[232] Schoolcraft, II, 129.
[233] Fewkes, _21_ p. 19.
[234] Stevenson, p. 108.
[235] Bushnell, p. 17.
[236] Spencer and Gillen, _Centr. Austr._, p. 25.
[237] Gilij, II, 14; von den Steinen, _Globus_, p. 244.
[238] _Ibid._, p. 245.
[239] Krause, p. 339.
[240] Claus, p. 38.
[241] Hollis, _Nandi_, p. 94.
[242] _Loango Exp._ III: 2, 139.
[243] Torday and Joyce, _35_, p. 413; _36_, pp. 47 and 295.
[244] Mansfeld, p. 244.
[245] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 215.
[246] Hobley, _Akamba_., p. 53.
[247] Cp. below, p. 88 f.
[248] Wilken, p. 197; cp. below p. 70.
[249] Maass, p. 514.
[250] Fornander, I, 118 ff.
[251] Sheldon Dibble, p. 24.
[252] Malo, pp. 53 and 57, note 2.
[253] Forster, p. 436.
[254] _Ibid._, p. 371.
[255] von Bülow, _72_, p. 239.
[256] Brown, p. 347.
[257] Stair, p. 37.
[258] Jenks, p. 219.
[259] Oliveau, p. 343.
[260] Erdland, p. 21.
[261] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[262] Meier, pp. 708 ff.
[263] Hale, p. 105.
[264] Hastings, p. 132.
[265] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[266] Nelson, p. 234.
[267] Bushnell, p. 17.
[268] Hill Tout, _34_, 33.
[269] Teit, _Thompson_, pp. 238 f.
[270] Teit, _Shuswap_, p. 517.
[271] _Handbook_, p. 189.
[272] Powers, p. 294.
[273] Mooney, _Rep._, p. 370.
[274] Riggs, p. 165.
[275] Dunbar, p. 1.
[276] Schoolcraft, II, 129.
[277] Molina, pp. 319 ff.
[278] Beverley, p. 181.
[279] _Ibid._, p. 4.
[280] Mooney, _Rep._, p. 366.
[281] Cp. below, p. 73.
[282] Below pp. 72 ff.
[283] Wiklund, p. 5.
[284] Drake, p. 278.
[285] Jochelson, _Yukaghir_, p. 42.
[286] Claus, p. 38.
[287] Johnstone, p. 266.
[288] Barrett, p. 35.
[289] Merker, p. 155.
[290] Hollis, _Masai_, pp. 333 ff.
[291] Spieth, p. 312 and note.
[292] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 151.
[293] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 139.
[294] Hammar, p. 156.
[295] Gutmann, p. 240.
[296] Roscoe, _Bantu_, p. 139.
[297] Weeks, p. 308.
[298] Sibree, pp. 53, 57.
[299] _Ibid._, p. 77.
[300] Schulze, p. 369.
[301] Irle, p. 224.
[302] Nisbet, II, 288.
[303] Malo, p. 60, n. 8.
[304] _Ibid._, p. 58, n. 5.
[305] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._³, I, 87.
[306] Taylor, pp. 361 ff., 364 ff.
[307] Du Bois, p. 165.
[308] MacDonald, p. 64.
[309] Dennett, pp. 130 ff.
[310] Westermann, p. 103.
[311] von den Steinen, _Globus_, p. 245.
[312] Hastings, p. 69.
[313] Wilken, p. 199.
[314] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.
[315] Jenks, pp. 219 ff.
[316] The figures in brackets represent the number of days as given
by Wilken. See below.
[317] Crawfurd, I, 297 ff.
[318] Wilken, p. 197.
[319] D’Enjoy; Ginzel, I, 467. The latter begins the list with the
commencement of spring and gives dates. The number of days is in each
case taken from d’Enjoy.
[320] _Hiems et ver et aestas intellectum et vocabula habent, autumni
perinde nomen et bona ignorantur_--Tac., _Germ._, ch. 26; Schrader,
II³, 223 ff.; Feist, p. 265.
[321] Fragm. 76 Bergk.
[322] _De sign. temp._, 21, 44, 48.
[323] Roscher, p. 84; the limits according to Galen, XVII A, 17.
[324] Thibaut, pp. 10 ff.; Ginzel, I, 315.
[325] Weinhold, _Mon._, pp.2 ff.; cp. I. Aasen, _Norsk Ordbog_.
[326] Vigfusson, I, 431.
[327] _In der brache, in der zwibrache, in der herbst-sat, in
der erne, im houwet, im hanfluchet, ze afterhalme und houwe, in
der bonenarne, im brâchet, im wimmot, in der sât, im dem snite,
laubbrost, laubrîse, haberschnitt, habererndte._ Tille, p. 10; cp.
below, ch. XI.
[328] Cp. below pp. 78 ff.
[329] _De temp. rat._, ch. 13.
[330] _Im rîs und im lôve, im rûwen und im blôten, bî strô und bî
grase._
[331] Grimm, I, 74.
[332] Pfannenschmid, _Germanische Erntefeste_, Hanover, 1878,
maintains that the quadripartite division was developed alongside of
the tripartite, and bases his statement on a study of the principal
festivals.
[333] _Om en nordisk årstredelning_, p. 248. I cannot however agree
with the author in the direction indicated by the sub-title of his
essay: “Is a trace of an old Germanic tripartite division of the year
to be observed in our popular festivals?”
[334] Above, p. 73.
[335] For exceptions see Bilfinger, I, 8 ff.
[336] Bilfinger has brought forward his opinion with great
penetration and wide learning, but his reasoning cannot stand before
a searching criticism such as that amassed by Ginzel, III, 58 ff.,
and Brate, _Nordens äldre tideräkning_, Program of the Södermalm
College, Stockholm, 1908, pp. 17 ff., and in particular developed
and more profoundly based by Beckman, _Alfræði_, Intro. pp. 1 ff.;
cp. an article by the same author in the Norwegian periodical _Maal
og Minne_, 1915, p. 198. I might content myself with a simple
reference to Beckman, since I agree with him on all important points,
but as his article is written in Swedish and is therefore probably
inaccessible to many, I add the following note which in the main was
written long before it now appears, originally in connexion with my
studies in the primitive history of the Christmas festival, worked
out in the year 1914.
In point of fact it seems as though the objection which Bilfinger in
his study of the Yule-tide festival, II, 120, note, makes against the
criticism of Finnur Jonsson has not been answered (before Beckman):
the objection is that no notice is taken of the fundamental idea
of Bilfinger’s work on the Old Icelandic year--the cardinal point
around which his whole demonstration revolves--viz. the relation of
the Old Icelandic calendar to the calculation of Easter. Granting
that the still heathen Icelanders or Norwegians knew the week (the
Germanic peoples took over the week while yet in their heathen
period, see my _Studien zur Vorgeschichte des Weihnachtsfestes_,
Archiv f. Religionswiss., 19, 1918, p. 118) and made use of it in
counting time, and that they later learnt approximately to know the
length of the year--which is very easily conceivable in view of their
lively intercourse with other nations--we have the elements out of
which their calendar was developed, viz. the week and the year.
To these must be added the old-established divisions of the year,
summer and winter, which, on account of their importance for civil
life, were introduced as fixed periods of time into the calendar. As
a result of the adjusting of the reckoning in weeks to the year of
365, in leapyear 366, days, there arose a week-year with periodic
interpolations of an embolimic week. This of necessity agrees with
Bilfinger’s so-called ‘mean Easter year’, since both are constructed
out of the same elements, it being assumed only that the week-days of
the one calendar correspond to those of the other, and this is the
case, since the week came to Iceland from the south. Bilfinger is not
correct in calling (I, 71) the shifting Easter period a fragment of
a week-year: in so doing he shuts his eyes to what he himself terms
the quinary factor, i. e. that Easter Sunday falls varyingly on one
of the five Sundays between March 22 and April 25 (the other days of
the Paschal term being fixed accordingly). This fact, as has long
ago been observed, makes the Easter period a fragment of a lunisolar
year. A further development would lead to a lunisolar year that also
took into account the reckoning in weeks. Bilfinger’s view of the
matter is that the Icelanders for the sake of convenience eliminated
the quinary factor from the Easter reckoning by taking the mean
Easter Thursday as a fixed point of departure instead of letting the
calendar follow the actual variation of this day: this roundabout
method is unnecessary since the same result is arrived at by basing
a system of time-reckoning on the year and the week. The aim of the
Icelandic calendar, according to Bilfinger, was to fix the beginning
of summer, a legally very important term. If this was the object in
view it was, as Brate remarks (p. 21), not attained, for this day,
Thursday of the week April 9-15, may fall in the Passion week so that
it becomes useless for all business purposes. This proves on the
contrary that the fixing of the beginning of summer is pre-Christian.
