president on the advice of the prime minister; Supreme Court, judges
are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM),
Patrick MANNING; United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY;
National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), A. N. R. ROBINSON;
Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH;
National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA; Republican
Party, Nello MITCHELL; National Development Party (NDP), Carson
CHARLES; Movement for Unity and Progress (MUP), Hulsie BHAGGAN
International organization participation: ACP, C, Caricom, CCC,
CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIH, UNU, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Corinne Averille McKNIGHT
chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490
FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130
consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Brian J. DONNELLY
embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain
mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain
telephone: [1] (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176
FAX: [1] (809) 628-5462
Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper
hoist side
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Trinidad and Tobago's oil- and
petrochemical-dependent economy enjoys a high per capita income,
although living standards have declined since the boom years of
1973-82. The country managed to record a second successive year of
economic growth in 1995, the first period of substantial expansion
since the early 1980s. A broad economic reform program, including
the floating of the exchange rate, trade and capital market
liberalization, and an extensive privatization program by the
previous administration has left the incoming PANDAY government in a
relatively sound economic position. Trinidad and Tobago's economic
prospects continue to depend heavily on world petroleum prices,
however, and further progress toward diversification will be an
important challenge in the medium term.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $16.2 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $12,100 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 4.8%
industry: 44.5%
services: 50.7% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1995)
Labor force: 404,500
by occupation: construction and utilities 13%, manufacturing,
mining, and quarrying 14%, agriculture 11%, services 62% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate: 17.8% (December 1995)
Budget:
revenues: $1.65 billion
expenditures: $1.61 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1996 est.)
Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing,
cement, beverage, cotton textiles
Industrial production growth rate: 1% (1994 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 1,150,000 kW
production: 3.9 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 2,740 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: cocoa, sugarcane, rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables;
poultry
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe and producer of cannabis
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel
products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers
partners: US 48%, Caricom countries15%, Latin America 9%, EU 5%
(1994)
Imports: $996 million (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured
goods, food, live animals
partners: US 47.7%, Venezuela 10%, UK 8.3%, other EU 8% (1994)
External debt: $2 billion (1994)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 -
5.9412 (January 1996), 5.9192 (1995), 5.9249 (1994), 5.3511 (1993),
4.2500 (fixed rate 1989-1992); note - effective 13 April 1993, the
exchange rate of the TT$ is market-determined as opposed to the
prior fixed relationship to the US dollar
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
note: minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando;
railway service was discontinued in 1968
Highways:
total: 8,352 km
paved: 3,978 km
unpaved: 4,374 km (1987 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural
gas 904 km
Ports: Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Fortin, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain,
Scarborough, Tembladora
Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,928 GRT/5,571 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1, oil tanker 1 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 5
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 170,000 (1992 est.)
Telephone system: excellent international service; good local
service
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0
Radios: 700,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 5 (1987 est.)
Televisions: 400,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (includes Ground
Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police
Service
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 351,835
males fit for military service: 252,532 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $83 million, NA%
of GDP (1994)
======================================================================
@Tromelin Island
---------------
(possession of France)
Map
---
Location: 15 52 S, 54 25 E -- Southern Africa, island in the
Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar
Flag
----
Description: the flag of France is used
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of
Madagascar
Geographic coordinates: 15 52 S, 54 25 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 1 sq km
land area: 1 sq km
comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 3.7 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and
Seychelles
Climate: tropical
Terrain: sandy
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m
Natural resources: fish
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100% (scattered bushes)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: NA
Geographic note: climatologically important location for
forecasting cyclones; wildlife sanctuary
People
------
Population: uninhabited
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tromelin Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Tromelin
Data code: TE
Type of government: French possession administered by Commissioner
of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion
Independence: none (possession of France)
Flag: the flag of France is used
Economy
-------
Economic overview: no economic activity
Transportation
--------------
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports:
total: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Communications note: important meteorological station
Defense
-------
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of France
======================================================================
@Tunisia
-------
Map
---
Location: 34 00 N, 9 00 E -- Northern Africa, bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
Flag
----
Description: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red
crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and
star are traditional symbols of Islam
Geography
---------
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea,
between Algeria and Libya
Geographic coordinates: 34 00 N, 9 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 163,610 sq km
land area: 155,360 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia
Land boundaries:
total: 1,424 km
border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
Coastline: 1,148 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land
boundary dispute with Algeria settled in 1993; Malta and Tunisia are
discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf
between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
summers; desert in south
Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid
south merges into the Sahara
lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point: Jabal ash Shanabi 1,544 m
Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc,
salt
Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 10%
meadows and pastures: 19%
forest and woodland: 4%
other: 47%
Irrigated land: 2,750 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues: toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective
and presents human health risks; water pollution from raw sewage;
limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing;
soil erosion; desertification
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation
Geographic note: strategic location in central Mediterranean
People
------
Population: 9,019,687 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 34% (male 1,583,636; female 1,489,784)
15-64 years: 61% (male 2,738,013; female 2,719,998)
65 years and over: 5% (male 254,403; female 233,853) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.81% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 24.03 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.18 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.09 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.03 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 35.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.6 years
male: 71.27 years
female: 74.03 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.92 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Tunisian(s)
adjective: Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%
Religions: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1%
Languages: Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce),
French (commerce)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 66.7%
male: 78.6%
female: 54.6%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
conventional short form: Tunisia
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form: Tunis
Data code: TS
Type of government: republic
Capital: Tunis
Administrative divisions: 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous,
Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili,
L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou
Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan
Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)
Constitution: 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law;
some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in
joint session
Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November
1987) was reelected for a five-year term by universal suffrage;
election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results
- President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition
head of government: Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September
1989) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral
Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab): elections last held 20 March
1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - RCD 97.7%, MDS 1.0%,
others 1.3%; seats - (163 total) RCD 144, MDS 10, others 9; note -
the government changed the electoral code to guarantee that the
opposition won seats
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally
Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of
Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political
parties are legal, including the Communist Party
Other political or pressure groups: the Islamic fundamentalist
party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed
International organization participation: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB,
AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, BSEC (observer), CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAS
(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNAMIR, UNCRO, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Azzouz ENNAIFER
chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY
embassy: 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [216] (1) 782-566
FAX: [216] (1) 789-719
Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent
nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important
agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors.
