colt to

constructing a saddle or silver necklace; his only vice being gambling,

but for which last habit he would have been the richest and most

powerful chief, as he was universally respected.

Orkeke also sent for me, and put into my hand a packet of tobacco for

the journey, which he assured me would be long, tedious, and dangerous.

I promised to ask particularly for his ration, and if the Government

would not grant it, to make him a present myself. He wished me to

return, but I pointed out to him that for various reasons it would be

better not, so we parted, agreeing to meet in Patagones.

It may be as well to mention that if the post of chasqui or herald, as

he may be styled, be an honourable one, for which as a rule only the

near relatives of chiefs are employed, the duties are sufficiently hard.

The chasqui is expected to ride like 'young Lochinvar,' as fast and as

far each day as the horse will carry him; he must not turn aside or halt

even for the purpose of hunting, and unless an ostrich or other game

cross his path may have to go without supper after his day's fifty or

sixty miles' journey, while his bed and bedding are the ground and

mantle. Of course endurance, sobriety, and reliable steadiness of

purpose are essential qualifications, especially if the distance to

be travelled over be great. And Nacho had always approved himself an

excellent chasqui, and was an unerring guide even across the trackless

travesia.

When the chasqui falls in with other Indians on the march, or an

encampment, he is ceremoniously received and honourably entertained, and

it is usually expected that in case of need he will be supplied with

fresh horses to prosecute his mission.

The following morning at daylight another consultation took place, and

the letter had to be again produced, and another postscriptum added. I

then took down in my note-book the immediate requirements of Casimiro

and other friends, which, according to agreement, were to be sent back

by Meña and Nacho, myself remaining in the settlement until the arrival

of Casimiro, when we were to proceed together to Buenos Ayres either by

land _viâ_ Bahia Blanca, or by steamer.

At about eight o'clock, when the rime of the frost was just cleared off

the grass, we, after bidding adieu to all friends, caught our horses

and started. I took with me only my suit of clothes in a bag, and the

letters. Each of the party was provided with a piece of meat from the

guanaco I had slain the previous day by way of provision, and with two

horses apiece we were at length _en route_, the old women chanting

melodiously to keep the devil out of our way. My page affected great

distress at my departure, but as he had my remaining horses to take

charge of, and a legacy of a mantle I had no particular use for, having

worn it almost without interruption since leaving Santa Cruz, he was, in

all probability, delighted to see, as he thought, the last of me as we

disappeared over the ridge.

We travelled slowly for the first half hour, and had just released our

spare horses from the lazos, which hitherto had restrained them from

rejoining their fellows, when we heard a shout behind us, and an Indian

appeared driving a troop of horses. He was from the encampment, and

being a Pampa was _en route_ to join his tribe, whom he expected to meet

somewhere about Valchita, five days' journey on, and from whom we were

to get fresh horses wherewith to cross the travesia to the settlements.

This addition to our party was unexpected, but we considered the more

the merrier, and three at any rate is an awkward number to travel

sociably together. Putting our horses to a hand canter, we now regularly

started, leaving care behind, and looking forward to bread, coffee, and

other long untasted good things. We passed the time in talking over what

we would get, how we should be received, and in smoking and singing. Our

route lay along the barranca, which changed as we proceeded in a N.E.

direction, to higher rugged hills interspersed with sandy valleys

covered with scrub and incense bushes.

By nightfall we had arrived at a pointed hill, under the brow of which

we encamped. We had seen plenty of ostrich and guanaco, but had not

delayed to hunt, only pausing to pick up an armadillo that happened to

be basking in our road.

On dismounting we secured all the horses with lazos or manéos, as they

might probably be inclined to stray away. After gathering a little

firewood, kindling a fire, and discussing the armadillo and a small

piece of meat each, we wrapped ourselves in our mantles and lay down to

sleep, every now and again during the night getting up to have a look at

the horses. The morning star was shining brightly above the horizon when

we saddled up, and crossing the brow of the hill mounted to an adjoining

pampa, where the rocky nature of the ground obliged our unshod horses to

go at a foot pace. Added to this a bitter cold wind and small driving

rain were not improving to the temper, until after an hour or two of

difficult and slow travelling, the sun rose magnificently and dispelled

the mists and drizzle, and restored our cheerfulness. We at length

descended into a ravine leading to a series of small valleys, containing

here and there ponds covered with teal and other water birds. We

travelled at a gallop through the same description of country till

5 P.M., when, after passing a high barren plateau, similar to that

encountered at starting, we suddenly came to an abrupt declivity, at

the bottom of which, in a plain extending for about five miles, lay a

large salina.

We descended where it was feasible, and after stopping to get a little

salt, proceeded to encamp near a small spring of fresh water. About a

mile to the eastward large herds of guanaco and several ostrich were

visible in the plain, and near our halting place we found the tracks of

a puma, for which we searched diligently, but without success.

