_1._ READING.
Saintsbury (G.)--History of 19th century literature, _1780-1895_.
_1896._
Walker (Hugh)--The age of Tennyson, _1832-1870_. _Handbooks of E.L.
1897._
Walker (Hugh)--Literature of the Victorian era. _1910._
Walker (_Mr. and Mrs._ Hugh)--Outline of Victorian literature. _1914._
Albert (E.)--English literature. _Chaps. 11-12._
Buchan (J.)--English literature. _Section 6._
Long (W. J.)--English literature. _Chap. 11._
Saintsbury (G.)--English literature. _Book 11._
Strong (A. T.)--English literature. _Chaps. 22-23._
Bates (K. L.)--American literature. _Chaps. 4-6._
Trent (W. P.)--American literature. _Part 4._
_2._ REFERENCE.
Cambridge history of English literature. _Vols. 12-14._
Cambridge history of American literature. _Vols. 2-3._
Cunliffe (J. W.)--English literature during the last half century.
_1919._
Elton (Oliver)--Survey of English literature, _1830-1880_. _2 vols.
1920._
Jackson (Holbrook)--The Eighteen-nineties. _1913._
Kennedy (J. M.)--English literature, _1880-1905_. _1912._
Manly (J. M.) _and_ Rickert (E.)--Contemporary American literature:
bibliographies and study outlines. _1923._
Manly (J. M.) _and_ Rickert (E.)--Contemporary British literature:
bibliographies and study outlines. _1923._
Williams (Harold)--Modern English writers, _1890-1914_.
LITERARY HISTORY.
_Lesson 1 (c. 500-1500)._
PART I.--OLD ENGLISH PERIOD (_c. 500 to 1066_).
_Forces at Work._--The Anglo-Saxon invasion and gradual conquest and
settlement. The coming of Christianity and its struggle with the pagan
view of life. The inroads of the Danes and the growth of national
feeling under Alfred. The subsequent Danish rule and the Gallicising of
the court. The Norman Conquest.
_Literary Features._--Early literature pagan. The late development
of Christian prose and poetry. The preponderance of anonymous works.
The lack of originality shown in the large number of translations and
imitations. Pagan literature almost wholly descriptive and narrative;
the meditative element. Christian literature chiefly religious and
didactic. Note the chief surviving texts and their peculiarities; also
the characteristics of Anglo-Saxon prosody.
_1._ PAGAN POETRY.--(_a_) _Descriptive and Narrative_:--“Beowulf.”
“Widsith.” “Waldhere.” “Finnsburgh.” “Brunanburgh.” “Maldon.” (_b_)
_Meditative_:--“The Wanderer.” “The Seafarer.” “Deor’s Lament.” “The
Wife’s Complaint.” “The Husband’s Message.”
_2._ CHRISTIAN POETRY. (_a_) Caedmon and his school. (_b_) Cynewulf and
his followers. (_c_) _Minor works_:--“The Riming Poem,” Proverbs, etc.
_3._ ANGLO-SAXON PROSE.--Alfred. Aelfric. Wulfstan. The Homilists.
“The Chronicle.” (Note the character of the works translated, and the
influence of Latin).
_4._ LATIN PROSE.--Bede. Aldhelm. Alcuin.
PART II.--MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (_1066-1350_).
_Forces at Work._--Effects of the Norman Conquest. Growth of feudalism.
The struggle between the king and barons, and between ecclesiastical
and civil power. The spread of monastic orders; the development of
Parliament and constitution. The wars with Scotland, France and Wales;
the growth of towns and industries. The foundation of universities and
the growth of scholarship. The beginnings of chivalry and the spirit of
romance.
_Literary Features._--The disappearance of Anglo-Saxon as a literary
language. The predominance of Latin and French works until the 13th
century. The gradual merging of Norman and Anglo-Saxon into English;
the clash of dialects and the final triumph of the West Midland speech;
the subsequent struggle between Latin, French, and native models in
poetry and prose. Note the decrease in anonymous works (but lack of
detail regarding most authors), and the absence of any great literary
figure. Poetry predominates and attains new forms in the metrical
romance and the lyric. The revival of alliteration at the end of the
period. The growth of rhymed models.
_1._ ANGLO-LATIN LITERATURE.--Note influence of Paris and Oxford.
(_a_) _Chroniclers_: William of Malmesbury. Henry of Huntingdon.
Geoffrey of Monmouth. William of Newburgh. Jocelin of Brakelond.
Giraldus Cambrensis. Walter Map. Matthew Paris, (_b_) _Scholars and
Philosophers_: Anselm. John of Salisbury. Alex. Neckham. Robert
Grosseteste. Roger Bacon. Richard de Bury. Duns Scotus. William of
Occam.
_2._ ANGLO-FRENCH LITERATURE.--Gaimer and Wace, and their influence on
the rhyming chroniclers. Religious and didactic works and their English
counterparts. The Norman romantic spirit and its influence on popular
literature.
_3._ MIDDLE ENGLISH PROSE.--“The Ancren Riwle.” “Ayenbit of Inwit.”
_4._ POETRY OF THE TRANSITION.--(_a_) _The Rhyming Chronicles_:
Layamon. Robert of Gloucester. Mannynge of Brunne. Laurence Minot.
(_b_) _Religious and Didactic_: (_i_) The “Ormulum.” “Owl and the
Nightingale.” “Proverbs of Alfred.” “Poema Morale.” (_ii_) “Proverbs
of Hendyng.” “Cursor Mundi.” “Pricke of Conscience.” “Handlynge
Synne.” (_c_) _Metrical Romances_: The Carlovingian, Arthurian, Roman,
and other romance “cycles.” (_d_) _Tales in Verse_: Fabliaux, moral
tales, beast stories, and satirical pieces. Story collections like
the “Gesta Romanorum” and the “Seven Sages of Rome.” (_e_) _Lyric and
Miscellaneous_: Songs of love and religion. Political Songs. (_f_) _The
Alliterative Revival_: “Pearl,” “Cleanness,” “Patience,” “Sir Gawayne
and the Green Knight.”
_5._ ORIGINS OF THE DRAMA.--Mummery, miracle plays, and mysteries.
_6._ OUTLINES OF WELSH AND IRISH LITERATURE.
PART III.--THE EARLY RENAISSANCE (_1350-1500_).
_Forces at Work._--The growing social unrest following the Plague. The
growth of town life and industries. The strengthening of Parliament
under the Lancastrians. The decay of the religious orders and growth of
Lollardy. The introduction of printing leading to a wider interest in
literature.
_Literary Features._--The renewal of continental influences under
Chaucer. The standardisation of English. The growth of the critical
spirit leading in religion to polemic and in poetry to a nearer
approach to realism. The development of miracle and morality plays
in connection with industries and town life. The decline of anonymity
and the appearance of the first great literary figures. The growing
importance of prose, and the formation of a definite style. The
development of a new prosody, and the growth of allegory, ballad
literature, and political songs. The rapid development in Scotch poetry.
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Leaders_: Chaucer. Langland. Gower. (_b_)
_English Chaucerians_: Lydgate, Occleve, Hawes, and the minors. (_c_)
_Early Scots Poetry_: Barbour. Blind Harry. Andrew of Wyntoun. The
Chroniclers. (_d_) _Scottish Chaucerians_: James I. Henryson. Dunbar.
Douglas. Kennedy. (_e_) _Folk Poetry_: Songs, ballads, political and
religious verse.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--Development of miracle plays and moralities. _The
chief cycles_: York, Wakefield, Chester, Coventry Newcastle, Norwich.
_Chief Moralities_: “Castle of Perseverance,” “Mary Magdalen,”
“Everyman.”
_3._ PROSE.--Wyclif and Trevisa, Mandeville, Pecock, Fortescue, and
Capgrave. Malory, Caxton, and Berners. The “Paston Letters.”
TEST PAPER--(_c. 500 to 1500_).
_1._ The Christian poetry of the Anglo-Saxon period is generally
divided into two schools. Name these, and arrange under each the chief
works and writers where known.
_2._ What are the chief characteristics of Old English prose?
_3._ What effect had the Norman Conquest on English literature?
_4._ Name the chief poems which mark the transition stage between Old
English and Modern English.
_5._ In what form did the romantic spirit find its outlet in Middle
English literature?
_6._ Contrast the literary spirit of Chaucer’s age with that of the
previous age.
_7._ Who were the chief followers of Chaucer in England and Scotland?
Briefly contrast any two of them.
_8._ What was Caxton’s special service to English literature?
_9._ Write brief notes on any three of the following: “Widsith,”
“Pricke of Conscience,” “Sir Gawayne,” “Gesta Romanorum,” the “Prologue
to the Canterbury Tales,” “Ancren Riwle,” “Mandeville’s Travels,”.
_10._ Name the source and approximate date of any five of the following:
“Sumer is icumen in.”
“He was a very parfit gentil knight.”
“In a somer seson, when softe was the sonne.”
“He knew the taverns well in every toun.”
“A freedom is a nobil thing.”
“His study was but litel in the Bible.”
“For he that is trewe of his tongue, and of his two handes and doth
the werken therewith, and willeth no man ille; He is a god by the
gospel.”
_Lesson 2 (1500-1630)_
PART I.--RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (_1500-1579_).
_Forces at Work._--The accession of the Tudors making for peace and
social development. The introduction and spread of the new learning
by Erasmus and others. The Reformation. Henry’s struggle with the
Papacy, and the resulting reconstitution of the English church and
dissolution of the monasteries. The religious persecutions under Mary
and Elizabeth, and the beginnings of Puritanism.
_Literary Features._--A period of transition and for the most part poor
in material. Changes in the language, such as the dropping of the final
e, are causing new metrical experiments and forms. Barclay introduces
the ecologue, and Wyatt and Surrey the sonnet. A striking feature is
the decay of Scottish poetry, which does not revive until the 18th
century. The drama gradually supersedes the old metrical romance. The
miracle and morality play give way to the interlude, and later to
tragedy and comedy proper. Prose is chiefly concerned with religious
and historical topics. There is a marked decay in the influence of
Latin models, and some tentative attempts to develop native qualities.
