Figure of Apollo Kitharoedos? A male figure, wearing the dress of a

citharist, with a long tunic falling to the feet, confined by a belt

and by bands crossing the breast. The figure also wears a flowing

mantle, and has long hair falling on the shoulders. The figure is

half turned to the right, and looks back to the left. If the preceding

fragment is, as suggested, a part of a tripod, Apollo may be supposed

to have been standing beside the Delphic tripod.

Marble; height, 2 feet 7-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot 3 inches.

The two main portions of the figure of Apollo, which have only

recently been joined, give the height of the metopes. _Synopsis_,

Nos. 36, 38.

[Sidenote: =517.=]

[Sidenote: 1.]

This metope, though in a fragmentary state, appears to represent

the rape of a woman by a nude male figure. A woman wearing a

sleeveless chiton and a mantle, raises her right hand wrapped in

the mantle to her head. Of the ravisher we only see the fingers of

the right hand grasping the neck of the woman, and a part of his

arm below the woman's right elbow, and behind her drapery.

[Sidenote: 2.]

On the second fragment, which may be assumed to belong to the same

metope, we see a part of the feet of the woman, the toes of the

man's right foot, and doubtful traces of his left foot. He was

probably represented as seizing the woman by the neck and the

knees.

Cockerell suggests that the subject is Apollo pursuing Daphne, who

was a daughter of the neighbouring river Ladon, but he is mistaken

in thinking that the man's fingers are stretched out straight, and

have no grasp of the woman's neck.

Marble. Fragment 1: height, 1 foot 4-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot

3 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 30; _Exp. de Moree_, II. pl. 23, fig. 3;

Stackelberg, pl. 30, fig. 3; _Mus. Marbles_, IV., pl. 24, fig. 3;

Ellis, _Elgin and Phigaleian Marbles_, II., p. 213. Fragment 2:

height, 8-3/4 inches; width, 1 foot 4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 35.

[Sidenote: =518.=]

Upper part of body of draped female figure standing to the front.

Marble; height, 8 inches; width, 10 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 32.

[Sidenote: =519.=]

Torso of an obese bearded figure, from the neck to the waist. The

figure appears to have been seated, leaning back, and having a staff

and drapery under the left arm. Cockerell restores it as a figure

standing and leaning on a staff.

Marble; height, 1 foot 3/4 inch; width, 8-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_,

No. 34; Cockerell, _Phigaleia_, pl. 5, Stackelberg, pl. 30, fig.

4; _Exp. de Moree_, II., pl. 23, fig. 4.

THE PHIGALEIAN FRIEZE.

The frieze of the Temple of Apollo Epicurios consists of 23 slabs of

marble, somewhat resembling Pentelic. The slabs are each 2 feet 1-1/4

inches high, and they have a combined length of 101 feet 3/4 inch. The

frieze formed an internal decoration, above the colonnade within the

cella, and had two long sides measuring 35 feet 9 inches, and two

short sides measuring 14 feet 2-1/8 inches. The excess in the measured

length of the slabs is explained by the fact that they overlapped at

the angles. The slabs are about 3-1/2 inches thick, and rested on

the edge of the architrave, being fastened with bolts to the ground

behind.

The subjects represented are: (1) Battle of Lapiths and Centaurs; (2)

Battle of Greeks and Amazons. The former subject has 11 slabs of a

combined length of 45 feet 6-3/4 inches, while the latter has 12 slabs

measuring 55 feet 6 inches. The Centauromachia, therefore, occupied

two sides, less the length of one slab, which contained a part of the

Amazonomachia.

Several attempts have been made to fix the probable order of the

slabs, but except in certain cases we have no evidence. It is probable

that the slabs, No. 541 with Heracles or Theseus, and No. 530 with

Centaurs and Kaineus, were in the centres of two short sides. They are

longer than any other slabs, and are well fitted to form the central

groups in the compositions. Slab No. 540 was certainly a corner slab,

as is proved by the rebate. Slab No. 532 was probably a corner slab.

Slabs Nos. 527 and 528 evidently were next to each other, and No. 528

was probably at a corner. Beyond these fixed points, the order

can only be determined by considerations of composition. In the

description that follows, the slabs are taken in the present order

of arrangement in the British Museum, which is that proposed by Mr.

Murray (_Greek Sculpt._ ii. pl. 14) except as regards the position of

the slabs of the north side.

The style of the reliefs is somewhat peculiar. Many of the types of

combat are familiar in Attic sculpture. Compare the group of Kaineus

with the same subject on the frieze of the Theseion, and the Centaur

groups with the metopes of the Parthenon. At the same time the style

of the work, with its high relief, somewhat florid and coarsely

executed, is un-Attic, and it seems probable that the actual

production of the reliefs was in the hands of local workmen. There

is less certainty as to the designer. Among the artists suggested are

Alcamenes (Stackelberg, p. 84), Cresilas (Sauer, _Berliner Philol.

Wochenschr._, 1889, p. 583); an artist influenced by the paintings

of Polygnotos (Murray, ii., p. 176); an Attic artist (Jahn, _Pop.

Aufsaetze_, p. 157), or an Arcadian artist under Attic influences

(Overbeck, _Gr. Plast._, 3rd ed., i., p. 457.)

_Literature relating to the Frieze._ Wagner, _Bassorelievi Antichi

della Grecia_. See also works quoted above, and on p. 272. For the

proposed arrangements of the slabs of the frieze, see Cockerell,

p. 56; Ivanoff, _Annali dell' Inst._, 1865, p. 29; Lange, _Ber.

der. K. saechs Ges. d. Wissenschaften_, 1880, p. 56, pl. 3;

Wolters, Nos. 883-905; _Stereoscopic_, Nos. 119, 120, 122.

PHIGALEIAN FRIEZE, WEST SIDE.

[Sidenote: =520.=]

A Centaur carries away a Lapith woman, who stretches out her arm

in appeal for help. The woman's headdress is somewhat peculiar,

consisting of a cap (_sphendone_) and a narrow taenia, from under

which the hair falls in small curls on the forehead. On the right of

the slab an unarmed Lapith struggles with a Centaur, whose equine body

is wholly unexpressed except for one leg which hardly seems to belong

to him.

Length, 2 feet 5-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 7; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 7; Stackelberg, pl. 25.

[Sidenote: =521.=]

On the left of this slab, a Centaur, whose head and lower parts are

lost, flings a stone with each hand. The figure is shown to be a

Centaur by the lion's skin over the left arm. On the right, a Centaur,

who also wears a lion's skin knotted about his neck, treads down an

armed Lapith, and grasps his right hand to prevent him striking with

his sword. Between the two Centaurs is a Lapith woman, who hastens

to her right and holds her mantle about her. The Centaur here and on

certain other slabs has a horse's mane, which does not occur on the

Centaurs of the Parthenon or of the Theseion.

Length, 4 feet 2-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 6; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 6; Stackelberg, pl. 28.

[Sidenote: =522.=]

On the left a Centaur draws towards himself a Lapith woman who tries

to escape. She has a child on her left arm. The face of this

figure has a strong resemblance to that of the supposed Amazon of

Polycleitos, and the drapery of the breast is treated in the same way

as that of some of the statues of Amazons. (Compare the fragment at

Woerlitz, engraved _Jahrbuch des Inst._ i., pl. 4.)

On the right, a Centaur, who has a shield and lion's skin, tramples

down a Lapith, whose hands are stretched out as if to keep the Centaur

away. The Lapith is fully armed, having a cuirass above a chiton, a

chlamys, and boots. He has no shield, but perhaps that of the Centaur

may be supposed to have been captured from him, as no other Centaur is

thus armed on the Phigaleian frieze, the Theseion, or the Parthenon.