The last objection to Are’s account of the introduction of the
Icelandic calendar, which Finnur Jonsson and Brate have allowed to
stand, must also fall. According to Are the cyclical interpolation
of a week was introduced by Torsten Surt about 960 A. D., while
previously the year had 52 weeks, i. e. 1¼ days too few. Bilfinger
objects that such a year is unthinkable, since in the course of 40
years it must anticipate itself by 50 days, and therefore in 292
years must have run through the whole circle of the seasons: the
mid-winter festival must therefore for one generation have fallen
in summer. Theoretically the objection is valid, but in practice
not so (cp. the Egyptian shifting year), and the old calendars are
administered practically. In the effort to arrive at an embolimic
cycle mistakes are at first made, and the agreement with the
solar year is once more brought about by means of intercalations
irregularly introduced for practical reasons. How the ancient Roman
calendar was treated we know: by the end of the Republic it had
become thoroughly disorganised as a result of intercalations made
for political purposes. Moreover the Roman year with its average
length of 366¼ days was from the beginning not a whit better than
the year of 364 days ascribed by Are to the Icelanders before
Torsten Surt. We learn from inscriptions that in Athens still more
irregular intercalations were made during the last decades of the
5th century. Such intercalations are the ruin of any system, but
chronology must work with a system, and this fact often blinds the
eye of the chronological student to the irregularity in the practical
treatment of the calendar. Irregular intercalations of this kind are
not indeed attested for Iceland, but it is evident that they must
always appear of themselves in a defective calendar. The possibility
of a treatment of this kind existed, since the spokesman of the laws
had to proclaim publicly every year to the assembled people in the
Althing notices about the calendar for the following year, among
which the announcement of the intercalation held a special place.
In these arguments I find myself in agreement with Beckman: I also
agree with his statement as to the gradual increase in accuracy in
the formation of the Icelandic week-calendar under the influence of
the ecclesiastical calendar.
We conclude then that the cardinal points of the Icelandic calendar,
which recur throughout Scandinavia and fall about three weeks behind
the equinoxes or the solstices, are not of Christian origin: the
agreement with what Bilfinger terms the ‘mean Easter Thursday’ is
accidental. The date is due to climatic conditions. A contributory
factor may have been the circumstance that mid-winter and midsummer
fall just at the places where a shortening or lengthening of the day
becomes observable.
[337] Småland and neighbouring provinces. Communicated by Dr. von
Sydow.
[338] This practice has passed into the Lapp language: _kess idja_ =
week of the summer nights, _talvidja_ = the winter nights. Wiklund,
pp. 16 and 20.
[339] _Þá skylldi blóta i móti vetri til árs, enn at miðjum
vetri blóta til gróðrar; hit þriðja at sumri, þat var
sigrblót_--_Heimskringla_, Ynglingasaga, ch. 8.
[340] See e. g. above, p. 70.
[341] Coquilhat, p. 367.
[342] Maass, p. 314. The names are those of the Arabic letters and
also denote the years of an eight-year cycle, the years of which are
said to be characterised by similar weather. The people are Islamite
Malays. Astrology and the calendar have strongly influenced Sumatra
and in particular Java; primitive modes of thought however recur
under the surface.
[343] Brown, p. 331.
[344] Thurnwald, p. 346.
[345] _Ibid._
[346] Routledge, p. 40.
[347] Hale, p. 105.
[348] Hastings, p. 132.
[349] Swoboda, p. 22.
[350] Brown, p. 331.
[351] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[352] De Backer, p. 406.
[353] Hagen, p. 154.
[354] Brown, p. 347.
[355] Parkinson, p. 378.
[356] Cp. p. 57.
[357] Above, p. 55.
[358] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 139.
[359] Roscoe, _Baganda_, pp. 37 ff.
[360] Id., _Bantu_, p. 72.
[361] Schiefner, pp. 191 ff.
[362] See above, p. 75.
[363] Schiefner, pp. 198, 201 ff.
[364] Wirth, p. 211.
[365] Hale, pp. 106, 170.
[366] Mathias G., p. 211.
[367] Dennett, pp. 136 ff.
[368] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 264.
[369] Maass, p. 512.
[370] Evans, _JRAI, 42_, p. 395.
[371] Mommsen, _Röm. Chronologie_², pp. 47 ff.; bibliography in
Ginzel II, 221 ff.
[372] Schulze, p. 369.
[373] Fabry, p. 224.
[374] Jenks, p. 219.
[375] Roscoe, _Bantu_, p. 140.
[376] Grabowsky, p. 102.
[377] Spieth, p. 311.
[378] Junod, _Thonga_, II, 282.
[379] Foa, p. 120. In these districts there are two seed-times and
two harvests in the year.
[380] See below ch. X.
[381] Schulze, p. 369.
[382] Musil, p. 256.
[383] Kisak Tamai, p. 97.
[384] von den Steinen, _Globus_, p. 246, n. 1.
[385] _Ibid._, p. 245: the last detail quoted from C. de Rochefort,
_Hist. naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles_, Rotterdam, 1663, p. 56.
[386] Beverley, p. 181.
[387] Grimm, I, 85; Weinhold, _Jahrt._, p. 12.
[388] von den Steinen, _Globus_.
[389] Mathias G., p. 211.
[390] Weeks, _JRAI, 39_, 129.
[391] Schrader, II³, 227; Feist, p. 266.
[392] Cranz, I, 293.
[393] Nelson, p. 234.
[394] Mooney, _Rep._, p. 366.
[395] Dunbar, p. 1.
[396] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[397] Carver, p. 175.
[398] Powers, p. 77.
[399] Mallery, _4_, p. 99.
[400] Hill Tout, pp. 34, 33.
[401] von den Steinen, _Globus_, p. 245.
[402] Weeks, _Bakongo_, p. 308.
[403] _Handbook_, p. 189.
[404] MacCauley, p. 524.
[405] Sechefo, p. 932, note 1.
[406] Stannus, p. 288.
[407] Wilson, p. 297.
[408] Musil, p. 227.
[409] Read, p. 64.
[410] Schrader, II³, 227; Feist, pp. 266 ff.
[411] De la Vega, I, 199.
[412] Johnstone, p. 266.
[413] Lane’s Dictionary, s. v.
[414] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 263 ff.
[415] Fornander, I, 124; cp. 119.
[416] Ellis, _Pol. Res._³, I, 87.
[417] Codrington, p. 349.
[418] Prellwitz, in _Festschr. für Friedländer_, pp. 382 ff.; Türk,
_Hermes, 31_, 1896, pp. 647 ff.
[419] See p. 89.
[420] Stannus, p. 288.
[421] Johnstone, p. 266.
[422] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[423] _R. T. Str._, p. 225.
[424] Fabry, p. 224.
[425] Thomas, _Edo_, p. 18.
[426] Foa, p. 120.
[427] Schulze, p. 369.
[428] Kisak Tamai, p. 97.
[429] Reed, p. 64.
[430] Mathias G., pp. 211 ff.
[431] Thomson, I, 198.
[432] Hammar, p. 156.
[433] Below, p. 108.
[434] Ellis, _Pol. Res._³, I, 86.
[435] Hollis, _Masai_, pp. 261 ff.
[436] Holland, p. 234.
[437] Johnstone, _JRAI, 32_, p. 266.
