_1855_--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act.
_1861_--Malicious Injuries to Property Consolidation and Amendment
(England and Ireland) Act.
_1875_--Public Health Act.
_1877_--Public Libraries Amendment (Ireland) Act.
_1885_--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act.
_1887_--Public Libraries Consolidation (Scotland) Act.
_1887_--Public Libraries Amendment and Consolidation (Scotland) Act.
_1891_--Museums and Gymnasiums Act.
_1892_--Public Libraries Consolidation and Amendment Act.
_1893_--Public Libraries Amendment Act.
_1894_--Public Libraries Amendment and Consolidation (Scotland) Act.
_1894_--Public Libraries Amendment (Ireland) Act.
_1894_--Local Government Act (England and Wales).
_1898_--Libraries Offences Act.
_1899_--Public Libraries Amendment (Scotland) Act.
_1899_--Local Government Act (Metropolitan Boroughs).
_1901_--Public Libraries Museums and Gymnasiums Amendment Act.
_1902_--Public Libraries Amendment (Ireland) Act.
_1911_--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act.
_1918_--Education Act.
_1919_--Public Libraries Act.
_1920_--Public Libraries (Scotland) Act.
_1920_--Public Libraries (Ireland) Act.
_1920_--Blind Persons Act.
_1924_--Public Libraries Act (Northern Ireland).
_1925_--Irish Free State Local Government Act.
FIRST TOWNS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND TO ADOPT THE PUBLIC LIBRARIES
ACT.
_1848_--Warrington.
_1849_--Salford.
_1850_--Brighton, Norwich.
_1851_--Winchester.
_1852_--Bolton, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford.
_1853_--Airdrie, Cambridge, Ipswich, Sheffield.
_1855_--Hertford, Maidstone.
_1856_--Birkenhead, Dundalk, Westminster.
_1857_--Leamington, Walsall.
_1858_--Canterbury.
COMMITTEES.
Most of the Committees are composed partly of the members of the local
Council and partly of co-opted members who are not on the Council,
the Council generally being represented by _66%_, with the exception
of Scotland, where Committees are, by law, half and half. The average
constitution of a committee is _16_ but some range from _6_ to _40_.
LOANS.
The Ministry of Health determine the period for which sums of money for
particular purposes may be borrowed. The periods usually are:--
For sites or lands _65_ or _50_ years.
For buildings (with fixtures), _30_ years.
For books, _10_ years.
For furniture (movable only), _10_ years.
ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL EXPENDITURE FOR BRITISH MUNICIPAL LIBRARIES, WITH
AND WITHOUT LOANS.
With Without
Loans. Loans.
Salaries and Wages _40_ _45_
Books _14_ _18_
New _10_ _12_
Old _2_ _3_
Replacements _2_ _3_
Periodicals and Newspapers _6_ _6_
Binding _4_ _5_
Buildings _12_ _14_
Heating _4_ _4_
Lighting _4_ _4_
Fittings and Repairs _2_ _3_
Cleaning _1_ _2_
Insurance _1_ _1_
Establishment _6_ _9_
Stationery and Printing _2_ _5_
Postages _1_ _1_
Rates _3_ _3_
National Insurance _1_ _1_
Loans _15_ --
Miscellaneous _2_ _2_
---- ----
_100_ _100_
---- ----
STAFF.
The number of librarians and assistants employed in British Municipal
Libraries is considerably over _4,000_. The percentage of males is
_55%_. Our largest staffs are in Liverpool and Glasgow libraries (over
_200_ each) followed by Manchester and Birmingham with over _150_ and
_100_ respectively. Bradford, Bristol, Cardiff, Leeds, have each over
_50_ staff, and Bolton, Brighton, Edinburgh, Newcastle-on-Tyne and
Sheffield have staffs ranging from _30_ to _50_.
STAFF HOURS.
The average number of hours worked by the staffs in our larger
libraries is _42_ weekly.
MISCELLANEOUS PERCENTAGES PERTAINING TO THE ORGANIZATION OF A LIBRARY
SERVICE.
When a town has adopted the Public Libraries Acts it is possible, by
taking the population as a basis, to form an idea of the requirements
necessary to meet the demands that will probably be made upon the
service.
A careful survey of the statistics of over _500_ British Municipal
Libraries results in the following figures. The total percentage of
inhabitants who will make use of the Lending Department is _8_%; the
Reference Department, ¼%; and the Reading Room, _1_¼%.
As an example of the working of these percentages for a town of 100,000
inhabitants the following results are obtained:--
The Lending Department must cater for _8_% (_8,000_) of the population.
We can assume that each borrower will read _28_ books per annum. Thus
we would have an annual issue of _224,000_. If we assume that the
Department is open _307_ days in the year we would have a daily average
of _730_. The Library would be open _11_ to _12_ hours daily giving
us an hourly average of from _60_ to _66_. Experience has proved that
more borrowers are present at one time in the evenings and if we allow
_40_% extra to the hourly average attendance we get the number present
of from _84_ to _92_. By allowing _25_ square feet for each reader,
the total floor space required would be from _2,100_ to _2,300_ square
feet; or, an area _55_ feet by _40_ feet would admirably meet these
requirements.
REFERENCE LIBRARY.
¼% (_250_) of the population will use the Reference Department daily.
Using the above factors we would have an hourly average attendance of
_20_, and allowing for crowded periods and _25_ square feet for each
reader we would require an area of _700_ square feet; or, a room _28_
feet by _25_ feet.
READING ROOM.
_1_¼% (_1,250_) of the population will make use of the Reading Room
daily. Using the given factors we would have to provide accommodation
for _144_ readers present at one time. Allow _18_ square feet for each
reader, and we require an area of _2,592_ square feet; or a room about
_60_ feet by _44_ feet.
JUVENILE DEPARTMENT.
About _500_ square feet will be ample accommodation for this Department
in a town of this size.
LECTURE ROOMS.
Attendances vary so much here that it is impossible to secure reliable
figures. For a popular lecture room in a town of _100,000_ inhabitants
upwards of _400_ would have to be accommodated, and allowing _7_ square
feet for each person including platform, gangway, etc., we would
require an area of _2,800_ square feet; or, a room _40_ feet by _70_
feet.
FURNITURE AND FITTINGS.
The greater part of the fittings and furniture of public libraries are
made of wood. Oak is the kind most used, but walnut and mahogany are
very satisfactory for book-cases, tables and card cabinets.
BOOK CASES.