Length, 4 feet 1-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 3; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 3; Stackelberg, pl. 23.

[Sidenote: =523.=]

Apollo and Artemis coming to the aid of the Lapiths. Artemis drives a

chariot drawn by two stags; she wears the chiton, and large diploidion

crossed by bands, which is the dress of charioteers on the Parthenon

sculptures. Her right foot is on the ground and she appears to be

checking the chariot, while Apollo stands at its side and draws his

bow. The bow, arrow, and reins were added in bronze. The chariot is

represented three-quarters to the front.

Length, 3 feet 9-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 11; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 11; Stackelberg, pl. 19.

[Sidenote: =524.=]

Two Lapith women have taken refuge at the statue of a goddess,

probably Artemis, as she is coming to their aid. One of the women

stretches out her arms with a gesture of despairing entreaty. The

other embraces the statue, which is a stiff archaic image wearing

a polos; with her left hand she clings to her mantle which has been

seized by the Centaur. The Centaur is attacked from behind by a Lapith

who kneels on his back, has his left arm round the Centaur's neck, and

is about to strike with the sword originally held in the right hand.

On the right is a tree, with a lion's skin hanging from a bough.

The appearance of a deity near his own image is not infrequent. (Cf.

_Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, ix., pl. 1; Mueller, _Denkmaeler_, pl. 44,

fig. 206; _Arch. Zeit._, 1869, pl. 14.)

The group of the Lapith and Centaur is composed like the Parthenon

metope, No. 305.

Length, 4 feet 6 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 10; _Mus. Marbles_, IV.,

pl. 10; Stackelberg, pl. 29.

[Sidenote: =525.=]

A Lapith and a Centaur in combat. The Lapith draws away to the left,

and is about to throw a stone, while he stretches out his shield on

his left arm. The Centaur rears up, and seems to be throwing a stone

held in both hands. The Lapith has only a helmet and small chlamys.

He also wore a metal sword belt. On the right of the slab, a woman

holding a boy on her right arm, moves quickly to the left. With her

left hand she holds a floating piece of her veil.

Length, 4 feet 5 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 8; _Mus. Marbles_, IV.,

pl. 8; Stackelberg, pl. 20.

[Sidenote: =526.=]

A Centaur is about to thrust with his sword at a Lapith, who seizes

the Centaur's left foreleg and left hand. The Centaur has a lion's

skin; the Lapith is unarmed. On the right of this slab another unarmed

Lapith has forced the Centaur down on his knees. He kneels on the

Centaur's back, and holds his hair with the right hand, and his wrists

with the left hand.

Length, 4 feet 2-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 5; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 5; Stackelberg, pl. 27.

[Sidenote: =527.=]

The Centaur of this slab bites a Lapith in the neck. The Lapith

is about to fall with relaxed limbs, but plunges his sword in the

Centaur's body. At the same time the Centaur kicks out with his hind

legs at a Lapith on the left, who holds out his shield as a defence. A

dead Centaur lies on the ground. Both Centaurs have lions' skins. The

Lapiths wore metal sword belts.

Length, 4 feet 1 inch. _Synopsis_, No. 2; _Mus. Marbles_, IV., pl.

2 Stackelberg, pl. 21; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 91.

[Sidenote: =528.=]

A Centaur has been thrown down by two Lapiths. The one drags forward

the Centaur by his hair, while the other kneels on his back, and has

his hand and sword raised to strike. A Centaur, however, has come

from behind and arrests the Lapith's blow, and tries to draw away his

shield. The fallen Centaur feebly puts out his right hand behind his

back to meet the stroke.

Length, 4 feet 1 inch. _Synopsis_, No. 1; _Mus. Marbles_, IV., pl.

1; Stackelberg, pl. 22.

PHIGALEIAN FEIEZE, NORTH SIDE.

[Sidenote: =529.=]

On the left a Lapith and Centaur are wrestling. The Lapith holds the

Centaur's head under his left arm, and the Centaur seizes the thigh

of the Lapith, and tries to overthrow him, putting his right foreleg

round the leg of the Lapith. The Centaur wears a lion's skin. On the

right the Lapith has seized the Centaur by the hair, and is about to

strike. The Centaur is helpless and can only stretch out his hands

behind his back as a defence.

Length, 4 feet 4-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 9; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 9; Stackelberg, pl. 24.

[Sidenote: =530.=]

Two Centaurs heave a mighty stone to crush the invulnerable Kaineus.

Kaineus is half-buried and holds his shield above his head. He

probably held a sword in the right hand. Both Centaurs wear lions'

skins. The same subject occurs on the frieze of the Theseion. Next on

the right is a Lapith armed with shield and helmet, who seems to be

dragging the Centaur by the hair. A woman moves to the right, holding

her floating mantle with her right hand.

Length, 5 feet 3-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 4; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 4; Stackelberg, pl. 26; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 90.

[Sidenote: =531.=]

The remaining slab on this side contains a part of the battle of

Greeks and Amazons. As the Amazon slabs are longer than the slabs of

Centaurs by about 10 feet, it is clear that they must have filled two

sides and a part of a third. (See above, p. 278.)

On the left a Greek and an Amazon are engaged in combat. The Greek has

a helmet, boots, and a chiton which leaves the right shoulder bare. He

advances his left arm with the mantle hanging from it, in the manner

of Harmodios in the group of the Athenian Tyrannicides (compare the

Panathenaic vase in the Fourth Vase Room, which has this group on

the shield of Athene). The Amazon wears a similar chiton, and rushes

forward against the Greek, in the attitude of the Aristogeiton in the

group mentioned above. On the right a wounded Amazon has sunk to the

ground, and is supported by a companion who wears the chiton split at

the side (_schistos_), like that of the Iris of the east pediment of

the Parthenon.

Length, 4 feet 6-1/2 inches; _Synopsis_, No. 20; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 20; Stackelberg, pl. 17.

PHIGALEIAN FRIEZE, EAST SIDE.

[Sidenote: =532.=]

On the left of the slab a Greek tries to drag an Amazon along by the

hair. She is now unarmed, and tries to resist with both hands and with

the weight of her body. Her shield is seen in the background. On the

right an Amazon who has sunk to the ground, but appears not to be

badly wounded, is defended by a companion who stands beside her, and

stretches out a large shield.

Length, 4 feet 6-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 12; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 12; Stackelberg, pl. 7.

[Sidenote: =533.=]

On the left a Greek makes a fierce attack on an enemy represented in

the adjoining slab, which was probably the one just described. He has

his sword arm raised above his head for a strong blow.

In the centre is a vigorous combat between a Greek and Amazon. The

Greek covers himself with his shield and draws back for a spear

thrust. The action of the Amazon appears to be that of thrusting a

spear. The shield on her left arm is not expressed. In the tightly

stretched skirt of the chiton the sculptor has sacrificed grace for

truth to nature and vivid movement. On the right, an Amazon who has

just received a mortal wound, is seen falling to the ground, with all

her limbs relaxed.

Length, 4 feet 5-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 13; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 13; Stackelberg, pl. 8; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 88.

[Sidenote: =534.=]

On the left a Greek drags down an Amazon from her horse, grasping her

hair with the left hand. He probably held a sword in the right hand.

The Amazon tries feebly to loosen his grasp. She wears the split

chiton, like the Amazon of slab No. 531. On the right is an Amazon,

who draws back a little, extending her shield, and at the same time

raising her right hand to strike. Here, as in No. 533, the drapery is

tightly stretched. The upper part of the figure of the Greek had been

lost when the marbles were being transported from the temple. It was

afterwards found in a house near Bassae, and was _presented by J.