[438] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 263 ff.
[439] Nicolovius, p. 7.
[440] von Brenner, p. 195.
[441] Hose and McDougall, II, 214.
[442] Cranz, I, 293; Dalsager, p. 55; Egede, p. 132.
[443] Alberti, p. 68.
[444] Drake, p. 279.
[445] Schulze, p. 369.
[446] Roscoe, _JRAI, 32_, p. 72; cp. id., _Baganda_, p. 37.
[447] Sprenger, pp. 137 ff.
[448] Ginzel, I, 251.
[449] Claus, p. 39.
[450] Merker, p. 156.
[451] Irle, pp. 222 ff.
[452] Heckewelder, pp. 525 ff.
[453] Dunbar, p. 1.
[454] Mooney, _Siouan Tribes_, p. 32.
[455] Mallery, _4_, p. 88.
[456] Russel, p. 36.
[457] King, p. 215.
[458] Cp. King, pp. 95, 130, 143, 144.
[459] Kugler, _Sternd._ II: 1, pp. 153 ff.; Ed. Meyer, _Gesch._, I:
2², 331, together with the bibliography there given.
[460] Thureau-Dangin, _Journal asiatique, 14_, 1909, p. 337.
[461] King, pp. 146, 95.
[462] Kugler, _Sternd._, II, 236 ff.; King _passim_.
[463] King, p. 190.
[464] Ed. Meyer, _Gesch._, I, 2², 31 and 148, _Chronol._ pp. 185 ff.,
and elsewhere.
[465] See above, pp. 91 ff.
[466] See pp. 129.
[467] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[468] Il. XXII, 25 ff. translated by P. S. Worsley.
[469] Cp. my article in _Arch. f. Religionswiss., 14_, 1911, p. 429.
[470] Od. XI, 17; XII, 380; see above, p. 35.
[471] ἀστέρ’ ὀπωρινῷ ἐναλίγκιον. ὅστε μάλιστα λαμπρὸν παμφαίνῃσι
λελουμένος Ὠκεανοῖο--II. V, 5: ‘bathed in the Ocean’, since Sirius at
his rising emerges like the sun from the ocean.
[472] οὔλιος ἀστὴρ παμφαίνων--II. XI, 62.
[473] ὀψὲ δυόντα Βοώτην--Od. V, 272.
[474] Il. XVIII, 489; Od. V, 275.
[475] οὐδέ οἱ ὕπνος ἐπὶ βλεφάροισιν ἔπιπτεν Πληιάδας τ’ ἐσορῶντι καὶ
ὀψὲ δύοντα Βοώτην ἄρκτον κ. τ. λ.--Od. V, 271 ff., translated by A.
S. Way.
[476] Il. XVIII, 486.
[477] Od. XIII, 93.
[478] _Op._, vv. 528 ff.
[479] vv. 414 ff.
[480] Pfeiffer, pp. 1 ff.
[481] Alcaeus, fr. 28a Matth.:--τέγγε πλεύμονα ϝοίνῳ· τὸ γὰρ ἄστρον
περιτέλλεται. Cp. Theognis vv. 1039 f.
[482] Aeschylus, _Agam._, vv. 4 ff., translated by E. Thring.
[483] Schol. Aesch. _Prom._, 457; Soph. _Palam._, fr. 399 N^2.
[484] Aesch., _Prom._, 453 ff., translated by R. Whitelaw.
[485] Soph., _Oed. Rex_, v. 113,--ἐξ ἦρος εἰς ἀρκτοῦρον ἑκμήνους
χρόνους.
[486] Gundel, pp. 99 ff.
[487] Rehm.
[488] Sprenger, pp. 162 ff.
[489] Bogoras, II, 307 ff.
[490] Egede, pp. 131 ff.
[491] Holm, _10_, 142, and 39, 106 and 85.
[492] Schiefner, p. 204.
[493] Swanton, p. 427.
[494] Carver, p. 253.
[495] Heckewelder, p. 527.
[496] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 110.
[497] Gatschett, p. 666.
[498] Dorsey and Swanton, p. 203.
[499] Du Bois, pp. 162 ff.
[500] Columbus, p. 635.
[501] von den Steinen, _Zentralbras._, pp. 359 ff., 436, 513.
[502] Krause, p. 340.
[503] Teschauer, pp. 734 ff.
[504] Nordenskiöld, _Indianlif_, p. 273, _Indianer och hvita_, p. 173.
[505] Ehrenreich, pp. 44 f., 72.
[506] Molina, pp. 319 f.
[507] Spieth, p. 557.
[508] Thomas, _Ibo_, p. 127.
[509] Arcin, p. 394.
[510] Weeks, _Bakongo_, pp. 293 ff.
[511] Weeks, _JRAI, 39_, pp. 417 ff.
[512] Westermann, p. 104.
[513] Claus, p. 39.
[514] Junod, _Thonga_, II, 285.
[515] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, pp. 135 ff.
[516] Schulze, pp. 367 ff.
[517] Bleek, p. 108.
[518] Rivers, pp. 593 ff.
[519] Skeat and Blagden, II, 724.
[520] Hose and MacDougall, II, 213 f., 139.
[521] Many names of stars are given, e. g. by Ridley and MacPherson,
others by Kötz, pp. 30 ff. I give only a few examples; cp. also pp.
131 ff. and 144.
[522] Spencer and Gillen, _Central Australia_, pp. 565 f., _North.
Tribes_, pp. 628 ff.
[523] Strehlow, I, 19 f., 21 f., 24; II, 9.
[524] Howitt, pp. 431 f.
[525] Parker, pp. 95 ff.
[526] Ridley, p. 274.
[527] Brough-Smyth, I, 433, quoted by Kötz, p. 37.
[528] See below, pp. 139 ff.
[529] _R. T. Str._, p. 219.
[530] Rivers, _Mel._, I, 173.
[531] _Ibid._, II, 552, quoting Parkinson, p. 376, from the statement
of a native Moanu.
[532] Thurnwald, pp. 340 ff.
[533] Codrington, p. 348.
[534] Forster, p. 442.
[535] Wegener, p. 148.
[536] Erdland, pp. 24 ff.
[537] von Bülow, _72_, p. 238.
[538] See further Kötz, pp. 43 ff.
[539] Mathias G., pp. 209 f.
[540] Wegener, p. 148.
[541] Brandeis, p. 78.
[542] Forster, p. 442.
[543] Fornander, I, 127, note 1.
[544] Dibble, p. 107.
[545] Taylor, p. 363.
[546] Pp. 211 f.
[547] Christians, pp. 388 ff.
[548] Hale, p. 68.
[549] See pp. 123, 125, 132, 136, 138, 139, 144.
[550] On this special point Andree has collected much material, which
has been considerably augmented by Frazer.
[551] Bleek and Lloyd, I, 338 f.
[552] Schulze, p. 367.
[553] Parker, p. 95; cp. above, p. 122.
[554] McKellar, quoted by Frazer, p. 307; cp. Ridley, p. 279; below,
p. 144.
[555] Strehlow, pp. 9 and 19 ff.
[556] Stanbridge, in MacPherson, pp. 71 ff.
[557] Brough-Smyth, in Kötz, p. 43.
[558] Dawson, quoted by Frazer, p. 308.
[559] Bogoras, II, 307.
[560] L’Heureux, _JRAI, 15_, 301.
[561] Wilson, quoted by Andree, p. 364; McClintock, quoted by Frazer,
p. 311.
[562] Fewkes, quoted by Frazer, p. 312.
[563] Koch-Grünberg, II, 203 ff.
[564] Teschauer, pp. 734 ff.
[565] von den Steinen, _Globus_, p. 245.
[566] Cp. above p. 49.
[567] Gilij, II, 21.
[568] Grubb, quoted by Frazer, p. 309.
[569] De Angelis; Frazer, p. 309.
[570] Nordenskiöld, _Indianer och hvita_, pp. 173, 113.
[571] Id., _Indianlif_, p. 169.
[572] Frazer, p. 310, with references.
