[1] Dowling, “Introduction to Study of Eccl. Hist.; its
Progress and Sources.” Lond., 1838.
Smedt, “Introd. generalis ad Hist. Eccl. critice
tractandam.” Gandavi, 1876.
[2] See Sermon on The Pharisees in Mozley’s “Univ. Sermons.”
Lond., 1876; also
Schürer, Div. II., vol. ii., pp. 1-43, “Pharisees and
Sadducees.”
[3] See Lightfoot, _Ep. to the Col._, 5th ed., Lond., 1880,
Diss. on “Essenes, their Name, Origin, and Relation to
Christianity.” pp. 349-419; also
Schürer, Div. II., vol. ii., pp. 188-218, “The Essenes.”
[4] Nutt, _Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma, and
Literature_. Lond., 1874.
[5] On Philo, see Schürer, Div. II., vol. iii., pp. 321-381.
[6] J. Bannerman, “The Church of Christ.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1868.
Jacob, “Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament.”
Lond., 1871.
Hatch, “The Organization of the Early Chr. Churches.”
Lond., 1881; 2nd ed., 1883.
D. D. Bannerman, “The Doctrine of the Church.”
Edin., 1887.
Hodge, “The Church and its Polity.” Edin., 1879.
Binnie, “The Church.” Edin., 1882.
Pressensé, “Life and Pract. of Early Church.” Lond., 1879.
Lightfoot, “Comm. on Philip.” “Essay on Christian
Ministry.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881, pp. 181-269.
[7] Mommsen, “De collegiis et sodaliciis Rom.” Kiel, 1843.
Foucart, “Les associat. relig. chez les Grecs.”
Paris, 1873.
Hatch, “Organization of Early Chr. Churches.” pp. 26-39.
[8] Lightfoot, “Epistle to Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881,
p. 95. Detached notes on the synonyms “bishop” and
“presbyter.” “Diss. on Christian Ministry.”
pp. 187-200.
[9] Blondel, “Apologia pro sententia Hieron. de episcop. et
presbyt.” Amst., 1646.
[10] The φίλημα ἅγιον of Rom. xvi. 16; 1 Cor. xvi. 20.
[11] Of these we probably find fragments in Eph. ii. 14;
1 Tim. iii. 16; 2 Tim. ii. 11-13; and perhaps also in
1 Tim. iii. 1, 16; Jas. i. 17; Rev. i. 4; iv. 11; v. 9;
xi. 15; xv. 3; xxi. 1; xxii. 10.
[12] Acts ii. 4, 6; xx. 7.
[13] John xx. 26; Acts xx. 7; 1 Cor. xvi. 2; Rev. i. 10.
[14] Acts ii. 39; xvi. 33; 1 Cor. vii. 14.
[15] Acts viii. 17; vi. 6; xiii. 3; 1 Tim. iv. 14.
[16] On the subject of this section consult:
Pressensé, “Early Years of Christianity.” Vol. 2,
“Apostolic Age.” Lond., 1879, pp. 361-381.
Lechler, “Apostolic and Post Apostolic Times.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1886; Vol. i., pp. 37-67, 130-144.
[17] Burton, “Heresies of the Apostolic Age.” Oxford, 1829.
[18] As authorities for this period consult:
Moshemii, “Commentarii de reb. Christianor. ante
Constant.” Helmst., 1753.
Baur, “First Three Centuries of the Christian Church.”
Lond., 1877.
Milman, “Hist. of Chr. to Abol. of Pag. in Rom. Emp.”
3 vols., Lond., 1840.
Pressensé, “Early Years of Christianity.” 4 vols.,
Lond., 1879.
[19] Consult:
Killen, “The Ancient Church.” Edin., 1859; “The Old
Catholic Church.” Edin., 1871.
Lechler, “Apost. and Post-Apost. Times.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1886; Vol. ii., pp. 260-379.
Robertson, “Hist. of Chr. Church.” Vol. i., (A.D. 64-590),
Lond., 1858.
[20] Although the Post-Apostolic and Old Catholic Ages are
sharply enough distinguished from one another in point
of time and of contents along many lines of historical
development, and are rightly partitioned off from each
other, so that they might seem to require treatment as
independent periods; yet, on the one hand, passing over
from the one to the other is so frequent and is for the
most part of so liquid and incontrollable a nature, while
on the other hand, the opposition of and the distinction
between these two periods and the œcumenical Catholic
Imperial Church that succeeds are so thorough-going,
that we prefer to embrace the two under one period and
to point out the boundary lines between the two wherever
these are clearly discernible.
[21] Inge, “Society in Rome under the Cæsars.” Lond., 1887.
[22] Uhlhorn, “Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism.”
Steere, “Account of the Persecutions of the Church under
the Roman Emperors.”
[23] Renan, “Antichrist.” Lond., 1874.
Merivale, “Hist. of Rom. Emp.” Vols. v. vi.,
Lond., 1856, 1858.
Farrar’s “Early Days of Christianity.” Lond., 1884;
Bk. I., pp. 1-44.
Mommsen, “Hist. of Rome.” 6 vols., Lond., 1875 ff.
[24] Renan, “Marcus Aurelius.” Lond., 1883.
Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
[25] Lightfoot, “Ignatius.” Vol. i., pp. 469-476.
[26] “Kirchengesch. v. Dtschl.” I. 94.
[27] Mason, “The Persecution of Diocletian.” Cambridge, 1876.
[28] Cotterill, “Peregrinus Proteus.” Edin., 1879; Engl.
Transl. of Lucian’s works, by Dr. Francklin, 4 vols.,
Lond., 1781.
[29] Baur, “Christian Church in First Three Centuries.”
Lond., 1877.
“Celsus and Origen.” in vol. iv. of Froude’s “Short
Studies.”
[30] Philostratus, “Life of Apollonius of Tyana.” First 2 bks.,
Transl. by Blount, Lond., 1680.
Newman, “Hist. Sketches.” Vol. i., chap. ii., “Apollonius
of Tyana.”
[31] The works of Plotinus consist of 54 treatises arranged
in 6 Enneads, “Opera Omnia.” ed. Creuzer, 3 vols.,
Oxon., 1835. Several of the treatises transl. into
English by H. Taylor, Lond., 1794 and 1817.
[32] Zeller, “History of Eclecticism in Greek Philosophy.”
Lond., 1831.
Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” Lond., 1872; Vol. i.,
pp. 240-252.
[33] “Narratio orig. rituum et error. Christianor. S. Joannis.”
Rom., 1652.
[34] Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Lond., 1886; Vol. viii., p. 120.
[35] In de Sacy’s “Chrestom. Arabe.” 2 ed., I. 333.
[36] 1 Cor. xvi. 3; 2 Cor. viii. 19; Gal. ii. 9.