Spencer Stanhope, Esq., 1816._ (Cf. Stackelberg, p. 23.)

Length, 4 feet 4-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 17; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 17; Stackelberg, pl. 13; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 87.

[Sidenote: =535.=]

An unarmed Amazon has taken refuge at an altar; a Greek has seized her

by the hair, and tries to drag her away. The Amazon resists using her

weight, and both arms. The Greek had a sword in his right hand.

On the right a Greek and Amazon are engaged in hand to hand combat,

extending their shields and engaged in fence with their swords. The

drapery of the Amazon is treated as on the two last slabs.

Length, 4 feet 6-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 22; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 22; Stackelberg, pl. 16; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 86.

[Sidenote: =536.=]

A large part of the group on the left is wanting. The Greek appears to

be dragging the fallen Amazon by the hair, and at the same time to be

treading her down with his right foot. With both hands she tries to

free herself from the grasp of the Greek. On the right, a Greek has

fallen on his knees and holds up his shield as a defence against the

victorious Amazon, whose right hand and sword are raised to strike.

Length, 4 feet 6-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 15; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 15; Stackelberg, pl. 12.

[Sidenote: =537.=]

An Amazon is disarmed, and has fallen to the ground. She stretches out

her right hand, as if in entreaty to a Greek who treads with his left

foot on her knee, and is about to thrust with his sword. A second

Greek approaches from the left. On the right an Amazon strides quickly

forward to help her companion, and is about to strike the Greek.

Length, 4 feet 4-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 21; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 21; Stackelberg, pl. 11.

[Sidenote: =538.=]

On the left, a Greek who is bearded and heavily armed, has thrown down

an Amazon, whom he drags by the hair, while she tries to keep him

at arm's length. On the right the Greek has fallen on his knees, and

holds up his shield against the attack of the Amazon.

Length, 4 feet 5-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 19; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 19; Stackelberg, pl. 15.

[Sidenote: =539.=]

A Greek who has been killed in the battle, and perhaps stripped, is

being borne off the field on a companion's back. Another Greek who has

been badly wounded in the right leg, leaves the field, leaning with

his right hand on a spear, now wanting. He puts his left arm round the

neck of a companion, who supports him round the body. In the centre

of the slab an Amazon draws away a shield which belonged to one of the

Greeks.

Length, 4 feet 9-1/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 14; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 14; Stackelberg, pl. 18.

PHIGALEIAN FRIEZE, SOUTH SIDE.

[Sidenote: =540.=]

This slab has a rebate on the left side, proving that it belongs to

the left end of a frieze. On the left, a wounded Greek lying on the

ground, is partly raised by a companion, who eagerly watches the

fight, but for the moment only holds his sword in the left hand, while

he uses his right hand to support the wounded man. A similar group

occurs on the frieze of the Temple of Nike (No. 421).

On the right a Greek and Amazon are fighting hotly. The Greek presses

forward, and the Amazon at the same time draws back, collecting her

strength for a blow. The Amazon wears the split chiton.

Length, 4 feet 8-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 16; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 16; Stackelberg, pl. 10.

[Sidenote: =541.=]

The middle of the central slab is occupied by a single combat between

Heracles and an Amazon. They are represented drawing back for a blow.

The Amazon seems to be making a spear thrust while Heracles raises his

club. The Amazon extends her shield; Heracles carries the lion skin

on his left arm. The pose of these two combatants who have the most

important position in the whole frieze, is very similar to that of

the Poseidon and Athene of the west pediment of the Parthenon. In

both cases also the central group is bounded by figures of horses. The

figure here called Heracles has also been interpreted as Theseus. On

the left, a mounted Amazon is victorious, and thrusts with a spear at

a wounded and fallen Greek. On the right, the Greek is the victor; he

seizes the Amazon by arm and foot and throws her off her horse, which

has fallen on its knees.

Length, 5 feet 10 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 18; _Mus. Marbles_, IV.,

pl. 18; Stackelberg, pl. 14; Brunn, _Denkmaeler_, No. 89.

[Sidenote: =542.=]

A young Greek, wounded and fallen to the ground, raises his right

hand, as if in defence against the blow about to be struck by the

Amazon standing over him. Another Amazon hastily approaches from the

left, and stretches out her hands, as if in defence of the Greek. On

the right of the slab, an Amazon supports a wounded comrade, who

is sinking to the ground with her head drooping and all her muscles

relaxed.

Length, 4 feet 2-1/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 23; _Mus. Marbles_,

IV., pl. 23; Stackelberg, pl. 9.

FRAGMENTS OF THE TEMPLE STATUE OF APOLLO.

A few small fragments of a colossal male statue were discovered during

the excavations. As the fragments found belong to the extremities of

the figure, and since they are proved to have been separate pieces

attached, by the dowel holes, it is inferred that the statue was

_acrolithic_, _i.e._, that the extremities only were of marble, while

the rest of the figure was made of wood or other inferior material.

The original statue of Apollo Epicurios had been moved to Megalopolis

from Bassae, before the time of Pausanias (Paus. viii., 30, 3).

The foundation of Megalopolis took place in 368 B.C., and if the

acrolithic statue was made to take the place of that which was removed

it must be later than this date.

The two fragments here described are all that are in the British

Museum, but four other small pieces were also discovered, and are

engraved Stackelberg, pl. 31; reproduced _Exp. de Moree_, ii., pl. 23,

fig. 5; Cockerell, pl. 16.

[Sidenote: =543.=]

Fragment of the forepart of a right male foot, wearing a sandal.

White marble; length, 6-1/2 inches. Stackelberg, pl. 31;

Cockerell, pl. 16.

[Sidenote: =544.=]

Fragment with the palm and base of the thumb of a right hand.

White marble; length, 6-1/4 inches. Stackelberg, pl. 31;

Cockerell, pl. 16.

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES, OF THE FIFTH CENTURY.

[Sidenote: =549.=]

Bust of Pericles, wearing a helmet. Inscribed [Greek: Perikles] (fig.

23). Wolters assigns the original from which this fine bust is copied

to the end of the fifth century, and suggests that it may have been

the work of Cresilas, with reference to which Pliny (_H. N._ xxxiv.,

74) states that he made an Olympian Pericles, worthy of the title, and

ennobled a noble subject. Plutarch explains the presence of the

helmet as caused by the ugly shape of the head of Pericles (Plutarch,

_Pericles_, 3). It is, however, more probable that the helmet merely

denotes military rank. _Found in the Villa of Cassius, at Tivoli,

1781._--_Townley Coll._

[Illustration: Fig. 23.--Bust of Pericles, No. 549.]

Marble; height, 1 foot 11 inches. Restorations:--Nose, and small

parts of helmet. Stuart, II., p. 42; _Mus. Marbles_, II., pl. 32;

Ellis, _Townley Gallery_, II., p. 3; _Arch. Zeit._, 1868, pl.

2, fig. 1; Wolters, No. 481; Furtwaengler, _Berl. Philol.

Wochenschr._, 1891, p. 286. Another copy, found at the same

time as the present bust, is in the Vatican (Visconti, _Iconogr.

Grecque_, pl. 15).

[Sidenote: =550.=]

Head of Asclepios? Colossal ideal bearded head. The hair falls in

heavy masses over the forehead, and on each side of the head. A heavy

metal wreath was fastened by numerous rivets, which still remain.

The head was formed of three principal pieces of marble, the heaviest

piece being so shaped that it kept its position by its own weight.

The piece at the back of the head is lost. A small piece, which is now

missing, was also attached behind the right ear.

This head would serve as well for Zeus as for Asclepios, and it is

possible that this may have been the original intention of the artist.