After securing our horses, as on the previous night, we dined, minus

armadillo, off a piece of scraggy meat, and turned in. The salt from

the salina was of excellent quality; it was necessary to remove a little

of the upper surface, which had slightly deteriorated by exposure to the

atmosphere, and then we cut out cakes of salt like pieces of ice, which

served for plates. It is a strange fact that both into this and other

salinas small rivulets of fresh water flowed, fed by springs in the

neighbouring hills.

The next morning (if it could be so called) at the same hour we were in

the saddle, and traversing the plain crossed some ridges of moderate

height, and continued passing through a tract of country thickly wooded

with incense and other bushes. About 2 P.M. we arrived at a rivulet of

water, near which were marks of a recent encampment; after examining

these we came to the conclusion that a week had perhaps elapsed since

the occupants had left. We travelled forward at our utmost speed over

ground of much the same description, diversified now and again by ranges

of low hills, putting up occasionally a partridge, of which birds we

observed two different species, one crested, and nearly as large as a

hen pheasant, and the other smaller than an English bird, and which took

only short flights and then cowered--and were fortunate enough to kill

a couple. The sun went down behind some hills, and still we found no

suitable place to halt in; at last, however, we came to some ponds of

water, where we all, being pretty well tired, dismounted, and tethering

two of the horses allowed the remainder to go loose. We found the water

brackish, though drinkable, but the animals would scarcely touch it, and

wandered about, necessitating a watch on them all night; this was rather

weary work, especially as a sharp frost came on, and with all our care,

at starting time two horses were missing. After a search of an hour they

were found, having wandered in search of better water, and, wiser than

ourselves, found out a spring about two miles to the east.

The sun was up before we got away, after warming and eating the last of

our food, which we had cooked overnight: it was dry and dusty, and all

the washing in the world could not have got the grit out of it; however,

we laughed over it, saying we would soon have a bottle of wine to wash

away the dirt from our throats. One thing we congratulated ourselves

on was being well provided with tobacco, and although we boasted no

pipe, mine having been lost at a previous encampment, Casimiro's

correspondence with Foyel and Cheoeque, which I had carefully kept,

provided us with cigarette papers. We rode on accordingly, rejoicing,

and passing out of this wooded country traversed a succession of high

pampas, set with small blocks of granite exactly resembling paving

stones, and placed as thickly and regularly as if paviors had been at

work. The appearance of a London street undergoing repair brought this

singular formation vividly to my mind. These pampas terminated in

waterworn cliffs thickly strewn with stones, and as our horses scrambled

like cats up the slopes, their hoofs sent the stones clattering down,

and they found it hard to keep their footing. At the foot of the cliffs

were watered valleys, and whilst descending into one of these valleys

I noticed for the first time the algarroba thorn, which was in fruit.

There were two sorts, one with black fruit, which Nacho warned me not to

touch, as it was poisonous, the other bearing yellow pods, which though

somewhat dry, as the season was so advanced, we plucked and ate as we

rode along, the taste proving something between tamarinds and peach.

Near a lagoon in one of these valleys we halted for a few minutes, and

on pursuing our journey espied a horseman with a troop of led horses

approaching from the opposite side. I had halted for a moment and saw

my companions rein up, and racing up to know the cause, observed him.

When within 200 or 300 yards, all halted; and Nacho rode forward, and

ceremonious explanations ensued, followed by formal introductions. He

was a Pampa Indian outward bound to join those mentioned as having

passed us eastward of Margensho; he gave us news that Jackechan's,

Teneforo's, and other Indians were in a place called Trinita, some four

hours' gallop only distant. When he found that I was 'Anglish,' he spoke

in high praise of my countrymen whom he had met in Rio Negro.

This man was a perfect picture; he was splendidly mounted, and had a

troop of horses all as good as the one he bestrode. He was well dressed

in ponchos and white drawers, and wore a silk handkerchief round his

head. Over his saddle was a poncho containing, as we supposed, a store

of yerba, flour, or other luxuries, and he had a bold, careless,

good-humoured face, with restless eyes; altogether he gave one an idea

of the imaginary generous bandits one reads of in novels, and to make

the character complete it turned out afterwards that he had almost

certainly stolen the horses from Trinita.

After five minutes' conversation we started in opposite directions, and

our party pressed on at speed. From the steep hill above the valley we

saw, to our joy, the smoke of hunting parties, apparently not far off.

However, it was four o'clock when we arrived in the vicinity of the

fires in a green pastured valley. From one of the two toldos pitched

there, a man emerged with a matè pot in his hand and a bombilia or reed

used for imbibing matè, like straws for sherry cobblers, in his mouth.