[37] Burton, “Heresies of the Apostolic Age.” Oxford, 1829.
Zeller, “Acts of the Apostles.” 2 vols., London,
1875, 1876.
Pressensé, “Apostolic Age.” London, 1879, pp. 66-73;
318-330.
[38] Neander’s “First Planting of Christianity and
Antignostikus.” (Bohn), 2 vols., Lond., 1851.
Mansel, “Gnostic Heresies of First and Second Centuries.”
Ed. by Bishop Lightfoot, Lond., 1875.
King, “Remains of the Gnostics.” Lond., 1864;
new ed., 1887.
Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” 2 vols., Lond., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 280-290.
[39] These are published among the works of Origen. Recently
Caspari discovered an admirable Latin translation of them
made by Rufinus, and published it in his “Kirchenhist.
Anecdota.” I., (Christ., 1883).
[40] Lipsius, “Valentinus and his School.” in Smith’s “Dict.
of Biography.” Vol. iv., Lond., 1887.
[41] In Cureton’s “Spicil. Syr.” Lond., 1855.
[42] In its extant Coptic form, ed. by Petermann, Brl., 1851.
In a Latin transl. by Schwartze, Brl., 1853.
In English transl. in King’s “Remains of the Gnostics.”
Lond., 1887.
[43] Yet the school of Baur regard this Gospel of Marcion as
the original of Luke. Hilgenfeld thinks that both our
Luke and Marcion drew from one earlier source. Hahn
has sought to restore the Marcionite Gospel in Thilo’s
“Cod. Apoc. N.T.” I. 401.
Sanday, “Gospels in the Second Century.” London, 1876.
[44] Salmon, “Introd. to the N.T.” London, 1885, pp. 242-248.
Reuss, “Hist. of N.T.” Edin., 1884, §§ 291, 246, 362, 508.
[45] Lightfoot, “Comm. on Galatians.” Camb., 1865; Diss.
“St. Paul and the Three.”
[46] Lechler, “Apost. and Post-Apostol. Times.” Vol. ii.,
p. 263 ff.
Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Lond., 1886, Vol. viii.,
p. 152.
[47] Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Vol. viii., p. 122.
[48] We possess this work in the original Greek. The first
complete edition was that of Cotelerius in his “Pp.
Apost.” The latest and most careful separate ed., is by
Lagarde, Lps., 1865; Eng. transl. in Ante Nicene Lib.,
Edin., 1871.
[49] Existing only in the Latin transl. of Rufinus. Published
in Cotelerius, “Pp. Apost.”
Separate ed. by Gersdorf, Lps., 1838; Eng. transl.
Ante-Nicene Lib., Edin., 1867.
[50] See de Sacy, “Mem. sur diverses antiqu. de la Perse.”
Par., 1794.
The most important of these Arabic works are the Literary
History of An-Naddim, Kitab al Fihrist, ed. Flügel and
Roediger, Lps., 1871; then
Al-Shurstani’s “Hist. of relig. and phil. sects.” ed.
Cureton, Lond., 1842; and
Al-Biruni’s “Chron. d. Orient Völker.” ed. Sachau,
Lps., 1878.
[51] Among the Mandeans _mana rabba_ means one of the highest
æons, and is thus perhaps identical with the name
Paraclete borrowed from the Christian terminology,
which Manes assumed.
[52] Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” 2 vols., Lond., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 290-325. Patristic. Phil. down to Council of Nicæa.
[53] Donaldson, “Apostolic Fathers.” Lond., 1874.
Lightfoot, “Clement of Rome.” 2 vols., Lond., 1869, 1877;
Ignatius and Polycarp, 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
Sanday, “The Gospels in the Second Century.” Lond., 1876.
[54] Luke i. 1; § 32, 4; 36, 7; 59, 1.
[55] “Patrum Apost. Opera.” Ed. Gebhardt, Harnack and Zahn,
3 vols., Lps., 1876 ff.
“Apostolic Fathers.” Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Library,
Edin., 1867.
Donaldson, “Apostolic Fathers.” Edin., 1874.
[56] At Constantinople, 1875.
[57] Comp. Lightfoot, “St. Clement of Rome, An Appendix.” etc.,
Lond., 1877.
[58] Donaldson, “History of Christian Literature.” Vol. i.,
Lond., 1864.
Cunningham, “Dissertation on Epistle of St. Barnabas.”
Lond., 1877.
[59] “Hermæ Pastor.” ed. Hilgenfeld, 2 ed., Lps., 1881. Down
to the middle of the 19th century it was known only in
a Latin translation, but since then the Greek original
has been accessible in two recensions, as well as
in an ancient Ethiopic translation (ed. d’Abbadie,
Lps., 1860). One of the Greek recensions almost complete
was found in the monastery of Athos; and an older, but
less perfect one, was found in the _Codex Sinaiticus_.
Schodde, “Hermâ Nabî; The Ethiopic version of Pastor
Hermæ examined.” Lps., 1876.
[60] Comp.
Harnack in _Expositor_ for March, 1886, pp. 185-192.
Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” Lond., 1885, vol. ii.,
pp. 433-470.
[61] Cureton, “Corpus Ignatianum.” (Rom., Eph., and Ep. to
Polyc.), Lond., 1819.
[62] Against their genuineness:
Dallæus, “De scrr. quæ sub Dionysii et Ignatii nom.
circumfer.” Gen., 1666.
Killen, “Ignatian Epistles entirely Spurious.”
Edin., 1886.
In favour:
Pearson, “Vindiciæ St. Ignat.” Cantab., 1672.
Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
[63] Salmon, “Introd. to the New Testament.” Lond., 1885,
pp. 104-126.
Sanday, “Gospels in Second Century.” Lond., 1876.
[64] Schaff, “The Oldest Church Manual.” Edin., 1886.
Hitchcock and Brown, “Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.”
New York, 1884.
Taylor, “The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles with Illus.
from the Talmud.” Cambr., 1886.
_Expositor_, April and June, 1886, pp. 319 f. and
401 ff.; Nov., 1887, pp. 359-371.
[65] Donaldson, “Hist. of Chr. Lit. from death of App. to Nic.
Council.” 3 vols., Lond., 1864, Vols. ii. and iii.,
“The Apologists.”
[66] The Syriac translation of a treatise of Melito’s given
in Cureton’s “Spicileg. Syr.” Lond., 1853, which gives
itself out as an address delivered before Antoninus
Cæsar, is not identical with his Apology to Antoninus
Pius, of which Eusebius has preserved three fragments,
as these passages are not found in it.
[67] The fragments of Melito’s works are collected by Routh,
“Reliquiæ Sacr.” L., Oxon., 1814.
[68] “Opera.” ed. Otto, 3 vols., Jena, 1876; Engl. transl. in
Ante-Nicene Library, Edin., 1867.