The chief requirements of book-shelving are accessibility and
adjustability. The best material for book-stacks is undoubtedly fumed
oak. An oak book-stack _10_ feet _10_ inches in length, _1_ foot _4_
inches in breadth and _6_ feet _10_ inches in height containing shelves
_3_ feet _6_ inches in length, _7_ inches in width and _1_ inch in
depth is an ideal stack for an open-access Lending Library. This stack
fitted with Tonks’ fittings, the metal studs being about ¾ inch apart,
contains _7_ shelves to the tier. For Lending Library purposes we can
estimate that nine books will take one foot of shelf space, and each
of the shelves will carry thirty books, therefore _7_ shelves or one
tier will accommodate _210_ books, _3_ tiers, or one bay will take
_630_ books and the complete stack will hold _1,260_ volumes. If we
take _1,250_ as an average for each stack we can work out any problem
arising if we know the number of books. For Reference Libraries _8_
books to the foot is the usual run. The shelves are _9_ inches apart
and the top shelf _6_ feet from the floor and the bottom shelf _1_ foot
from the floor.
Iron and steel book-stacks, standard size, for “closed” libraries
or for books accessible only to the staff are generally _7_ feet
_6_ inches by _3_ feet _2_ inches, by _15_ inches, which may be
joined (generally in bays of three) together. Standard reference
book-stacks are _7_ feet _6_ inches, by _3_ feet _2_ inches, by _18_
inches. Special cases must be provided for large books. For detailed
particulars of shelving _see_ Brown’s “Manual of library economy,”
_1907_ edition, Sections _139-150_, and _1919_ edition, Sections
_143-158_; Champney’s “Public Libraries,” _pp. 30-39_; Brown _and
others_--“Open-access Libraries.”
READING TABLES.
Reading-room Tables should be made of oak, and for adults they should
be _2_ feet _6_ inches high, and the breadth, where both sides are
used by readers should not be less than _3_ feet. Each reader should
be allowed _2_ feet _6_ inches. Tables should never be longer than _7_
feet _6_ inches. Where there is sufficient space tables _5_ feet long
and _3_ feet in breadth are the best. If a sloping top is required a
_fillet_ should be placed at the bottom to prevent papers slipping off.
No more than _4_ to _6_ readers should be accommodated at each table.
NEWSPAPER READING SLOPES.
A projecting brass rail, upon which readers may rest their arms, should
always be fixed at the bottom of the slope. About _4_ feet run should
be allowed for each paper when possible, but _3_ feet _6_ inches will
do if space is limited. The usual height of wall slopes is _3_ feet,
from the floor to the bottom of the slope, and _5_ feet from the floor
to the title plate, which should take the form of movable boards fitted
into brass brackets and placed at the top of the slope in the centre
of the newspaper. The bottom of the slope should be _1_ foot _3_
inches from the wall. There are several kinds of brass screw clips for
fastening the newspapers to the stands, but revolving holders should be
used for illustrated papers.
READING ROOM CHAIRS.
Arm-chairs are to be preferred to any others. The height of the seat
should be _1_ foot _4_ inches except for juvenile readers (when the
height will range from _12_ inches for children _5-9_ years of age,
with an additional inch for every four years up to _21_ years of age).
“OPEN-ACCESS” ENCLOSURE.
The lending library counter in an open-access library should be _3_
feet high and _2_ feet wide and the minimum area for the enclosure
should be _8_ feet by _8_ feet for the smaller libraries and a minimum
of _10_ feet by _10_ feet for libraries registering a daily issue of
over _1,000_ volumes. For detailed kinds of barriers, latches, etc.,
see Brown’s “Manual of library economy,” _1907_ edition, Sections
_128-129_; _1919_ edition, Sections _131-136_; and Brown _and others_
“Open-access libraries.”
MISCELLANEOUS.
Gangways between double reading tables, with movable chairs should be
at least _6_ feet. Gangways down the sides of centre of a room should
be _7_ feet. Space between each book, stack in a closed library should
be a minimum of _4_ feet and in an open-access library a minimum of _6_
feet.
In planning buildings _18_ to _24_ inches should be allowed for
external walls, and _6_ to _9_ inches for internal walls.
COURSE 7: LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION.
TEXT BOOKS REQUIRED.
American Library Association--Manual of library economy. _Preprints
Nos. 1-32. A.L.A. Also Grafton. 1s. 6d. each._
Baker (E. A.)--The public library. _O’Connor, 1922. 12s. 6d._
Bostwick (A. E.)--The American public library. _3rd edition. Appleton,
1923. 12s. 6d._
Brown (J. D.)--Manual of library economy. _3rd edition, revised by W.
C. B. Sayers. Grafton, 1919, 30s._
Brown (J. D.) and others--Open access libraries. _Grafton 1915. 10s.
6d._
Dana (J. C.)--Library primer. _1910. Library Bureau. 6s._
Library Economics. _Grafton, 1909. 2s. 6d._
Rae (W. S. C.)--Public library administration. _Routledge, 1913. Also
Grafton. 3s. 6d._
Roebuck (G. E.) _and_ Thorne (W. B.)--A primer of library practice.
_Grafton, 1914. 5s._
_Lesson 1._
GENERAL POLICY, ADMINISTRATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF CHIEF DEPARTMENTS.
In conjunction with the study of matters appertaining to the
administration of libraries, the student will find that a policy of
visiting as many libraries as possible will prove to be of material
assistance in demonstrating the comparative value of the various
details of arrangement, equipment, service, etc.
Note carefully the points taken into consideration in planning the
interior arrangement of the various departments, paying special
attention to the essential requirements with regard to accommodation.
(Read carefully the factors on pages _165-168_).
Several matters are to be taken into consideration in deciding the best
means of providing library facilities, and the functions and methods
of administering branch libraries, delivery stations, and travelling
libraries require studious attention.
The provision of newsrooms is sometimes criticised as unnecessary. Go
fully into the question, considering their purpose, cost, value, etc.
Their planning and arrangement, as also of magazine rooms, govern in a
large measure their success, and should be studied.
The passing of the “1919 Act” has resulted in the rapid establishment
of County Libraries, and introduced new problems in library policy.
These will become more acute and consequently require increasing
attention during coming years as the County Library systems develop.
The loss of efficiency due to lack of co-operation will become
more accentuated until means for the latter are provided. Various
suggestions have already been made and these should receive careful
consideration when making the necessary survey of the whole question.
Many libraries have adopted a policy of centralising certain branches
of administrative work, such as cataloguing, classification, etc. Give
full attention to this and consider in what circumstances and to what
extent this practice can be advantageously adopted.
READING LIST.
GENERAL.
Aldred--Matters connected with the organisation of libraries. _L.A.R.
Vol. 18, 1916, pp. 1-20._
Bond--Some features of recent library practice in Great Britain.
_L.A.R. Vol. 17, 1915, pp. 227-243._
Bostwick--Administration. _Chap. 12. A.L.A. Manual of library economy._
Bostwick--The American Public Library. _Chap. 21, pp. 282-311._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chaps. 8-12, pp.
106-166._
Brown and others--Open access libraries. _Chaps. 2-4, pp. 16-104._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 3-40_.
Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 29-66_.
Sandbach--Inter-library lending. _L.A.R. New Series. Vol. 3, 1925, pp.
230-241._
Sharp--Adult education and the public library. _L.A. Vol. 18, 1925, pp.
124-127; 159-164._
BRANCH LIBRARIES, DELIVERY STATIONS, TRAVELLING LIBRARIES.
Barrett--Branch libraries ... relations with central library. _L.A.R.
Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 78-84._
Bostwick--The American Public Library. _Chaps. 8 and 18, pp. 114-121;
243-260._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap, 26, pp. 366-374._
Eastman--Branch libraries. _Chap. 15. A.L.A. Manual of library economy._
Library economics, _pp. 89-91_.
Rae--Public library administration, _pp. 41-48_.
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice, _pp. 83-85_.
Savage--Delivery stations and town travelling libraries. _L.A.R. Vol.
6, 1904, pp. 119-127._
RURAL LIBRARIES.
Baker--The Public Library, _pp. 134-168_.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 35, pp. 477-485._
Gray--County library systems. _Grafton, 1922. 7s. 6d._
Hetherington--Rural libraries. _L.A.R. Vol 18, 1916, pp. 195-211._
Macleod--County rural libraries. _Grafton, 1923. 10s. 6d._
Savage--Possible means of co-operation between burgh and rural
libraries. _L.A. Vol 16, 1923, pp. 375-385._
Wright--Some principles of rural library economy. _L.W. Vol. 23,
1920-21, pp. 537-540._
NEWSROOMS. MAGAZINE ROOMS.
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 55-63._
Bolton--The newsroom as a department of the public library. _L.A.R.
Vol. 12, 1910, pp. 335-343._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 31, pp. 424-438._
Ellison--Newspapers and periodicals: methods of display, etc. _L.W.
Vol. 17, 1914-15, pp. 129-137._
Evans--Reading room methods. _L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10. pp. 373-378._
Jones--The newsroom. _L.A.R. Vol. 14, 1912, pp. 182-190._
Library economics. _pp. 7, 38, 97-101, 103._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 19-33._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 73-82._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ State what you know of the rural library movement in England. Can
you give the administrative arrangements of any particular system?
_2._ What consideration would govern your choice between delivery
stations and branch libraries?
_3._ Describe the principal methods of arranging newspapers and
periodicals in a reading room. Give titles of 10 daily, 10 weekly, and
10 monthly newspapers and periodicals which would be your first choice.
_4._ In a library system with a central department and four branches
would you place any administrative work under central control? Give
full reasons for your decision.
5. What do you consider to be the chief services a newsroom renders to
the public? State what you consider to be the main objections to the
establishment of newsrooms.
_Lesson 2._
SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS.
The several departments of which an up-to-date library is composed
each have their own peculiar problems, all of which are incapable of
satisfactory solution without special consideration.
Library work with children is growing in extent and importance, and
librarians of the immediate future may find this branch of their
many-sided activities requiring their first attention. Note the
special provision of lectures, story-hours, exhibitions, etc., and the
special points to be borne in mind during the planning, equipment and
arrangement of children’s rooms.
The section dealing with children’s libraries in the appended reading
list will require more time than many students are able to spare.
In such cases Sayers’s “Children’s Library” should be read first,
supplemented by the shorter articles.
Consider also the best methods of co-operation between libraries and
schools.
The adolescent question is one of the constantly recurring problems
which have exercised the minds of librarians for a number of years.
With regard to the fact that the adolescent reader requires special
attention, opinions may be said to be just as unanimous as they are
divided in deciding the form in which that special attention is to be
given, hence the necessity for fully considering the suggestions which
have been made towards a solution.
A special effort should be made to make the local collection as
complete as possible. Ascertain the best methods of storing and making
its contents available, and note what should be included in it.
Increased activity is being shown in meeting business and commercial
requirements. These vary according to locality, but every effort
should be made to ascertain what has been accomplished in the large
centres--Bolton, Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, etc., where
a special feature has been made of this work. Obtain if possible, the
handbooks issued by these towns describing their commercial libraries.
In connection with the provision of music in libraries some
rather novel suggestions have been put forward, _e.g._, the use
of gramophones, wireless, etc. These proposals should receive
consideration, and the replies and views expressed while they have been
under discussion should be noted.
Study the pros and cons of the policy of providing separate Ladies’
Room and Students’ Rooms, and their respective requirements in
equipment, arrangement, supervision, etc.
Attention must be given to the necessary procedure in obtaining
literature for blind readers, noting specially the sources of supply.
READING LIST.
LENDING DEPARTMENTS (GENERAL).
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 33-43._
Parker--Procedure in changing from a closed to an open-access library.
_L.A. Vol. 9, 1912, pp. 63-70._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp 13-18._
Thorne--Problem of the adolescent. _L.A. Vol. 16, 1923, pp. 206-210._
CHILDREN’S LIBRARIES (_see also pp. 41-44._)
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 63-74._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition, Chap. 32, pp. 439-456._
Brown _and others_--Open-access libraries. _Chap. 9, pp. 199-208_.
Dallimore--Object lessons to school children in the use of libraries.
_L.A.R. Vol. 11, 1909, pp. 49-68._
Downey--Teaching the use of the library. _L.J. Vol. 40, 1915, pp.
637-641._
Ellison--Library work with children. _L. & B. W. Vol. 6, 1915, pp.
91-95; 114-117._
Gilbert--Talks and readings to children. _L.W. Vol. 21, 1918-19, pp.
120-124._
Hazeltine--Library work with children. _Wilson, New York, 1917. Also
Grafton. 7s. 6d._
Jast--Library work with children. _L.A.R. Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 90-102._
Olcott--Library work with children. _A.L.A. Manual. Chap. 29._
Powell--The children’s library. _Wilson, New York, 1917. Also Grafton.
10s. 6d._
Price--The story-hour in libraries. _P.L. Vol. 12, 1907. pp. 347-9._
Rees---Libraries for children. _Grafton, 1924. 12s. 6d._
Sayers--The children’s library. _English Library. Routledge, 1911. Also
Grafton. 3s. 0d. O.P._
Sayers--Some notes on story-telling in libraries. _L.W. Vol. 20,
1917-18, pp. 288-90; 314-316._
SCHOOL LIBRARIES.
Alexander--School libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 24, 1922, pp. 12-19._
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 122-134._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 33, pp. 457-466._
Frayer--Co-operation between public libraries and elementary schools.
_L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 61-70._
Green--School libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp. 227-241._
McColvin--The relation between the library and the school. _L.W. Vol.
22, 1919-20, pp. 360-362._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 49-53._
Ward--The high-school library. _A.L.A. Manual. Chap. 7._
Wood--Administration of high-school libraries as branches of public
libraries. _L.J. Vol. 39, 1914, pp. 659-662_.