It was, however, discovered in 1828, in a _Shrine of Asclepios, in

Melos_. _Blacas Coll._

Parian marble; height, 1 foot 11 inches. _Exp. de Moree_, III. pl.

29, fig. 1; Mueller-Wieseler, _Denkmaeler_, II., pl. 60, fig. 763;

_Overbeck_, _Gr. Kunstmyth._ pl. 2, figs. 11, 12; II., p.

88; Murray, _Greek Sculpture_, II., pl. 11, p. 130; Mitchell,

_Selections_, pl. 13; Rayet, _Monuments_, II., No. 42;

_Stereoscopic_, No. 113; Wolters, No. 1283; Paris, _La Sculpt.

Ant._, p. 221. Two votive inscriptions to Asclepios and Hygieia

were discovered with the head. One of these, with a votive relief

of a leg, is now in the British Museum (No. 809).

[Sidenote: =551.=]

Asclepios? A male draped torso broken off at the knees; the right arm

is wanting from below the shoulder, where it has been fitted with a

joint. The left arm, which is entirely concealed in the mantle, is

placed akimbo. The back is unfinished. The composition is suitable to

a figure of Asclepios, an attribution which was probably originally

suggested by the fact that this torso was obtained by Lord Elgin from

_the neighbourhood of Epidauros_. Two small fragments of the right leg

were brought away with the torso.

Parian marble; height, 3 feet 1-1/4 inches. _Mus. Marbles_, IX.,

pl. 5; Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 121; _Synopsis_, No. 327;

_Elgin Room Guide_, II., No. E. 1.

[Sidenote: =552.=]

Female torso from the neck down to the waist. The dress is a chiton

with diploidion; part of the tresses of hair which fall down on the

back still remains.--_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 3 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 281

(146); _Elgin Room Guide_, II., No. F. 15.

[Sidenote: =553.=]

Left breast and part of left side of female figure wearing a chiton

girt at the waist.--_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 3-1/4 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 277

(147). _Elgin Room Guide_, II., No. F. 16.

[Sidenote: =554.=]

Upper part of the torso of a female figure moving quickly to the left,

with the arms raised. She wears a sleeveless chiton which appears to

have been unsewn (_schistos_) down the right side. The shoulders

are broken, but there are remains of large dowel holes as if for the

insertion of wings, and the figure is not unlike the Victories on the

balustrade of the temple of Nike.--_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot. _Synopsis_, No. 321 (79).

[Sidenote: =555.=]

Heads of Pelops and Hippodamia? Heroic heads of colossal male and

female figures, turned to the right. The female head is in low relief,

and wears a diadem, and a veil falling over the back of the head.

Compare the heads in a terracotta relief in the British Museum

(_Ancient Terracottas in B. M._, pl. 19, No. 34). The male head is

almost worked in the round and wears a close-fitting helmet. Some

drapery passes over the left shoulder. These two heads have long been

called Pelops and Hippodamia, and it is very likely that the figures

belonged to a chariot group. But they may well be the somewhat

idealized portraits of a Sicilian despot, and his consort. _Found in

the sea near Girgenti (Agrigentum)._--_Townley Coll._

Greek marble, perhaps Parian; height, 1 foot 5-1/4 inches; width,

1 foot 4 inches. _Mus. Marbles_, X., pl. 32; Ellis, _Townley

Gallery_, II., p. 153.

[Sidenote: =556.=]

Head of Odysseus? Male head, with curling hair and short beard,

wearing a peaked cap (_pileus_). The surface is much decayed, and

most of the chin and mouth is broken away. This head may be from a

sepulchral monument.--_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 1/2 inch. _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl.

40, fig. 3; Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 119.

[Sidenote: =557.=]

Fragment from the back of a head. The hair is drawn to a knot at the

back of the head, and is confined by two bands, crossing one another.

Pentelic marble; height, 10-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =558.=]

Head of a maiden, wearing a closely-fitting cap. The style is

characteristic of the fifth century.--_Athens?_ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 9 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 239 (122).

[Sidenote: =559.=]

Heroic head of a youth, inclined slightly to his left. The hair is

very slightly indicated, and the back of the head is worked away, as

if for a bronze helmet.--_Obtained in Greece by the fourth Earl of

Aberdeen in 1803, and presented by the fifth Earl of Aberdeen in

1861._

Coarse-grained marble; height, 11 inches. The head was found

wearing a bronze helmet, which, however, did not fit, and has been

removed.

[Sidenote: =560.=]

Cast of marble owl. L. Ross (_Annali dell' Inst._, 1841, pl. C.,

p. 25), supposes that this owl was a votive offering which once

surmounted a column found near it, on which is inscribed the name of

Timotheos of the deme Anaphlystos. The lower part of the body, which

is broken away, has lately been found. The feathers of the wings are

set in formal rows, and the treatment throughout is characterised by

an archaic severity, as has been remarked by Ross. The feathers have

probably been painted.--_Found on the Athenian Acropolis between the

Propylaea and the Parthenon._

The original, of Pentelic marble, is in the Acropolis Museum, at

Athens; height, 2 feet 2 inches. Ross, _Arch. Aufsaetze_, I., pl.

14, fig. 3, p. 205; _Elgin Room Guide_, II., No. G. 7; Wolters,

No. 111; Le Bas, _Mon. Fig._, pl. 62, fig. 3.

GREEK RELIEFS.

Most of the single Greek reliefs in the British Museum are described

in the present section of the catalogue (Nos. 599-817.) Those reliefs

which are known to have belonged to particular buildings, and to have

served an architectural function, are catalogued separately. A few

reliefs also, principally of the later Attic School, are reserved for

a subsequent part.

We deal, in this place, with a number of works of minor importance,

and of various degrees of artistic merit. At the same time they are of

interest both for their subjects and also as showing the instinctive

grace and skill of subordinate Greek craftsmen, even in hastily

executed and unimportant work.

The following classification has been adopted, but the classes are not

perfectly distinct, as the sepulchral reliefs sometimes partake of a

votive character.

_Sepulchral Reliefs._--599-618, Decorative Stelae. 619-680, Scenes

from Daily Life and Animals. 681-686, Plain Vases. 687-710, Vases

and reliefs with figures clasping hands. 711-746, Sepulchral

Banquets, &c. 750-757, Rider and Horse, heroified. 760-766,

Reliefs from Lycia.

_Votive Reliefs._--770-794, Figures of the God or his attributes.

795-812, Figures of the Dedicator, or of the object dedicated.

813-817, Agonistic reliefs.

SEPULCHRAL RELIEFS.

The Greek sepulchral reliefs are of several distinct types, each type

having an independent origin and history, though occasionally the

different types are blended one with another.

The early Attic examples which are assigned to a period before the

Persian wars, have recently been collected by Conze (_Die Attischen

Grabreliefs_, Part 1), and we are thus enabled to trace the rise of

the different types in Attica, so far as the materials discovered

allow. The earliest and simplest form of monument is the plain stone

([Greek: stele]), set up on a mound ([Greek: tymbos]) to mark the

place of the grave, and such a tomb is well known to Homer (_Il._ xi.,

371, etc.)

Such a stone would naturally bear the name of the deceased, together

with the name of his father, or of the persons who erected the

monument. The earliest Attic examples are also surmounted by a simple

ornament, especially the palmette between volutes, partly in relief,

and partly in colour. The treatment of the palmette closely resembles

that of the antefixal ornament of the Parthenon (No. 352). At an

uncertain period in the fifth century the use of the acanthus-leaf

ornament was introduced, and the decoration of the stelae became

elaborate and beautiful. It has been thought that the acanthus was

developed by the Greeks of Ionia, before the middle of the fifth

century, and only made its way slowly in Athens (Furtwaengler, _Coll.