Semisch, “Just. Mart.” 2 vols., Edin., 1843.
Kaye, “Writings and Opin. of Just. Mart.” Lond., 1853.
[69] Salmon, “Introd. to New Test.” On Tatian, pp. 96-104.
Wace on “Zahn’s Tatian’s Diatessaron.” in _Expositor_
for Sept. and Oct., 1882.
[70] Bigg, “The Christian Platonists of Alexandria.” Bampton
Lect. for 1886, Oxf., 1886.
Kingsley, “Alexandria and her Schools.” Camb., 1854.
[71] “Opera.” ed. Harvey, Cantab., 1857; Introd. II.
“Life and Wr. of Irenæus.” Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene
Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1868, 1869.
Lightfoot, “Churches of Gaul.” in _Contemp. Review_,
Aug. 1876.
Lipsius, “Irenæus.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.”
III., pp. 253-279.
[72] Many works ascribed to him have been lost; whatever fragments
of these exist have been collected by Fabricius and Lagarde.
These were:
_Exeget._, a Com. on Daniel;
_Apolog._, Πρὸς Ἰουδαίους;
_Polem._,
against Gnostics and Monarchians,
against the Asiatic Observance of Easter (§ 37, 2);
_Dogmat._,
Περὶ τῆς τοῦ πάντος οὐσίας,
Περὶ τοῦ Ἀντιχρίστου,
Περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως (§ 22, 4),
Περὶ χαρισμάτων;
Hist.-chron.,
Chronicle, and Easter-Canon.
On Philosophoumena:
Döllinger, “Hippolytus and Callistus.” Edin., 1876.
[73] “Opera.” ed. Dindorf, 4 vols., Oxon., 1868.
“Supplementum Clementinum, in Zahn’s Forsch.” Vol. iii.,
Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1867.
Bigg, “Chr. Plat. of Alex.” Lectt. II. III., Oxf., 1886.
Kaye, “Clement of Alexandria.” London, 1855.
Reuss, “Hist of Canon.” Edin., 1884, pp. 112-116.
[74] Jerome reckons them at 2,000; Epiphanius at 6,000; these
must include the thousands of separate epistles and
homilies.
Bigg, “Chr. Platonists of Alex.” Lectt. IV.-VI.,
Oxf., 1886.
[75] _Hexaplorum quæ supersunt._ Ed. Field, Oxon., 1871.
[76] Ed. Selwyn, Cantab., 1876; Engl. transl. of C. Celsum
and De Principiis, in Ante-Nicene Library, 2 vols.,
Edin., 1869-1872.
[77] “Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius of Alex. and Archelaus.”
transl. by Prof. Salmond, Edin., 1871.
[78] Neander, “Antignosticus, or the Spirit of Tertull.”
appended to “Hist. of Planting of Chr. Church.”
2 vols., Lond., 1851.
Kaye, “Eccles. Hist. of 2nd and 3rd Cents. illustr. from
Wr. of Tertull.” 2 ed., Camb., 1829.
Tertullian, “Works.” 3 vols., Ante-Nicene Lib.,
Edin., 1869.
[79] “Cyprian’s Treatises and Epistles.” Lib. of Fathers,
2 vols., Oxf., 1839, 1844.
“Writings of Cyprian.” Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols.,
Edin., 1868.
Poole, “Life and Times of C.” Oxf., 1840.
Pressensé, “Martyrs and Apologists.” Lond., 1879,
pp. 414-438.
[80] Dillmann, “Pseudepigraph. des A. Ts.” Herzog, xii. 341.
Reuss, “Hist. of the N. T.” Edin., 1884.
Salmon, “Introd. to N. T.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1886.
[81] “Fabricius, Codex pseudepigr. V.T.” Ed. 2., Hamb., 1722.
[82] Drummond, “Jewish Messiah.” Lond., 1877.
Lawrence, “Book of Enoch.” Oxf., 1821.
Schodde, “Bk. of Enoch.” Andover, 1882.
Schurer, “Hist. of Jew. Peo. in Times of J. Chr.”
Div. II., Vol. 3., pp. 59 ff., 73 ff., 93 ff., 134 ff.;
(Enoch, Assumptio, Ezra, Bk. of Jub.).
Bensly, “Missing Fragment of Lat. Transl. of 4th Bk. of
Ezra.” Cambr., 1875.
[83] Sinker, “Test. XII. Patriarchum.” Cambr., 1869;
Appendix, 1879.
Malan, “Book of Adam and Eve.” Lond., 1882.
Hort on Bks. of Adam, in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.”
Lond., 1877.
[84] Salmon, “Introd. to N.T.” Lond., 1885; Lect. XII.,
“Apoc. and Her. Gospels.” pp. 226-248.
[85] Nicholson, “The Gosp. acc. to the Hebrews.” Lond., 1879.
[86] Giles, “Cod. Apoc. N. T.” 2 vols., Lond., 1852.
Tischendorf, “Evv. Apocr.” Ed. 2, Lps., 1876.
[87] Wright, “Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Syriac and
English, 2 vols., Lond., 1871.
Malan, “The Conflicts of the Holy Apostles.” Lond., 1871.
Tischendorf, “Acta app. Apocr.” Lps., 1851.
[88] Phillips, “Addai the Apostle.” Syriac and English,
Lond., 1876.
[89] Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881; “Diss.
on Paul and Seneca.” pp. 270-328; “Letters of Paul
and Seneca.” pp. 329-333.
Lightfoot, “Comm. on Col.” 5 ed., Lond., 1880;
pp. 274-300, “The Epistle from Laodicea.”
[90] Dorner, “Hist. of Dev. of Doctr. of Person of Chr.”
5 vols., Edin., 1862.
Pressensé, “Heresy and Christian Doctrine.” Lond., 1879.
[91] Deut. xviii. 15; Isa. liii. 3; Matt. xii. 32; Luke i. 35;
John viii. 40; Acts ii. 22; 1 Tim. ii. 5.
[92] Tertullian says: _Ita duo negotia diaboli Praxeas Romæ
procuravit, prophetiam expulit et hæresim intulit,
paracletum fugavit et patrem crucifixit._--Ps.-Tertull.:
_Hæresim introduxit, quam Victorinus corroborare
curavit._
[93] Dorner, “Person of Christ.” Vol. ii.
[94] Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.”
Lond., 1872.
[95] Hatch, “The Organization of the Early Christian
Churches.” Lond., 1881; “The Growth of Church
Institutions.” Lond., 1887.
Bannerman, “Doctr. of the Church.” 2 vols., Edin., 1858;
espec. vol. i., pp. 277-480.
Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881:
“Dissertat. on Chr. Ministry.”
Papers in _Expositor_, 1887, on “Origin of Chr. Ministry.”
by Sanday, Harnack and others.