LOCAL COLLECTIONS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. (_See also pp. 47-50_).
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chaps. 28-9, pp.
399-417._
Collier--Local records in public libraries. _L.A.R. Vol 13, 1911, pp.
268-275._
Johnston--Special libraries. _Chap. 8. A.L.A. Manual of library
economy._
Library Economics. _pp. 19-24._
Pollitt--The duty of the public librarian in relation to local
literature and bibliography. _L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 119-126._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 54-56._
Ridley--Special libraries and information bureaux. _L.A.R. (New
Series). Vol. 3, 1925, pp. 242-255._
Sayers--Local collection problems. _L.W. Vols. 18-19, 1915-17._
COMMERCIAL AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES (_see also pp. 46-47._)
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 74-91._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 30, pp. 418-423._
Jast--The commercial library. _L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 118-124._
Jast--Organisation of British trade: the commercial library.
_Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes. 2d._
Pitt--Memoranda on commercial libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp.
175-178._
Reynolds--The technical library in its relation to the educational and
industrial development. _L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 250-261._
Savage--Technical libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 264-270._
The technical library. _L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 121-157._
MUSIC DEPARTMENT.
Bostwick---The American Public Library. _Chap. 24, pp. 336-338._
Bostwick--Popularising music through the library. _In his Library
Essays._ _Wilson: New York, 1920, pp. 325-340._
McColvin--Music in public libraries. _Grafton, 1924. 7s. 6d._
Riddle--Music in public libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 1-10._
Smith--Music and gramophones in public libraries. _L.A. Vol. 18, 1925,
pp. 60-65._
LADIES’ ROOMS. STUDENTS’ ROOMS.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition._ Section _479, pp.
437-438_.
Library Economics. _pp. 27-28._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 34-40._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 82-83._
Willcock--Ladies’ reading rooms. _L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 80-84._
BOOKS FOR THE BLIND.
Austin--National Library for the Blind. _L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp.
304-312._
Austin--Present ... possibilities of the public library service to the
blind. _L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 450-460._
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 91-95._
Bostwick--The American Public Library. _Chap. 33, pp. 324-335._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Section 197, pp. 181._
Chamberlain--Library work with the blind. _Chap. 30, A.L.A. Manual of
Library Economy._
Neisser--Report of the A.L.A. Committee on library work with the blind.
_A.L.A. Bulletin. Vol. 2, 1908, pp. 216-221._
Smith--Books for the blind. _L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 257-259._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ Draw a rough plan of a children’s lending library and reading
room, 30 feet by 25 feet, showing arrangement of bookcases, tables, and
other necessary furniture.
_2._ Outline what you consider to be the ideal arrangement for dealing
with adolescent readers.
_3._ What are the respective purposes of a commercial and a technical
library? Indicate briefly the nature of the essential stock.
_4._ What subjects would you choose in giving eight short talks to
children? Give the main points you would include in a talk on “How to
use the library.”
_5._ What do you consider to be the best method of working school
libraries? Give the main points you would include in instructions to
school librarians.
_6._ State exactly what you would include in a local collection, and
your procedure in the formation of one.
_Lesson 3._
AIDS TO READERS.
If there is any dividing line in the duties of a librarian, it surely
falls just when a suitable building has been erected and an adequate
stock, carefully classified and catalogued, has been provided. From
this point there is a good deal of what, perhaps, may be termed
propaganda work to be undertaken. The ideal library should be the
centre of all literary activity within the locality, but before this
stage is reached advantage must be taken of every possible opportunity
to reach and enrol those lukewarm citizens who are to be found in every
locality.
After the necessary attention has been paid to the ground covered in
this lesson, the student will find enjoyable, and certainly beneficial,
the task of compiling a list of all methods of popularising and
increasing the use of a library. If succeeding in contributing some new
and practicable suggestion, something solid will have been contributed
to library science.
A thoroughly efficient Reference Department cannot fail to render
first-class service to any community, but it must be remembered that
the very nature of reference work renders compulsory a high state of
efficiency. A comparison of the duties of reference and lending staffs
will assist one to visualise the special requirements of the department
more clearly. In surveying the various reference duties, consider the
advisability of allowing certain books to be taken out on loan, the
extent to which you would allow access to the stock, the disposition
of the various classes, and make a special note of the books which
are essential for the quick-reference section (_see page 72_). Note
also the means (indexing, etc.) necessary to render all information
immediately accessible.
Useful work is done in many places by Information Bureaux. Note the
information these are expected to supply, the preparation necessary to
equip them for the purpose they serve, and their possible development.
The success of a series of lectures depends chiefly on their proper
organization. See what arrangements are essential to their success,
and the best methods of ensuring that the interest created results in
increased use being made of the library. University Extension and other
movements, by wise co-operation, can serve the library in this respect.
Study the various points in connection with the formation of Reading
Circles, and the efforts required in order to guarantee their retention
as a live factor contributing to the success of the library.
The Central Library for Students renders assistance to libraries. Study
the nature of this, the conditions and the potentiality of the Library
as the centre of a more ambitious scheme of a national reservoir
library for the distribution of certain classes of books.
Consider the utility of the Bulletin, the information it should
contain, the policy of including advertisements to defray cost, and the
various points in connection with its production. Several libraries
issue bulletins (_see page 111_). If possible, obtain copies of these.
Up to the present the usual publicity methods have not been called to
the service of the library to the same extent in England as in America.
View the question from all aspects, note what is at present being done
by various libraries, and consider the numerous suggestions which have
been made for the expansion of this form of activity.
Note the importance of good shelf and stack guiding as aids to readers.
(_See pages 84-5 and read the articles given under the names of Coutts,
Savage and Stewart._)
READING LIST.
GENERAL.
Fay _and_ Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. _2nd
edition, revised. Faxon & Co.: Boston, 1919. Also Grafton. 22s. 6d._
Fearnside--Co-operation between a town library and local societies and
bodies. _L.A.R. Vol. 20, 1918, pp. 140-149._
Jones--Some aids to readers. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 225-233._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 87-90._
Spofford--Book for all readers. _3rd edition. Putnam, 1905. O.P. Chap.
10, pp. 190-214._
Stewart--How to use a library. _Elliot Stock, 1910._
REFERENCE WORK.
A.L.A.--Manual of library economy. _Chap. 22._
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 44-55._
Ballinger--The reference library. _L. Vol. 9, 1908, pp. 353-369._
Bostwick--The American Public Library. _Chap. 5, pp. 63-80._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 27, pp. 375-398._
Library Economics. _pp. 12-15; 52-55._
Pitt--Possible co-operation in reference library work. _L.A.R. Vol. 15,
1913, pp. 408-412._
Powell--The reference library. _L.A.R. (N.S.). Vol. 2, 1924, pp. 77-86._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 4-12._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice, _pp. 64-66_.