Detailed governmental control of economic affairs has gradually
lessened over the past decade, including increasing privatization of
trade and commerce, simplification of the tax structure, and a
cautious approach to debt. Real growth has averaged 4.2% in 1991-95,
and inflation has been moderate. Growth in tourism and IMF support
have been key elements in this solid record. Drought, especially in
the south, held back GDP growth in 1995. Further privatization and
further improvements in government administrative efficiency are
among the challenges for the future.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $37.1 billion (1994 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 4.4% (1994 est.)
GDP per capita: $4,250 (1994 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 15%
industry: 30%
services: 55% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.5% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 2.917 million (1993 est.)
by occupation: services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995
est.)
note: shortage of skilled labor
Unemployment rate: 16.2% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $4.3 billion
expenditures: $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures to $NA
(1993 est.)
Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron
ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1989)
Electricity:
capacity: 1,410,000 kW
production: 5.4 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 595 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: olives, dates, oranges, almonds, grain, sugar beets,
grapes; poultry, beef, dairy products
Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and
chemicals
partners: EU countries 75%, Middle East 10%, Algeria 2%, India 2%,
US 1%
Imports: $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%,
food 12%, consumer goods
partners: EU countries 70%, US 5%, Middle East 2%, Japan 2%,
Switzerland 1%, Algeria 1%
External debt: $7.7 billion (1993 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $221 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9635 (January
1996), 0.9458 (1995), 1.0116 (1994), 1.0037 (1993), 0.8844 (1992),
0.9246 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 2,260 km
standard gauge: 492 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,758 km 1.000-m gauge
dual gauge: 10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges (1993 est.)
Highways:
total: 29,183 km
paved: 17,510 km (including 52 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,673 km (1989 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas
742 km
Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis
Merchant marine:
total: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 125,840 GRT/164,277 DWT
ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 4, chemical tanker 3, oil tanker 2,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 3, short-sea passenger 1 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 29
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 6
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 6
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 6 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 233,000 (1987 est.)
Telephone system: the system is above the African average; key
centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis
domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial
cable, and microwave radio relay
international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat with back-up control
station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and
Libya; participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 8, shortwave 0
Radios: 1,693,527 (1991 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 19
Televisions: 670,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National
Guard
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 2,354,513
males fit for military service: 1,349,728
males reach military age (20) annually: 91,866 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $535 million,
2.8% of GDP (1995)
======================================================================
@Turkey
------
Map
---
Location: 39 00 N, 35 00 E -- Southwestern Asia (that part west of
the Bosporus is sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Black
Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and
the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Flag
----
Description: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed
portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star
centered just outside the crescent opening
Geography
---------
Location: Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is
sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between
Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Geographic coordinates: 39 00 N, 35 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area:
total area: 780,580 sq km
land area: 770,760 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 2,627 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,
Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km
Coastline: 7,200 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime
boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea,; 12 nm in the Black Sea and
in the Mediterranean Sea
International disputes: complex maritime, air and territorial
disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question
with Syria; dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over
water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
harsher in interior
Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central
plateau (Anatolia)
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper,
borate, sulfur, iron ore
Land use:
arable land: 30%
permanent crops: 4%
meadows and pastures: 12%
forest and woodland: 26%
other: 28%
Irrigated land: 22,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: water pollution from dumping of chemicals and
detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation
natural hazards: very severe earthquakes, especially in northern
Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous
Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,
Desertification, Environmental Modification
Geographic note: strategic location controlling the Turkish
Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and
Aegean Seas
People
------
Population: 62,484,478 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 32% (male 10,192,195; female 9,836,045)
15-64 years: 62% (male 19,859,717; female 19,187,769)
65 years and over: 6% (male 1,571,451; female 1,837,301) (July 1996
est.)
Population growth rate: 1.67% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 22.26 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.02 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.92 years
male: 69.53 years
female: 74.43 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.58 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish
Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%
Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and
Jews)
Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 82.3%
male: 91.7%
female: 72.4%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye
Data code: TU
Type of government: republican parliamentary democracy
Capital: Ankara
Administrative divisions: 79 provinces (iller, singular - il);
Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya,
Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,
Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum,
Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Iggdir,
Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars,
Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli,
Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt, Sinop,
Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova,
Yozgat, Zonguldak
note: Karabuk, Kilis, and Yalova are three new Turkish provinces
mentioned in the 24 December 1995 election results
Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman
Empire)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic,
29 October (1923)
Constitution: 7 November 1982