As these people proved not to be the Indians we wanted, after saluting

him we galloped on, and crossing the valley, where we had to jump our

horses over a brook, ascended the opposite hill. A new growth of bush

growing 16 feet high, with long switches like osiers, forced itself

unpleasantly on our attention, as, when riding fast, they sprang back

into one's face in the most painfully annoying manner. On the hillside

we overtook and passed a caravan of women travelling in the same

direction as ourselves, and from the summit of the range saw in the

valley below two different groups of thirty to forty toldos each, about

half a mile apart. Galloping on we arrived, about 5 P.M., at the nearest

tolderia; but on inquiring for Patricio, to whom we had been directed

to go by Casimiro, found that he belonged to the others, to which we

proceeded, and were duly received, our horses, &c., taken care of, and

ourselves ushered with all ceremony into the presence of Patricio (a

half-bred Pampa and Tehuelche). After the hour's etiquette of answering

questions, we were each given one rib of a guanaco apiece to eat. I was

so hungry that I could have eaten a dozen at least, so on the plea of

washing started off to look for Jackechan's toldo, which I shortly

found, and was received with open arms by my friend and El Sourdo. After

his 'missus' had given me some food, followed by the luxury of a matè

with sugar, Jackechan related his proceedings subsequent to leaving our

party.

After a few days' march in the direction of the Chupat, he came across

some cattle, which were caught and killed, and then, whilst in the

same spot, he despatched the messenger to Chupat with the letter, who

returned in fifteen days with an answer, but without any stores.

The letter, carefully wrapped in a piece of old linen which had served

as the envelope to my own epistle, was ceremoniously handed to me by the

light of a blaze produced by some grease thrown upon the fire. I read

and interpreted the contents to Jackechan. The writer--Mr. Hughes, if I

recollect rightly--expressed his pleasure at hearing of my safety, but

regretted his inability to forward any stores or clothing, as the supply

in the colony was extremely scanty, owing to the non-arrival of the ship

with Mr. Lewis Jones on board, which had been expected for some months.

It need scarcely be said that I had been quite unaware of the privations

endured by these unfortunate colonists, which the despatches of

Commander Dennistoun have made known to the public during the preparation

of these pages for the press, and to which reference will be made in the

ensuing chapter. Jackechan, after the return of his messenger, proceeded

to Margensho, in the vicinity of which he met the parties under

Teneforo, Patricio, Antonio, and other petty chiefs. These all united,

and, sending into Patagones, obtained liquor and other stores, with

which, as before mentioned, they had a drink for ten days, but no

quarrels or fights took place--a fact which redounds to the credit of

the chiefs. After waiting a month for our party, they, owing to the

scarcity of game, had come by easy stages to this place (Trinita).

Jackechan then explained that the first toldos were those of the Pampa

Indians, under Teneforo and Champayo, the former being absent in

Patagones, getting his rations of animals; his Indians are pure Pampas,

and are often called Kerekinches,[11] or armadillos, for some reason

unknown to me. Some of them are in the service of the Argentine

Government, and liable to be called upon by Linares, chief of the Tame

Indians. The remaining toldos were those belonging to the Indians under

Antonio and Patricio, who were composed of mixed Tehuelches and Pampas.

The two encampments were situated about half a mile apart, separated by

a winding stream, in some places concealed by most unusually high reeds.

The position was entirely surrounded on the eastern, southern, and

western sides by high rocky eminences; but to the north the valley

apparently continued for some miles: its breadth was about three miles,

and everywhere in the vicinity of the stream, which in some places had

overflowed its banks and formed a marsh, the most luxuriant pasture was

growing.

[11] Quirquincho.

On returning to Patricio's toldo, I formally asked for the necessary

horses to prosecute our journey, but was refused on the grounds of his

having none to spare; so we determined, as our horses showed symptoms of

fatigue and one was lame, to give them one day's rest before proceeding.

We passed the following day with our friends, and I made acquaintance

with the petty chief Champayo, for whom I wrote a letter requesting a

ration which was due to him. He was very civil, and presented an Indian

to me named Luiz Aguirre. This man had been brought up in Patagones,

whence he had received his names, his parents, I believe, having been

killed. He was a very intelligent man, and had formerly been in the

troop of Linares, but had left disgusted with the quarrelling and

generally mutinous state of those Indians, and taken to the Pampa, where

he could live a free and happy life with his wife--at least so he

affirmed.

After we had taken various matès together, Champayo, on my mentioning

the cause of our not proceeding that day, said, 'Your people shall not

want for horses. I will supply them, and send Luiz Aguirre in with you,

and you can give him the answer about my ration.' I afterwards visited,

at his own request, the Cacique Antonio, for whom I also wrote a letter

requesting that his ration should be sent to him at the Guardia of Sauce

Blanco, as, owing to having lost his troop of horses in a storm, he

could scarcely reach the Upper Guardia. This was true, as at the first

toldos we had visited in the neighbouring valley in Trinita we had

been informed of Antonio's loss, which was most probably a gain to our

well-dressed bandit friend; but he had some enemies on the road to

Patagones, which was the real reason of his not going as far as the

Upper Guardia.

After dinner, having asked me all about our proceedings, he commenced

to give me advice as to what I should do on arriving at Patagones.

He assured me that I should get employment readily, but especially

cautioned me against drink, as the commandante disliked drunkards, and

would not encourage them!