Sabouroff_, i., p. 8), but it cannot be proved to have become

common before it had been made familiar by the architecture of

the Erechtheion, towards the close of the fifth century. The early

Corinthian capital of the single column of the Temple at Phigaleia

appears to be copied from a stele with volutes and an acanthus.

The smooth surface of the stone below the crowning ornament was

used, from an early time, to receive a representation of the deceased

person, which was either painted or in relief, the relief being itself

painted. Such portraits, in the case of men--and only men's portraits

are certainly known to be preserved of the archaic period--take the

form either of a simple standing figure, or of a figure engaged in

some occupation taken from life. See the figures of the Discobolos

and of the spear-thrower (Conze, pls. 5, 7), and as an example of

the painted portrait see the stele of Lyseas (Conze, pl. 1). The male

portrait is often accompanied by a small figure of a youth riding

or leading a horse. On a class of monuments described below (Nos.

750-757) it is not impossible that the figure of the horse may have

some special reference to death, but in the early Attic reliefs it

seems more likely that the horse indicates the favourite pursuits or

the knightly rank of the dead person. Compare Roscher, _Lexicon_, p.

2584, and Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, chap. 7, ed. Kenyon,

where the horse standing beside an archaic figure of Anthemion, son of

Diphilos (_Class. Rev._ 1891, p. 108), is said to prove his knighthood

([Greek: hippas]). (Cf. _Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, v. p. 114; Conze,

p. 4; Nos. 1, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19.)

The female figures, of which only uncertain specimens survive, were

simple portraits, usually seated, and sometimes accompanied by other

members of the family, usually represented on a diminutive scale. (Cf.

Conze, No. 20.)

In one early Attic example there is an actual representation of

mourners as on Etruscan or Lycian tombs. But in general, allusions to

death and mourning are but slightly indicated. (Cf. Conze, No. 19, pl.

11.)

Finally, there is a type of monument, which contains the

representation of some animal more or less associated with the grave,

such as the cock (Conze, No. 22, pl. 13) or the Sphinx (Conze, No. 16,

pl. 10, fig. 1_b_).

The foregoing are the main types of the early Attic reliefs. The

British Museum does not contain any specimens of the early period, but

the study of the early reliefs enables us to classify the later works,

and to distinguish the indigenous Attic types from those that are

imported, or of later development.

_Decorative Stelae._--The stelae crowned with the palmette and

acanthus acroteria are described below, Nos. 599-618. They are

principally derived from Athens, but several specimens (Nos. 611-618)

roughly worked in coarse limestone are a part of the collection of

sculptures from Kertch. One of the best examples of Attic work of

this class in the British Museum, will be found in the Department of

Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities, namely the stele of Artemidoros

with a bilingual Greek and Phoenician inscription. (Dodwell, _Tour_

i., p. 411; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, cix.)

_Scenes from Daily Life and figures of Animals._--The monuments

with portraits and scenes from daily life are catalogued below, Nos.

619-679. The incidents chosen are taken from all parts of life, and

in late times are apt to be of a _genre_ character with scenes from

children's games, &c.

Reliefs with figures of horsemen, where the scene appears only to be

an incident from daily life, and not connected with the heroification

of the deceased, have also been placed here (Nos. 638, 661-666).

Examples of the figure of an animal placed on the tomb, of a symbolic

or decorative character, are best seen among the archaic sculptures

(compare those from Xanthos), but the bull, No. 680, is a specimen of

a figure from an Attic stele.

The types which have been described so far, are simple records of

the deceased person. We turn now to various classes, which are not

represented among the Attic remains of the archaic period, and which

are more or less of religious or ritualist significance.

_Vases._--The Sepulchral Vases, which are represented either in relief

or in the round, are a common form of monument at Athens, and are

connected with the observances paid to the dead. These vases which are

sometimes lekythi, and sometimes amphorae or hydriae, may be decorated

with patterns, or with subjects in relief, such as appear on other

sepulchral stelae. They probably are to be traced from the vessels of

pottery in which offerings were brought, to be poured out as libations

on the tomb. Compare below the account of the "Sepulchral Banquet."

There is ancient authority for the view that the vase indicates an

unmarried person. Eustath. on _Il._ XXIII., 141, p. 1293: [Greek:

kai tois pro gamou de teleutosin he loutrophoros, phasin, epetitheto

kalpis eis endeixin tou hoti aloutos ta nymphika kai agonos apeisi].

Demosthenes (_in Leochar._ pp. 1086 and 1089, ed. Reiske) speaks also

of [Greek: he loutrophoros] (sc. [Greek: hydria] or [Greek: kalpis]),

being placed on the tomb of an unmarried person. (Kumanudis, p. 18;

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, No. lxxx.)

On the other hand, the tombs of a father, Philoxenos, and of his sons

Parthenios and Dion, in the Cerameicos at Athens were all surmounted

by stone vases (_C. I. A._, ii., 3191-3193; Conze, p. 16). Perhaps a

distinction must be made between the lekythi which represent libations

at the tomb, and the hydriae, which have the special meaning mentioned

above. An early instance of the Attic sepulchral vase, with painting

and relief, is placed by Koehler on epigraphic grounds between 450 and

430 B.C. (_Athenische Mittheilungen_, x., pl. 13, p. 362.)

_Figures clasping Hands._--In Attic reliefs, chiefly of the fourth and

subsequent centuries, the two principal persons are often represented

clasping right hands together, and such scenes are commonly known as

Scenes of Parting. A more correct interpretation may be gathered from

a fragment of an archaic sepulchral relief from Aegina (_Athenische

Mittheilungen_, viii., pl. 17), in which a female figure, enthroned

and holding a pomegranate (compare the Spartan reliefs mentioned

below), clasps the hand of a standing figure, which is shown by the

scale to be that of another deceased person. In this case the scene

is laid in Hades, and the clasping of the hands is significant of

affection, not of separation. Hence it has been thought that all

subjects with the clasped hands represent the meeting and union in

Hades after death (Furtwaengler, _Coll. Sabouroff_, i., p. 46). There

is, however, no proof that the artist was always consciously placing

the scene in Hades, and in No. 710 Hermes seems about to conduct

the deceased person to the nether world. The presence of figures in

attitudes of grief, of children and servants, seems to show that these

reliefs are symbolic of family affection, though the artist had no

very clear and logical conception of the moment depicted.

An early example of the clasping of hands on an Attic monument is

supplied by the sepulchral vase above mentioned, of 450-430 B.C.

(_Athenische Mittheilungen_, x., pl. 13.)

Such subjects as the foregoing are often placed within an

architectural structure, usually consisting of two pilasters and an

entablature, sometimes surmounted by a pediment. Various theories

have been proposed on the subject. It has been suggested that the

architectural ornament indicates the votive character of the relief

(_Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, v., p. 111), or the home of the dead

person (Pervanoglu, _Grabsteine der alten Griechen_, p. 14), but there

is no evidence of any such special significance attaching to the form.

(Compare Furtwaengler, _Coll. Sabouroff_, i., p. 52.)

_The Sepulchral Banquet._--From the fourth century onwards, a type of

relief commonly known as the Sepulchral Banquet becomes very common in

Attica and elsewhere. In a normal example of the fully developed type,

the chief figure is that of a man recumbent on a couch, holding a cup.

Before him is a table with food. A woman, according to Greek custom,

is seated upright at the foot of the couch. Boys or attendants are

seen drawing wine. The head of a horse is often seen at the back of

the relief. A snake is frequently introduced, and often drinks wine

from a cup held by one of the figures. Further, a group of adorant

figures, usually on a small scale, may be represented about to

sacrifice at an altar, near the foot of the couch.