[573] Moffat, quoted by Frazer, p. 316.
[574] Kidd: Frazer, p. 116.
[575] McCall Theal: Frazer, p. 316.
[576] Callaway, p. 39.
[577] Junod, _Thonga_, II, 286.
[578] Stannus, p. 289.
[579] Hobley, _JRAI, 41_, 442.
[580] Hollis, _Masai_, pp. 275 ff.; cp. below, pp. 201 f.
[581] _Globus, 82_, 1902, p. 177.
[582] Winterbottom, quoted by Frazer, p. 318.
[583] Weeks, _Bakongo_, pp. 293 ff.
[584] See above, p. 93.
[585] Weeks, _39_, p. 129.
[586] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, pp. 135 and 138.
[587] Arcin, p. 394.
[588] St. John, I, 213 ff.
[589] Schaank, quoted by Andree, p. 364.
[590] Hose and McDougall, I, 109; II, 139, 213.
[591] Hose, _JRAI, 23_, p. 168.
[592] Schaank, quoted by Andree, p. 364.
[593] Nieuwenhuisen, quoted by Frazer, p. 315.
[594] Marsden: Frazer, p. 315.
[595] von Spreeuwenberg: Frazer, p. 313.
[596] Neuhauss: Frazer, p. 313.
[597] Haddon: Frazer, _ibid._
[598] Haddon, p. 303.
[599] _R. T. Str._, pp. 218 ff.
[600] Landtman, pp. 482 ff.
[601] Codrington, p. 348.
[602] Brown, p. 332.
[603] Parkinson, pp. 377 ff.
[604] Wheeler, p. 37.
[605] Guppy, quoted by Frazer, p. 313.
[606] Thurnwald, pp. 340 ff.
[607] Codrington, p. 348.
[608] Christians, pp. 388 ff.
[609] von Bülow, _72_, p. 238; the author expresses himself
erroneously, as if it were a case of the entrance of a planet into a
constellation, instead of the position of a fixed star.
[610] Pfeiffer, pp. 1 ff.
[611] See above, pp. 130 f., 137, 131, 125 f.
[612] G. Schmidt, quoted by Frazer, p. 317.
[613] Ridley, p. 279.
[614] Parker, pp. 95 ff.; cp. above, p. 131.
[615] Ridley, p. 273.
[616] Manning, p. 168; cp. Frazer, p. 308.
[617] Reuterskiöld, pp. 72 and 119.
[618] Above, p. 112.
[619] Weeks, _Bakongo_, pp. 293 ff.
[620] Hollis, quoted by Frazer, p. 317.
[621] Nordenskiöld, _Indianer och hvita_, p. 173.
[622] Abbot, p. 70.
[623] Nordenskiöld, _Kulturhist._, p. 219.
[624] The Caffres--Alberti, p. 68; probably also among the ‘wild’
Kubu of Sumatra--Hagen, p. 155.
[625] Partridge, p. 244.
[626] Oliveau, p. 343.
[627] von Bülow, _93_, 251.
[628] Spieth, p. 311.
[629] Sechefo, _4_, p. 931.
[630] Below, pp. 158 f.
[631] Macdonald, p. 291.
[632] Sechefo, p. 932.
[633] Thomas, _Ibo_, p. 127.
[634] Schoolcraft, II, 177.
[635] Roscoe, _Bantu_, p. 140.
[636] Spieth, p. 556.
[637] Stannus, p. 288.
[638] MacCaulay, p. 525.
[639] Thurnwald, p. 331.
[640] See further Frazer, IV: 2, 140 ff.
[641] Howitt, p. 428.
[642] Hanserak, p. 44.
[643] Musters, p. 203.
[644] Carver, p. 175.
[645] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[646] Seligmann, p. 193.
[647] Wollaston, p. 132.
[648] Thurnwald, pp. 332 ff.
[649] Bleek and Lloyd, I, 415.
[650] Livingstone, p. 235.
[651] Junod, _Thonga_, I, 51; II, 283.
[652] Roscoe, _Bantu_, p. 139 f.
[653] Gutmann, p. 238.
[654] Thomas, _Ibo_, p. 127.
[655] Stow, p. 112.
[656] Foa, p. 120.
[657] _Arch. f. Anthropol., 12_, 1913, p. 152.
[658] Møller, p. 50.
[659] Strabo, III, 4, 16 (p. 164).
[660] _Coeunt, nisi quid fortuitum et subitum inciderit, certis
diebus, cum aut inchoatur luna aut impletur: nam agendis rebus hos
auspicatissimum initium credunt_--Tac., _Germ._, XI.
[661] With this section cp. Webster, ch. V, _Lunar Superstitions and
Festivals_.
[662] Spencer, p. 456.
[663] Cp. below, p. 160.
[664] Homfray, p. 61.
[665] Man, p. 337.
[666] Heckewelder, p. 527.
[667] Reed, p. 64.
[668] Hambruch, p. 57.
[669] Krause, p. 339.
[670] Schulze, p. 370.
[671] Spencer, p. 333.
[672] Spencer and Gillen, _Centr. Austr._, p. 565.
[673] Junod, _Thonga_, II, 283.
[674] Cp. above, p. 150.
[675] Spieth, p. 556.
[676] Skeat and Blagden, II, 660.
[677] Jenks, p. 219.
[678] Scheerer, p. 158.
[679] Brown, p. 332.
[680] Thurnwald, pp. 330 ff.
[681] Ray, in _R. T. Str._, p. 225.
[682] von den Steinen, p. 358.
[683] _Ibid._, p. 435.
[684] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[685] Adriani, quoted by Winkler, p. 440.
[686] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 264 ff.
[687] von Krämer, I, 356 ff.
[688] Malo, pp. 54 ff.
[689] Fornander, I, 120 ff.
[690] Fornander, p. 126.
[691] Mathias G., p. 211.
[692] Tregear, _JRAI, 19_, p. 114.
[693] Forster, pp. 439 ff.; cp. Tregear, _Maori Dictionary_, App. A.
[694] The names of the days (Ellis, _Polyn. Res._³, I, 88) are very
similar to those of Tahiti; cp. also Wegener, p. 147, n. 1.
[695] Collected by Christians, pp. 387 ff.
[696] These expressions give the time of day, cp. above, p. 150.
[697] Hollis, _Nandi_, pp. 95 ff.
[698] Ginzel, I, 243.
[699] Boas, p. 648.
[700] Radloff, p. 308.
[701] Wirth, p. 364.
[702] Claus, p. 38.
[703] Hagen, pp. 154 ff.
[704] Above, p. 158.
[705] Merker, p. 156, n. 1.
[706] The twice-recurring verse τοῦ μὲν φθίνοντος μηνὸς τοῦ δ’
ἱσταμένοιο in Homer, _Od._ XIV, 162 and XIX, 307; Hesiod, _Op._, v.
780. Cp. my _Entstehung_, pp. 27 and 30 f.
[707] Below, pp. 188 and 206 f.
[708] Stevenson, p. 108.
[709] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 144.
[710] Merker, pp. 154 ff.
[711] Hesiod, _Op._, v. 773.
[712] See my remarks in _Arch. f. Religionswiss., 14_, p. 432.
[713] Barrett, p. 35.
[714] Stannus, p. 288.
[715] Gutmann, pp. 238 ff.
[716] Merker, pp. 154 ff.
[717] De Backer, p. 407; for the Andamanese cp. above, p. 155.
[718] See the passage from a Babylonian Creation epic quoted by Boll
in Pauly-Wissowa’s _Realcykl. der klass. Altertumswiss._, VII, 2551.
[719] Mausser, p. 222.
[720] Compare the corresponding Chukchee months cited by Bogoras,
below p. 220.
[721] Jochelson, _Koryak_, p. 428.
[722] Jochelson, _Yukaghir_, p. 41.
[723] Nelson, pp. 234 ff.
[724] Boas, _Eskimo_, pp. 644 ff.
[725] Dalsager, pp. 54 ff.; cp. Cranz, I, 293 ff.
[726] Schiefner, p. 204.