The bases of all our four prose styles are laid in this period.
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Scottish Rearguard_: Lyndsay. Maitland.
Alex. Scott. Alex. Montgomerie. (_b_) _The Spenserian Vanguard_:
Hawes. Barclay. Skelton. (_c_) _Satirical and Social Literature_: Mock
testaments. Satires on women. Jest books. Vagabond literature, (_d_)
_The New English Poetry_: Wyatt and Surrey. Gascoigne. Sackville. _The
poetical miscellanies._ (_e_) _Verse Translations from the Classics_:
Their influence as source books for dramatic plots, etc. Jasper
Heywood. Turberville. Phaer and Golding.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--_The Interlude_: John Heywood and John Rastel. Bale
and the “mystery play.” The new classical models at court and school.
_The first comedies_: “Ralph Roister Doister,” “Gammer Gurton’s
Needle,” etc. Dutch, Spanish, and Italian influences. Gascoigne.
Edwards and the anonymous “Humanists,” and their tragi-comedy.
_Romantic comedy_: “Promos and Cassandra,” _Senecan Tragedy_:
“Gorboduc,” Gascoigne. Kyd. Daniel.
_3._ CRITICAL PROSE.--Elyot and Ascham. Cheke. Wilson.
_4._ THE RENAISSANCE SCHOLARS.--Erasmus. Linacre. Grocyn. Colet. Lyly.
Fisher. More. Elyot.
_5._ REFORMATION LITERATURE.--Erasmus. “The Book of Common Prayer.”
Tyndale, Coverdale, and other workers on the English Bible. Cranmer,
Latimer, and the sermon writers. Sternhold and Hopkins and the Hymnal.
Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs.” _The Reformation in Scotland_: P. Hamilton.
J. Knox. R. Lindesay.
_6._ HISTORY AND TRAVEL.--Berners. Bale. Hall. Leland. Harrison.
Hollinshed.
PART II.--THE ELIZABETHANS (_1579-1630_).
_Forces at Work._--An age of expansion, geographically and mentally.
England becomes a power of the first rank, and her new position in the
world of affairs is emphasised by the glorious victory of 1588, and
the achievements of her explorers, adventures, and business men. The
influx of new ideas from the east, and the material wealth from the
west, overshadow the old religious quarrels, and the union of Scotland
and England helped to settle dynastic problems for a time. The new
commercial developments, however, raised the position of the middle
classes, and the reign of James I. is mainly a struggle for economic
power on their part and the “divine right of kings” idea on the part of
the crown.
_Literary Features._--The age is characterised by its revolt against
tradition. Despite the new interest in the classics, translations and
imitations are rendered in a remarkably free spirit. All borrowings are
remoulded and re-fashioned, and given a character native to themselves.
The language, in spite of the introduction of a host of foreign words,
emerges tempered and polished, and there is a remarkable output in all
forms of literature. The age is a quest for romance and adventure,
and nowhere does this spirit show itself so well as in literature.
The drama makes a wonderful leap into maturity; poetry blossoms forth
in great and original beauty. Prose attains a first-rate position,
steadily developing through the “conceits” of Euphuism to the splendid
models of Bacon and Hooker. The novel _only_ remains in its infancy, as
blank verse and metrical facility still overshadow the glorious prose
weapon in the course of development.
The chief poetic forms in use (stated in the order of their popularity)
were the lyric and the sonnet, the descriptive and narrative poem, from
pure description to allegory and pastoral; the religious, satirical
and didactic poem. The drama reaches its summation between _1595_
and _1615_, and begins to decline with Jonson. After Shakespeare the
pre-eminence of tragedy is challenged by light comedy, while the
masque has a brief but glorious run from Jonson to Milton. In prose
we have the remarkable vogue of the “character sketch,” developing
into the regular essay with Bacon, while the prose romance, a host of
miscellaneous pamphlets, theological writings, sermons translations,
travels, and the remarkable “Anatomy of Melancholy” all serve to form
the foundation of many important groups of the future.
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _Spenser and his successors_: Drummond. Wither.
Wm. Browne. Greville. Sir John Davis. Giles and Phineas Fletcher,
(_b_) _The Sonneteers_: Spenser. Sidney. Daniel. Constable. Lodge.
Barnes. G. Fletcher. Drayton. Shakespeare. (_c_) _Lyrists_: The lyric
in the drama. Greene. Breton. Lodge. Munday. John Wotton. Barnefield.
The miscellanies. Campion. Jonson. Shakespeare. (_d_) _Political
and Patriotic Verse_: Warner. Daniel. Drayton. (_e_) _Religious and
Philosophical Verse_: Giles and Phineas Fletcher. Sir John Davies.
Southwell. Wither. Donne. Drummond. (_f_) _Verse Satire_: Drayton.
Donne. Joseph Hall. Marston.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--(_a_) _Shakespeare’s predecessors_: The “university
wits”: Lyly. Nash. Peele. Lodge. Greene. Kyd. Marlowe. (Note chiefly:
historical plays are of a tragical cast; Lyly the only romantic comedy
writer till Shakespeare). (_b_) _Shakespeare, his contemporaries
and successors_: Jonson. Beaumont and Fletcher. Chapman. Marston.
Dekker. Middleton. Heywood. Tourneur. Webster. (_c_) _The Masque_:
Spenser. Jonson. Campion. Chapman. Beaumont. _(d) Pastoral Drama_:
The “university wits.” Daniel. Fletcher. Jonson. (_e_) _Dramatic
Criticism_: The Puritan attack on the stage. Gosson _versus_ Lodge.
Stubbs _versus_ Heywood, etc.
_3._ PROSE.--(_a_) _The Novel_: Its origins in romance of chivalry
and pastoral romance. The idylls of Lyly, Sidney, Greene, Lodge. The
realistic attempts of Nash and Deloney. The collections of tales from
foreign sources by Brooke, Painter, Fenton, and Pettie. (_b_) _The
“Character Sketch” and Essay_: Hall. Breton. Overbury. Earle. Bacon.
(_c_) _The critics_: Sidney. Harvey. Puttenham. Webbe. Harington.
T. Heywood. Jonson. Campion _versus_ Daniel. War of diction, form,
and style. (_See also_ Dramatic Criticism), (_d_) _The Satirists_:
Audelay. Harman. Dekker. Nash (_See also_ verse satire). (_e_) _The
Translators_: The Bible (A.V.) North. Florio. Holland. Fairfax. _Verse
translations_--Chapman. Stanyhurst. Harington. (_f_) _Historians and
Antiquaries_: Bacon. Raleigh. Knolles. Camden. Stow. (_g_) _Travel
and Geography_: Gilbert. Hawkins. Davies. Best. Hakluyt. Purchas.
Coryat. The poetry of discovery. (_h_) _Religious Controversialists and
Theologians_: Hooker. Andrewes. Ussher. Hall. Donne. The Marprelate
Controversy. (_i_) _Philosophical and Miscellaneous Prose_: Burton.
Bacon. Jonson. Selden.
TEST PAPER--_1500-1630_.
_1._ Briefly outline the developments of the drama from _1500-1630_.
_2._ Name the chief representatives of the English “humanists” and
Reformation writers. Describe the work of any one of them.
_3._ The Elizabethans have been described as “adventurers all.” Justify
this in reference to their literary output.
_4._ What were the chief foreign influences at work during the period
_1500-1630_?
_5._ Who were the chief prose writers of the period _1550-1630_?
Contrast any two of them.
_6._ Write a brief critical account of any one of the following:
Marlowe, Jonson, Bacon, or Spenser.
_7._ Discuss the origin and development of the novel in reference to
this period.
_8._ Shakespeare’s dramatic career is usually classified into periods.
Describe these, and name three plays belonging to each.
_9._ What were the chief poetical forms in use in Shakespeare’s day?
Name four users of any one of them.
_10._ Name the author of four of the following quotations, and the
works in which they appear:--
“Drink to me only with thine eyes.”
“Dost thou think because thou art virtuous
There shall be no more cakes and ale.”
“There is a garden in her face
Where roses and white lilies blow.”
“Into the breast which gave the rose
Shall I with shuddering fall.”
“We mark when we hit but rarely when we miss.”
“Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part.”
“Was this the face that launched a thousand ships.”
“He that plots to be the only figure among ciphers
Is in danger of becoming the decay of a whole age.”
_Lesson 3 (1630-1746)._
PART I.--AGE OF MILTON (_1630-1660_).
_Forces at Work._--The national unity of the Elizabethan age changes
to one of internal strife and dissension. The struggle between the
doctrine of the “divine right of kings” and civil liberty becomes most
acute, and after the failure of the Long Parliament the country is
involved in civil war. The defeat of the Royalists and the rise of the
Puritans changes the conflict to one of civil and religious liberty,
in which the latter gains a temporary triumph. The pendulum of feeling
sweeps violently back again soon after Cromwell’s death.
_Literary Features._--The clash of parties is deeply reflected in the
literature of the times. The unsettled state of affairs results in a
smaller output of poetry, and prose assumes a fierce and disputatious
character. Milton dominates the period, and with this exception, the
fashion is towards shorter poems with more fancy and less fervour, as
witness the metaphysical lyric and its frequent leaps into remote fancy
and absurdity. The Elizabethan adventurous spirit has gone; a pensive
and often melancholy attitude takes its place. The religious lyric is
the only form showing signs of real exaltation: the love lyric, the
ode, the narrative and descriptive poem all tend towards artificiality.
The classic emphasis on form steadily develops. The heroic couplet
begins its long reign, and except in Milton, blank verse is extremely
slipshod. Prose shows a fairly continuous development. The tendency
is toward the ornate, but both middle and plain styles are well
represented. Narrative prose is small, but the age is famous for its
sermons, philosophical, historical, and miscellaneous types. A special
development is the journalistic essay. The drama has practically
collapsed, the only men of note up to the closing of the theatres in
_1642_, being Ford, Massinger, Shirley, Suckling, Davenant.