The meaning of this type has been a subject of long controversy, but

it is best understood if the later reliefs are studied in connection

with the oldest known specimens of the same subject. A series

of archaic reliefs from the neighbourhood of Sparta (_Athenische

Mittheilungen_, ii., pls. 20-25; Furtwaengler, _Coll. Sabouroff_,

pl. 1; _Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, v., p. 123), contains subjects

somewhat of the following character: A male and female figure,

represented on a heroic or divine scale, are seated enthroned, holding

as attributes a large two-handled cup, or a pomegranate. Figures of

worshippers approach, carrying a pomegranate or a cock, and a snake

is sometimes present. The sculptures of the Harpy Tomb (No. 94), have

been sometimes classed with the works here described, but this has not

yet been established.

The transition from the Spartan type to the Sepulchral Banquet type

is still obscure, but a connecting link is furnished by a relief from

Tegea (_Athenische Mittheilungen_, iv., pl. 7), in which the woman is

enthroned, while the man reclines on a couch with a table before him.

(Compare also the relief from Mytilene No. 727.) It seems probable

that we have in these reliefs symbolic representations of offerings

made by living relations or descendants for the pleasure and

sustenance of the dead. Such offerings of food and drink made by the

living at the tomb are common to all primitive peoples. The Egyptians,

in particular, made regular offerings of actual food, and at the

same time surrounded the mummy with sculptural representations of

offerings, which, it was thought, served to satisfy the incorporeal

_double_ of the dead person. The early notion that the deceased was

within the tomb, and enjoyed the food and drink offered to him in a

material manner, became less distinct in later times. The periodical

offerings assumed a more ritualistic and symbolic character, and were

celebrated by the Greeks under the name of [Greek: nekysia].

The older archaeologists thought for the most part that the Banquet

reliefs were representations commemorative of life on earth, or

descriptive of the pleasures enjoyed by the dead in Hades. Dumont

(_Rev. Arch._, N.S. xx. p. 247) and Hollaender (_De Operibus

Anaglyphis_), interpret them as referring to the periodical offerings

made at the tomb. It will be seen that this view is not very different

from that which has been adopted above, and which is the view of

Gardner (_Journ. of Hellenic Studies_, v., p. 130), and Furtwaengler

(_Coll. Sabouroff_, i., p. 28). The reliefs, however, have more force

than mere pictorial groups, if we accept the Egyptian analogy, and

allow that the sculpture represents, by substitution, the offerings of

material food. The snake is naturally associated with the grave, from

its rapid mysterious movements, and from living in caves and holes.

Compare the story of the snakes that were seen by Polyeidos in the

tomb of Glaukos. (Apollodor. 3, 3, 1; Roscher, _Lexicon_, p. 1687).

The votive character of the Banquet reliefs is proved in some

instances by inscriptions, (_Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, v., p. 116;

Roscher, _Lexicon_, p. 2553). It is doubtful, however, whether the

artist was always conscious of the meaning of his work, and in some

instances, as in the tomb at Cadyanda in Lycia (No. 766), the banquet

appears to be merely a scene from daily life, and as such it closely

resembles some of the vase paintings. In No. 737 and other late

examples, the relief, though of the type of the banquet, is

commemorative rather than votive.

In Athens the type of the Sepulchral Banquet was also applied to

another purpose, namely, for votive reliefs to Asclepios. The two

classes of monuments are completely assimilated in those examples in

which worshippers come to sacrifice at the end of the couch. Numerous

specimens of reliefs have been found in the temenos of Asclepios

at Athens, and it is possible that the sculptures from the

Elgin Collection, Nos. 714, 715, belong to this series. In the

newly-discovered papyrus fragments of Herodas, the sons of Praxiteles

are mentioned as authors of a relief dedicated to Asclepios. A figure

of Asclepios, composed like the principal figure of the sepulchral

reliefs, has also been found on a vase from the Temple of the Cabeiri

at Thebes ([Greek: Ephemeris], 1890, pl. 7). For other examples of

the same type on vases of different meanings, see _Athenische

Mittheilungen_, xiii., pl. 9; _Arch. Anzeiger_, 1890, p. 89. For the

most recent discussion of the whole question, see Roscher, _Lexicon_,

p. 2565.

_Hero and Horse._--There is another type of sepulchral relief,

somewhat akin to that above described, in which, however, the horse

of the hero takes a more prominent position. The hero is seen either

riding on his horse or standing near it, and receiving a libation

poured out by a female figure, sometimes a Victory. Here also the

snake is frequently introduced to mark the sepulchral character of the

relief. In the earliest examples the connection between this type and

the foregoing is made clearer by the presence of diminutive figures

of supplicants bringing offerings, or making gestures of adoration.

Compare a Theban relief (_Athenische Mittheilungen_, iv., pl. 16),

and a relief in the Sabouroff Collection, inscribed [Greek: Kalliteles

Aleximacho anetheken] (_Coll. Sabouroff_, i., pl. 29), and a relief

from Cumae (Roscher, _Lexicon_, p. 2555). For a list of reliefs with

figures of horsemen, see Furtwaengler, _Coll. Sabouroff_, i., p. 40;

Roscher, _Lexicon_, p. 2556. It has been thought that the horse is

shown in these subjects on account of its association with Hades,

but in some instances, if not in all, it relates to the pursuits and

status of the deceased, and is introduced for the use of its master,

and not for any Chthonian significance.

_Reliefs from Lycia._--See below, p. 350.

VOTIVE RELIEFS.

A votive offering is, in its essence, a present made to a god or to

a superior being, in order to secure some favour in the future, or to

avert anger for a past offence, or to express gratitude for a favour

received. The last purpose includes offerings made in fulfilment of a

vow, the vow being a kind of contract between the individual and the

god. Sometimes also objects were offered, nominally as gifts to the

god, but in reality in order that they might be secure.

Votive offerings cover the whole field of life including persons,

lands, buildings, and, in particular, objects appropriate (A) to

the god or his worship, or (B) to the dedicator and the cause of his

dedication.

A. Objects appropriate to the god include temples (compare the

inscription of Alexander from Priene, in the Hall of Inscriptions);

parts of a temple (compare the columns dedicated by Croesus, No. 29);

images of the god represented in an appropriate attitude (compare the

reliefs, Nos. 770-794); objects connected with the worship of the god

and temple furniture (compare the stool in the Hall of Inscriptions,

dedicated by Philis to Demeter, and the vases from Naucratis in the

First Vase Room); or lastly, attributes of the god, such as the owl

of Athene (No. 560), and the pigs found in the shrine of Demeter at

Knidos, now in the Mausoleum Room.

B. Objects appropriate to the dedicator or the cause of his dedication

include portraits of the dedicator, such as the statue of Chares (No.

14), or of the priestess Nicoclea, found in the temenos of Demeter of

Knidos, or the statuette of the hunter of Naucratis (No. 118); spoils

won in battle, as the helmet dedicated by Hiero, in the Etruscan Room;

figures of victorious horses (No. 814); symbolic offerings such as the

dedication of the hair or the down of the beard to Poseidon (cf. No.

798), or to a river god (Paus. viii., 41, 3); offerings connected with

remarkable cures (compare Nos. 799-810, and, perhaps, the relief of

Xanthippos, No. 628).

Where the object itself is perishable or otherwise unsuitable as an

offering, the sculptured representation takes its place, by a natural

process. Thus we have a representation of the hair, in place of the

actual hair (No. 798), and the reliefs with limbs, mentioned above

(Nos. 799-810). It has been already suggested that in the Sepulchral

Banquet reliefs, which might be classed as votive reliefs, the banquet

is represented in sculpture as a substitute for the actual offerings

of food.