[727] Swanton, _Tlingit_, pp. 425 ff.
[728] Teit, _Shuswap_, pp. 517 ff.
[729] Teit, _Thompson_, pp. 237 ff.
[730] _Ibid._, pp. 238 ff.
[731] Teit, _Lillooet_, pp. 223 f.
[732] Boas, _Kwakiutl_, pp. 412 ff.
[733] Hill Tout, _JRAI, 34_, p. 34.
[734] _Ibid._, pp. 334 ff.
[735] Cp. the lists from the Yakuts p. 179 and the Tunguses p. 178.
[736] Hale, pp. 210 ff.
[737] Hastings, p. 66.
[738] De la Potherie, II, 331.
[739] Carver, pp. 175 ff.
[740] The translator quotes Loskiel, _Gesch. der Mission der
evangelischen Brüder unter die Indianer in Nordamerika_, Barby, 1789.
[741] Heckewelder, p. 524.
[742] Jenks, _Wild Rice_, pp. 1089 f.
[743] Riggs, _Dict._, s. v. _wi_, ‘moon’.
[744] Clark, p. 16.
[745] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[746] Mooney, _Kiowa_, pp. 368 ff.
[747] Dunbar, p. 1.
[748] Gatschet, p. 1.
[749] Beverley, p. 4.
[750] Clark, p. 372.
[751] Matthews, p. 4.
[752] MacCauley, p. 524.
[753] Bushnell, p. 17.
[754] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[755] Fewkes, _15_, p. 256.
[756] Stevenson, p. 108.
[757] _Handbook_, p. 189, from Cushing.
[758] Russel, p. 36.
[759] Hastings, p. 69.
[760] E. g. Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 200.
[761] Chervin, p. 229; Nordenskiöld, _Kulturh._, p. 219.
[762] Gilij, II, 233.
[763] Krause, p. 339.
[764] Schulze, p. 370.
[765] Sechefo, _4_, 931 ff., _5_, 71 ff.
[766] Macdonald, _JRAI, 19_, p. 291.
[767] Junod, _Ronga_, II, 284 ff.
[768] Irle, p. 224.
[769] François, _Nama und Damara_, Magdeburg, 1895, p. 185 f., quoted
from Ginzel, II, 142.
[770] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 139.
[771] Burrows, p. 56. The land extends from 23° W. long., and runs
eastwards to the Nile at the most northerly point of the Congo Free
State.
[772] Westermann, pp. 103 and 299.
[773] Hobley, _Akamba_, pp. 52 ff.
[774] Barret, _JRAI, 41_, p. 35.
[775] Cole, p. 323.
[776] Hollis, _Nandi_, pp. 94 ff.
[777] Gutmann, pp. 239 ff.
[778] Mischlisch, p. 127.
[779] Thomas, _Edo_, p. 18.
[780] _Etudes ethnogr., Rev. de Madag._, août 1904, p. 148 f.
[781] _Antan. Annual_, 1886, p. 237.
[782] Grandidier, pp. 384 ff.
[783] Newbold, II, 356 ff.
[784] von Bremer, p. 233.
[785] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[786] Ginzel, I, 422 ff.; Friederich, p. 87.
[787] Forbes, p. 429.
[788] Cp. Landtman, p. 482. My additions are in brackets.
[789] See above, p. 57.
[790] Below, pp. 218 ff.
[791] Christians, pp. 389, 394.
[792] Christians, p. 393, after Kubary.
[793] Kubary, pp. 107 ff.
[794] Hale, p. 68.
[795] _Ibid._, pp. 391 ff.
[796] Meineke, p. 105.
[797] Cp. pp. 212, 213.
[798] Thomson, I, 198, Taylor, p. 362. The list is Taylor’s:
Thomson’s is not so full, and is distinguished from the other in
assigning a later position to the phases of the vegetation; it must
therefore come from a more southerly district.
[799] Martin, II, Vocabulary, s. v. _mahina_, ‘moon, month’.
[800] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._³, I, 86.
[801] Forster, pp. 438 ff.
[802] Fornander, I, 125.
[803] von Bülow, _Globus, 72_, p. 239; G. Turner, _A hundred years
ago and long before_, London, 1884, makes the same statement, Krämer
(I, 356) differs very little from it; cp. also Hale, pp. 169 ff.
A quite different list is to be found in a work inaccessible to
me--Pratt and Frazer, _Some Folk-songs and Myths from Samoa_, R. Soc.
of New S. Wales, XXIII, 1891, p. 121. It is worth noting that here
two names of months are said to mean a demon, another a forest spirit.
[804] Lister, p. 53.
[805] Dibble, pp. 24 ff.; Fornander, I, 119.
[806] Haddon, p. 303; so also _R. T. Str._, p. 225.
[807] Spencer and Gillen, _Centr. Austr._, p. 25.
[808] Spencer, p. 444.
[809] Codrington, pp. 349 ff.
[810] Brown, pp. 331 ff.
[811] Bogoras, I, 51 ff.
[812] Above, p. 182.
[813] Jenks, p. 219.
[814] Mooney, _Kiowa_, p. 368.
[815] Above, p. 193.
[816] Above, p. 183.
[817] Forster, p. 371.
[818] Above, p. 190.
[819] Above, p. 195.
[820] Above, p. 192.
[821] Above, p. 180.
[822] Thomas, _Ibo_, I, 127.
[823] Mathias G., p. 211.
[824] Above, pp. 210 f.
[825] Above, pp. 178, 180.
[826] Above, p. 176.
[827] Above, pp. 193 f.
[828] Above, p. 192.
[829] Above, p. 195.
[830] Dubois, p. 165.
[831] Above, p. 193.
[832] Above, p. 200.
[833] Above, p. 174.
[834] The explanations given by Muss-Arnolt are known to me only
through Ginzel, I, 117 ff.
[835] The respective explanations are from Kugler, II: 1, pp. 176
ff., and Thureau-Dangin.
[836] Hrozný, pp. 85 ff.
[837] I Kings, Chap. VI and VIII.
[838] Dillman, p. 926, König, p. 612 ff., and elsewhere.
[839] Above, p. 204.
[840] Schiaparelli, _A. Test._, p. 139.
[841] König, p. 636.
[842] Wellhausen, _Proleg._, p. 110.
[843] See below, pp. 272 ff.
[844] Finally discussed by Marti.
[845] I Kings VI, vv. 1, 37, and 38; VIII, 2.
[846] Exod. II, 2, Moses’ mother ‘hid him three months’.
[847] i. e. ‘month of the days’, Deut. XXI, 13, II Kings XV, 13.
[848] Deut. XXXIII, 14.
[849] Above, p. 151.
[850] I have examined the passages by the aid of Mandelkern’s
Concordance and the analysis of sources in Kautzch’s translation of
the Bible: for the numbered months cp. also Wellhausen, _Proleg._, p.
110.
[851] I Sam. XX.
[852] First in the somewhat later narrative of Elisha, II Kings IV,
23; then in Amos VIII, 5; Isaiah I, 13; XLVII, 13; LXVI, 23, etc.
[853] Num. XXIX, 6; XXVIII, 11, 14,
[854] I Sam. XX, 28, ‘the morrow after the new moon’.
[855] First the Yahwist, Ex. XXXIV, 18, and his reviser, XIII, 4 ff.;
XXIII, 15; XXXIV, 18; further the Deuteronomist, XVI, 1, and in Ex.
XII, 2.
[856] Judges XI, 37 ff.
[857] One month: Lev. XXVII, 6; Num. III, (often); IX, 22; XVIII,
16; XXVI, 62; I Kings IV, 7, 27; V, 14 (in the history of Solomon);
several months: I Sam. XXVII, 7 (the old History of the Kings); II
Sam. II, 11; V, 5; VI, 11; XXIV, 8, 13; I Kings XI, 16; II Kings XV,
8; Deut. XXIII, 31; XXIV, 8.
[858] The Elohist, Gen. XXIX, 14; the Yahwist, Num. XI, 20; Jud. XIX,
2; XX, 47.
