chief of mission: Ambassador Kossivi OSSEYI
chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212
FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny YOUNG
embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
telephone: [228] 21 77 17, 21 29 91 through 21 29 94
FAX: [228] 21 79 52
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom)
alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red
square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia
Economy
-------
Economic overview: This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily
dependent on subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for
more than 60% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together
generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in
basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector,
phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it
has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and
increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial
and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by
the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures,
encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with
expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and
public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has jeopardized the
reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic
activity. Although strikes had ended in 1994, political unrest and
lack of funds prevented the government from taking advantage of the
50% currency devaluation of 12 January 1994. Resumption of World
Bank and IMF flows will depend on implementation of several
controversial moves toward privatization and on downsizing the
military, on which the regime depends to stay in power.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.1 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $900 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 49.2%
industry: 17.7%
services: 33.1% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.8% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 1.538 million (1993 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 64%, industry 9%, services 21%.
unemployed 6% (1981 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $165 million
expenditures: $274 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement;
handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 34,000 kW
production: 41.004 million kWh
consumption per capita: 9 kWh (1990)
Agriculture: coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn,
beans, rice, millet, sorghum; meat; annual fish catch of
10,000-14,000 tons
Illicit drugs: increasingly used as transit hub by heroin
traffickers
Exports: $162.2 (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee
partners: EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)
Imports: $212 million (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical
products
partners: EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)
External debt: $1.3 billion (1991)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 500.56 (January
1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),
282.11 (1991)
note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF
100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since
1948
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 525 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 525 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways:
total: 7,545 km
paved: 1,833 km
unpaved: 5,712 km (1993 est.)
Waterways: 50 km Mono river
Ports: Kpeme, Lome
Merchant marine: none
Airports:
total: 8
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 4 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 12,000 (1987 est.)
Telephone system: fair system based on network of microwave radio
relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean) and 1 Symphonie
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 795,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 3 (relays 2)
Televisions: 24,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 975,746
males fit for military service: 512,196 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $48 million, 2.9%
of GDP (1993)
======================================================================
@Tokelau
-------
(territory of New Zealand)
Map
---
Location: 9 00 S, 172 00 W -- Oceania, group of islands in the
South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New
Zealand
Flag
----
Description: the flag of New Zealand is used
Geography
---------
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 9 00 S, 172 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total area: 10 sq km
land area: 10 sq km
comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 101 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: very limited natural resources and overcrowding are
contributing to emigration to New Zealand
natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
international agreements: NA
People
------
Population: 1,482 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: -1.35% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
Nationality:
noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian
Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic
28%, other 2%
note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with
the Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tokelau
Data code: TL
Type of government: territory of New Zealand
Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of
Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948,
as amended in 1970
Legal system: British and local statutes
Suffrage: NA
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6
February 1952) is a hereditary monarch; the queen and New Zealand
are represented by Administrator Lindsay WATT (since NA March 1993)
who was appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in
New Zealand
head of government: Official Secretary Casimilo J. PEREZ (since NA),
Tokelau Apia Liaison Office
Legislative branch: unicameral
General Fono: seats - (45 total, 15 chosen by each of the three
atoll's Council of Elders or Taupulega)
Judicial branch: High Court in Niue; Supreme Court in New Zealand
Political parties and leaders: none
International organization participation: SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of New Zealand)
US diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of
resources greatly restrain economic development and confine
agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid
from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being
substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue
come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and
handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in
New Zealand.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 est.)
GDP real growth rate: NA%
GDP per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $430,830
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of
$37,300 (1987 est.)
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood
work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 200 kW
production: 300,000 kWh
consumption per capita: 180 kWh (1990)
Agriculture: coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs,
poultry, goats
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts
partners: NZ
Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
partners: NZ
External debt: 0
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5138
(January 1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584
(1992), l.7265 (1991)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Transportation
--------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Merchant marine: none
Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from
Western Samoa
Communications
--------------
Telephones: NA
Telephone system:
domestic: radiotelephone service between islands
international: radiotelephone service to Western Samoa
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: each atoll has a radio broadcast station of NA type that
broadcasts shipping and weather reports
Radios: 1,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: NA
Televisions: NA
Defense
-------
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
======================================================================
@Tonga
-----
Map
---
Location: 20 00 S, 175 00 W -- Oceania, archipelago in the South
Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Flag
----
Description: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the
upper hoist-side corner
Geography
---------
Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 175 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total area: 748 sq km
land area: 718 sq km
comparative area: four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 419 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December
to May), cool season (May to December)
Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted
coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: on Kao Island 1,033 m
Natural resources: fish, fertile soil
Land use:
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 55%
meadows and pastures: 6%
forest and woodland: 12%
other: 2%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: deforestation results as more and more land is being
cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs
from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors;
overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations
natural hazards: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and
volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
international agreements: party to - Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea
Geographic note: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited)
People
------
Population: 106,466 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 0.82% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 27.33 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: 40.26 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.04 years
male: 67.03 years
female: 71.4 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.75 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Tongan(s)
adjective: Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000
adherents)
Languages: Tongan, English
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write a simple message in
Tongan or English (1976 est.)