[96] We are not carried further than this by Irenæus, iii. 3.
Similarly, too, Cyprian, _De Unitate Ecclesiæ_, iv.
Tertullian also does not accept the Roman tradition
as of supreme authority, but prefers that of Asia
Minor in regard to the Easter Controversy, and, in the
_De Pudicitia_, he opposes with bitter invective the
penitential discipline of the Roman bishop Zephyrinus or
Callistus. So, too, Cyprian repudiates the Roman practice
in regard to heretics’ baptism (§ 35, 5); and on the same
subject Firmilian of Cæsarea in Cappadocia hesitates not
to write: _Non pudet Stephanum, Cyprianum pseudo-christum
et pseudo-apostolum et dolosum operarium dicere:
qui omnia in se esse conscius prævenit, ut alteri
per mendacium objiceret, quæ ipse ex merito audire
deberet._--Consult:
Blondel, “Traité hist. de la primauté.” Gen., 1641.
Salacious, “De Primatu Papæ.” Lugd. Bat., 1645.
Kenrick, “The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated.”
New York, 1848.
“The Pope and the Council.” by Janus, Lond., 1869.
[97] Wall, “Hist. of Infant Baptism.” with Gale’s Reflections,
and Wall’s Defence, 4 vols., Oxf., 1836.
Wilberforce, “Doctr. of Holy Baptism.” Lond., 1849.
[98] Funk’s assertion that the ἀκροᾶσθαι and the γονυκλίνειν
were not stages in the Catechumenate, but penal ranks
in which offending Catechumens were placed, and that
there was only one order of Catechumens is untenable
for these reasons:
1. Because the penitential institution presupposes a
falling away from the grace of baptism;
2. Because the Canon of Neo-Cæsarea with its
κατηχούμενος ἁμαρτάνων, ἐὰν μὲν γονυκλίνων, ἀκροάσθω,
necessarily implies that γονυκλίνειν is a stage in
the Catechumenate;
3. Because this Canon provides that after the first
penal procedure, not after passing through two
penitential orders, the sinner will be expelled;
4. Finally, because the γονυκλίνειν of the Catechumens,
just like that of the congregation in prayer, is
even in expression something quite different from
the ὑπόπτωσις of the penitents.--Consult:
Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.”
Lond., 1879, pp. 5-36, 333.
[99] Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.”
pp. 201-216, 263-286.
Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apost. Times.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1886; Vol. ii. 298.
Jacob, “Ecclest. Polity of N. T.” Lond., 1871,
pp. 187-319.
[100] Jacob, “Ecclest. Polit. of N.T.” Lond., 1871, Lect. vii.,
“The Lord’s Supper.”
Waterland, “Review of the Doctrine of the Eucharist.”
Lond., 1737.
[101] See, _De Doctr. Christiana._ II. ii. 15.--“Old Latin
Biblical Texts.” Edited by John Wordsworth, Bp. of
Salisbury, Oxford, 1885, etc.
[102] Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apostolic Times.”
Edin., 1886, Vol. ii., pp. 301-310.
[103] Bosio, “Roma Sotteranea.” Rom., 1632.
De Rossi, “Roma sott. crist.” 3 vols., Rome, 1864-1877.
Northcote and Brownlow, “Roma Sotteranea.” Lond., 1869.
Withrow, “The Catacombs of Rome.” Lond., 1876.
[104] Marriott, “Testimony of the Catacombs.” Lond., 1877.
[105] Zöckler, “The Cross of Christ.” Lond., 1877.
Allen, “Early Christian Symbolism.” Lond., 1887.
Didson, “Chr. Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
[106] Schmidt, “The Social Results of Early Christianity.”
Lond., 1886.
Brace, “Gesta Christi.” Lond., 1883.
Uhlhorn, “Chr. Charity in the Ancient Church.”
Edin., 1883.
Pressensé, “Life and Practice in Early Church.”
Lond., 1879, pp. 345-477.
Ryan, “Hist. of the Effects of Relig. upon Mankind.”
Dublin, 1820.
[107] Morinus, “De discipl. in administr. s. pœnitentiæ.”
Par., 1651.
Marshall, “Penitential Discipline of the Prim. Church for
the First Four Centuries.” Lond., 1844 (1st ed., 1718).
Tertullian, “De Pœnitentia.” See Transl. in Library of
Fathers, Tertullian, vol. i., “Apologetic and Practical
Treatises.” Oxf., 1843; XI. Of Repentance, with long
and valuable notes by Dr. Pusey, pp. 349-408.
[108] J. de Soyres, “Montanism and the Primitive Church.”
Cambr., 1878.
Cunningham, “The Churches of Asia.” Lond., 1880,
p. 159 ff.
[109] Bunsen, “Hippolytus and his Age.” Lond., 1854.
Wordsworth, “St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome.”
Lond., 1852.
Döllinger, “Hippolytus and Callistus.” Edin., 1876
(orig. publ. 1853).
[110] “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1843, Cyprian’s Treatises:
v.“On Unity of the Church.” vi. “On the Lapsed.” with
prefaces.
Also, “Epp. of S. Cyprian.” (1844) xli.-xlv., lii.
and lix.
[111] “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1844; “Epp. of S. Cyprian.”
Ep. lii., also Ep. lv.
[112] Merivale, “Conversion of the Roman Empire.” Lond., 1864.
Milman, “Hist. of Christianity to Abol. of Pag. in Rom.
Emp.” 3 vols., Lond.
Lecky, “Hist. of Eur. Morals.” Vol. ii., “From Constantine
to Charlemagne.”
[113] Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle
Ages.” Lond., 1871.
[114] Original source is Eusebius, “Life of Constantine.”
Trans. Lond., 1842.
See interesting lect. on Constantine in Stanley’s “Hist.
of Eastern Church.” Lond., 1861.
Madden, “Christian Emblems on Coins of Constantine I.”
Lond., 1878.
[115] Neander, “The Emperor Julian and his Generation.”
Lond., 1850.
G. H. Rendall, “The Emperor Julian.” Lond., 1879.
Newman, “Miracles in Eccl. Hist.” Oxf., 1842.
Bp. Wordsworth, “Julian.” in Smith’s Dict. of Biog.,
vol. iii., pp. 484-523.
[116] On this whole period consult: Histories of Theodoret,
Sozomen, Socrates, and Evagrius (containing much
fabulous matter, but useful as contemporary records
extending down to A.D. 594). Transl. in 4 vols.,
Lond., 1812-1846.
For Theodosius I. see Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.”
vol. ii., p. 341 ff., Edin., 1876.
[117] A careful reconstruction of the whole as far as
possible has been attempted by Neumann (Leipz., 1880),
accompanied by prolegomena and a German translation.