At a late hour I retired to Patricio's toldo, and coiled up in one

corner. The next morning we were getting our horses ready for a start,

when a boy galloped into camp with the news that people were coming in

from Patagones. Everybody at once mounted and went to escort in the new

arrivals, who proved to be Teneforo himself and two of his followers.

They had brought a hundred head of horses and cattle as far as Valchita,

two days' journey from Trinita, and had left them there, bringing on

with them only some liquor and yerba, which were at once unloaded. After

I had been presented to the newly-arrived chief, who hailed me as a

brother, and honoured me by a place among the four caciques, who,

pannikins in hand, walked round the lances in due performance of the

ceremony of blessing the liquor, already described, the drinking

commenced.

When the people arrived the sun had just risen, and by 10 o'clock most

of the liquor, which consisted of some gin and caña, or white rum, had

disappeared. Many of the Indians were intoxicated, but all after a

merry, good-tempered fashion, which it had never been my luck to see

before. After imbibing freely enough with my numerous friends--who, if

it had been left to them, would have made me as drunk as themselves--I

mounted my horse, and after a bathe amongst the tall reeds on the

borders of the stream, returned to the toldo, where I found the aged

Patricio singing to himself in a very maudlin state. By sundown all were

sober again, and Patricio imparted to me that he intended himself to

proceed with us, as well as some other friends, his wife, and two or

three other women, but that we were to travel by the lower route, which,

though longer, was easier and safer than the shorter and upper road,

where the thorns grew higher and thicker: the latter is usually selected

in summer, when water is scarce, of which at this season there was no

danger.

The following morning, bidding adieu to Antonio, Champayo, and

Jackechan--whose ration I had promised to procure--we started, eleven

men and four women, taking plenty of horses, besides a troop of mares

for an Indian called Hernandez, settled near the Guardia Chica, the

mares being intended for the purpose of treading out his crop of corn.

We were soon out of sight of the encampment at Trinita, and proceeding

at either a gallop or a trot through an undulating country, in which

incense, algarroba, and other shrubs abounded, arrived near sunset at

a stream, on the north side of which we encamped, amongst some thick

bushes. A little distance to the west lay a large salina, from

which, several miles across, the place takes its name, being called

Hitchin-kaik, or Salt Hill. The stream flows round one side of the

salina, and is, I think, the same that we subsequently crossed near

Valchita. This time we travelled in great style, the women having

brought with them stores of horse-meat and yerba.

After dinner we all sat round the fire and took a matè, and some of an

Indian sweetmeat, a yellow paste made from the algarroba bean pounded

and mixed with water. Old Patricio, who had turned over a new leaf and

grown quite frisky after the drink, said that I was a fortunate man,

having a wife with me; alluding to one of the wives of the Cacique El

Ingles, who was travelling with us to rejoin her husband near Patagones.

The following morning at daylight we again started, and, travelling

over much the same description of country as on the previous day,

arrived, about mid-day, at the place where Teneforo had left his cattle.

Here we dismounted and refreshed ourselves off the round berries, about

the size of a turnip-radish, the fruit of a small plant growing by the

margin of the water, which had a very pleasant taste. The river here had

a fringe of tussocks of pampa grass, under which we reclined and smoked.

The cattle were grouped about amongst these tussocks, and Golwin,

Jackechan's son with the light hair, amused himself by vain attempts to

count them. After half an hour's dawdling we proceeded, leaving behind

one of Meña's horses which was done up, and, following more or less

the line of the river, we arrived, about 3 P.M., at the encampment of

Valchita. As it was early in the day, some of the party started to hunt,

but returned empty-handed. We filled up the skins and water-bottles, in

anticipation of entering the travesia the following day; and, after the

usual meal and matè, sought out each his own particular nest in the

Pampa grass, and went to sleep without fear of the horses straying far,

the pasture and water both being of the best quality. As it was in

this encampment that, according to Casimiro, the defunct Mendoza had

discovered gold, I prospected carefully for any signs, but only noticed

that parts of the adjoining pampa were strewn, amongst other pebbles,

with pieces of quartz. At the usual hour we started to commence the

ascent to the travesia, or desert, which rose above us to the north, in

a high plateau. On ascending a short distance, we observed on our left

hand (to the westward) a salina of several leagues in length, which

bordered the edge of the travesia in about an east or west direction.

I am inclined to think that the river Valchita loses itself in this

salina. This river is subject to great floods, evidences of which were

visible in the drift weeds and rubbish clinging to the bushes and shrubs

throughout the valley, evidently left there by the spring inundation. By

a gradual ascent we at length reached the level of the plateau, and saw

before us an interminable dreary expanse strewn with small shingle, and

covered with shrubs varying from four to twelve feet, or even higher,

and here and there small tufts of grass. No signs of life were visible.