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form: Tonga
former: Friendly Islands
Data code: TN
Type of government: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Nuku'alofa
Administrative divisions: three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu,
Vava'u
Independence: 4 June 1970 (emancipation from UK protectorate)
National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Legal system: based on English law
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) is
a constitutional monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991)
and Deputy Prime Minister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)
were appointed for life by the king
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the king
Privy Council: consists of the king and the Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea): elections last held 3-4 February
1993 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - percent of vote
NA; seats - (30 total, 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex
officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and
nine for elected people's representatives) 6 proreform, 3
traditionalist
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the king
Political parties and leaders: Tonga People's Party, Viliami
FUKOFUKA
International organization participation: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC,
SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US: Tonga does not have an embassy in
the US; Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London
consulate(s) general: San Francisco
US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in
Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga
Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner
Economy
-------
Economic overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which
contributes 40% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans
are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of
total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its
food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for
only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency
earnings, but the country also remains dependent on sizable external
aid and remittances to offset its trade deficit. The economy
continued to grow in 1993-95 largely because of a rise in squash
exports, increased aid flows, and several large construction
projects. The government is now turning its attention to further
development of the private sector and the reduction of the budget
deficit.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $228 million (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 4% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $2,160 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 40% (1995 est.)
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1993)
Labor force: 32,013 (1990 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 70% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $44 million
expenditures: $86 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)
Industries: tourism, fishing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 6,000 kW
production: 30 million kWh
consumption per capita: 231 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa,
coffee, ginger, black pepper
Exports: $20.3 million (f.o.b., FY93/94)
commodities: squash, vanilla, fish, root crops, coconut oil
partners: Japan 59%, US 14%, Australia 6%, NZ 6% (FY93/94)
Imports: $57.8 million (c.i.f., FY93/94)
commodities: food products, machinery and transport equipment,
manufactures, fuels, chemicals
partners: NZ 44%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 7% (FY93/94)
External debt: $48.4 million (FY93/94)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti
Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2753 (December 1995),
1.2709 (1995), 1.3202 (1994), 1.3841 (1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961
(1991)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Transportation
--------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: 432 km
paved: 280 km
unpaved: 152 km (1987 est.)
Ports: Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai
Merchant marine:
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,990 GRT/14,884 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1, liquefied gas tanker 2, roll-on/roll-off
cargo 1 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 6
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 2
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 3,500 (1986 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 66,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 0
Televisions: 1,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Tonga Defense Services, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan
Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: NA
males fit for military service: NA
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
======================================================================
@Trinidad and Tobago
-------------------
Map
---
Location: 11 00 N, 61 00 W -- Caribbean, islands between the
Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela
Flag
----
Description: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the
upper hoist side
Geography
---------
Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela
Geographic coordinates: 11 00 N, 61 00 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area: 5,130 sq km
land area: 5,130 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 362 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental
margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Land use:
arable land: 14%
permanent crops: 17%
meadows and pastures: 2%
forest and woodland: 44%
other: 23%
Irrigated land: 220 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: water pollution from agricultural chemicals,
industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches;
deforestation; soil erosion
natural hazards: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical
storms
international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83,
Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity
People
------
Population: 1,272,385 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 30% (male 193,134; female 186,649)
15-64 years: 64% (male 413,426; female 404,175)
65 years and over: 6% (male 33,791; female 41,210) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.08% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 16.25 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 6.9 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -8.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.01 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 18.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.3 years
male: 67.91 years
female: 72.77 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)
adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian
Ethnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian (a local term - primarily
immigrants from northern India) 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese
1%, other 1%
Religions: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%,
other Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%
Languages: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 97.9%
male: 98.8%
female: 97%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago
Data code: TD
Type of government: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1
ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint
Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*,
Tobago**, Victoria
Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)
Constitution: 1 August 1976
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March
1987) was elected by an electoral college of members of the Senate
and House of Representatives
head of government: Prime Minister Basdeo PANDAY (since 9 November
1995) was appointed from among the members of Parliament
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed from among the members of Parliament
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
Senate: consists of a 31-member body appointed by the president
House of Representatives: elections last held 6 November 1995 (next
to be held by December 2001); results - PNM 52%, UNC 42.2%, NAR
5.2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 17, UNC 17, NAR 2; the UNC formed a
coalition with the NAR