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Caroline Lyrists_: Decline of the sonnet.
The classical lyric. The Caroline lyric. Jonson’s influence. Herrick.
Carew. Suckling. Lovelace. Chamberlayne. Kynaston. John Hall. (_b_)
_The Metaphysical School_: Herbert. Crashaw. Vaughan. Treherne.
Quarles. (_c_) _The Couplet_: Decline of blank verse. Sir John
Beaumont. Sandys. Waller. Denham. Cowley. Davenant. Marvell. (_d_)
_Milton and his poetry_: The epic. The ode. The pastoral. The sonnet.
The masque.
_2._ THE DRAMA and its decline. The Elizabethan tradition: Massinger.
Ford. Shirley. Randolph. Brome. Suckling. The masque: Jonson to Milton.
Davenant and the new heroic play.
_3._ THE NOVEL. Bunyan.
_4._ ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--Milton. Hobbes. Davenant. Cowley. Growth
of literary characterisation and appreciation. Beginnings of journalism.
_5._ THE SATIRE.--Marvell. Denham.
_6._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Theology_: Baker. Treherne. Baxter.
Fuller. Taylor, (_b_) _Philosophy_: Hobbes and his critics. Harington.
Glanvill. (_c_) _History and Antiquities_: Herbert. Clarendon. Digby.
Browne. Fuller. Walton. Urquhart.
PART II.--AGE OF DRYDEN (_1660-1700_).
_Forces at Work._--The rigour of the Puritans did not long survive
the death of Cromwell. In _1660_, the Stuarts were restored and the
pendulum swung from restriction to license. The political power of
England declined, and the old Stuart tyranny in religion and politics
served to keep alive religious and political factions. In _1688_,
James II. fled, to be succeeded by William and Mary. A new era of
constitutional monarchy, of civil and religious freedom, of decency in
social life resulted, and England’s position in European affairs rose
once more. These conditions were strikingly reflected in the literature
of the times. After _1688_, literature emphasises the political rather
than the religious side of affairs.
_Literary Features._--The Elizabethan romantic spirit is completely
spent. The new spirit is all for restraint and convention. Note the
imitation of Latin models in poetry, and French models in comedy; the
combination of French and classical models in producing the new “heroic
play,” and the growth of the “correct school.” As in the previous age
one figure towers over all the rest. Outside the work of Dryden the age
is poor in ode, lyric, and narrative poetry, but satirical verse shows
great development. The use of the heroic couplet spreads throughout
poetry and drama; blank verse is very rare and very slipshod; while the
lyric still follows the artificial Caroline tradition. Drama has a new
lease of life; French example is developing the new play of “Manners”
of a very licentious character. Prose is not very great in bulk, but
it shows a tendency towards a plain and forcible style. The new “Royal
Society,” with its demand for clearness of expression had much to do
with the new prose. The ornate style of the previous age has but one
great exponent: Burnet.
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Lyrists_: Dryden. Marvell. The court poets:
Rochester, Sedley, etc. (_b_) _Narrative_: Dryden. Butler. (_c_)
_Satirical and Didactic_: Dryden. Butler. Oldham. Shadwell. (_d_)
_Criticism in Verse_: Mulgrave and Roscommon.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--Spanish and French influences: Molière, Corneille.
Racine, etc. (_a_) _The Heroic Play_: _Dryden_. Orrery. Killigrew.
Settle. Lee. (_b_) _Comedy_: Dryden. Etheredge. Shadwell. Wycherley.
Congreve. Vanbrugh. Farquhar. Behn. Cibber. Centlivre. (_c_) _Tragedy_:
Otway. Lee. Crowne. Southerne. Rowe.
_3._ THE NOVEL.--Bunyan. Aphra Behn.
_4._ THE ESSAY.--The beginnings of modern English prose. Science
and the demand for clarity and simplicity. Pulpit plainness. French
influences. Dryden. Cowley. Osborne. Temple. Halifax.
_5._ MEMOIRS, LETTERS AND DIARIES.--Evelyn. Pepys. Hamilton. Whitelocke.
_6._ POLITICAL WRITERS.--Locke. Sidney. The pamphleteers and the news
letter.
_7._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Economists_: Locke. Petty. (_b_)
_Science_: Digby. Newton. Harvey. Boyle. Glanvil. (_c_) _Religion_:
Barrow. Pearson. Wilkins. Stillingfleet. Tillotson. South. Bunyan. Fox.
Penn. Barclay, (_d_) _Philosophy_: Locke. Whichcote and the Cambridge
Platonists. More. Cudworth. Culverwell. Cumberland. Glanvil. (_e_)
_History, Travel and Antiquities_: Burnet. Ludlow. Temple. Coke. à
Wood. Dugdale. Ashmole. Knox. Dampier. Molesworth.
PART III.--AGE OF POPE (_1700-1740_).
_Forces at Work._--Under Anne the chief influences which left their
mark on literature were the War of the Spanish succession, the rise of
political parties, the Act of Settlement and the new study of social
and industrial conditions. Under George I. history is largely Whig
politics and the development of English trade. Political life was
corrupt and cynical and social outlook materialistic. The year _1714_,
was the culminating point of the strife between Whigs and Tories. The
accession of the House of Hanover was a triumph for the Low Church and
the middle classes generally.
_Literary Features._--The age is chiefly one of development in prose
style. The tendency in poetry is all towards convention and polish
rather than fervour and freedom. Under Pope and his school the heroic
couplet reaches its climax as a weapon of criticism and satire, and
is often no more than rhymed prose. The political strife influenced
literature in several ways: (_a_) it unloosed an avalanche of pamphlets
and developed a virulent prose style, (_b_) assisted in the formation
of those clubs and coffee houses which were to have so great an
influence on the essay, (_c_) produced a swarm of party periodicals and
literary journals, (_d_) helped to create an increased reading public
and led to the development of the new publishing houses and the race of
hack writers of “Grub Street.”
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Lyrists_: Prior. Gay. (_b_) _Critical and
Satirical Verse_: Pope. Swift. Prior. Garth. Parnell. Winchilsea.
Savage. Young. (_c_) _Pastoral_: Pope. Gay. Ambrose Philips. (_d_)
_The Ode_: Pope. Winchilsea. (_e_) _Narrative_: Pope’s Homer. Addison.
Blackmore. (_f_) _The Scottish Revival_: The long blight and the kirk.
Survival of popular songs. Allan Ramsay. Robt. Fergusson.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--The effect of the new staging and general decline.
Addison. Ambrose Philips. Steele. Gay. Ramsay. The musical play.
_3._ THE NOVEL.--Defoe. Swift.
_4._ ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--Defoe. Addison. Steele. Swift. Rymer.
Gildon. Dennis. Cibber. Rise of the newspaper.
_5._ MEMOIRS, ETC.--Lady M. W. Montagu. Lady Cowper. Lady Suffolk, etc.
_6._ SATIRE.--(Chiefly political). Defoe. Swift. Arbuthnot. Addison.
Bolingbroke. Mandeville.
_7._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Economists_: Bolingbroke. (_b_)
_Scholars and Antiquaries_: Bentley. Middleton and the classics.
(_c_) _History and Travel_: Burnet. Strype. Collier. Neal, etc. (_d_)
_Burlesques and Translations_: Cotton. John Philips. L’Estrange.
_8._ BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE.--The colonial period,
_1607-1764_. (_a_) _Poetry_: Bradstreet. Wigglesworth. “The Bay Psalm
Book.” (_a_) _Prose_ (_i_) John Smith Bradford. Winthrop and the early
annalists. (_ii_) The Mather family and other New England divines.
TEST PAPER (_1630-1745_).
_1._ In what ways did the struggle between Parliament and the Crown
affect literature in the period _1630-1660_?
_2._ Who were the Caroline lyrists; compare their work with that of the
Elizabethan lyrists.
_3._ Compare Milton with Dryden, _or_ Defoe with Bunyan, or Evelyn with
Pepys.
_4._ Outline the qualities of Restoration drama. Name the chief writers
in each form of play.
_5._ Trace the development of English prose style from Bacon to Addison.
_6._ What effects had political life on literature in the age of Pope?
_7._ Name three philosophers, three scientific writers and three
religious authors of the period _1660-1748_. Comment on the work of any
one of them.
_8._ Name the author and approximate date of any four of the following:
“Night Thoughts,” “The Gentle Shepherd,” “Moll Flanders,” “Tale of a
Tub,” “Venice Preserved,” “All for love,” “Grace Abounding.”
_9._ Compare Pope and Swift as satirists, or Addison and Steele as
essayists.
_10._ Name the source of five of the following:--
“Words are wise men’s counters.”
“Stone walls do not a prison make.”
“Her feet beneath her petticoat
Like little mice stole in and out.”
“A little learning is a dangerous thing.”
“Still amorous and fond and billing
Like Philip and Mary on a shilling.”
“The proper study of mankind is man.”
“Tis not in mortals to command success,
But well do more, Sempronius, we’ll deserve it.”
“Man is a noble animal, splendid in ashes and pompous
in the grave.”
_Lesson 4 (1745-1832)._
PART I.--AGE OF JOHNSON (_1745-1798_).
_Forces at Work._--The age is one of rapid and vigorous growth in
science and speculation. Note particularly the influence of the
“encyclopedists” and the French “salons.” In politics, England is
developing a strong imperialistic tendency, and her wealth and
possessions are growing apace. Whig and Tory still carry on the party
feud, but with less animosity until the loss of the American colonies
and the outbreak of the French Revolution. Philosophy is largely
sceptical and official religion latitudinarian, but there is a growing
feeling towards evangelism. Note the rise of Wesleyanism, the growing
moral sense, the struggle for the freedom of the press, the movement
towards prison reform and abolition of the slave trade, and also the
beginnings of industrialism. Note above all the tendency towards
naturalism, the new interest in man and his place in nature, and the
growing feeling for the lower classes long before the French Revolution
took place.