The sky was bright and clear, although clouds were gathering on the

southern horizon, and the wind (it nearly always blows in Patagonia) was

cutting. I remarked to Luiz Aguirre that it would possibly rain; his

reply, 'I hope it will--it will be splendid, then all the lagoons will

be full,' told of the danger of drought, but found no assent from me,

having had enough of wet weather during the excursion to Las Manzanas.

During the ride he told me that he knew the difference between the

Catholic and Protestant religions, and of the two he preferred the

latter; he also asked me if I had ever been to China, where the tea came

from, and various other questions evincing a considerable amount of

information; and wound up by proposing that I should set up a trading

establishment near the Chupat; Jackechan--who, if any one can claim it,

is the real lord of the soil--having volunteered to cede the ground to

me. In the event of establishing a store in that neighbourhood, this

astute Indian considered that all the Indian trade would be taken out

of the hands of the people of Patagones, who notoriously used false

weights, besides charging exorbitantly for all articles supplied to the

Indians.

About 2 P.M., as the rough shingle had already begun to tell on our

horses' feet, a halting place was found near a laguna containing

rain-water of the colour of _café au lait_. The horses were for the

present let loose, to pick up the best meal they could off the stunted

grass near the borders of the lagoon. Before dark most of them were

tethered, and a careful watch kept all night, lest they should return to

Valchita in search of pasture and water. After a lengthened conversation

by the fireside--in which I was informed that the track we were

travelling was called Pig's-road, from wild pigs, or perhaps peccaries,

having been killed near one of the lagoons in the route--we wrapped

ourselves in our mantles and sheltered ourselves like hedgehogs under

the bushes, from time to time getting up to look round for the horses.

Next day we rode over the same interminable desert of stones, and

bushes of the following descriptions:--Chañal or whitethorn; picayun,

furnishing the best firewood; the osier-like switches before described;

black bush, which is useless for burning, owing to the pestiferous smell

it emits; algarroba, incense, which are, however, very scarce; and some

others whose names I was unable to procure. The chañal is the only one

that impedes the traveller's progress, as the thorns are large and

sharp. In the other road (more to the west), which we had avoided,

although the distance is shorter across the travesia, and therefore more

used by the Tehuelches, who dread this crossing, especially in summer

or for small parties, the chañal grows to the height of ten to fifteen

feet, and, like the 'waitabit' thorns in Albania, renders fast riding

impossible.

This day we were about to start hunting, when a demijohn of rum was

discovered in a bush. This put an end to the sport, for, although it was

hidden again in another place, enough was taken out to render most of

the party talkative, a bottle or two also being reserved for discussion

at the camp fire.

At 4 P.M. we camped by the side of a lagoon similar to the previous one,

and, our Valchita water being finished, diluted the rum with meal and

water about the consistency of Spanish chocolate. I forgot to state that

in the excitement of the 'find' the horses were not looked after, and

on mustering to proceed, one of Nacho's had disappeared, and, although

carefully searched for, he was not found again.

The next day, despite the dissipations over night, we were in the saddle

at daybreak, and had hardly traversed a league of this wearisome waste

when we came suddenly upon seven wild horses. An effort made to surround

them failed, owing to the difficult nature of the ground; but the

failure was to me fully made up by the magnificent spectacle of these

splendid creatures careering in their untamed strength and beauty across

the plain.

We subsequently hunted and killed guanaco and ostrich, and also saw

some hares and partridges. At about 10 A.M. our eyes were gladdened

by the sight of the sea, and presently the level plain rose into more

undulating country, and from the crests of the elevations at times a

full view of the inlet called the Laco de San Antonio presented itself.

Smoke was visible ahead, and we accordingly pushed on, and made a long

and rapid march, the surface being here altogether free from the small

stones which had previously caused so much damage to the horses' feet.

That night we halted, as usual, by the side of a lagoon, the water of

which was not more than two inches deep.

Patricio during this day's journey pointed out to me a dry lagoon near

which efforts had been made to sink a well for obtaining a permanent

supply of water, but, although the shaft was of some depth, none had

been reached, and the work had been given up in despair. It is a mystery

even to the Indians where the guanacos, wild horses, puma, and other

game that exist in this desert, find water, as these lagoons, depending

entirely on the rainfall for a supply of water, must inevitably, in this

country where little rain falls, be dry for many months in the year. No

doubt springs exist in hitherto undiscovered places.

Before leaving the travesia, a few remarks, which cannot claim to be

called a description, may be interesting.

This desert consists of a plateau about three hundred feet above the

level of the valley of the Rio Negro, stretching to the southward more

than thirty leagues to Valchita. Of its extent westward I have no

precise information; but it narrows considerably in the interior,

forming an irregular triangle, with its base on the coast, and its

apex near the junction of the Rio Limay and the northern streams.

The soil is either clay or sand and gravel, with small stones strewn

thickly over the surface; while the only vegetation met with consists of

the bushes already mentioned, and scanty tufts of coarse grass.