INFORMATION BUREAUX.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Section 421, pp.
396-7._
Information Bureaux and special libraries. Report of Proceedings of the
First Conference, _1924_. _Library Association, 1925. 3s. 6d._
Krauss--Information bureaux in public libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910,
pp. 14-22._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 57-62._
Ridley--Special libraries and information bureaux. _L.A.R. (N.S.) Vol.
3, 1925, pp. 242-255._
Smither--Information bureaux in public libraries. _L.W. Vol. 13,
1910-1911, pp. 99-106._
LECTURES.
Baker--The Public Library. _pp. 100-114._
Ballinger--Lectures and extensions. _L. Vol. 10, 1909, pp. 188-200._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Sections 526-536, pp.
467-475._
Curran--The public lecture in relation to public library work. _L.A.R.
Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 313-321._
Gordon--Library lectures. _L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 316-323._
Haxby--History, organisation, and educational value of municipal
library lectures. _L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 123-132._
Jast--A note on library readings. _L.A.R. Vol. 18, 1916, pp. 53-62._
Newcombe--Raison d’etre of library lectures. _L.A.R. Vol. 9, 1907, pp.
231-243; 261-266._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 89-95._
READING CIRCLES.
Harris--Organization and conduct of reading circles. _L.W. Vol. 17,
1914-15, pp. 69-72._
Pomfret--Reading circles. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 289-294._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 96-102._
EXHIBITIONS.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Sections 537-8, pp.
475-6._
Library Economics. _pp. 32-33._
Piper--Library exhibitions. _L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 275-280._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 128-130._
Ward--Publicity for public libraries. _Wilson, New York: 1924. Also
Grafton. (Chap. 12, pp. 155-202, Displays and exhibits)._
Warner--Holiday literature and picture exhibitions. _L.W. Vol. 12,
1909-10, pp. 49-54._
Wheeler--The library and the community. _A.L.A., 1924. Also Grafton.
(Chap. 26, pp. 291-307, Exhibits and displays)._
CENTRAL LIBRARY FOR STUDENTS.
Central Library for Students, by A. W. Pollard. _L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917,
pp. 372-378._
LIBRARY MAGAZINES, BOOK LISTS, etc.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Section 264, pp.
251-254._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 117-120._
Sayers _and_ Stewart--Library magazines. _L.W. Vols. 7 and 8, 1904-6._
Ward--Publicity for public libraries. _Chap. 9, pp. 91-110._
Wheeler--The library and the community. _Chaps. 22 and 23, pp. 243-267._
PUBLICITY.
A.L.A.--Manual of library economy. _Chapter 31._
Briscoe--Library advertising. _Coptic Series. Grafton, 1921. 7s. 6d._
Piper--Library advertising methods. _L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 71-79._
Ward--Publicity for public libraries. _Wilson, New York: 1924. Also
Grafton._
Wheeler--The library and the community. _A.L.A., 1924. Also Grafton.
15s._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ What steps would you take to ensure that the library obtained
full publicity and benefit from co-operation in a course of University
Extension lectures?
_2._ Give a brief account of the National Home Reading Union, and state
how you would conduct a reading circle.
_3._ In what way can the Central Library for Students assist the public
library?
_4._ What is an information bureau?
_5._ By what principal means would you advertise a library?
_6._ What steps would you take to keep readers fully acquainted with
new additions?
_Lesson 4._
BOOKBINDING. STATIONERY. PRINTING.
_Note.--Bookbinding is dealt with in Course I, Lesson 7 on pp. 16-18,
which should be treated as part of the present lesson._
All assistants should be thoroughly familiar, not merely with the
various forms used in their own library, but with the several
variations which are used in others. Study methods of storing
stationery, recording supplies, and note the means of checking supplies
in stock in order to avoid the irritating experience of finding some
particular item out of stock when most urgently required.
The necessary procedure, agreements, and arrangements in dealing with
the printer, and the checking of proof, should be noted.
READING LIST.
PRINTING.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Sections 265-266, pp.
254-257._
Proof reading marks and signs. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 308-09._
Walter--Library printing. _Chap. 32, A.L.A. Manual of library economy._
Ward--Publicity for public libraries. _Chap. 16, pp. 271-298. Library
printing and printing economies._
Wheeler--The library and the community. _Chap. 21, pp. 223-242. Layout
and typography of printed matter._
STATIONERY.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Sections 322-327, pp.
296-301._
Jast--Classification of office papers. (Originally published in Brown’s
Subject Classification).
Madeley--Classification of office papers. _L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp.
367-387._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ Outline in full the method you would adopt in dealing with
stationery supplies, giving ruling of any record you would use.
_2._ Give as many proof correction marks, with explanations, as you can.
_Lesson 5._
ROUTINE AND CORRESPONDENCE DETAILS.
Assistants are reminded that no matter how wisely the general policy
and administration of a library may be directed, no small measure of
its ultimate success is dependent on a scrupulous regard for accuracy
in the discharge of the many and varied details which make up the daily
routine. The various library duties are so co-ordinated that it is
almost impossible to make mistakes singly, and the slightest inaccuracy
or inattention to minor details will reduce the efficiency of a
library’s service.
Everything appertaining to staff routine, accession methods,
replacements, revision of stock, discarding, registration of borrowers,
checks on work and readers, charging and filing methods, accounting,
statistics, etc., can be done in different ways, but only work based on
a careful study and comparison of the various methods can achieve real
success.
READING LIST.
ACCESSION METHODS.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 14, pp. 189-205._
Collier--A rational accession method. _L. & B.W. Vol. 9, 1908, pp. 1-8._
Hopper--Order and accession department. _Chap. 17, A.L.A. Manual of
library economy._
Jast--Accessions: the checking processes. _L. Vol. 1, 1899, pp.
152-163._
Library Economics. _pp. 8-10._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 46-50._
CHECKS ON WORK. TIME SHEETS.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Sections 89-90, pp.
90-92._
Library Economics. _pp. 80-83._
McGill--A form of work-sheet. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 204-206._
REGISTRATION OF BORROWERS.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 24, pp. 341-349._
Library Economics. _pp. 87-89._
Neesham--Registration of borrowers. _L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp.
341-343._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 78-88._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 50-53._
ISSUE METHODS.
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Chap. 25, pp. 350-365_.
Brown _and others_--Open access libraries. _Chap. 7, pp. 155-178._
Library Economics. _pp. 1-5; 57-63; 10-12._
Pollitt--Principles of book charging. _L.W. Vol. 15, 1912-13, pp.
340-343._
Rae--Public library administration. _pp. 63-77._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 54-58; 65-66._
STORING. MAPS. PRINTS. PAMPHLETS. PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYS, ETC.