_Literary Features._--In literature the tendencies are conflicting.
The rapid growth of science and speculative thought is in favour of
critical prose, but it also serves poetry by challenging the received
ideas. Classicism is still a power with Johnson and his school,
but there is a growing movement towards naturalism. The new spirit
gradually led to the following changes. In poetry, a return to natural
scenes in preference to the artificial pastoral pictures; a revolt
against formal measures and a renewed interest in old Ballads and in
the Middle Ages. In philosophy, to a great deal of theorising as to
man’s place in the world around, and in history to a new critical
school. In the novel we have realism side by side with sentimentalism,
and in the latter years weird romance cheek by jowl with the
philosophical novel and the didactic tale of manners. The drama is in a
transition stage; the metrical play is giving way to the prose drama;
tragedy is practically non-existent and comedy is only rescued from
oblivion by two great names. In miscellaneous prose, letter-writing has
become popular, and the periodical essay is becoming more literary and
less political.
(_a_) AMERICAN LITERATURE.
_1._ POETRY.--Barlow and the “Hartford Wits.” Trumbull and Dwight’s
epics. Frenau’s satires and lyrics. Ralph and the Philadelphians.
_2._ DRAMA.--Beginnings. Tyler. Dunlap. Hillhouse.
_3._ THE NOVEL.--Mrs. Foster. Mrs. Rowson and the domestic novel.
_4._ POLITICIANS AND ORATORS.--Franklin. Jefferson. Paine. Dickinson.
Quincy. Otis. Adams. Henry.
_5._ DIARISTS.--Sewall. Woolman. Franklin.
_6._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Philosophy and Religion_: Chauncey.
Franklin. Woolman. Johnson. (_b_) _History and Travel_: Prince. Irving.
Carver. Bartram. Lewis and Clark.
(_b_) ENGLISH LITERATURE
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Classical Tradition_: Cibber. Whitehead.
Pye. Johnson. Goldsmith. Dyer. Blair. Shenstone. Akenside. Glover. E.
Darwin. (_See also_ Satire). (_b_) _Poets of Transition_: Thomson.
Collins. Gray. The Wartons. Russell. Smart. Cowper. Blake. Crabbe.
(_c_) _Influence of the Middle Ages_: Macpherson. Percy’s “Reliques.”
Ritson. Chatterton and Spenser. The Wartons. Tyrrwhitt and Chaucer.
(_d_) _The Scottish Revival_: The Hamiltons. Jean Elliott. Beattie.
Ross. Mickle. Logan. Bruce. Fergusson. Burns.
_2._ DRAMA.--The predominance of repertoire until _1770_. Translations
from the French, and the influence of Voltaire. (_a_) _Tragedy_:
Johnson. Lillo. Moore. Home. (_b_) _Panto and Ballad Opera_: Rich.
Gay. Centlivre. Young. Hughes. Thomson. (_c_) _Burlesque and Farce_:
Fielding. Foote. (_d_) _Comedy_: Colman. Murphy. Towneley. Garrick.
Goldsmith. Sheridan. O’Keefe. Macklin. Holcroft. (_e_) _Sentimental
Drama_: Kelly. Cumberland.
_3._ NOVEL.--The perfecting of the novel proper. (_a_) _The Picaresque
Romance_: Fielding. Smollett. Sterne. (_b_) _The Novel of Manners and
Sentiment_: Richardson. Sterne. Mackenzie. Burney. Brooks. (_c_) _The
Romance of Terror_: Amory. Walpole. Beckford. Radcliffe. Reeve. Lewis.
(_d_) _The Revolutionary Romance_: Godwin. Holcroft. Bage. Inchbald.
(_e_) _The Didactic Tale_: Johnson. Goldsmith. H. More.
_4._ ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--Johnson. Goldsmith. The Wartons. Gray. The
periodical press. Mrs. Thrale. Mrs. Trench. Twining.
_5._ ORATORY.--Burke. Fox. Pitt. Sheridan.
_6._ DIARISTS, LETTER-WRITERS AND MEMOIRS.--Boswell. Burdy. Holcroft.
Walpole. Wolfe Tone. Chesterfield. Burney. Hannah More. The
Warwickshire coterie: Somervile. Shenstone. Jago. Graves. Cowper. Mrs.
Montagu.
_7._ SATIRE.--Churchill. Wolcot. Anstey. “The Rolliad.” “The
Anti-Jacobin,” “The Baviad,” etc. “Junius.” Gifford. Canning. Frere.
Burns, etc.
_8._ POLITICAL LITERATURE.--Whig and Tory pamphleteers. Smollett.
Wilkes. Burke. Paine. Godwin. Mary Wollstonecroft. Cobbett.
_9._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Philosophy_: Hume. Adam. Smith.
Hartley. Reid and the “commonsense” school. Bentham. Mill and
Utilitarianism. Malthus. Young. E. Darwin. Stewart. (_b_) _Religion_:
Dislike of enthusiasm and general tolerance. The divines: Wake.
Sherlock. The Apologists: Paley. Horsley. Watson. Lowth. Warburton.
The Sceptics: Priestley, Middleton, Paine and the deists. The
evangelists: Whitefield, Fletcher, and the Wesleys. (_c_) _Classical
Scholars, etc._: Parr. Horne Tooke. Wakefield. Porson. Toup. (_d_)
_Science and Discovery_: Black. Cavendish. Priestley. Hutton. Dalton.
White. Pennant. Pinkerton. Bruce. A. Young. (_e_) _Historians_: Gibbon.
Hume. Robertson. Smollett. Goldsmith. Watson. Walpole. Mitford.
Middleton. Whitaker. Ferguson. Strutt.
_10._ CHILDREN’S BOOKS.--The Newberys. Edgeworth. Sherwood. Blake.
Trimmer. Day. Barbauld.
PART II.--AGE OF WORDSWORTH (_1798-1832_).
_Forces at Work._--Note the influence of German thought, the effects
of the French Revolution and of the War between England and France,
_1793-1815_. Also the attitude of the English liberals to the French
Republic and the difference between the older revolutionary poets such
as Wordsworth and the younger such as Shelley. Equally important are
the effects of the industrial revolution, the congregation of people in
towns and the growing demand for political and social measures ending
in the Reform Bill. Note also the War of _1812_, and the emergence of
American literature proper.
_Literary Features._--Literature is marked by a remarkable activity and
success in all forms except the drama. Here nothing better could be
done than low comedy, and the unsuccessful poetic tragedy of Byron and
others. Poetry is exceedingly fertile. The return to Nature heralded
in the previous age, and the new interest in the Middle Ages, comes
to full fruition, while the growing philosophical spirit demands more
than a mere metrical facility and sympathetic observation. All nature
is the field, and the meaning thereof the quest. No new metrical forms
are in vogue, but the new verse is marked by a wider range of subject,
a freshness of treatment, and a simplicity of style. In the novel we
have the full development of the historical and domestic types, and
the introduction of the hybrid “society” novel. A tremendous advance
takes place in the critical and miscellaneous essay. The vogue of these
and of the political essay is seen in the number of new magazines and
newspapers. Prose tends towards the middle style, but all kinds are
represented from plain Cobbett to fervid De Quincey. Letter writers,
literary biography and satire hold minor positions, but by no means
negligible ones, while history and other forms of research are well
represented.
(_a_) AMERICAN LITERATURE.
_1._ POETRY.--Bryant. Paulding. Dana, _Snr._ Woodworth.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--Barker. Payne.
_3._ THE NOVEL.--Brackenridge. Brown. Cooper. Irving. Paulding.
_4._ THE ESSAY.--Channing. Dennie. Wirt. Paulding. Dana, _Snr._
_5._ HUMOR.--Irving and the beginnings of short humorous sketch.
_6._ POLITICIANS AND ORATORS.--Calhoun. Randolph. Clay. Webster.
_7._ PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION.--Hopkins. T. Dwight. A. Norton.
_8._ HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.--Irving.
(_b_) ENGLISH LITERATURE.
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _Wordsworth Group--Poetry of Man and Nature_:
Wordsworth. Coleridge. Bowles. Crabbe. Bloomfield. Clare. Elliott,
(_b_) _Scott Group--Ballad and Song_: Scott. Leyden. Hogg. Cunningham.
Tannahill. Motherwell. Campbell. Moore. Rogers. Southey. Hemans. (_c_)
_Religious Poets_: Montgomery. Heber. Milman. K. White, (_d_) _Shelley
and the younger Revolutionaries_: Shelley. Byron. Keats. Tennant.
Horace Smith. Beddoes. Wells. Wade. Darley. Proctor. Landor.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--The one region in which romanticism failed. Note
prevalence of farce and “commercial” comedy, the vogue of Kotzebue and
the German drama, and of melodrama, and the failure of romantic poetic
drama. _Comedy_: O’Keefe. Colman, _Junr._ Inchbald. Holcroft, Tobin.
Reynolds and Morton. _Melodrama:_ Lewis. Maturin. _Poetic Drama_:
Wordsworth. Coleridge. Baillie. Knowles. Shelley. Beddoes. Byron.
_3._ FICTION.--(_a_) _Novel of Manners_: Edgworth. Lady Morgan. Austen.
Mitford. _Scotch_--Galt. Ferrier. Moir. Picken. Wilson. _Irish_--The
Banims. Griffin. Croker. Carleton. (_b_) _The Picaresque Romance_: T.
Hope. Morier. _The New Fashionable Novel_--Bulwer. Disraeli. Lister.
_Satire_--Peacock. (_c_) _The Romance of Terror_: Lewis. Maturin. M. W.
Shelley. (_d_) _The Revolutionary Romance_: Godwin. Mrs. Opie. Hannah
More. (_e_) _Historical Novel_: The Porters. Miss Lees. M. W. Shelley.
Scott.
_4._ ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--(_a_) _The Johnsonian Tradition_: Jeffrey.