[118] Hefele, “Hist. of Church Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 1-48.
Pusey, “Councils of Ch. from A.D. 51 to A.D. 381: their
constit., obj., and history.” Oxf., 1857.
[119] Its original form is probably preserved in a Syriac
translation; see Bunsen’s “Analecta Antenicæna.”
ii. 45-338, Lond., 1854.
[120] First published in the Greek original by Bickell under
the title, inapplicable to the first part: Αἱ διαταγαὶ
αἱ διὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ κανόνες ἐκκλησιαστικοὶ τῶν ἁγίων
ἀποστόλων.
[121] Maitland, “The Dark Ages.” Lond., 1844.
Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization in 5th Cent.” Transl.
by Glyn, 2 vols.
Montalembert, “Monks of the West, from Benedict to
Bernard.” 7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.
[122] Stephens, “Chrysostom: his Life and Times.” 3rd ed.,
London, 1883, pp. 59 ff., 294 ff.
[123] Hatch, “Organization of the Early Christian Churches.”
London, 1881, pp. 124-139.
Hatch, “Ordination.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Bibl. Antiq.”
Vol. ii.
[124] Hatch, “Organization of Chr. Ch.” p. 161.
Bede, “Eccles. Hist.” iv. 1.
[125] Dale, “Synod of Elvira, and Christ. Life in the 4th cent.”
London, 1882.
Lea, “Hist. of Sacerdotal Celibacy.” Philad., 1867.
Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” London, 1877, Vol. ii.,
pp. 328 ff.
Hefele, “Hist. of Christ. Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 150, 380, 435.
[126] Neale, “Hist. of the Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols.,
London, 1847-1873.
Stanley, “Lect. on the Eastern Church.” London, 1861.
[127] Greenwood, “Cathedra Petri: Pol. Hist. of Great Latin
Patriarchate from 1st to 16th cent.” 6 vols., London,
1856 ff.
[128] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876,
pp. 231 ff., 483 ff.
[129] Comp. Döllinger, “Fables Respecting the Popes of the
Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871.
[130] Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.
[131] Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” 2 ed.,
Cambr., 1869.
Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.
[132] Kellett, “Pope Gregory the Great and his Relations with
Gaul.” (Cambridge Essays, No. ii.), Cambridge, 1889.
[133] Engl. Transl.:
“Eccles. Hist. with Life of Euseb. by Valesius.”
Lond., 1843.
“Theophania, or Div. Manifest. of the Lord.” from Syr.
by Dr. Sam. Lee, Lond., 1843.
“Life of Constantine.” Lond., 1844.
“Life of Eusebius.” by Bright, prefixed to Oxf. ed.
of Eccl. Hist. of 1872.
[134] “Festal Epp. of Athanasius.” (transl. from Syriac
discovered in 1842 by Tattam, and first edited by
Cureton in 1848), Oxf., 1854.
[135] “Treatises against Arians.” 2 vols., Oxf., 1842 (new ed.,
1 vol., 1877).
“Historical Tracts.” Oxf., 1843; “Select Tracts,” with
Newman’s Notes, 2 vols., Lond., 1881.
[136] Newman’s, “Hist. Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. v; Sketches
of Basil, Gregory, etc. Originally publ. under title
“Church of the Fathers.” Lond., 1842.
[137] Ullmann, “Gregory Nazianzen.” Oxford, 1855; and Newman
“Church of the Fathers.”
[138] Cyril’s Comm. on Luke is transl. from the Syriac by
Dr. Payne Smith, Oxf., 1859.
[139] A very full and admirable account of Synesius and his
writings is given by Rev. T. R. Halcomb in Smith’s
“Dict. of Chr. Biog.” Vol. iii., pp. 756-780.
[140] Neander, “Life of Chrysostom.” Lond., 1845.
Stephens, “Life of Chrysostom.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1883.
Chase, “Chrysostom: a Study.” Cambr., 1887.
His Homilies and Addresses are transl. in 15 vols. in
the “Lib. of the Fathers.” Oxf., 1839-1851.
Various Eng. translations of the tract “On the
Priesthood.”
[141] Newman’s “Historical Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. i.,
“Theodoret.”
[142] Translated by Dean Church in “Lib. of the Fathers.”
Oxf., 1838; with interesting and instructive Preface
by Newman.
[143] Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Lond., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 349-352.
Colet, “On the Hierarchies of Dionysius.” ed. by
Lupton, Lond., 1869.
Wescott, “Dionysius the Areopagite.” in _Contemp.
Review_ for May, 1867.
[144] Etheridge, “The Syrian Churches: their Early Hist.,
Liturg. and Lit.” Lond., 1846.
[145] Morris, “Select Writings of Ephraim the Syrian.”
Oxford, 1817.
Burgess, “Repentance of Nineveh, Metrical Homily by
Ephraem.” Lond., 1853.
“Select Metrical Hymns and Homilies of Eph. Syr.”
Lond., 1853.
[146] Newman, “Church of the Fathers.” 2nd ed., London, 1842.
Reprinted in Hist. Sketches, vol. ii.
Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.
[147] “Lib. of Fathers.” in vol. of Cyprian’s Epps., Oxf., 1844,
pp. 318-384. For phrase quoted, see p. 322.
[148] A good account of the writings of Jerome is given by the
late Prof. William Ramsay in Smith’s “Dict. of Grk. and
Rom. Biogr.” Vol. ii., p. 460.
Milman, “Hist. of Chr.” Vol. iii., ch. xi.
Cutts, “St. Jerome.” Lond., 1877.
Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1844.
[149] Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.
[150] Newman’s “Arians of the 4th Century.” London, 1838.
Gwatkin, “Studies of Arianism.” Camb., 1882.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vols. i. ii., Edin.,
1872, 1876.
Newman’s “Tracts Theolog. and Eccles.” Chap. ii.; Doctrinal
Causes of Arianism.
“Select Treatises of Athanasius.” Ed. by Newman, 2 vols.,
London, 1881, Vol. 2 containing notes on Arius,
Athanasius, etc.
[151] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” I., pp. 231-447.
Kaye, “Hist. of Council of Nicæa.” London, 1853.
Tillemont, “Hist. of Arians and Council of Nice.”
London, 1721.
[152] Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 196 f.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876, p. 193.
[153] Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 282 ff.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 217.
[154] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., pp. 340-373.
Hort, “Two Dissertations.” ii., On the Constantinople Creed
and other Eastern Creeds of the 4th cent., Camb., 1874.
[155] Swete, “The Hist. of the Doctr. of the Procession of the
Holy Spirit from Apost. Age to Death of Charlemagne.”
Cambr., 1876.
Pusey, “On the clause ‘And the Son.’” Oxf., 1876.
[156] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 348 ff., § 97, The
Tome and the Creed.