A.L.A.--Manual of library economy. _Chap. 25._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1919 edition. Sects. 300-313., pp.
414-5; 429-442._
Goss--Methods of ... preserving prints. _L.A.R. Vol. 17, 1915, pp.
349-362._
Jast--The treatment of pamphlets. _L.W. Vol. 4, 1901-2, pp. 60-63._
Sparke--Newspaper rack for bound volumes. _L.W. Vol. 3, 1900-01, pp.
127-128._
Spofford--Book for all readers. _Chap. 7, pp. 145-156._
Warner--Photographic surveys in connection with public libraries. _L.A.
Vol. 6, 1909, pp. 240-245._
Woodbine--Modern methods of book storage. _L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp.
446-454._
STATISTICS. ANNUAL REPORT.
Bostwick--The American Public Library. _Chap. 20, pp. 266-281._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _Chap. 4, pp. 60-70._
Hetherington--Library statistics. _L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 1-16._
Minto--Public library statistics. _L. New Series. Vol. 2, 1900, p. 164._
Willcock--What should an annual report contain? _L.A.R. Vol. 8, 1906,
pp. 363-371; 392-397._
MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS.
Coutts--Overdue books and the treatment of defaulters. _L.W. Vol. 14,
1911-12, pp. 241-246._
Dixon--the bespoken file. _L.W. Vol. 15, 1912-13, pp. 316-7._
Fry--Fines and other penalties. _L.W. Vol. 17, 1914-15, pp. 1-8._
Hatcher--Stocktaking methods. _L.A. Vol. 5, 1904, pp. 43-46._
Library Economics. Reserved Books, _p. 92_.
QUESTIONS.
_1._ Draw up a weekly time and work sheet for a library containing
lending, reference, and juvenile departments, open _9-30_ a.m. to _8-0_
p.m. each week day. The staff consists of five senior and ten junior
assistants, working forty-two hours per week.
_2._ State what information you would include in an annual report.
_3._ Give the ruling of (_a_) accession book (_b_) overdue book (_c_)
cash receipt book (_d_) donation book.
_4._ Mention the various methods of indicating ownership of books,
stating which you prefer for reference and lending library books,
newspapers, and periodicals.
_5._ Give in their correct order the various processes through which a
book has passed from entering the library to the time it is issued to a
reader.
_6._ By what means would you ascertain the number of books consulted in
(_a_) an open access and (_b_) a closed reference department?
TEST EXAMINATION.
_1._ Describe what you consider to be the best means of advertising a
library.
_2._ Assume that legal proceedings are about to be taken for the
recovery of a book. By what steps has the case reached this stage? Give
wording of the necessary correspondence in connection with the case.
_3._ Show, by a rough plan, how you would arrange the bookcases,
barriers, and necessary furniture and fittings for an open-access
library 50 feet by 40 feet, not top-lighted.
_4._ Discuss the policy of providing special reading rooms for ladies.
_5._ State how the public library can most usefully collaborate with
the Education Committee in relation to continuation schools.
_6._ Describe what aids you would provide in a closely classified
lending library to indicate the exact location of a book, and give what
you consider to be the best method of dealing with “oversize” books.
_7._ Give the approximate initial cost of establishing a home bindery,
stating what requisites you would provide. What advantages would be
gained by having such a department?
_8._ Discuss the policy of allowing children free access to the whole
of the stock in their department.
_9._ Name twenty works which you consider essential to the success of a
quick-reference section.
_10._ Outline the duties of an assistant in a (_a_) children’s library
(_b_) lending library (_c_) information desk.
_11._ Give a list of ten newspapers and six general, six trade, six
political, and six ladies’ periodicals you would recommend for a
general reading room. State what you consider to be the best means of
displaying them, and outline fully the instructions you would give with
regard to filing the periodicals you select.
_12._ Discuss the value of statistics in estimating the work done by a
public library.
COURSE 8: HISTORY OF LIBRARIES.
There are not wanting those who claim as the first and greatest of
all libraries that vast and glorious “stone book of nature.” It was
by observing the ability of hard substances to leave their impress on
those of a softer nature--the means by which this great stone-book
was written--that man acquired the art of writing, of recording his
opinions and the various incidents of his life and the lives of those
around him. In the earliest stages of his progress in this art this
was done on the walls of his rough habitations, but later man adopted
a more permanent and convenient form on bark, leaves, skin, tablets of
clay and like substances.
It was for the preservation of these that “houses of the records”
came to be established throughout the countries of the ancient
peoples, sometimes as parts of their temples and sometimes as distinct
buildings, and it is from these that our modern libraries have evolved.
As a study, the history of libraries only appeals to a small portion
of the library profession, therefore, I am not giving special reading
lists, but simply a brief outline of the requirements necessary, a
select bibliography of the more important works, and the questions
one would expect a student to be able to answer should he present
himself for examination. For a general idea of primitive libraries
Edward Clodd’s “Story of the alphabet” _Library of Useful Stories_,
Richardson’s “Beginnings of libraries,” _1914_, and Rawlings’ “Story of
books,” _1912_ should be read as an introduction to the subject.
REQUIREMENTS.
Origin, varieties and history of libraries in general. The ancient
libraries of Assyria, Babylonia, Chaldea, Egypt, Persia, Greece and
Rome. Mediæval libraries and their modern successors--Monastic, Royal
and University libraries. Private libraries should also be known, and
students must become familiar with the lives of eminent book-collectors
from the earliest times to the present day. Such names as the
following should be noted: Benedict; Richard de Bury; Nicholas V.;
the Medici Family; Jean Grolier; Sir Thomas Bodley; Gabriel Naudé;
Jules Mazarin; Robert Harley; Sir Hans Sloane; J. A. Zaluski; Duke of
Roxburghe; Lord Spencer; Lord Crawford; P. Morgan; H. E. Widener.
The principal British libraries are:--
British Museum, London (including the departments at South
Kensington); Bodleian Library, Oxford; University Library, Cambridge;
John Rylands Library, Manchester; Chetham Library, Manchester; London
Library; Guildhall Library, London; Sion College, London; Lambeth
Palace, London; Trinity College, Dublin; National Library of Ireland;
National Library of Scotland, _formerly_ The Advocate’s Library,
Edinburgh; University Libraries of Aberdeen, St. Andrews, Edinburgh
and Glasgow; Signet Library, Edinburgh; National Library of Wales,
Aberystwyth.
The principal American libraries are:--
Boston Public Library; Chicago Public Library; Harvard University;
John Crerar Library, Chicago; Newberry Library, Chicago; Yale
University Library, New Haven; New York Public Library; Columbia
University, New York; New York State Library, Albany; Public Library,
Pittsburg, Philadelphia University; Library of Congress, Washington;
University Library, Chicago; Cornell University, Ithaca.
The principal European libraries are:--
_Austria._--Royal Library, Vienna; University Library, Vienna.