It is much dreaded by travellers, and, after traversing it, I can well

believe the stories current of people having perished on the passage;

the track once lost would be very difficult to regain; while the want of

water in the summer, and the danger of horses straying and leaving the

traveller helpless, are both probable risks. With all our watchfulness,

two horses strayed away and were lost. In the winter there is no fear of

want of water; but the fatigue of travelling is at all times great, and

the horses are almost worn out by the time that the desert is passed. It

serves, therefore, as a barrier, protecting Patagones from all danger of

attack by the Indians from the south, who in their forays must descend

the river. A large troop of horses can scarcely find pasture, and, after

the rapid journey, would not be in a condition for their riders to

attack with success, if opposed vigorously by people able to defend

themselves.

This district appeared to form a distinct and well-defined limit between

the habitats of various animals; as for instance, the Rhea Darwinii,

or smaller ostrich of Patagonia, and the Rhea Americana. The latter,

according to my experience, is never found to the south of it, and I

am at a loss to understand how Mr. Cunningham could have met with any

specimens of it, as he seems to imply.[12]

[12] Natural History of the Straits of Magellan, p. 134.

The Tehuelches often described the larger Rhea as found north of the

travesia, and as distinct from that hunted in their country. They also

particularly insisted on the fact that the Gama, or deer--abundant in

the Rio Negro valley and the country north of it--is never met with

south of the travesia. The same remark is true of the Viscacha and the

Aguarra (Lupus manatus), though the latter is probably to be met with in

the spurs of the Cordillera.

Patagonia may thus be properly considered as cut off by the Rio Negro

and the line of the Cordillera, and possessing its own races and a

separate Fauna and Flora.

It may be added that only one species of armadillo, the Quirquincho

(Dasypus minutus, Gay), occurs within these limits. The algarroba and

other bushes, though found in and near the borders of the travesia, do

not occur south of its immediate vicinity.

It was a joyful hour for all when, on the fourth day, after galloping

from dawn till ten o'clock, we at length came in sight of the valley,

still three miles distant, where large willows--which, by the way, are

unknown in Patagonia, save a few at Chupat, probably introduced by the

settlers--marked the winding course of the Rio Negro. We halted at the

head of an abra, or lateral opening which ran up into the barranca from

the main valley, and saw in the distance a solitary rancho, the first

civilised dwelling beheld since my departure from Santa Cruz.

After a rest, to enable all to come up, some having lagged behind

perforce, their horses being hardly able to limp along, we made our way

down the slope and at length reached the river, in which our thirsty

steeds soon drank their fill.

The rancho, which belonged to Hernandez, for whom the convoy of mares

was intended, was then visited. The owner was absent, but his Indian

wife did the honours, at least as far as serving us with matè, for no

food was produced, though all were dreadfully hungry. I wished to stop

and don what an American would call my citizen's clothes, thinking that

we should immediately proceed to the Guardia I had heard so much of from

Luiz Aguirre; but he told me not to be in a hurry, so in my dirty mantle

I remained for the present.

After half an hour's delay we left the rancho and followed the south

bank of the river, which here was a swift stream 200 yards wide, passing

the farm of Hernandez, where a man was occupied in ploughing, and mares

and cattle were grazing. The river here made a bend towards the southern

barranca, which so nearly abutted on it as to compel us to ride close

along the bank. Small partridges got up frequently, and I made a mental

resolution to come and have a day's shooting at a future period in the

magnificent willows bordering the river; blue pigeons were cooing in the

trees; and through an opening we caught a glimpse, on the opposite bank,

of a well-built, comfortable-looking estancia in the foreground of a

wide extent of rich flat land, with corral, galpones, and the usual

surroundings, which Luiz Aguirre informed me belonged to Mr. Kincaid.

The feeling of having safely emerged from the desert into the

settlements put us, though very hungry, into the best of spirits; and

after a cheerful half hour's ride, passing on our road a tumbledown,

unused rancho, we arrived at Sauce Blanco, or 'White Willow;' there the

river, sweeping to the northern side, leaves a wide rincon, or expanse

of rich alluvial ground. This is considered as belonging to the Indians,

some of whom are always to be found encamped near the rancho, which

belonged to the Cacique El Ingles, and three toldos were pitched in its

vicinity.

We presented to the chief his wife, whom we had brought with us, and

I was warmly welcomed as a relative, the cacique being a nephew of

Quintuhual. This chief derives his name from his alleged relationship to

some one or other of the officers of Fitzroy's surveying expedition, so

that I was doubly welcome in my English and Indian character. Here we

camped amongst the pajas, or pampa grass, and, having been presented

with a mare and some pumpkins, soon had a good fire blazing and meat and

pumpkins cooking; these latter being dressed by cutting them in halves,

taking out the seeds, and filling the interior with hot ashes, and then

placing them on the ashes, the result being, at all events as it seemed

then to my taste, delicious. I wished to proceed direct to the Guardia,

but, as Patricio and the others put it off till the morrow, in my

ignorance of the road and usages of the place, I was forced to 'do at

Rome as Rome does.'