[859] See below, pp. 272 ff.
[860] Enumerated by Ginzel, I, 240; cp. Wellhausen, _Reste_, p, 94,
note 1.
[861] Wellhausen, _Reste_, pp. 96 (with note 1), 97.
[862] Cranz, I, 293, Dalsager, p. 54; cp. Holm, _10_, p. 141, and
_39_, p. 105, respectively.
[863] Above, pp. 185 f.
[864] Mallery, _4_, p. 99; cp. Riggs, _Grammar_, p. 165.
[865] Dunbar, p. 1.
[866] Macdonald, p. 291.
[867] Friederich, p. 88.
[868] Below, p. 250.
[869] Winkler, p. 439.
[870] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[871] Maes, p. 627.
[872] Thomas, _Ibo_, I, 127.
[873] Beverley, p. 181.
[874] Jochelson, _Yukaghir_, p. 42.
[875] Jochelson, _Koryak_, p. 428.
[876] Above, p. 241.
[877] Matthews, p. 4.
[878] Carver, p. 175.
[879] Below, p. 262.
[880] Above, pp. 201 f.
[881] Hollis, p. 334.
[882] Ginzel II, 41, 44.
[883] Dalman, p. 3.
[884] Boas, _Eskimo_, pp. 644 ff.
[885] Boas, _Kwakiutl_, pp. 412 ff.
[886] Dunbar, p. 1.
[887] Ellis, _Pol. Res._³, I, 86.
[888] Above, p. 184.
[889] Dubois, p. 165.
[890] Above, pp. 197 and 199.
[891] Above, pp. 211 f.
[892] Above, p. 210.
[893] Above, p. 208.
[894] Petrus Martyr, _De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis_,
Basileae, 1521; quoted by Ginzel, I, 446, note 1.
[895] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 138.
[896] Macdonald, p. 291.
[897] Friederich, p. 86.
[898] Taylor, p. 362.
[899] Thomson, I, 198.
[900] Tregear, p. 114.
[901] De Backer, p. 407.
[902] Brandeis, p. 78.
[903] Malo, p. 59.
[904] Quoted by Malo, p. 59, note 7.
[905] Above, p. 242.
[906] Winkler, pp. 436 ff.
[907] Above, pp. 237 ff.
[908] Wellhausen, _Reste_, pp. 88, 99.
[909] Sprenger, p. 144.
[910] Wellhausen, _Reste_, p. 96; _Vakidi_, pp. 17 ff.
[911] I cannot go further into this, but refer to Ginzel, I, 243 ff.,
though he has far from exhausted the subject. Wellhausen’s treatment
(l. c.) is suggestive but too dogmatic, and he leaves the _nasî_ out
of account. More recently Moberg has examined in detail the Arabian
traditions: for particulars of his researches I refer to his paper,
_Den muhammedanska traditionen i fråga om an-nasî_, St. Tegn., pp.
465 ff. His conclusion is that originally _nasî_ was partly the term
for the insertion of the intercalary month, and also probably the
name of the intercalary month itself.
[912] For quotations see Sprenger, pp. 145 ff., also Albiruni, in
Ginzel I, 245.
[913] See my _Entstehung etc._, p. 47.
[914] Sprenger’s hypothesis that the pre-Mohammedan Arabians had the
lunar year but that the feast of pilgrims was held before the full
moon preceding the spring equinox is also false: for the names of
months shew that the feast was connected with a definite month.
[915] I give here the English translation of Sachau, p. 73, which
adds _rabi I_ in brackets as an explanation. I am indebted to Prof.
Moberg for the literal translation of the passage:--“The first _nasî_
fell in the _muharram_, and _safar_ was called by this name and _rabi
I_ by the name _safar_, and from this they let the months revolve
in the series. The second _nasî_ fell in _safar_, and the month
following that (_rabi I_: Sachau) was again called _safar_, and so
on, until the _nasî_ had run through all twelve months and came back
again to _muharram_.” As a result of the first intercalation _rabi
I_ became _safar_, therefore _rabi II_ = _rabi I_, after the second
the names are pushed another stage forwards, therefore the original
_safar_ = after the first intercalation _rabi I_, after the second
_rabi II_. I have added a reference to the original situation.
[916] Caussin, p. 349.
[917] Above, pp. 226 ff.
[918] Kugler, _Erg._, p. 153.
[919] Kugler, I, 35 ff., II, 88 ff.
[920] Above, p. 227.
[921] Kugler, I, 228 ff., _Erg._, p. 169.
[922] The connexion of the number of the 12 signs of the zodiac with
the months has often been contested, but in my opinion erroneously.
[923] Kugler, _Erg._, p. 131; cp. also Weissbach, pp. 281 ff.
[924] For a general view I refer to Bezold’s essay.
[925] Cp. above, p. 243.
[926] See Landsberger, pp. 44 ff.
[927] _Ibid._, p. 30, note 4.
[928] Kugler, II, 187 ff.; Weidner, _Memnon, 6_, 65 ff.
[929] Kugler, II, 248 ff.
[930] Kugler, II, 253, and elsewhere: the passage is often quoted.
[931] Schiaparelli, _Bab._, p. 229.
[932] Schiaparelli, _Bab._, p. 230.
[933] Weidner, p. 73; for the 27-year period in question see below,
p. 264.
[934] Above, p. 183.
[935] Above, p. 188.
[936] Below, p. 313.
[937] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.
[938] Dubois, p. 165.
[939] Above, pp. 211 f.
[940] See my article _Kalendæ Januariæ_, Arch. f. Religionswiss.,
_19_, 1918, in particular pp. 68 ff.
[941] _R. T. Str._, p. 226.
[942] Above, p. 202.
[943] Grabowsky, p. 102.
[944] Bartram, p. 483.
[945] Powers, p. 438.
[946] Callaway, pp. 406, 413.
[947] Johnstone, p. 266.
[948] Junod, _Thonga_, I, 368 ff.
[949] Leonard, pp. 434 ff.
[950] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._³, I, 351.
[951] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.
[952] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 150.
[953] von Bülow, p. 239.
[954] _Handbook_, p. 189.
[955] Mooney, _Kiowa_, pp. 366 ff.
[956] Gatschet, p. 17.
[957] Bushnell, p. 17.
[958] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[959] Teit, _Thompson Indians_, p. 237.
[960] Teit, _Shuswap_, p. 518.
[961] Turner, p. 202.
[962] Jochelson, _Yukaghir_, p. 428.
[963] Holm, _10_, p. 141, and _39_, p. 105.
[964] Above, p. 234.
[965] See Dillmann, pp. 914 ff., König, pp. 624 ff., and the
authorities there cited.
[966] Exod. XXIII, 16, XXXIV, 22.
[967] Cp. above, p. 268.
[968] See above, p. 234.
[969] Lev. XXIII, 24.
[970] Grubb, p. 139.
[971] Liebstadt, quoted by Frazer, p. 309.
[972] Teschauer, p. 736.
[973] Gumilla, quoted by Frazer, p. 310; cp. Gilij, above, p. 49.
[974] von den Steinen in _Globus_, from old sources difficult of
access and in part in manuscript.
[975] Kidd, quoted by Frazer, p. 116.
[976] Callaway, p. 397.
[977] Friederich, p. 86.
[978] Thurnwald, p. 342.
[979] Mathias G., p. 211.
[980] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._³, I, 312.
[981] _Ibid._, p. 87; Wegener, p. 147.
[982] Ed. Meyer, _Chron._, p. 20.
[983] Cp. above, pp. 248 f., and especially the Pleiades year, pp.
274 ff.
[984] Grimm, p. 105.
[985] Abbot, pp. 11 ff.
[986] von Hahn, II, 111.
[987] Grimm, pp. 101 ff.
[988] Grimm, p. 104.
[989] Grimm, pp. 98 ff.
[990] _koložeg_, also December. The name cannot be taken as referring
to the disc of the sun; popularly it is said that once it was so cold
during this month that the people had to burn even their waggons in
order to warm themselves.
[991] Yermoloff, p. 54.