_Belgium._--Royal Library, Brussels; University Library, Ghent.
_Denmark._--Royal Library, Copenhagen.
_France._--Arsenal Library, Paris; Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris;
St. Geneviéve, Paris; University Library (Sorbonne), Paris; Mazarin
Library, Paris.
_Germany._--Royal Library, Berlin; Ducal Library, Darmstadt; Royal
Library, Dresden; University Library, Gottingen; University Library,
Heidelberg; University Library, Leipzig; Royal Library, Munich;
University Library, Munich; University Library, Strassburg; Royal
Library, Stuttgart; City Library, Hamburg.
_Greece._--University Libraries, Athens.
_Holland._--Royal Library, Hague; University Libraries, Leyden and
Utrecht; Municipal University, Amsterdam.
_Hungary._--Hungarian National Museum, Buda-Pest.
_Italy._--National Library, Florence; Mediceo-Laurenzian Library,
Florence; Vatican Library, Rome; Victor Emmanuel Library, Rome; Marcian
Library, Venice; Ambrosian Library, Milan; National Library, Naples;
University Library, Bologna; National Library, Turin.
_Norway._--University Library, Oslo.
_Portugal._--National Library, Lisbon.
_Russia._--Imperial Library, Leningrad; University Library, Moscow.
_Spain._--Royal Library, Escorial; National Library, Madrid.
_Sweden._--Royal Library, Stockholm; University Library, Upsala.
_Switzerland._--Cantonal and State Library, Zurich.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Americana--Article _Libraries_.
Axon--Ancient and modern libraries. _In British Almanac Companion,
1876, pp. 103-122._
Blades--On chained libraries. _L. Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 411-416._
Boyd--Public libraries and literary culture in ancient Rome. _1915._
Clark--The care of books: an essay on the development of libraries and
their fittings, from the earliest times to the end of the eighteenth
century. _C.U.P._, _1901_.
Clark--Libraries in the Mediæval and Renaissance Periods. _1894._
Clarke--Repertorium bibliographicum; or some account of the most
celebrated British libraries. _2 vols. Clarke._
Cowper--Notices of ancient libraries. _Notes and Queries, 1855. Vol. 2,
pp. 258, 337, 361, 493, 512._
Dechelette--Manuel d’archéologie prehistorique Celtique et
Galto-Romaine. _Vol. 1. Paris, 1908._
Edwards--Memoirs of libraries: including a handbook of library economy.
_2 vols. Trubner, 1859._
_Contents_:--_Vol. 1, Book 1._--Libraries of the Ancients, _p.
3-82_. _Book 2._--Libraries of the Middle Ages, _pp. 83-415_. _Book
3._--Modern libraries of Great Britain and Ireland, _pp. 416-820_.
_Vol. 2, Book 3 (cont.)_--Modern libraries of Great Britain and
Ireland, _pp. 3-162_. _Book 4._--Libraries of the United States of
America, _pp. 163-242_. Book 5.--Modern libraries of Continental
Europe, _pp. 243-568_.
Encyclopædia Britannica, _last two editions_.--Articles _Libraries_.
Fay _and_ Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. _Chap.
12, pp. 163-178._
Graesel--Handbuch der Bibliothekslehre. _Weber: Leipzic, 1902._
Greenwood--Free public libraries: their organisation, uses and
management. _1886._
Greenwood--Public libraries: a history of the movement and a manual
for the organisation and management of rate-supported libraries. _4th
edition, 1894._
Horne--Introduction to the study of bibliography. _2 vols. Cadell and
Davies, 1814._
_Vol. 1._--Memoir of the public libraries of the ancients, _pp. 1-25
and part 1, pp. 30-143_.
Kirkwood--Proposals made in _1699_ to found public libraries in
Scotland. _1889._
Koch--Portfolio of Carnegie Libraries.
Libraries, Public--Return showing the names of all places in England,
in Scotland, and in Ireland, in which the Public Libraries Acts have
been adopted prior to the end of the last financial year, etc. _1912._
Morgan--Monastic libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 290-297._
New International Encyclopedia--Article _Libraries_.
Ogle--The free library: its history and present condition. _The Library
Series, 1897._
Phillips--The monastic libraries of Wales. _1913._
Prideaux--Library economy in the _16_th century. _L.A.R. Vol. 10, 1909,
pp. 152-174._
Rau--Did Omar destroy the library of Alexandria. _Nineteenth Century,
1894, pp. 555-571._
Rawlings--Story of books. _Useful Knowledge Series. Hodder & Stoughton,
1912, pp. 9-70._
Richardson--The beginnings of libraries. _1914._
Richardson--Biblical libraries: a sketch of library history from B.C.
_3400_ to A.D. _150_. _Princeton Univ. Press. Milford, 1915. 5s. 6d._
Rye--The libraries of London: a guide for students. _1908._
Sandys--A history of classical scholarship, from the _6_th century B.C.
to the end of the Middle Ages. _3 vols., 1906-08._
Savage--Old English Libraries, the making, collection and use of books
during the Middle Ages. _The Antiquary’s Library. Methuen, 1911._
Savage--The story of libraries and book-collectors. _The English
Library. Routledge, 1908._
Smith--Babylonian and Assyrian libraries. _North British Review, 1870,
pp. 305-324._
Spofford--The history of libraries. _In his “A book for all readers.”
Putnam, 1905, Chap. 15, pp. 287-320._
Teggart--Contribution towards a bibliography of ancient libraries,
_1899_. _Also in L.J. Vol. 24, p. 5._
Universal Cyclopædia.--Article _Libraries_.
Wheatley--Assyrian Libraries. _L.A.T. 1880, pp: 87-90._
Williams _and_ Meredith, _editors_.--The Librarians’ Guide. _Annually
from 1923._
Wynkoop--Commissions, state aid and state agencies. (_A.L.A. Manual of
library economy. Chap. 27_).
BOOK COLLECTORS:--
Elton--Great book collectors. _1893._
Edwards--Free town libraries. _Book-collectors, pp. 224 to end._
Fletcher---English book collectors. _1902._
Savage--The story of libraries and book collectors. _1909, pp. 211-220._
Stephen--One hundred book collectors. _L.W. Vol. 10, 1907, pp. 194.
Also in Library Economics; pp. 63-80._
SPECIAL LIBRARIES.
_Note._--Cannons’ “Bibliography of library economy” [_1876-1923_]; the
“Story of the Nations” and “Countries and Peoples” series, should be
consulted for each country.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
_Bodleian Library, Oxford._
Bodleian Library Tercentenary. _L.W. Vol. 5, 1902, pp. 113-119._
Bolton--History of the Bodleian library. _L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp.