[157] Stephens, “Chrysostom.” pp. 287-305.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 430 ff.
[158] The most useful and complete account of Chrysostom is
that of Stephens. Consult also Milman, “Hist. of Chr.”
Vol. iii., pp. 206 ff.
[159] Dorner, “Hist. of the Development of the Doctr. of the
Person of Christ.” 5 vols., Edin., 1861.
[160] Newman, “Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical.”
Chap. iii., Apollinarianism.
[161] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. iii., pp. 1-156.
[162] Most informing about all these transactions is Hefele, “Hist.
of Councils.” iii., Edin., 1883; (Robber Synod, p. 241 ff.;
Chalcedon, p. 451 ff.).
Perry, “Second Council of Ephesus.” London, 1877.
Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” Cambr., 1869.
[163] Butler, “Ancient Coptic Churches.” 2 vols., London, 1884.
[164] Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle
Ages.” Lond., 1871.
Willis, “Pope Honorius and the New Roman Dogma.” Lond., 1879.
Bottalla, “Pope Honorius before the Tribunal of Reason and
History.” London, 1868.
[165] Wiggers, “Augustinianism and Pelagianism.” Andover, 1840.
Müller, “Chr. Doctrine of Sin.” 2 vols., Edin., 1868.
Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justific. and
Reconciliation.” Edin., 1872.
[166] Laidlaw, “The Bible Doctrine of Man.” Edin., 1879.
Heard, “Tripartite Nat. of Man.” 3rd ed., Edin., 1870,
pp. 189-200.
Delitzsch, “Biblical Psychology.” 2nd ed., Edin., 1869,
pp. 128-142.
Beck, “Outlines of Biblical Psychology.” Edin., 1877, p. 10.
[167] For an entirely different representation of the Augustinian
system see Cunningham, “S. Austin and his Place in Hist.
of Chr. Thought.” Lond., 1886; esp. chaps. ii. and iii.,
pp. 45-107.
A good outline and defence in Hodge’s “System. Theol.”
Edin., 1874, Vol. ii., pp. 333-353.
Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” ed. by Dr. J. S. Reid, Lond., 1880,
p. 210, notes 3 and 4; (pt. II., chap. v., § 25.)
Mozley, “Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination.”
Lond., 1855.
[168] Hodge, “Systematic Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 166-168.
[169] Lardner, “Credibility of the Gospel Hist.” Vol. iv.,
London, 1743.
[170] Butcher, “The Ecclesiastical Calendar.” London.
Hampson, “Medii Ævi Kalend.”
[171] Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Edinburgh, 1848,
Vol. ii., pp. 141-145.
[172] Tyler, “Image Worship of Ch. of Rome contrary to Scripture
and the Prim. Ch.” London, 1847.
[173] Tyler, “Worship of Virgin Mary contrary to Script. and
Faith of Ch. of first 5 Cents.” London, 1851.
Clagett, “Prerogatives of Anna the Mother of God.”
London, 1688. Also by same: “Discourse on Worship of
Virgin and Saints.” London, 1686.
[174] Cosin, “Scholastic History of Popish Transubstantiation.”
Lond., 1676.
[175] Reuss, “History of the N.T. Scriptures.” Edin., 1884,
§ 377.
Keil, “Introduction to the O.T.” Edin., 1870, Vol. ii.,
pp. 201-203.
[176] Swainson, “The Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds.” Camb., 1875.
Westcott, “The Historic Faith.” Lond., 1883, note iii.,
the Creeds.
Harvey, “Hist. and Theology of the three Creeds.”
Camb., 1854.
Hort, Two Dissertations: II. “The Constantinopolitan Creed
and the Eastern Creeds of 4th cent.” Camb., 1876.
Schaff, “Creeds of Christendom.” Edin., 1877, vol. i.
Lumby, “History of the Creeds.” Camb., 1873.
Waterland, “Crit. Hist. of Athanasian Creed.” Camb., 1724.
Heurtley, “The Athanasian Creed.” Oxf., 1872.
Ommaney, “Ath. Creed: an Exam. of Recent Theories
respecting its Date and Origin.” Lond., 1875.
[177] Neale, “Hymns of the Eastern Church.” Lond., 1863.
“Mediæval Hymns and Sequences.” Lond., 1863.
Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Vol. iii., p. 353.
[178] Hawkins, “History of Music.” Lond., 1853.
[179] Hammond, “Ancient Liturgies.” Oxf., 1878.
Neale and Littledale, “Translations of Primitive Liturgies.”
Lond., 1869.
Neale, “Essays on Liturgiology.” Lond., 1867.
[180] Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum: Origin and gradual
development of Dress of Holy Ministry of Church.”
Lond., 1868.
[181] Woltmann and Woermann, “History of Painting.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1886; vol. i., “Anc., Early Chr. and Mediæval
Painting.” ed. by Prof. Sidney Colvin.
“Handbook of Painting: Italian Schools. Based on Kügler’s
Handbook.” by Eastlake; new ed. by Layard, 2 vols.,
Lond., 1886.
[182] Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization during the 5th Century.”
2 vols.
Lecky, “Hist. of European Morals.” Vol. ii.
[183] Smith’s “Dictionary of Christian Biography.” vol. iii.,
p. 367.
[184] Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1840.
[185] Gieseler, “Eccl. Hist.” ii. 148.
[186] Ludolphus, “History of Ethiopia.” London, 1684.
[187] Malan, “Gregory the Illuminator: his Life and Times.”
London, 1868.
Article by Lipsius on Eznik in Smith’s “Dictionary of Chr.
Biography.” Vol. ii., p. 439.
[188] Muir, “Life of Mohammed and Hist. of Islam.” 4 vols., Lond.
Bosworth Smith, “Mohammed and Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1874.
Mühleisen-Arnold, “Islam, its Hist., Chr. and Rel. to
Christianity.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1874.
Deutsch, “Literary Remains: Islam.” Lond., 1874.
Stephens, “Christianity and Islam.” Lond., 1877.
Mills, “Hist. of Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1817.
[189] Muir, “Annals of the Earlier Khalifate.”
[190] Finlay, “Hist. of Greece from Rom. Conquest.” 7 vols.,
Lond., 1864, new ed., 1877; vols. ii. and iii.
Bower’s “Lives of Popes.” Vols. iii. and iv., Lond., 1754.
Comber, “Disc. on 2nd Council of Nicæa.” Reprinted in
Gibson’s “Preserv. from Popery.” Lond., 1848.
Didron, “Christian Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
[191] Mendham, “The Seventh General Council, the Second of
Nicæa.” in which the worship of images was established.
[192] Allatius, “De eccl. occid. et orient. perpetua
consensione.” Colon., 1669.
Swete, “Hist. of the Procession of the Holy Spirit.”
Camb., 1876.