A special class of votive reliefs consists of those which are found

at the head of decrees, treaties, and similar political documents. An

Athenian treaty, for example, is headed by a representation of Athene,

and of the patron deity of the other state, which may appear in the

attitude of a suppliant or adorant. (Compare Schoene, _Griech. Reliefs_,

Nos. 48-53.) Similarly at the head of a decree of citizenship or

proxenia, the newly admitted citizen appears as worshipping the

goddess (cf. Schoene, No. 93, and p. 20, and below, Nos. 771-773).

+++++++++++++++++

STELAE SURMOUNTED BY DECORATIVE DESIGNS.

For an account of these stelae, see above, p. 296.

[Sidenote: =599.=]

Stele with two rosettes. Above, an acroterion, formed of acanthus

leaves and palmette combined (fig. 24).

[Illustration: Fig. 24.--Sepulchral stele of Smikylion, No. 599.]

Inscribed [Greek: Smikylion Eualkidou ek Kerameon]--Smikylion, son of

Eualkides, of the deme of the Cerameicos.--_Athens._ _Presented by A.

Robinson, Esq., R.N._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 9-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot 5-1/2

inches. _Synopsis_ No. 441. _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._,

LXXXVI.; _C.I.A._, II., 2139.

[Sidenote: =600.=]

Plain stele of Hippocrates and Baukis; surmounted by an acroterion in

low relief, of palmette form.

Inscribed [Greek: Hippokrates, Baukis]. Below the surface of the stele

is flat, and probably was painted.--_Athens._ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 4 feet 1 inch; width, 1 foot 3 inches.

_Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 29, fig. 4. _Synopsis_, No. 351 (175);

Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 152; _C.I.G._, 958; _C.I.A._, II.,

3810. _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXX.

[Sidenote: =601.=]

Fragment of a plain stele, surmounted by an acroterion, in the form of

a palmette in low relief, springing from acanthus leaves.

Inscribed [Greek: Assklepiodoros Thrasonos Olynthios, Epikydes

Asklepiodorou Olynthios]--Asclepiodoros, son of Thrason, of Olynthos;

Epikydes, son of Asclepiodoros, of Olynthos.--_Probably from Athens._

_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 5 inches; width, 1 foot 3/4 inch.

_Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 29, fig. 2; _Synopsis_, No. 258 (169);

Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 152; _C.I.G._, 879; _C.I.A._, II.,

3243; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CVI.

[Sidenote: =602.=]

Acroterion in form of palmette from a stele.--_Athens._ _Inwood Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 9 inches; width, 1 foot 10 inches.

_Synopsis_, No. 418.

[Sidenote: =603.=]

Acroterion, from a stele, of palmette form, springing from acanthus

leaves.--_Inwood Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 10 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 414; Inwood,

_Erechtheion_, pl. 31, p. 147.

[Sidenote: =604.=]

Fragment of an acroterion of a stele in form of a palmette springing

from acanthus leaves.--_Athens?_ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 8-1/2 inches; width, 11 inches.

_Synopsis_, No. 191 (95). _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 29, fig. 3.

[Sidenote: =605.=]

Stele, surmounted by acroterion. One central palmette, and two half

palmettes at the sides spring from acanthus leaves.

Inscribed [Greek: Eumachos Euthymachou [A]lope[k]ethe[n]]--Eumachos,

son of Euthymachos, of the deme of Alopeke.

_Athens._--_Obtained by Chandler in his Expedition for the Society of

Dilettanti in 1765, and presented by the Society._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 8 inches; width, 1 foot 5-1/4

inches. _Synopsis_, No. 283 (292*); _C.I.G._, 579; _C.I.A._, II.,

1812. _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, LXXIX.; _Stereoscopic_,

No. 121; Wolters, No. 1104.

[Sidenote: 606.]

Top of stele, with central palmette and two half palmettes, springing

from acanthus leaves. _Found in the side of a mound, near Maritza,

Rhodes._

Marble; height, 2 feet 3 inches; width, 2 feet 3-1/4 inches.

[Sidenote: =607.=]

Upper part of stele, surmounted by a central palmette and two half

palmettes, springing from acanthus leaves. Similar to last, but in

lower relief.

_Probably from Athens._ _Formerly in the collection of Lord Elgin._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 7 inches; width, 1 foot 1-3/4

inches. _Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, VI., p. 42, No. 2.

[Sidenote: =608.=]

Upper part of stele, surmounted by a central palmette, and two

palmettes at the sides, broken.

Inscribed [Greek: Chabrias Salyprianos]. Chabrias of

Selymbria.--_Athens?_ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 7 inches; width, 1 foot 5-1/2

inches. _Synopsis_, No. 290 (226); _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl.

30, fig. 1; _C.I.G._, 888; _C.I.A._, II., 3296; Ellis, _Elgin

Marbles_, II., p. 152; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CVII.

[Sidenote: =609.=]

Top of stele, in form of a capital of a pilaster with a palmette

between two volutes springing from acanthus leaves, and an egg and

dart moulding. Late work.

_Probably from Athens._ _Formerly in the collection of Lord Elgin._

Pentelic marble; height, 9-3/4 inches; width, 11 inches. _Journ.

of Hellen. Studies_, VI., p. 43, No. 6.

[Sidenote: =610.=]

Top of stele, in the form of the capital of a pilaster; treated in a

similar way to the capitals of the Tower of the Winds. (Compare No.

447.) Late work.

_Probably from Athens._ _Formerly in the collection of Lord Elgin._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 2 inches; width, 1 foot 6 inches.

[Sidenote: =611.=]

Upper part of stele, with three rosettes; surmounted by a large

acroterion.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 3 feet 8 inches; width, 1 foot 11-1/2 inches.

The collection of sculptures from Kertch was obtained by Colonel

Westmacott during the occupation of the town by the British and

French troops in 1856.

[Sidenote: =612.=]

Stele, surmounted by acroterion.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 3 feet; width, 1 foot 11 inches.

[Sidenote: =613.=]

Stele, with two rosettes in front and one at each side; surmounted by

acroterion.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 10 inches; width, 1 foot 10 inches.

[Sidenote: =614.=]

Top of stele with rosettes. Originally surmounted by a large

acroterion of which only the acanthus leaves at the base

remain.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 6 inches; width, 2 feet 4 inches.

[Sidenote: =615.=]

Upper part of stele. Two rosettes in front and one on each side; above

an acroterion, of which the top is wanting.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 11 inches; width, 1 foot 11 inches.

[Sidenote: =616.=]

Fragment of palmette from the acroterion of a stele.--_Kertch._

Marble; height, 1 foot 7 inches; width, 1 foot 11 inches.

[Sidenote: =617.=]

Palmette from top of stele.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 6 inches; width, 1 foot 7-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =618.=]

Top of stele, with acanthus leaves forming the base of the acroterion.

The leaves are only sketched in outline on the front, but have been

finished on the right and left.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 3 inches; width, 2 feet 3 inches.

SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS WITH SCENES FROM DAILY LIFE.

[Sidenote: =619.=]

Cast of the sepulchral relief of Hegeso. A lady, Hegeso, is seated on

a chair, with a foot-stool. She appears to be taking a necklace from

a box which is held by a servant standing before her. Hegeso is richly

dressed in a chiton with short sleeves, himation and sandals. Her hair

is confined by a _sphendone_, or band, broadest in front. The servant

has a close-fitting cap, and a plain chiton with long sleeves. The

relief is bounded by two pilasters surmounted by a pediment, with

acroteria.

Inscribed [Greek: Hegeso Proxeno(u)]--Hegeso daughter of Proxenos.