S. Smith. Gifford. Lockhart. (_b_) _The Romantic School._: Lamb. De
Quincey. Wilson, Hazlitt. Hunt. Coleridge. Wordsworth. Carlyle.
_5._ LETTER WRITERS.--Keats. Byron. Lamb.
_6._ SATIRE.--Frere. Gifford. Canning and light parody. Byron. Peacock.
Shelley. More. J. and H. Smith.
_7._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Science and Philosophy_: The
Herschels. Brewster. Davy. W. Smith. Bell. Stewart and Brown,
and the “commonsense” school. The “association” school. (_b_)
_Politics and Sociology_: Godwin, Cobbett, and the “democratic
reformers.” Mill, Ricardo, and the “philosophical radicals.” Malthus.
Mackintosh. Coleridge. (_c_) _Theology_: (_i_) _The Liberals and
Evangelicals_--Hall. Chalmers. Coleridge. Erskine. Irving. (_ii_) _The
Conservatives_--Whately. Thirlwall. (_d_) _Historians_: (_i_) _Hume’s
Followers_--Mitford. Coxe. Roscoe. (_ii_) _Gibbon’s Followers_--Sharon
Turner. Lingard. Hallam. (_iii_) _Military History_--Southey. Napier.
(_e_) _Explorers and Travellers_: Malcolm. Park. Burckhardt. Parry.
Hall. (_f_) _Biography_: Southey. Moore. Lockhart.
_8._ CHILDREN’S WRITERS.--Edgeworth. Lamb. J. Porter. Mrs. Sherwood.
The Taylors. Mrs. Pilkington.
TEST PAPER. (_1745-1832_).
_1._ Describe briefly the successive phases of the novel from
Richardson to Scott.
_2._ What were the characteristics of the new romantic poetry from
_1740-1780_; who were the chief writers?
_3._ What reasons can you offer for the poor position of the drama
during the period _1740-1830_?
_4._ Trace the development of literary criticism from Johnson to
Hazlitt.
_5._ “During this period the writing of history was greatly advanced.”
Discuss this statement.
_6._ Write a brief essay on any one of the following: Austen, Burns,
Johnson, Crabbe, Blake.
_7._ Contrast Shelley with Byron, _or_ Keats with Wordsworth.
_8._ Who wrote the following and when:--“Rasselas,” “Political
Justice,” “Tam-o’-Shanter,” “The Task,” “Lyrical Ballads,” “Mrs. Battle
on Whist,” “A Vision of Judgment”?
_9._ Trace the development of satirical writing from _1745-1830_.
_10._ Name the source of any five of the following quotations:
“O Sleep it is a gentle thing.”
“How wonderful is Death,
Death and his brother, Sleep.”
“Where’er we tread, t’is haunted holy ground.”
“The world is a comedy to those that think,
A tragedy to those who feel.”
“The man recovered of the bite,
The dog it was that died.”
“Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know
where we can find information on it.”
“The child is father to the man.”
“I stood tip-toe on a little hill.”
“Here’s to the maiden of bashful fifteen, Here’s to the widow of
fifty.”
“Nobody is on my side.... Nobody feels for my poor nerves.”
_Lesson 5 (1832-1920)._
PART I.--THE AGE OF TENNYSON (_1832-1870_).
_Forces at Work._--This was an age of rapid change, and many events
call for remark. Note especially the transcendental movement and its
effects in England and America, the spread of democratic government,
the raise of nationalism in Europe and its results on English poetry,
the deep feeling for the working classes expressed in the Chartists
and Christian Socialist movements, the Oxford Movement, the growth of
commercial enterprise, the conventional outlook of the middle classes
and the succeeding Pre-Raphaelite revolt, the beginnings of popular
education and its effect on the reading public, especially in the
development of magazines and newspapers, and also the cumulative effect
of the new science on poetry, philosophy, history, and general outlook.
_Literary Features._--As in the last age literature is abundant, the
only weak section being the drama. In poetry and speculation the
tendency is away from the hopeful expectations of the revolutionaries.
Doubt and often despair is the note commonly struck. The old
foundations are being undermined and man is seen to be not the
easily perfectible animal he was thought to be. In work of a less
philosophical character, the increased material prosperity of the
middle classes tends towards conventionality, and the renewed interest
in the past to imitative forms. The beginnings of the revolt occur in
the fifties but it does not fully realise itself until the next period.
In addition to the meditative element, narrative and lyric poetry are
well represented. The most important event is the rise of the novel
to the first place among literary forms. One must also notice the
beginnings of the short story, the development of the literary lecture,
and the popularity of the long essay, the new literary criticism and
critical biography, and the rise of the scientific treatise to real
literary rank. History is still chiefly “literary,” but there are
tentative attempts at a philosophy of history and the beginnings of an
application of scientific method to history.
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Intellectual Movement_: Browning. Tennyson.
Arnold. Clough. Fitzgerald. Bailey. Horne. (_b_) _The Pre-Raphaelites_:
The Rossettis. De Tabley. Morris. Patmore. (_c_) _The Spasmodics_:
Dobell. Alex. Smith. (_d_) _Religious Verse_: Keble. Newman. Hawker.
Faber. Williams. Neale. C. Rossetti. (_e_) _Ballad Writers_: Tennyson.
Browning. Macaulay. Aytoun. Barham. Hawker. Ingelow. Massey. F.
H. Doyle. A. L. Gordon. (_f_) _Vers de Socitete_: Praed. Milnes.
Locker-Lampson. (_g_) _Political Poetry_: Cooper. Loft. (_h_) _Wit and
Humour_: Barham. Hood. Blanchard. Calderley. J. K. Stephen. Aytoun.
Lear. (_i_) _The Celts_: Mangan. De Vere. Darley. (_j_) _The Ladies_:
Browning. Rossetti. E. Bronte. Ingelow. Proctor. L.E.L. (_k_) _Dialect
Writers_: Motherwell. Barnes.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--(_a_) _Poetic Drama_: Browning. Beddoes. Knowles.
Planché. De Vere. Sir H. Taylor. Lytton. Horne. (_b_) _Melodrama_:
Boucicault. Tom Taylor. Wills. Jerrold. Poole. (_c_) _Farce and
Comedy_: Brooks. H. J. Byron. Reade. Robertson. Gilbert.
_3._ THE NOVEL.--(_a_) _Historical Romance_: Ainsworth. James. Lytton.
Grant. Thackeray. Kingsley. Reade. (_b_) _Domestic Romance_: Warren.
Wood. Craik. Yonge. Reade. (_c_) _Society Romance_: Lytton. Disraeli.
(_d_) _The Novel of Manners_: (_i_) _English_--Dickens. Thackeray.
The Brontës. Gaskell. Kingsley. Eliot. Meredith. Trollope. (_ii_)
_Scotch_--Oliphant. Macdonald. (_iii_) _Irish_--Carleton. Maginn.
Mahony. Lover. Lever. (_e_) _Romance of Adventure, etc._: Marryat.
Whyte-Melville. Borrow. Collins. (_f_) _Children’s Writers_: M. Scott.
Hughes. Kingsley. Carroll. Gatty. Rands. H. Martineau.
_4._ ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--(_a_) _Literary Biography_: Carlyle.
Lockhart. Stanley. Lewes. Forster. (_b_) _Johnsonian Tradition_:
Jeffrey. Wilson. Lockhart. (_c_) _Romantic School_: Carlyle. Hunt.
De Quincey. Macaulay. Wilson. Froude. (_d_) _The New Victorian
School_: Ruskin. Thackeray. Rossetti. Arnold. Swinburne. (_e_) _The
Miscellaneous Essay_: John Brown. The Hares. Landor. Helps. Rands.
(_f_) _The New Literary Lecture_: Carlyle. Thackeray. Dickens.
_5._ LETTERS, DIARIES, ETC.--Carlyle. Macaulay. Thackeray. Dickens.
Fitzgerald.
_6._ SATIRE AND HUMOUR.--Dickens. Thackeray. Jerrold. _See also_
Poetry, Sec. (_h_).
_7._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Theology_: (_i_) _The
Tractarians_--Newman. Keble. Pusey. (_ii_) _Liberals_--Whately. T.
Arnold. Maurice. Thirlwall. Stanley. Church. (_b_) _Philosophy_:
(_i_) Carlyle and transcendentalism. (_ii_) Hamilton, Mansel, and the
“commonsense” school (_iii_) J. S. Mill and the utilitarians, (_iv_)
H. Martineau, Lewes, and the Comtists. (_v_) Spencer, James Martineau.
Buckle. Bagehot. (_c_) _Science_: Lyell. Miller. Chambers. Spencer.
Darwin. Huxley. Wallace. _Scientific Travel_--Wallace. Bates. Borrow.
Livingstone. Speke. Burton. (_d_) _Historians_: (_i_) _Students
of Origins_--Kemble. Palgrave. Trench. Muller. (_ii_) _Ancient
History_--Lewis. T. Arnold. Thirlwall. Grote. Finlay. Milman. (_iii_)
_Literary Historians_--Carlyle. Macaulay. Hallam. Froude. Burton.
(_iv_) _Scientific and Philosophical_--Buckle. Maine. (_v_) _Military
history_--Napier. Kinglake. Kaye. (_e_) _Biographers_: Carlyle. _See
also_ Essayists, Sec. (_a_).
AMERICAN LITERATURE (_1830-1865_).
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The New Englanders_: Longfellow. Whittier. Lowell.
Holmes. Emerson. Willis. (_b_) _The Southerners_: Poe. Lanier. Timrod.
(_c_) _The Middle States_: Halleck. Drake. B. Taylor. Holland. Boker.
Whitman.
_2._ THE DRAMA.--Bird. Smith. Conrad. Boker.
_3._ THE NOVEL.--(_a_) _The Romancers_: Hawthorne. Poe. Kennedy. Simms.
Melville. (_b_) _Novel of Manners_: Stowe. Winthrop. O’Brien. “Ik
Marvel.” (_c_) _The Short Story_: Hawthorne. Poe. Cooke.