Ffoulkes, “Christendom’s Divisions.” London.
Neale, “Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols., London, 1847.
[193] Popoff, “Hist. of Council of Florence.” Transl. from
Russian by Neale, London, 1861.
[194] Lupton, “St. John of Damascus.” London, 1882.
[195] Badger, “The Nestorians and their Rituals.” 2 vols.,
London, 1852.
[196] Baring-Gould, “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.”
Lond., 1881.
[197] Murawieff, “Hist. of the Church of Russia.” Trans. from
the Russ., Lond., 1842.
Romanoff, “Sketches of the Rites and Customs of the
Græco-Russian Church.” Lond., 1869.
[198] Potthast, “Biblioth. Hist. Modii Ævi.” Berol., 1862, with
suppl. in 1868.
D’Achery, “Vett. Script. Spicilegium.” (1655), 3 vols.,
Par., 1783.
Eccard, “Corpus Hist. Medii Ævi.” 2 vols., Lps., 1723.
Du Chesne, “Hist. Francorum Serr.” 5 vols., Par., 1636.
Parker, “Rer. Brit. Serr. Vetust.” Lugd. B., 1587.
Gale, “Hist. Brit., Saxon., Anglo-Dan. Scrr.” 2 vols.,
Oxf., 1691.
Wharton, “Anglia Sacra.” 2 vols., Lond., 1691.
Wilkins, “Conc. Brit. et Hib.” 4 vols., Lond., 1737.
Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccles. Documents.”
(Revision of Wilkins), Lond., 1879 ff.
Maitland, “The Dark Ages: Essays on the State of Relig. and
Lit. in 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Centuries.” Lond., 1844.
[199] Bryce, “The Holy Roman Empire.” Lond., 1866.
Ranke, “History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations.”
Lond., 1886.
[200] Ebrard, “Christian Apologetics.” 3 vols., Edin., 1886-1887,
Vol. ii., p. 407; “The Religion of the Germans and that
of the Slavs.”
[201] Mallet, “Northern Antiquities.” London, 1848.
Hallam, “Europe during the Middle Ages.”
Guizot, “Hist. of Civiliz. in Europe.”
[202] Hodgkin, “Italy and her Invaders: A.D. 376-476.” 2 vols.,
London, 1880.
[203] Scott, “Ulfilas, the Apostle of the Goths.” Cambr., 1885.
Douse, “Introduction to the Gothic of Ulfilas.” London, 1886.
Bosworth’s “Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels.” Oxf., 1874.
[204] Gibbon, “Decline and Fall of Roman Empire.” Chaps. xxxiii.,
xxxvi., xxxvii.
[205] Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 3rd series, Lond.; “The Goths
at Ravenna.”
[206] Ussher, “Brit. Eccl. Antiqu.” Lond., 1639.
Perry, “Hist. of English Church.” i., Lond., 1882.
Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” 4 vols., 2nd ed.,
Dublin, 1829.
Stokes, “Ireland and the Celtic Ch.” Lond., 1886.
Lingard, “Hist. and Antiqu. of Anglo-Sax. Ch.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1845.
Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Edinb., 1865.
Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864.
Skene, “Celtic Scotland.” 3 vols., Edin., 1876; 2 ed., 1886.
Bright, “Chapters of Early Eng. Ch. Hist.” Oxf., 1878.
Pryce, “Ancient British Church.” Lond., 1886.
[207] Todd, “Life of St. Patrick.” Dublin, 1864.
Cusack, “Life of St. Patrick.” Lond., 1871.
O’Curry, “Lects. on Anc. Irish History.” Dublin, 1861.
Writings of St. Patrick. Transl. and ed. by Stokes and
Wright, Lond., 1887.
[208] Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 145-205.
Adamnan, “Life of Columba.” Ed. by Dr. Reeves, Dublin, 1857.
Smith, “Life of Columba.” Edin., 1798.
Forbes, “Lives of Ninian, Columba, Kentigern.” in series of
Historians of Scotland.
[209] Ussher, “Discourse of the Religion anciently Professed by
the Irish and British.” Lond., 1631.
Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 239-250.
Warren, “Ritual and Liturgy of the Celtic Church.”
Oxf., 1881.
[210] Soames, “The Anglo-Saxon Church.” 4th ed., Lond., 1856.
Stanley, “Historical Memorials of Canterbury.” Lond., 1855.
Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. i.
Sharon Turner, “Hist. of Anglo-Saxons to the Roman
Conquest.” 6 ed., 3 vols., Lond., 1836.
[211] Lappenburg, “Anglo-Saxon Kings.” Lond., 1845.
Bede, “Eccles. History.” Book III.
Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 217-238.
[212] Gildas († A.D. 570), “De excidio Britanniæ.” Engl. transl.
by Giles, London, 1841.
Bede († A.D. 735), “Eccles. Hist. of Engl.” Transl. by
Giles, London, 1840.
[213] Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” iii., ch. 13.
Innes, “Ancient Inhab. of Scotland.” in the Series of
Historians of Scotland.
[214] Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” p. 435.
Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864.
Robertson, “Scotland under her Early Kings.” Edin.,
2 vols., 1862.
[215] Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.”
London, 1866.
Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”
[216] That he first received the Latin name after his consecration
as bishop in A.D. 723 is rendered more than doubtful by
the fact that it is found in letters of earlier date. It
is probably only a Latinizing of the Anglo-Saxon Winfrid
or Wynfrith (from Vyn=fortune, luck, health; frid or
frith=peace; therefore: peaceful, wholesome fortune)
into the name, widely spread in Christian antiquity, of
_Bonifatius_ (from _bonumfatum_, Greek: Eutyches, good
luck). But the transposition into the form Bonifacius
which might seem the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon word
“Benefactor” of the German people, is first met with,
although even then only occasionally, in the 8th century,
but afterwards always more and more frequently, and then
is given to the popes and other earlier bearers of the name.
By the 15th century the original and etymological style of
writing the name and that used in early documents had been
completely discarded and forgotten, till modern philology,
diplomatics and epigraphies have again clearly vindicated
the earlier form.
[217] Wright, “Biog. Britannica Literaria.” Lond., 1842.
Cox, “Life of Boniface.” Lond., 1853.
Hope, “Boniface.” London, 1872.
Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”
[218] Trench, “Lectures on Mediæval Church History.” Lond., 1877.
Hardwick, “History of Christian Church during Middle Ages.”
[219] Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” Ed. by Reid, London, 1880, p. 285,
Cent. viii., pt. ii., ch. 5.
Wright, “Biographia Brit. Literaria.” London, 1842.
[220] Milman, “Hist. of Latin Christianity.” Vol. ii., Trench’s
“Lectures on Mediæval Church History.”
[221] “William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of Kings of England.”
Bk. I., ch. 4.