A good wash in the river was one of the first things indulged in, and

the enjoyment of getting rid of several days' accumulation of the dust

and mud of the travesia can be better imagined than described.

The following morning, before daylight, we all bathed in the river, and

after taking matè with the cacique El Ingles, and a warm by the fireside

after sleeping in the frosty night air, we prepared to visit the

Guardia. Casting off the Indian mantle, I assumed the usual dress of an

Englishman of the period, shooting-coat, &c.; and having been provided

with fresh horses by our friend, half an hour's gallop brought us

to the north bank, opposite the Guardia--not, however, without

misadventure, for as we made our way along the narrow uneven horse-path,

full of ruts, and hemmed in by Pampa grass, Luiz Aguirre's horse

stumbled and threw him, rolling over him and crushing his revolver into

his ribs.

The mean appearance of the much talked of Guardia at once dispelled the

ideas of it derived from the imaginative descriptions of the Indians,

but previous experience of Spanish frontier towns saved me from

disappointment. The settlement consists of a small fort mounted with one

gun, a cuartel or barracks, and a few houses, one or two built of brick

and the others of adobe, clustering round the fort. Almost, if not quite

all, of these are 'pulperias,' or grog-shops and stores, intended for

trade with the Indians, for whose transport a launch is kept. The usual

object first seen in frontier towns--an unfinished church--is here

conspicuous by its absence, no provision for spiritual wants being made

in the Guardia. After about half an hour's delay on the bank, a bustle

on the other side was observed, caused by getting ready a large launch,

which shortly crossed to our side; and having secured our horses with

lazos and manéos, we jumped in, and I was greeted by a non-commissioned

officer, who congratulated me on my arrival, stating that the

Commandante, Señor Murga, had been expecting me for some months. We

crossed over in great pomp, a soldier playing the cornet in the bows of

the boat, and, landing, we proceeded to a store kept by a man named Don

Fermin, where we were all ushered into a room behind the shop, and

the Indians exposed their skins and plumes for trade. My friend the

non-commissioned officer had left me, as I declined to surrender my

letters to any one but the Commandante in person, and he was at the time

at Patagones, distant eighteen leagues from this Guardia. Meanwhile I

watched the trade going on between Don Fermin and the Indians.

Now and again people came and contemplated us, as if we were some

strange sort of wild animals; but as I was out of the trading, no one

bid the stranger welcome, and I formed a bad idea of the politeness of

the inhabitants, though perhaps my shaggy hair and dress, not altogether

of the neatest, may have been against me.

The Indians were soon in full enjoyment of some grog and biscuits, which

they naturally asked me to share. After a bite and a sup, finding the

proceedings slow, I left the room, and shortly after met Mr. Alexander

Fraser and Mr. Grenfell, the owners of an estancia a few miles lower

down the river; and after introducing myself was most kindly received,

and supplied with cash, a civilised medium of which I had not a sou

to enable me to gratify the desire of treating my Indian friends to a

bottle or two of wine and spirits and a few loaves of bread.

Mr. Fraser hospitably pressed me to come on to his establishment at

once, but being desirous of handing the letters to the Commandante

without delay, I returned across the river with the Indians.

A foretaste of Rio Negro manners was given us at the other side, as one

of the horses, saddle, lazo and all, was missing--stolen by some of the

civilised inhabitants. The horse belonged to El Ingles, and had been

lent to Meña to go down from the encampment to the Guardia; the lazo

belonged to me.

At the camp most of the people got more or less drunk, and Nacho

received a richly-deserved thrashing for being pugnacious, after which

he was lashed down, and left to cool in the frost for an hour.

In the morning I started for Patagones, accompanied by El Ingles and

another Indian; but as our horses proved to be too tired to proceed

into Patagones, we stopped for the night in a toldo at San Xaviel, the

head-quarters of Linares and his Tame Indians.

I took up my quarters at the toldo of one Chaloupe, and after supper,

being desirous of communicating the political arrangements to the chief,

proceeded on horseback behind another horseman, who proved to be a

brother of Rouque Pinto, to the chief's residence, a long low house.

After a little delay I was ushered into the Sala, where the two wives

of the chief were sitting sewing. The usual matè was served, and I

waited long in vain for the chief, who was away collecting his followers

for an intended pursuit of some of Calficura's Indians, who had recently

driven off cattle from the valley.

At last I bade good-night to my fair hostesses, and summoning my

companion, who had been taking matè in the kitchen, set out to return.

We had scarcely proceeded a hundred yards when the tramp of approaching

horsemen was heard, and my companion enjoined strict silence, for fear

of 'accidents,' and reined up our steeds under the shadow of some trees,

till we heard the people pass. When their voices had died away in the

distance we proceeded, and resumed our conversation, in the course of

which he informed me that it was unsafe to meet people at night in this

vicinity unless when well armed. I rather opened my eyes at this, and

moralised considerably on the benefits conferred by civilisation on

Indian races. At Chaloupe's toldo I found Antonio Linares, brother of

the chief, who had brought with him a bottle of brandy, over a glass of

which I told him my business, which he promised to forward, and after a

nightcap he left in search of more boon companions. This young fellow

was very well dressed in cloth ponchos and chiripas, leather boots and

clean linen, and wore a revolver in his belt. He playfully informed me

that he had been in search of some one he had quarrelled with all the

afternoon, and would have shot him if he had found him.