_4._ THE HUMORISTS.--(_a_) Seba Smith. Haliburton. “Josh Billings.”
“Artemus Ward.” D. R. Locke, (_b_) Saxe. Leland. Whittier. Lowell.
Holmes.
_5._ ESSAYISTS AND CRITICS.--Emerson. Ticknor. Poe. Lowell. Hudson.
Willis. Tuckerman. Grant White. Whipple. Curtis. _Natural History
Essay_: Thoreau. Burroughs.
_6._ POLITICAL WRITINGS AND ORATORY.--Webster. Clay. Choate. Phillips.
_7._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Philosophy and Religion_: Channing.
Alcott. Parker. Emerson. Fuller. Thoreau. Bushnell. Beecher. Hopkins.
(_b_) _History_: Bancroft. Prescott. Motley. Parkman.
_8._ CHILDREN’S WRITERS.--Sedgwick. Child. Warner. Finley. Whitney.
Goodrich. Abbott. Dana.
LATER VICTORIAN AND GEORGIAN AGE (_1870-1920_).
_Forces at Work._--Amidst ever increasing complexity one may briefly
note (_a_) The influence of British imperialism and commercialism, the
development of dominion literature, and the Celtic Revival partly due
to the frustration of Irish nationalism; (_b_) the rapid development
of industry and the resulting increase in production and population;
(_c_) the growth of trade unionism, the widening rift between classes
and masses, and the resulting emphasis in literature on political and
social abuses; (_d_) realisation of a national Education Act, its
further development, and the subsequent growth of popular literature
and of journalism; (_e_) the spread of the scientific spirit and its
effects in heightening a critical and analytical attitude; (_f_) the
influences from France, Russia, and Scandinavia with their trend
towards crude or impressionistic realism and psychological analysis.
_Literary Features._--The complexity of the age favoured many attitudes
besides realism and analysis. In poetry one may range from romantic
lyric or narrative to “satires of circumstance” or “stage-door
flashlights,” while the feeling towards new models is shown not only
in choice and treatment of subject but in the wide experimentation in
new forms of verse. The drama in its first stage is limited to romantic
comedy, but after Ibsen it becomes realistic and often satirical.
The novel rises to be the chief instrument of public expression, and
amidst the vast output, one may note the steady stream of romantic,
realistic, and propaganda novels, while the short story achieves a
triumph in itself. Miscellaneous prose writers are prolific; the growth
of journalism tends to shorten the literary and critical essay, but
the lengthy literary biography has still many adherents. A prominent
class is the historical, philosophical and scientific treatise, and
with the rise of popular education children’s literature achieves a
special place. In poetry, style ranges from florid Swinburne and ornate
Thompson to the delicate silver of Bridges, while in prose there are
masters in every style.
LATER VICTORIAN AND GEORGIAN AGE (_1870-1920_).
_1._ POETRY.--(_a_) _The Victorian Tradition_: Tennyson. Browning.
Austin. Bridges. Blunt. Gosse. Lang. “Owen Meredith.” Phillips.
Watts-Dunton. Beeching. Benson. Gale. Quiller-Couch. Carpenter.
Hewlett. Flecker. (_b_) _The Pre-Raphaelites_: Rossetti. Patmore.
Morris. Swinburne. De Tabley. (_c_) _The Impressionists_: A. Symons.
Dowson. Wilde. Le Gallienne. (_d_) _Political and Muscular School_:
Henley. Watson. Kipling. Newbolt. Binyon. (_e_) _The Catholic Poets_:
L. Johnson. F. Thompson. Meynell. L. Housman. Chesterton. (_f_)
_Philosophic and Realistic_: E. Arnold. Meredith. Hardy. Watson.
J. Thomson. Marston. Davidson. A. E. Housman. Gibson. Masefield.
Abercrombie. Drinkwater. Brooke. Thomas. (_g_) _The New Nature Poets_:
Davies. De la Mare. Hodgson. (_h_) _The Celts_: (_i_) L. Morris.
O’Shaughnessy. De Vere. Buchanan. Shairp. (_ii_) Yeats. “A.E.” Jas.
Stephens. Colum. Hyde. (_j_) _The Ladies_: (_i_) Webster. Woods.
Meynell. Field. R. M. Watson. (_ii_) Barlow. O’Neill. Hopper. Tynan.
Shorter. Gore-Booth. (_k_) Adlington, Flint, and the “Imagists.”
_2._ THE DRAMA.--(_a_) _Poetic Drama_: Tennyson. Swinburne.
Phillips. Davidson. (_b_) _Prose Drama_: (_i_) Wilde. (_ii_) _The
Romantics_--Pinero. Jones. Grundy. Chambers. Carton. (_iii_) _The
Realists_--Shaw. Barker. Galsworthy. Hankin. Cannan. Houghton.
Zangwill. (_iv_) _The Middle School_--Barrie. Sutro. Bennett. Milne.
Maugham. Davies. Drinkwater. (_v_) _The Irish Literary Theatre_--Yeats.
“A.E.” Geo. Moore. Synge. Gregory. Ervine. Mayne.
_3._ THE NOVEL.--(_a_) _The Realists and the Novel of Manners_:
Eliot. Trollope. Reade. Meredith. Gissing. Hardy. Crackanthorpe.
Harland. Moore. Wilde. Kipling. Phillpotts. Conrad. Zangwill. Wells.
Bennett. Galsworthy. Walpole. Beresford. Lawrence. Mackenzie. (_b_)
_Philosophical Novel_: Butler. Morris. Shorthouse. Shaw. Davidson.
Watts-Dunton. “Mark Rutherford.” (_c_) _The Scotch Novel_: Macdonald.
McCleod. Black. Munro. “Ian Maclaren.” Crockett. Stevenson. “Geo.
Douglas.” (_d_) _The Romance_: W. Morris. Collins. Stevenson. Besant
and Rice. Blackmore. Hudson. Haggard. Baring-Gould. Doyle. Kipling.
Parker. G. Allen. Merriman. D. C. Murray. Hall Caine. Wells. “A. Hope.”
Locke. (_e_) _The Ladies_: (_i_) Eliot. Mrs. Oliphant. Lady Ritchie.
Mrs. Wood. Mrs. Craik. C. M. Yonge. “J. S. Winter.” M. E. Braddon.
(_ii_) Mrs. H. Ward. “O. Schreiner.” Sarah Grand. “George Egerton.”
B. Harraden. “Lucas Malet.” “Ouida.” “J. O. Hobbes.” “E. Robins.” May
Sinclair. Kaye-Smith. (_f_) _Humorous sketch_: Anstey. Jerome. Jacobs.
Pain. Pett Ridge. Lyons. Milne. Birmingham. Somerville and Ross. (_g_)
_The Short Story_: Hardy. Kipling. Doyle. Bennett. Wells. Zangwill.
_4._ ESSAY AND CRITICISM.--(_a_) _Literary Criticism_: M. Arnold.
J. Brown. L. Stephen. W. E. Henley. J. A. Symonds. A. Lang. E. V.
Lucas. G. K. Chesterton. G. B. Shaw. Garnett. Gosse. “Q.” Archer.
Clutton-Brock. Nevinson. Harrison. (_b_) _Art Criticism_: Ruskin.
Pater. Wilde. Wedmore (_c_) _Literary Essay_: Stevenson. Jefferies.
Pater. Carpenter. Bain. Paget. A. C. Benson. Squire. (_d_) _Literary
Biography_: Forster. Masson. Smiles. Oliphant. L. Stephen. Pattison.
Morley. (_e_) _Letters and diaries_: Swinburne. Stevenson. Brooke.
Cory. “Barbellion.”
_5._ STUDY AND RESEARCH.--(_a_) _Religion and Philosophy_: (_i_) Lewes.
Eliot. H. Martineau. Congreve and the positivists. (_ii_) Spencer.
Darwin, Huxley, and the evolutionists (_iii_) Jowett, T. H. Green,
Caird and the Neo-Hegelians. (_iv_) Newman, Church, Martineau, and the
theologians. (_b_) _The Scientists_: Darwin. Wallace. Huxley. (_c_)
_Travel_: A. B. Edwardes. Stanley. Stevenson. Burnaby. Isabella Bird.
M. Kingsley. (_d_) _The Historians_: (_i_) Buckle. Maine. Bagehot.
Pearson. Seeley. Acton. Lecky. Maitland. and the philosophical school.
(_ii_) Froude. Freeman. Stubbs. J. R. Green. Creighton. Gardiner,
and the Oxford school. (_iii_) Kinglake. Henderson, and the military
historians.
_6._ CHILDREN’S WRITERS.--(_a_) _English_: Stephenson. Ewing. Carroll.
Lear. Parry. Farrow. Nesbit. Lucas. Kipling. Barrie. Henty. Fenn, etc.
(_b_) _American_: Stowe. Hawthorne. Alcott. “Mark Twain.” Harris.
Field. Ryley. Coffin. Stockton. Pyle. Ellis. Burnett.
_7._ AMERICAN LITERATURE.--(_a_) _Poetry_: T. B. Aldrich. J. Miller.
R. W. Gilder. J. W. Ryley. E. C. Stedman. R. H. Stoddard. R. Hovey.
(_b_) _The Drama_: Howells. Daly. Fitch. Howard. The Mackayes. (_c_)
_The Novel_: H. James. W. D. Howells. G. W. Cable. J. L. Allen.
E. P. Roe. F. M. Crawford. L. Wallace. J. London. F. Norris. E.
Wharton. (_d_) _The Essayists_: C. E. Norton. T. W. Higginson. M. W.
Conway. E. C. Stedman. H. James. G. W. Curtis. H. W. Mabie. E. More.
(_e_) _The Humorous Sketch and Story_: “Mark Twain.” “Bret Harte.”
Ambrose Bierce. “Max Adeler.” “Bill Nye.” H. Ade. F. P. Dunne. C. G.
Leland. “O. Henry.” (_f_) _Religion and Philosophy_: Gladden. Brooks.