241-246._
Clark--A Bodleian guide for visitors. _1906._
Cowley--Recent history of the Bodleian library. _L.A.R. Vol. 23, 1921,
pp. 316-325._
Machray--Annals of the Bodleian library, _1598-1867_. _1868._
_British Museum, London._
Cowtan--Memories of the British Museum. _1872._
Edwards--Lives of the founders of the British Museum: with notices of
its chief augmentors and other benefactors, _1570-1870_. _2 Vols. 1870._
Greenwood--Public libraries, _1894, pp. 493-501_.
Rawlings--British Museum Library. _1916._
Shelley--The British Museum: its history and treasures. _Pitman, 1911._
_Cambridge University Library._
Aldis--Organization and methods of the Cambridge University Library.
_L.A.R. Vol. 7, 1905, pp. 625-636._
Huck--University Library, Cambridge. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp.
257-266._
Protheroe--A memoir of Henry Bradshaw. _1888._
_Chetham Library, Manchester._
Nicholson--The Chetham Hospital and Library. _1910._
_John Rylands Library, Manchester._
John Rylands Library, Manchester: a brief historical description of
the library and its contents, illustrated with thirty-seven views and
facsimiles. _1914. John Rylands Library, 6d._
John Rylands Library. _L.A.R. Vol. 1, 1899. pp. 564-571; 679-688._
Lyell--John Rylands Library. _L.W. Vol. 19, 1916-17, pp. 312-314._
_London Library._
Purnell--The London Library. _L.A.R. Vol. 23, 1921, pp. 102-112._
_London University Library._
Baker--The library of the University of London. _L.A.R. Vol. 16, 1904,
pp. 28-38._
Chambers--Library of the University College of London. _L.A.R. Vol 11,
1909, pp. 350-358; 361-363._
_Marsh’s Library, Dublin._
White--An account of Marsh’s library. _L.A.R. Vol. 1, 1899, pp.
132-145._
_National Library of Ireland._
Vine--National Library of Ireland. _L.A.R. Vol 4, 1902, pp. 95-109._
_National Library of Wales._
The National Library of Wales. _L.W. Vol 14, 1911-12, pp. 79-82._
The National Library of Wales. _L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 211-215;
276-284._
_Sion College Library, London._
Pearce--Sion College and Library. _1913._
FRANCE.
Mortet--The public libraries of France, national, communal and
university. _L.A.R. Vol 3, (N.S.), 1925, pp. 145-159._
Turnbull--The libraries of France. _L.W. Vol 12, 1909-10, pp. 125-127._
_Bibliotheque Nationale._
The National Library of France. _L. Vol 4, 1892 pp. 277-287._
ITALY. _Vatican Library._
Sayle--The Vatican Library. _L. Vol 6, 1894, pp. 327-343._
SPAIN. _Escorial Library._
Lyell--The Escorial and its library. _L.W. Vol. 24, 1921-22, pp. 81-84._
UNITED STATES.
Bolton--American library history. _A.L.A. Manual of library economy.
Chap. 1._
Bolton--Proprietary libraries. _A.L.A. Manual of library economy. Chap.
5._
Fletcher--Public libraries in America. _English Bookman’s Library,
1902._
Flint--Statistics of public libraries in the United States, _1893_.
Green--The public library movement in the United States, _1853-1893_;
from _1876_, reminiscences of the writer. _Useful Reference Series, No.
8._
_Library of Congress._
Bishop--Library of Congress. _A.L.A. Manual of library economy. Chap.
2._
Johnston--History of the Library of Congress. _1904. Vol. I. 1800-1864._
Library of Congress and its work. _21 pp. Library of Congress._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ Write a brief account of the origin of the British Museum, and
describe three of the notable collections of books or manuscripts which
it contains.
_2._ Where were public libraries usually situated in ancient Rome, and
what was the nature of the books kept in them?
_3._ Give an account of the library of the Abbey of Monte Cassino and
of the rule of St. Benedict so far as it relates to the use of books.
_4._ Describe the various forms and kinds of books preserved in the
ancient libraries before the invention of printing.
_5._ What do you know of the method of chaining books in libraries?
State where chained books may still be seen.
_6._ Give a short account of the lives of two of the following: Andrew
Carnegie; Edward Edwards; Henry Bradshaw; James Duff Brown; H. E.
Widener.
_7._ Describe the physical properties of early forms of books, and
their method of storage.
_8._ Name some monastic libraries that existed in England, and briefly
describe four of them.
_9._ Give a brief historical sketch of four of the following
libraries:--British Museum; Library of Congress; Bibliotheque
Nationale, Paris; Vatican Library; Escorial Library; Royal Library,
Copenhagen; John Rylands Library; National Library of Wales; National
Library of Scotland; Trinity College, Dublin.
_10._ State briefly what you know of the following:--Richard de
Bury; T. F. Dibdin; Henry Bradshaw; Matthias Corvinus; Petrarch;
Assurbanipal; Sixtus IV.; Dr. Bray; Henry Huth; J. A. Zaluski; Lord
Amhurst of Hackney; C. A. Cutter.
[Illustration: HOPKINS & SONS, “CENTRAL PRESS,” BOLTON.]
Corrections
The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
The word “libaries” was converted to “libraries” throughout the book.
p. xii
Cloth. pp. 154. Chicago: Amercian Library Association.
Cloth. pp. 154. Chicago: American Library Association.
p. 25
Crown Octovo
Crown Octavo
p. 28
jusqu’a la fin du seiziéme siécle
jusqu’à la fin du seizième siècle
en langue francaise
en langue française
La minature Francaise
La miniature Française
p. 32
English Cataogue of books
English Catalogue of books
p. 46
lending departmant
lending department
p. 52
Bibliographie der socialismus und cummunismus
Bibliographie der Sozialismus und Kommunismus
p. 61
Describe briefly not nore
Describe briefly not more
p. 62
Committee of the Bibliograhpical
Committee of the Bibliographical
p. 74
Arcticles very brief
Articles very brief
p. 108
These may be had at a triflng cost
These may be had at a trifling cost
p. 113
carry out the work in accorddance
carry out the work in accordance
p. 120
Manley (J. M.) _and_ Rickert (E.)--Contemporary British literature:
bibliographies and study outlines. _1923._
Manly (J. M.) _and_ Rickett (E.)--Contemporary British literature:
bibliographies and study outlines. _1923._
p. 135
outbreak of of the French Revolution
outbreak of the French Revolution
p. 143
The Brontes.
The Brontës.
p. 146
The Pre-Raphaelities
The Pre-Raphaelites
p. 162
The numbers 7 and 8 were in reverse order in the original.
p. 172
Newrooms. Magazine Rooms.
Newsrooms. Magazine Rooms.
p. 191
formerly The Advocate’s Library, Ebinburgh;
formerly The Advocate’s Library, Edinburgh;
Belgium.--Royal Library, Brussells
Belgium.--Royal Library, Brussels