[222] Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 2nd series: “The Southern
Slavs.”
[223] Adam of Bremen, “Gesta Hammaburgensia.” A.D. 788-1072.
Pontoppidan, “Annales Eccles. Danicæ.” Copenhag., 1741.
Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.”
London, 1865.
[224] Geijer, “History of the Swedes.” Transl. by Turner,
Lond., 1847.
[225] Muir, “Annals of Early Khalifate.”
Ockley, “Hist. of Saracens and their Conquests in Syria,
Persia and Egypt.”
[226] Condé, “History of Dominion of Arabs in Spain.” 3 vols.
Freeman, “Hist. and Conquests of the Saracens.” 2nd ed.,
Lond., 1876.
Abd-el-Hakem, “History of the Conquest of Spain.” Tr. from
Arabic by Jones, Gött., 1858.
[227] Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton.” Lectures in Univ. of Cambr.:
“The Popes and the Lombards.”
[228] Crakenthorp, “The Defence of Constantine, with a Treatise
on the Pope’s Temporal Monarchy.” Lond., 1621.
[229] Platina, “Lives of Popes.” Under John VII.
Bower, “Lives of Popes.” Vol. iv.
Blondel, “Joanna Papissa.” Amst., 1657.
Hase, “Church History.” New York, 1855, p. 186.
[230] Cunningham, “Discussions on Church Principles.”
Edin., 1863, pp. 101-163; “Temporal Supremacy of the Pope
and Gallican Liberties.”
Barrow, “Pope’s Supremacy.” London, 1683.
[231] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. viii., National
Churches, pp. 139-154.
[232] Hefele, “History of Councils.” iii. 69, 131, 149.
Field, “Of the Church.” Reprint by Eccl. Hist. Society,
5 vols., London, 1847; vol. iii., pp. 7, 245 ff.
Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. vii., The
Metropolitan, pp. 128-135.
[233] Lea, “Studies in Church History.” Philad., 1869.
Lecky, “History of European Morals.” 3rd ed., 2 vols.,
London, 1877.
[234] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” London, 1887,
p. 43.
[235] Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum.” P. 187 ff.,
London, 1868.
[236] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. v., The Parish,
pp. 89-97.
[237] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. ix., The
Canonical Rule, pp. 157-172; Ch. x., The Cathedral
Chapter, pp. 175-190.
[238] Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Instit.” Ch. xi., The Chapter of the
Diocese, pp. 193-208.
Stubbs, “Constit. Hist. of England.” Vol. iii.
[239] Walcott, “Cathedralia.”
_Ibid._, “Sacred Archæology.”
Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. iii., Fixed
Tenure of Parish Priest; Ch. iv., The Benefice.
[240] Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” ii., 183-248.
Montalembert, “Monks of West from Benedict to Bernard.”
7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.
[241] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. vi., Tithes and
their Distribution, pp. 101-117.
[242] Roth, however, regards this _divisio_ as putting a complete
stop to the secularization of church property.
[243] Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Institutions.” Ch. iv., The Benefice,
pp. 61-77.
Art. “Benefice.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiquities.”
[244] Ayliffe, “Parergon Juris Canonici.” Lond., 1726.
Guizot, “Hist. of Civilization.” Transl. by Hazlitt,
Lond., 1846.
Walcott, “Sacred Archæology.”
[245] Blondel, “Pseudo-Isid. et Turrianus vapulantes.”
Genev., 1628.
[246] Hopkins, “The Organ, its hist. and construct.” Lond., 1855.
[247] Guest, “History of English Rhythms.” Vol. ii.,
London, 1838.
Wright, “Biogr. Brit. Lit. Anglo-Saxon Period.”
London, 1842.
Thorpe, “Cædmon’s Paraphrase in Anglo-Saxon with Engl.
Transl.” London, 1832.
Conybeare, “Illustr. of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.” London, 1827.
[248] Evans, “Treatise on Chr. Doct. of Marriage.” New
York, 1870.
Hammond, “On Divorces.” In his Works, vol. i.,
London, 1674.
Cosin, “Argument on the Dissolution of Marriage.” Works,
vol. iv., Oxf., 1854.
Tertullian, Treatise in “Lib. of Fath.” Oxf., 1854, with
two Essays by Pusey, “On Second Marriages of the Clergy.”
and “On Early Views as to Marriage after Divorce.”
[249] Babington, “Influence of Chr. in promoting the Abolition
of Slavery in Europe.” London, 1864.
Edwards, “Inquiry into the State of Slavery in the Early
and Middle Ages of the Christian Era.” Edin., 1836.
[250] Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiq.” Vol. i., pp. 785-792; Arts.:
“Hospitality, Hospitals, Hospitium.”
[251] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccl. Documents.”
Vol. iii., Oxf., 1871.
[252] Barington, “Lit. Hist. of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1846.
Hallam, “Europe in Middle Ages.” 2 vols., Lond., 1818.
Trench, “Lect. on Med. Ch. Hist.” Lond., 1877.
[253] Lorentz, “Life of Alcuin.” Transl. by Slee, Lond., 1837.
[254] Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton: Paulus Diaconus.”
[255] Hampden, “The Scholastic Philosophy in its rel. to Chr.
Theology.” Oxf., 1833.
Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 358-365.
[256] Mullinger, “Schools of Charles the Great and Restoration
of Education in the 9th cent.” Cambr., 1877.
[257] Cassiodorus’ work in 12 bks., _De rebus gestes Gotorum_,
has indeed been lost, but about A.D. 550 Jornandes, who
also used other documents, embodied this work in his
_De Getarum orig. et reb. gestis_.
[258] Gildas wrote about A.D. 560 his: _Liber querulis de
excidio Britanniæ_ (Eng. transl. in “Six Old English
Chronicles.” London, Bohn).
[259] Nennius wrote about A.D. 850 his: _Eulogium Britanniæ s.
Hist. Britonum_ (Engl. transl. in “Six Old Engl. Chron.”).
[260] Collected Ed. of Alfred’s works, by Bosworth, 2 vols.,
Lond., 1858.
Fox, “Whole Wks. of Alfred the Great, with Essays on Hist.,
Arts and Manners of 9th cent.” 3 vols., Oxf., 1852.
Spelman, “Life of Alfred the Great.” Oxf., 1709.
Pauli, “Life of Alfred the Gt.” transl. with Alfred’s
Orosius, Lond., 1853.
Hughes, “Alfred the Great.”
Giles, “Life and Times of King Alfred the Great.”
Lond., 1848.
[261] Robertson, “Hist. of Chr. Church.” Vol. ii., London, 1856;
pp. 154 ff.
Dorner, “Hist. Development of Person of Chr.” Div. II.,
vol. i.
[262] Ussher, “Gotteschalci et controv. ab eo motæ hist.”
Dubl., 1631.