[992] According to Yermoloff, p. 428, October.
[993] The Czechs have for some centuries distinguished _červen_ and
_červenec_ as June and July respectively, or also:--‘the little _č_.’
= June, ‘the great _č_.’ = July.
[994] Yermoloff, p. 394.
[995] The much-disputed name _Hornung_ is rightly explained by
Bilfinger, _Bes. Beil. des Staats-Anzeigers f. Württemberg_, 1900,
pp. 193 ff. It describes the month as ‘the one that has been
curtailed of its rights’ (cf. Icel. _hornungr_), since it has fewer
days than the others: cf. the Flemish term _het kort mandeken_.
The same writer, _Zts. f. deutsche Wortforschung 5_, 1903, pp. 263
ff., satisfactorily explains _Sporkel_ as the month in which the
vines are pruned; the name _Rebmonat_ has the same sense. Further
he conjectures that as November is the slaughtering month and
_Louwmaend_ (= January) is the tanning month, _Sellemaend_ takes its
name from the sale of the hides.
[996] Ebner, p. 9.
[997] _Ibid._, p. 5.
[998] Weinhold, _Mon._, pp. 31 ff.
[999] Above, p. 77.
[1000] Tille, pp. 19 and 15.
[1001] This pair is evidently to be explained otherwise: cp.
Bilfinger, above, p. 289, note 1.
[1002] Beda, _De temp. rat._, c. 15.
[1003] This interpretation however involves the difficulty that
_hreðe_ is usually written without _h_ (Ekwall).
[1004] Hampson, I, 422 ff.
[1005] _Bibl. der angelsächs. Poesie, herausgeg. v. C. W. M. Grein_,
II, Göttingen, 1858, pp. 1 ff.
[1006] Hickes, I, 215.
[1007] The quotations are given in the Oxford Dictionary; see further
Hampson, II, 194.
[1008] Aubrey, _Rom. Gentilisme_, 1686-7.
[1009] Bilfinger, _Unters._, II, 125 ff.
[1010] _Lið_, ‘ship’, _liða_, ‘seafarer’ have short _i_ and could not
give _þriliði_.
[1011] F. Kluge, _Nominale Stammbildungslehre_, 2nd ed., 1899, p. 66.
The word is used in _Coloss._ II, 16, and translates Greek νεομηνία;
this word really means ‘new moon’, but in later Greek any festival.
Hence it is not very surprising that Ulfilas should have put ‘full
moon’ for νεομηνία.
[1012] Bilfinger, _Unters._, I, 7.
[1013] Worm, p. 48; Finn Magnusson in _Edda_ III, 1044 ff., whence
the translations are taken.
[1014] _Edda_ III, 1044 ff.
[1015] Weinhold, _Mon._, p. 23, without giving source.
[1016] Worm, pp. 43 ff.
[1017] Hickes, I, 215, written _Blindemanet_.
[1018] _Edda_ III, 1044 ff.
[1019] Hickes, _loc. cit._, has as variants 1, _Ism._, 10, _Riidm._,
11, _Winterm._
[1020] The history of the Swedish list of months is dealt with in
detail by the present writer in the essay _De svenska månadsnamnen,
Stud. Tegn._, pp. 173 ff., to which the reader is referred for the
documents.
[1021] _Ibid._, pp. 177 ff.
[1022] Bilfinger, _Unters._, I, 32.
[1023] Weinhold, _Mon._, pp. 38 and 58; Axel Olrik, _Zeitschr. des
Vereins f. Volkskunde, 20_, 1910, p. 57.
[1024] _Unters._, I, 49 ff.
[1025] Celsius, pp. 211, 65.
[1026] Beckman, _Stud. Tegn._, pp. 200 ff.
[1027] Beckman, _loc. cit._, tries to prove the heathen origin of
the computation of the _disting_ and its independence of the Easter
reckoning by the statement that the former follows the phenomena of
the heavens, the latter the rule of computation, which may lead to a
different result. Unfortunately this conclusion cannot be considered
too binding, since for the people in general, who knew nothing about
this rule,--how late in medieval times the rune-staves appeared we do
not know, but certainly not at the beginning of the Middle Ages--it
was still absolutely necessary to determine in some degree the
time of fasting and the Easter time. And if the absolutely correct
calculation could not be made, it was still better than nothing to
have one that was at least approximate and easy to make. The fact
that the moon of fasting was calculated from the phenomena of the
heavens is expressly stated in the rule as given above, p. 301.
[1028] Saga of Saint Olaf, ch. 76.
[1029] Olaus Andreae and Gerardus Erici, 1600; Petrus Gisæus, 1603.
[1030] _Ny inkombling_ = ‘new-comer’, ‘intruder’.
[1031] Celsius, p. 111.
[1032] See above, p. 299.
[1033] J. Häyhä, III, 101 ff.
[1034] There can here be no question of the Catholic regulation of
the moons by the Epiphany Day, since if this were assumed the first
heart-moon could not begin earlier than Dec. 27, and would therefore
not come within the winter solstice, as the account says it must.
[1035] Schiefner, p. 217.
[1036] Wiklund, pp. 5 ff.
[1037] _Act. soc. scient. fennicae, 12_, 1883, p. 166.
[1038] See above, p. 300.
[1039] Cranz, I, 293; Dalsager, p. 54.
[1040] Holm, _10_, p. 141; _39_, p. 105.
[1041] _Ibid._, 142, 104.
[1042] Turner, p. 202.
[1043] Above, p. 246.
[1044] Stevenson, pp. 108 ff., cf. 148 ff.
[1045] Fewkes, pp. 256 ff.
[1046] Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 199 ff.
[1047] Callaway, p. 395.
[1048] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.
[1049] Meier, pp. 706 ff.
[1050] Parkinson, p. 378.
[1051] Forster, p. 436.
[1052] Fornander, p. 127.
[1053] νῆσός τις Συρίη ... Ὀρτυγίης καθύπερθεν, ὅθι τροπαὶ
ἠελίοιο--Od. XV, 403.
[1054] Hesiod, _Op._, 564 and 663 respectively.
[1055] Cf. my _Årets folkliga fester_, p. 157.
[1056] Above, pp. 21 f.; so also Ginzel, III, 57.
[1057] Snorre’s Edda, I, 150; cf. above, p. 21.
[1058] _Flateyjarbók_, I, 539.
[1059] Riste, pp. 6 and 8.
[1060] Above, pp. 137 ff.
[1061] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[1062] _Ibid._, I, 160.
[1063] Hose and McDougall, I, 106 ff.; unfortunately I have not had
access to the work of Hose quoted by Frazer on p. 314, n. 3, _Various
Modes of computing the Time for Planting among the Races of Borneo_,
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, no. 42,
Singapore, 1905.
[1064] Crawfurd, I, 300 ff.
[1065] Hose and McDougall, p. 108.
[1066] _Ibid._, I, 109; II, 139.
[1067] p. 104.
[1068] Mooney, _Siouan Tribes_, p. 32.
[1069] Powers, p. 352.
[1070] Du Pratz, III, 237 ff.
[1071] Dunbar, p. 1.
[1072] Above, p. 104.
[1073] Alberti, p. 68.
[1074] Claus, p. 38.
[1075] Above, p. 93.
[1076] Chervin, p. 229.
[1077] Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 42.
[1078] Kötz, p. 21.
[1079] Swoboda, p. 22.
[1080] Reed, p. 64.
[1081] Codrington, p. 353.
[1082] _Ibid._, p. 272.
[1083] Thurnwald, p. 331.
[1084] Brandeis, p. 78.
[1085] Gatschet, p. 17.
[1086] Thomas, _Austr._, p. 27.
[1087] Above, p. 178.
[1088] Jochelson, _Yukaghir_, pp. 40 ff.
[1089] Barrett, p. 35.
[1090] Stannus, p. 288.
[1091] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[1092] Weeks, _Bakongo_, pp. 199 ff.
[1093] Hammar, p. 156.
[1094] Torday and Joyce, _35_, 413; _36_, 47 and 277.
[1095] Weeks, p. 200.