Fiske. Pierce. Schaff. MacCosh. Royce. W. James. Dewey. Baldwin. G.
Santanyana. (_g_) _Historians_: Lea. Bancroft. Mahan.
TEST PAPER (_1832-1920_)
_1._ Who were the Pre-Raphaelites? What was their literary attitude?
_2._ Outline the history of the drama from Robertson to Barker.
_3._ In what respects do Hardy and Meredith agree and differ as poets
and as novelists?
_4._ Compare Whitman with Swinburne, or Tennyson with Browning.
_5._ Write a brief essay on the cult of the short story from Irving to
O. Henry.
_6._ Show the development of realism either in poetry or prose fiction
from _1870_.
_7._ Name three American and three English humorists. Compare the work
of any two of them.
_8._ Write brief notes on any three of the following: Macaulay, Jas.
Thomson, Sir W. Watson, O. W. Holmes, E. Fitzgerald. W. B. Yeats, J.
Conrad, H. G. Wells.
_9._ What do you know of the following: “Eothen,” “Erewhon,” “The Hound
of Heaven,” “Vailima Letters,” “A Shropshire Lad.”
_10._ Compare Dickens and Thackeray as satirists.
COURSE SIX: LIBRARY AND MUSEUM LEGISLATION, ORGANISATION AND EQUIPMENT.
TEXT BOOKS REQUIRED.
American Library Association--Manual of library economy. _Reprints.
Chaps. 1-32, A.L.A.; also Grafton, 1s. 6d. each._
Bostwick (A. E.)--The American Public Library. _3rd edition revised and
enlarged. Appleton, 1923. 12s. 6d._
Brown (J. D.)--Manual of library economy. _Library Supply, 1907
edition; 3rd and memorial edition by W. C. B. Sayers. Grafton, 1919.
30s._
Brown (J. D.) _and others_. Open-access libraries. _Grafton, 1915. 10s.
6d._
Fovargue (H. W.)--Summary of the law relating to public libraries in
England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. _Grafton, 1922. 2s. 6d._
Roebuck (G. E.) _and_ Thorne (W. B.)--A primer of library practice.
_Grafton, 1914. 5s._
Sanderson (C. R.)--“Library Law.” _Bumpus, 1925. 6s._
_Lesson 1._
LIBRARY AND MUSEUM LEGISLATION.
The first part of this section must be carefully studied and I advise
all students to thoroughly understand Sanderson’s “Library Law.” It
is essential to possess a detailed knowledge of the English, Scottish
and Irish Acts of Parliament relating to Public Libraries and Museums.
The Public Libraries Act, _1919_, the Public Libraries (Scotland)
Act, _1920_, The Public Libraries (Ireland) Act, _1920_, The Public
Libraries (Northern Ireland) Act, _1924_ and the Irish Free State Local
Government Act, _1925_ must be carefully read, and students should keep
to British legislation until able to say exactly what may be done under
the Acts and able to give dates and title of the Acts for particular
powers. Note particularly Irish legislation (Sanderson, _pp. 40-41_).
In conjunction with Sanderson’s work read the reports issued by the
Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees. They include the Annual Reports
from _1914_ to date. Library provision and policy, by W. G. S. Adams,
_1915_. Proceedings of the Carnegie Rural Library Conference, _1920_.
Stirling Conference Report: Extension to Burgh and Parish Library
areas, _1923_. The Public Library System of Great Britain and Ireland
(_1921-1923_), _1924_, and the County Library Conference, _1924_.
Having obtained a thorough grounding from the above authorities the
Reading List may now be commenced. For criticism on the _1919_ Act
consult the _L.A. Vol. 15, 1920-21, pp. 5-7; 118-124; 135-137. L.A.R.
Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 333-338 (Scotland), and L.W. Vol. 22, 1919-1926, pp.
330-333._
For county rural libraries Gray’s County library systems, and Macleod’s
County rural libraries covers all the ground necessary to the student.
READING LIST.
Baker--Public libraries under the new Act (_1919_). _Fortnightly
Review. February, 1921, pp. 321-333._
Boose--Constitution of Colonial public libraries. _L. Vol. 6, 1894, pp.
391-401._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1907 edition. Sects. 1-18. 1919
edition. Sects. 1-18._
Drury--The library and its organization. _Classics of American
Librarianship. Wilson: New York, 1924, pp. 131-155; 263-339. County
Libraries, pp. 343-377._
Encyclopædia Britannica.--Articles: _Libraries. Museums._
Fovargue--Summary of law relating to public libraries in England and
Wales, Scotland and Ireland. _Revised edition, 1922._
Gray--County library systems: their history, organisation and
administration. _The Coptic Series. Grafton, 1922, pp. 11-125._
Johnston--The Education (Scotland) Act, _1918_ and public library
development. _L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 92-97._
Macleod--County rural libraries: their policy and organisation.
_Grafton, 1923, 10s. 6d., pp. 31-76; 88-109._
Macleod--County library law. _L.A.R. Vol. 24, 1922, pp. 309-321._
Minto--Exemption of libraries from rates and taxes. _L. (N.S.). Vol. 3,
1902, pp. 256-260._
Minto--Public libraries and museums. _L.A.R. Vol. 5, 1903, pp. 261-269._
Roebuck and Thorne--Primer of library practice. _Grafton, 1914, pp.
11-28; 149-182._
Sanderson--Library law: a text book for the professional examinations
in library organisation. _Bumpus, 1925. 6s., pp 15-67, 125-147._
Sparke--Nationalisation of public libraries. _In Librarians’ Guide,
1923, pp. 9-13._
Statutes relating to public libraries and museums, _1798-1898_. _L.A.
Year Book, 1899-1907._
Stearns--How to organise State Library Commissions. _L.J. Vol. 24,
1899. Conference Number, Chaps. 16-18, also in Drury’s Library and its
organisation; pp. 287-292._
Superannuation. _L.A.R. Vol. 21, 1919, pp. 339-342._
Superannuation, by S. Lord. _N.A.L.G.O. Offices, 1922, 14 page
pamphlet._
Third Interim Report of the Adult Education Committee ... on Libraries
and Museums.
QUESTIONS:
_1._ Mention current acts of legislation, other than Library Acts,
which have direct bearing on libraries, museums and art galleries.
_2._ Name the places where there is no fixed limit to the rate that may
be levied for library purposes, and show the effect of this absence of
limitation.
_3._ Compare the library legislation of South Africa with that of
Australia.
_4._ What Act authorises the library authority to make bye-laws, and
for what purpose?
_5._ What are the main provisions of the State Library Laws of the
United States?
_6._ Write a brief essay (500 words) on County Rural Library Law.
_Lesson 2._
COMMITTEE, FINANCE, STAFF.
Possessing a good knowledge of the powers conferred by the Acts the
student must now pay special attention to the powers and duties of
Library Committees; committee routine, accounts, and the provisions
for loans and rates. Take particular care that the permissive and
compulsory powers are thoroughly understood. Audit, annual budgets
and financial factors affecting the buildings, books, salaries, etc.,
of the library services should be carefully considered and definite
decisions and figures memorised. The qualifications and duties of
librarians and assistants, and a knowledge of the facilities available
for the training of assistants, both in England and America is also
necessary. The statistics of our large public libraries relating to
finance, etc., as given in the Librarian’s Guide and the Carnegie
United Kingdom Trustee reports should be compared and studied.
READING LIST.
Ballinger--Constitution of public library committees. _L. Vol. 7, 1895,
pp. 1-9._
Bostwick--The American Public Library. _3rd edition, revised and
enlarged, 1923, pp. 201-214._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1907 edition. Sects. 19-103;
483-484. 1919 edition. Sects. 19-98._
Fegan--Some thoughts on professional training. _L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911,
pp. 237-242._
Hetherington--Library statistics. _L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 1-16;
280-284._
Guppy--The librarian’s equipment. _L.A. Vol. 6, 1903, pp. 66-71._
Law--Committee work. _L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp. 127-129._
Lucas--On the delegation of powers to library committees. _L.A.R.,
1904, pp. 388-393._
McCall.--Library finance. _L.A. Vol. 16, 1922, pp. 24-28; 38-40._
Minto--Education and training for librarianship. _L.A. Vol. 17, 1924,
pp. 236-242._
Neesham--Cash receipts and petty cash. _L.W. Vol. 10, 1907-8, pp.
248-251._
Neesham--Committee work. _L.W. Vol. 10, 1907-8, pp. 351-353._
Pacy--Borrowing and rating powers under the Public Libraries Acts. _L.
Vol. 1, 1899, pp. 132-136._
Piper--Technical training in librarianship in England and abroad.
_L.A.R. Vol. 14, 1912, pp. 332-351._
Prideaux--Professional registration and education. _L.A.R. Vol. 8,
1906, pp. 1-6._
Robinson--Public finance. _Camb. Univ. Press. 5s._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice, _pp. 29-45; 139-148._
Ross--Technical training in librarianship in England and abroad.
_L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910, pp, 99-117._
Sanderson--Summary of library law. _pp. 68-117._
Sayers--Past and present professional training. _L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913,
pp. 585-596._
Sayers--Library finance. _L.A.R. Vol. 19, 1917, pp. 17-29._
Sparke--Library assistants and the future. _L.A. Vol. 14, 1918, pp.
184-8._
Wright--Some principles of rural library economy. _L.W. Vol. 23,
1920-21, pp. 537-540._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ What records should a librarian keep so as to be able to show the
receipts and expenditure under the chief heads? Give suggested rulings.
_2._ Discuss the advantages to be gained by having co-opted members on
the Libraries Committee.
_3._ What advantages would be likely to follow if all County Councils
carried out the duties of library authorities?
_4._ Write an imaginary agenda for a public library committee meeting.
_5._ Compare the British system of training for librarianship with that
of the United States.
_6._ A public library service has an income of £20,000. Tabulate the
percentage you would devote under the various heads.
_Lesson 3._
BUILDINGS AND FITTINGS.