Mrs. Chaloupe made me up a luxurious bed with ponchos and my own saddle

gear, and indeed all the inmates of the toldo showed me the greatest

civility.

At an early hour in the morning I started on my now jaded horse in the

hopes of seeing Linares, but on arriving at his house was informed

that he had already left for Carmen to have an interview with the

Commandante, Señor Murga.

Refusing the proffered matè, I hastened on and speedily overtook him

taking a stirrup cup at a friend's house. After introducing myself

and joining in a social glass, I was glad to avail myself of his

companionship, as our routes lay in the same direction, and transact my

business on the road.

An hour's ride brought us in sight of Patagones, at which point I

diverged from my companion to the chacra or farm of my expected host

Don Pablo Piedra Buena, situated on the river bank. Half an hour's ride

brought me to the house, but finding no one at home, with the exception

of a big bull dog, I soon started in search, and shortly came on two men

occupied in ploughing. After the usual salutations I inquired for Don

Pablo, and was very civilly answered that he was shortly expected at the

farm, but that if I went straight to Patagones I should probably meet

him on the way. Accordingly, being very desirous of some breakfast, I

spurred my horse into a gallop, and rode towards the town. Its aspect,

as viewed from a distance, although it appeared rather irregular, was

tolerably imposing; the fort and buildings on the northern bank, which

are situated on a rise, showing out prominently, whilst on the southern

shore the cathedral (unfinished, of course) and English mission station

were the most noticeable buildings. After making a slight détour through

ignorance of the track, I arrived at the immediate vicinity of the

southern suburb, which, like all Spanish settlements, new or old, failed

to bear a close inspection.

An extensive mud-hole, which a fall of rain would probably render

impassable, bordered the outskirts, which, when reached, were found to

be plentifully strewn with offal, heaps of bricks, and other _débris_,

making it incumbent carefully to pick one's way along the paths.

As I had heard that it was possible the Commandante would come over to

the south side to arrange about a race, I visited a pulperia, indicated

as a likely place to learn his whereabouts, where I found Linares and

his capitanejo (adjutant) taking a glass of brandy, and was introduced

by them to the proprietor, Don José Real, who offered his services, and

informed me that Commandante Murga was expected in about half an hour. I

accordingly proceeded to the mission station, where, having introduced

myself to Dr. Humble, I left my now tired horse in his quinta, and

after a short rest returned to José Real's, and found the Commandante

Murga, to whom I presented the letter from Casimiro and my own letter of

introduction.

At first sight I was not prepossessed in favour of Señor Murga; he was

about the middle height, dressed in Garibaldi shirt, uniform trousers

and boots, and casquette with the lace bands denoting the rank of

colonel. He disposed of my business by saying that he would attend to it

'mañana,' to-morrow, which is the answer to everything in the provinces

of La Plata, and evidently dismissing the subject from his mind, resumed

an argument with Don José about a racehorse.

This Colonel Murga is addicted to field-sports of every description, is

a good rider, in fact a perfect gaucho, and rarely misses a cockfight on

Sunday after mass.

Somewhat disgusted with my reception I proceeded to the boatman's

house with the intention of crossing the river to the north side, and

knocking at the door asked in Spanish for Solomon. It was opened by

a well-dressed woman, and inside I perceived a broad-shouldered,

well-built man at his breakfast. I was about to retire with apologies,

when he recognised me for an Englishman, and guessing who I was,

immediately dragged me in and seated me at the table, whilst the

good wife cut slices of bread and butter and brewed more tea. I was

considerably hungry, as the Americans say, and enjoyed the bread and

butter and tea as I never enjoyed a meal anywhere else. The kind,

honest welcome of this Welsh family will always remain as a pleasant

remembrance to me of Patagones.

Leaving the house with Solomon we met Don Pablo, who was equally hearty

in his welcome, and we proceeded across in his company to the northern

shore, where my friend placed his house at my disposal, and I took up my

quarters with him; and after the necessary ablutions, and the reduction

of a twelvemonth's growth of hair to a decent length, got into a new

suit of clothes which were brought from Señor Aguirre's store, and felt

that I was a civilised Cristiano once more.

That afternoon I was introduced by Don Pablo to several of his

relations, who were all most kind and amiable, and their agreeable

society dispelled the thoughts which I had entertained of returning to

the Indians; instead of which I now determined to send Meña and Nacho

out with the answers to the letters and some stores, and wait in

Patagones, until the arrival of the rest, employing the interval in

reconnoitring the place and studying its chances in the future.