[1096] Thomas, _Edo_, I, 18.
[1097] Thomas, _Ibo_, I, 127.
[1098] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 139.
[1099] Ellis, _Yoruba_, pp. 142 ff.
[1100] Above, p. 90; Dennett, pp. 133 ff.
[1101] Conradt, p. 15.
[1102] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 216.
[1103] _Ibid._, p. 219.
[1104] Thomas, _Edo_, I, 18.
[1105] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 149.
[1106] Wilken, p. 199.
[1107] _Ibid._, p. 200.
[1108] Ginzel, I, 414 ff.; Crawfurd, I, 289 ff., Wilken, pp. 197 ff.
[1109] References in Webster, pp. 103 ff., where also will be found
more about the African market-days.
[1110] Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 6 and 35; Webster, pp. 119 ff.
[1111] Quoted from Hehn, p. 114.
[1112] II Kings, IV, 23.
[1113] Macrob., I, 16, 28 ff.
[1114] Above, pp. 251 f.
[1115] W. Backer, _Zeitschr. f. d. altest. Wiss., 29_, 1909, 148 ff.
[1116] Jerem. XVII, 21 ff.
[1117] Nehem. X, 31.
[1118] Nehem. XIII, 15 ff.
[1119] Spencer and Gillen, _Nat. Tribes_, pp. 169 ff.
[1120] P. 336.
[1121] Above, p. 68.
[1122] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.
[1123] Martin, p. 290.
[1124] Above, pp. 68 f.
[1125] Jenks, pp. 206 ff.
[1126] Leonard, pp. 434 ff.
[1127] Jochelson, _Koryak_, pp. 86 ff.
[1128] Cp. above, p. 269.
[1129] Powers, p. 305.
[1130] Cp. Mauss, _Essai sur les variations saisonnières des sociétés
Eskimos, L’année sociologique, 9_, 1904-5, pp. 96 ff. That the time
of freedom from work should become a festival time is obvious and is
simpler than Mauss seems to think; the point deserved noting among
other peoples also.
[1131] Cp. my _Årets folkliga fester_, p. 161.
[1132] Pp. 320 ff.
[1133] Above, pp. 151 ff.
[1134] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[1135] Foa, p. 120.
[1136] Nisbet, II, 287.
[1137] Kötz, p. 21.
[1138] P. 331; cp. the handbooks, and Förster’s essay.
[1139] Lev. XXIII, 5, 6, and 34; cp. Ezekiel XLV, 21 ff.
[1140] Exod. XXXIV, 18, XXIII, 15, _le moed chodesh ha-abib_; cp.
Exod. XIII, 4 ff.
[1141] XVI, I.
[1142] Above, pp. 235 f.
[1143] Judges IX, 27; XXI, 19 f.; Nowack II, 151.
[1144] Exod. XXXIV, 22.
[1145] Numbers IX, 11 ff.
[1146] Perhaps Solomon also celebrated the dedication of the Temple
and the Feast of Tabernacles in the same month: Nowack, II, 151, n.
2.
[1147] Cp. my article in _Arch. f. Religionswiss., 14_, 1911, p. 441,
and my _Entstehung etc._, p. 33.
[1148] Warneck, pp. 350 ff.
[1149] Above, p. 312.
[1150] Cranz, p. 229.
[1151] Above, pp. 196 and 313.
[1152] Above, pp. 195 and 313.
[1153] Ginzel, I, 436.
[1154] Above, p. 196.
[1155] Chervin, p. 229.
[1156] Above, pp. 204 f.
[1157] Above, pp. 228 ff.
[1158] Cp. my _Entstehung etc._, pp. 51 ff.
[1159] Friederich, p. 88.
[1160] Brough-Smyth, I, 432, quoted by Kötz, pp. 26 f.
[1161] Pp. 132 f.
[1162] _R. T. Str._, p. 224.
[1163] Gilij, II, 21.
[1164] Above, p. 241.
[1165] Jenks, p. 219.
[1166] Above, pp. 103 f.
[1167] Above, pp. 169 f.
[1168] Macdonald, p. 291.
[1169] Hose and McDougall, pp. 106 ff.; cp. above, p. 318.
[1170] Above, pp. 318 and 317.
[1171] Crawfurd, I, 300 f.
[1172] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 216.
[1173] Mischlich, p. 127.
[1174] Fewkes, pp. 258 ff.; cp. above, p. 313.
[1175] Stevenson, p. 108 f.; cp. above, p. 312.
[1176] W. D. Alexander, quoted by Malo, p. 59, n. 7.
[1177] Bastian, quoted by Kötz, p. 62.
[1178] White, quoted by Kötz, p. 63.
[1179] _Loango Exp._, III: 2, 138, note; cp. above, p. 248.
[1180] Above, p. 313.
[1181] Above, pp. 212 f.
[1182] Erdland, pp. 16 ff.; cp. above, p. 126.
[1183] Parkinson, p. 377.
[1184] Kubary, p. 62.
[1185] Forster, p. 441; cp. above, p. 125.
[1186] Kötz, p. 64.
[1187] Above, p. 210.
[1188] Ellis, _Pol. Res._³, I, 89 ff.
[1189] Maass, p. 512.
[1190] Feist, p. 262.
[1191] With this section compare my _Entstehung etc._, where a fuller
discussion and authorities are given.
[1192] Above, pp. 33 ff., 46 f., 72 f., 110 ff.
[1193] ἠλιτόμηνος, Il. XIX, 118.
[1194] Above, pp. 313 and 167.
[1195] Fotheringham in his interesting paper on Cleostratus (_Journ.
of Hell. Studies, 39_, 1919, 177) tries to explain this alternation
by the intercalation; if a month was intercalated the games would
be transferred from Parthenios to Apollonios. This is in my opinion
impossible. The Greek feasts were bound up with the months, which
were named from some of them; this association prevented a feast from
being transferred to a month with another name, i. e. the feast was
fixed with reference to the name of the month, not to its number.
[1196] Axel W. Persson, _Die Exegeten und Delphi_, Lunds Universitets
Årsskrift, vol. 14, 1918, Nr. 22.
[1197] Above, p. 330. My statement in _Archiv für
Religionswissenschaft, 14_, 1911, pp. 435 and 448 n. 1, is to be
tested by this. It agrees exactly.
[1198] See my _Griechische Feste_, p. 397.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Names beginning with Mc or Mac sometimes had a space before the rest
of the name, for example ‘Mac Pherson’; this space has been removed.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Table of Contents: ‘P. 78 NOTE 1’ replaced by ‘P. 78 NOTE 2’.
Pg 48: ‘nights in sucession’ replaced by ‘nights in succession’.
Pg 73: ‘_grishna_, hot season’ replaced by ‘_grishma_, hot season’.
Pg 184: ‘goose moonth’ replaced by ‘goose month’.
Pg 207: ‘lakabutik kiik’ replaced by ‘lakubutik kiik’.
Pg 242: ‘to accomodate their’ replaced by ‘to accommodate their’.
Pg 264: ‘astromony is’ replaced by ‘astronomy is’.
Pg 338: ‘Ifejiohu, god’ replaced by ‘Ifejioku, god’.
Pg 375: ‘London [1841]’ replaced by ‘London (1841)’.
Pg 377: ‘Meineke, C. E.’ replaced by ‘Meinicke, C. E.’.
Pg 380: ‘Vega, Garcilasso’ replaced by ‘Vega, Garcilaso’.
Addendum: ‘P. 78 NOTE 1’ (Footnote 335) replaced by ‘P. 78 NOTE 2’
(Footnote 336).
Footnote 692: ‘Treager’ replaced by ‘Tregear’.
Footnote 693: ‘cp. Treagear’ replaced by ‘cp. Tregear’.
Footnote 728: ‘Teit, _Shushwap_’ replaced by ‘Teit, _Shuswap_’.
Footnote 900: ‘Treagear, p.’ replaced by ‘Tregear, p.’.
Footnote 923: ‘_Erg._, 131’ replaced by ‘_Erg._, p. 131’.