This lesson is intended to enable the student to obtain a thorough
grasp of the theory and principles of library architecture. The
class of library required, its scope and size, the amount of money
available, the environment, experience of the librarian and the method
of administration intended are all factors that require careful
consideration when planning a new library building. Great care must
also be taken in selecting or accepting a site. Full factors in
the planning of the various departments, together with the correct
type of fittings and furniture, should be known to all students.
I advise students to visit as many libraries as possible that are
organised and administered on the most modern method of library
science and to compare them. The factors on population in relation to
buildings, spacing and cubical contents required for planning, and the
miscellaneous percentages pertaining to the organisation of a library
service found on pages _165-8_ should be practised and memorised. _The
Builder_ should be looked through for specifications and competitions
and these should be compared with those suggested by Champneys,
Soule, Marks and others. The influence of the “open access” method
of administration on planning, fittings and furniture must never be
overlooked.
READING LIST.
Adams--Public libraries: their buildings and equipment. _L.A.R. Vol. 7,
1905, pp. 161-177 and 220-236._
Bostwick--The American Public Library. _3rd edition revised and
enlarged, 1923, pp. 282-311._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1907 edition. Sect. 104-169; pp.
481-2; 485-8. 1919 edition. Sect. 107-173._
Brown _and others_--Open-access libraries. _Grafton, 1915, pp. 11-104._
Burgoyne--Library construction, architecture and fittings, and
furniture. _The Library Series. Allen, 1906. O.P. Passim._
Burgoyne--Some points in library planning. _Greenwood’s L.Y.B.,
1900-01, pp. 12-20._
Champneys--Public libraries: a treatise on their design, construction
and fittings. _Batsford, 1907, 12s. 6d., pp. 1-60; 61-151._
Coulson--Situation of branch libraries. _L.W. Vol. 12, 1909-10, pp.
201-4._
Greenhough--Ventilation, heating and lighting. _L. Vol. 2, 1890, pp.
421-433._
Hadley--Library buildings. Notes and plans. _Amer. Lib. Assoc.,
Chicago. Grafton, 17s. 6d._
Hare--Some suggestions on the planning of public libraries. _L.A.R.
Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 148-154._
Hart--Heating, lighting and ventilation. _Greenwoods Y.B., 1897, p. 38._
Lowe--The public library building plan. _1924._
MacLeod--County rural libraries, _pp. 120-130_.
Marks--The principles of planning. _Chap. Library planning._
Philip--Lighting, heating and ventilation of libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 9,
1907, pp. 225-230._
Sayers--The children’s library. _The English Library, pp. 78-116 and
Appendix 1._
Soule--How to plan a library building for library work. _Boston, 1912._
Stansbury--Library buildings from a librarian’s standpoint. _P.L.
November, 1906, p. 495._
Tilton--Scientific library planning. _L.J. September, 1912, p. 497._
Walter--Interior decoration of libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 10, 1908, pp.
649-659._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ Plan a combined children’s open-access lending library and reading
room to accommodate _120_ children at a time, with _2_ assistants on
duty.
_2._ Tabulate the features or essentials you would look for in
selecting a site for a public library.
_3._ Give a specification of the principal items of furniture required
for a library estimated to cost £20,000.
_4._ Describe three different varieties of adjustable shelving; state
which you would like the best and why.
_5._ Name the principal conditions which should govern an architectural
competition for a Central library building to cost £50,000.
_6._ Write a brief essay on the organisation and equipment of a
combined reference library and reading room for business men.
_Lesson 4._
BOOK-BUYING AND ACCESSION METHODS.
A knowledge of book purchase and accession methods is necessary in
organising and administering a library service. The sources of supply,
and the names of the different classes of publishers and booksellers
should be known to all students. The steps to be taken in purchasing,
say, 10,000 volumes, and what classes of books to buy second-hand
should be carefully considered. Get acquainted with the methods of
treating donations, and the principles governing the replacement of
withdrawals should be known. Constant revision of stock is necessary in
all libraries and advantage should be taken of the special opportunity
which is presented whenever a new catalogue is contemplated. Note the
difference between “reprints” and “new editions.” The recognised rules
and principles on what to withdraw or discard should be carefully read.
READING LIST.
Aldred--Book selection and rejection. _L.A.R. Vol. 3, 1901, pp.
143-156._
Baker--Book selection. _L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 17-29._
Baker--Gift horses. _L.A.R. Vol 11, 1909, pp. 422-423._
Bostwick--American Public Library. _3rd edition, pp. 148-161._
Brown--Book selection. _L.W. Vol. 26, 1923-24, pp. 98-104._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1907 edition. Sects. 215-235;
489-495. 1919 edition, Sects. 207-229._
Clarke--Scientific text-books, and the disposal of editions
out-of-date. _L. Vol. 6, 1894, pp. 164-169._
Doubleday--Weeding out. _L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 327-335._
Duncan--Standardization in accession methods. _L.W. Vol. 9, 1906-07,
pp. 83-87._
Formby--Donations. _L. Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 197-202._
Hooper--Order and accession department. _Preprint of A.L.A. Manual of
Lib. Economy. Chap. 17, Passim._
Lord--Notes on book-buying for libraries. _L.J. 1907, pp. 3, 56._
Neesham--Accession methods. _L.W. Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 317-320._
Palmer--Relationships of publishers, booksellers and librarians. _L.J.,
1901. Conference Number, p. 31._
Pitt--Practical accession work. _L.A.R. Vol. 7, 1905, pp. 68-71._
Roebuck _and_ Thorne--Primer of library practice. _pp. 40-50._
Willcock--Recording, replacing and disposal of worn-out books. _L.W.
Vol. 4. 1901-02, pp. 91-93._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ Name twenty-five “quick-reference” books.
_2._ Describe how you would keep up-to-date with new editions in the
scientific and technical sections.
_3._ Is a stock register best kept on cards or in book form? Give your
views on this matter.
_4._ What books are periodically discarded in a lending department?
What steps would you take in purchasing at one time books to the value
of £2,000?
_Lesson 5._
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
The popularity of a public library used to be conditioned by its rules
and regulations, but during recent years utility has taken the place
of hard and fast rules. The student should read the rules of early
libraries, understand their principles and compare them with present
day rules. The legal aspect of all sides of the library service
must also be known and what powers are available for enforcement of
penalties, etc. The number of hours the different departments are open
to the public, holiday opening, duration of vacation for the staffs,
age limits to Juvenile and Senior departments, periods of loans, etc.,
should be known to all assistants who wish to become qualified and
efficient in their work.
READING LIST.
Barnett--Sunday labour in public libraries. _Greenwood’s Year Book,
1897, pp. 102-106._
Brown--Manual of library economy. _1907 edition, Sects. 353-382;
506-509. 1919 edition, Sects. 348-375._
Brown--The small library. _The English Library, pp. 139-148._
Brown and others--Open-access libraries, _pp. 179-198_.
Clark--Care of books. _2nd edition. Camb. Univ. Press, 1902. 24s.
Useful for early rules._
Dana--Library primer. _pp. 122-139._
Edwards--Memoirs of libraries. _2 vols. Early rules._
Fry--Fines and other penalties. _L.W. Vol. 17, 1914-15, pp. 1-8._
Farrow--Rules and regulations for lending libraries. _L.W. Vol. 13,
1910-11, pp. 36-41._
Greenwood--Sunday opening of public libraries. _In his Year Book, 1894,
pp. 458-470._
Johnston--The replacement of “infected” books. _L.W. Vol. 4, 1901-02,
pp. 6-9._
Local Government Board--Draft rules. _L.A.R. Vol. 5, 1903, pp. 28-30._
Mathews--Public library bye-laws and regulations. _L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904,
pp. 279-289._
Sanderson--Library law, _pp. 117-122._
Sayers--The children’s library, _pp. 78-100._
Shaw _and others_--Sunday opening of libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 7, 1905,
pp. 580-584. Vol. 8, 1906, pp. 79-88._
Willcock--Notification of infectious disease and the public library.
_L.W. Vol. 2, 1899-1900, pp. 89-91._
QUESTIONS.
_1._ What rule or rules would you include in your bye-laws, if you wish
to obtain exemption from the payment of rates?
_2._ Make a comparison of the early rules in libraries with those of
to-day.
_3._ State what steps you would take to obtain the return of a book
long overdue, and what power you have for the enforcement of payment of
the fines?
_4._ Discuss the pros and cons of Sunday opening of reading rooms.
_5._ If you saw a person cutting an advertisement from a newspaper in
the reading room, what action would you take?
_6._ Give the dimensions of tables, chairs and newspaper stands or wall
stands for a general reading room.
TEST EXAMINATION.
_1._ Give a brief account of the Public Libraries Act of _1919_. What
amendments or additions would you suggest in order to improve the
Municipal Library System of England?
_2._ Outline the legislation of the United States and state how it
differs from English legislation.
_3._ Assume that a library is free from debt and that the income from
the rates and other sources amounts to £20,000, state under the usual
main headings how you would allocate the expenditure.
_4._ A library authority wishes to raise a loan of £50,000 for the
building of a library. State the Act or Acts it must work under, the
period for the repayment of the loan, and the general procedure in
connection with obtaining loans.
_5._ Draw a plan of a library, on one floor, to serve a population of
100,000 showing what departments you consider essential, and giving the
area you would allocate to each.
_6._ State what size you would have the book-cases; what gangway space
between each stack, and your method of dealing with oversize books in a
large open access library.
_7._ Name the ten best guides to book selection.
_8._ State how you would proceed to select the nucleus stock for a
library.
_9._ Draft a set of rules for a lending library.
_10._ Draft twelve rules for the juvenile lending library.
_11._ If a person wished to become a borrower, but worked and lived
outside the library district, under what conditions could you accept
his application?
FACTORS AND NOTES RELATING TO LIBRARY AND MUSEUM LEGISLATION,
ORGANISATION AND EQUIPMENT.
PRINCIPAL ACTS OF PARLIAMENT AFFECTING PUBLIC LIBRARIES.