This relief, which is unequalled for its grace and delicacy, appears

to belong to the close of the fifth century B.C. The original,

of Pentelic marble, is _near the Dipylon at Athens_, where it was

discovered in 1870.

Height, 4 feet 9-3/4 inches; width, 3 feet 1 inch. _Arch. Zeit._,

1871, pl. 43, p. 19; _C.I.A._, II., 3753; Mitchell, p. 502;

Waldstein, _Essays_, p. 309; Wolters, No. 1030; Conze, _Attische

Grabreliefs_, No. 68, pl. 30; _Stereoscopic_, No. 123.

[Sidenote: =620.=]

Cast of the sepulchral monument of Ameinocleia. A lady is engaged

with a girl who is adjusting a sandal on her left foot. She chiefly

supports herself on the right foot, and helps her balance by touching

with her hand the head of the maid kneeling before her. As in the

monument of Hegeso (No. 619), there is a marked contrast between the

mistress, richly draped in a chiton and himation, and the girl before

her, who has a plain long-sleeved chiton and a cap. On the left is

a female figure, perhaps a sister of Ameinocleia. She seems to

be reading a tablet. The composition is framed by two pilasters,

surmounted by a pediment.

Inscribed [Greek: Ameinokleia Andromeno(u)s thugater L...]

Ameinocleia, daughter of Andromenes.... This relief appears to belong

to the close of the 5th century B.C. The original, of Pentelic marble,

which is now at _Athens_, was discovered in 1836 _at the Piraeus_.

Height, 4 feet 4-3/4 inches; width, 2 feet 3-1/2 inches. Le

Bas, _Mon. Fig._, pl. 65. _C.I.A._, II., 2687; Mitchell, p. 500;

Wolters, No. 1032; _Stereoscopic_, No. 123.

[Sidenote: =621.=]

Fragment of relief. A female figure, richly draped, is seated on

a stool, to the left. The head, right arm, and knees are

wanting.--_Athens._ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 5 inches; width, 1 foot 5 inches.

_Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 39, fig. 3. _Synopsis_, No. 280 (279).

[Sidenote: =622.=]

Fragment of relief. The upper part of a female figure, richly draped,

and seated, with her left hand raised, the left elbow supported by the

right hand. Very high relief.--_Athens._ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 7 inches; width, 1 foot 11-1/2

inches. _Synopsis_, No. 419.

[Sidenote: =623.=]

Fragment of relief. Draped male figure seated, three-quarters turned

to the right, on a chair with a footstool. The head is wanting. Behind

is part of a draped female figure standing. Her right arm is bent at

the elbow, and crosses her breast.

Marble; height, 4 feet 11 inches; width, 2 feet 10-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =624.=]

Fragment of a relief. Torso of a male figure, wearing a mantle about

his legs and over the left shoulder. Head, right leg, and left foot

are wanting.--_Athens._ _Strangford Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 6-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot 3

inches.

[Sidenote: =625.=]

A nude youth stands, half turned to the left, and takes some object,

perhaps a lekythos, from a boy standing before him. The boy is nude

except for a chlamys thrown over his left shoulder, which is probably

that of the older youth. Compare the Parthenon frieze, north side,

figure No. 110. The relief is bounded by two pilasters surmounted by

a pediment. On the side of one of the pilasters is the inscription

[Greek: EDD].--_Delos._ _Presented by A. E. Impey, Esq., 1825._

Marble; height, 6 feet 5 inches; width, 3 feet 8-1/2 inches. _Mus.

Marbles_, XI., pl. 50; Ellis, _Townley Gallery_, II., p. 205.

[Sidenote: =626.=]

A nude male figure, Tryphon, stands, half turned to the left, having

a chlamys above the left arm, and a strigil in the right hand. The

attitude is similar to that of the Hermes of Andros. Compare the copy

from the Farnese Collection in the British Museum.

Inscribed [Greek: Tryphon Eutychou]--Tryphon, son of

Eutychos.--_Athens._ _Collection of Rev. F. V. J. Arundell._

Pentelic marble; height, 5 feet 11 inches; width, 3 feet.

Restored: right hand upper corner. _Mus. Marbles_, XI., pl. 49;

_C.I.A._, III., 3391; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXXIX.

[Sidenote: =627.=]

Figure of a youth, standing, holding a bird, within a distyle portico,

of which the left side is wanting. (Pl. xi., fig. 3.)--_Athens._

_Strangford Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 3 feet 1 inch; width, 11-1/2 inches.

_Arch. Anzeiger_, 1864, p. 164,* No. 2.

[Sidenote: =628.=]

Sepulchral monument of Xanthippos. An elderly bearded figure is seated

on a chair. He holds a foot in his extended right hand. Diminutive

figures of a woman and a girl stand beside him. The girl is gazing

at the foot, and raises her hands towards it, while the woman looks

towards Xanthippos. She holds a bird in her right hand. It has

been supposed that the foot is a votive offering, to commemorate

a remarkable cure. Wolters, however, explains the object as a

shoemaker's last ([Greek: kalapous], cf. _Monumenti dell' Inst._, xi.

pl. 29), and interprets it as an allusion to the trade of Xanthippos.

This theory hardly accounts for the gestures of the attendant figures.

Above the relief is a pediment, inscribed [Greek: Xanthippos]. (Pl.

xi., fig. 2.)

_Brought from the monastery of Asomato or Petraki at Athens by Dr.

Anthony Askew about 1747._ _Townley Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 9 inches; width, 1 foot 8 inches.

_Burney MSS._, No. 402; _Mus. Marbles_, X., pl. 33; Ellis,

_Townley Gallery_, II., p. 106; _C.I.G._, 980; _C.I.A._, II.,

4040; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXXIII.; Wolters, No.

1019; Brueckner, _Von den griech. Grabreliefs_, p. 26.

[Sidenote: =629.=]

Sepulchral monument of Jason. A physician, Jason, an elderly bearded

man, is seated on a stool. Before him stands a boy, undergoing

examination, and clearly shown to be suffering, by his swollen

belly and wasted limbs. On the right is a vessel of peculiar form,

resembling a cupping glass, but on a scale out of all proportion to

that of the group, and not to be considered as a part of it.

The inscription runs: [Greek: Iason ho kai Dekmos Acharneus iatros,

k.t.l.], and contains the names of 'Jason, called also Decimus, of the

Acharnian deme, a physician,' and of other members of his family. The

relief is surmounted by a row of roughly indicated antefixal tiles.

_Obtained by Fauvel in Athens; afterwards in the Choiseul-Gouffier and

Pourtales Collections._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 7 inches; width, 1 foot 10-1/2

inches. _C.I.G._, 606; _C.I.A._, III., 1445; Panofka, _Antiques du

Cabinet Pourtales_, p. 78, pl. 26; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit.

Mus._, LXXXI.; Wolters, No. 1804. On the cupping vessel see the

two references last cited.

[Sidenote: =630.=]

Sepulchral monument of Agathemeris and Sempronios Niketes. Draped male

and female figures stand to the front. The woman wears the dress of a

priestess of Isis, with a sistrum in her right hand and a vase in her

left hand.

Inscribed [Greek: Agathemeris S E Aphrodeisiou ek Kol(l)yteon.

Senpronios Niketes Kollyteus.] The letters [Greek: S E] have not been

explained.

Discovered, in 1826, _between Athens and the Piraeus_.--_Presented by

Gen. Malcolm._

Pentelic marble; height, 5 feet 6-1/2 inches; width, 3 feet.

_C.I.G._, 662_b_; _C.I.A._, III., 1760.

[Sidenote: =631.=]

Figure of a youth, a son of one Diodoros, standing, with a chlamys

wrapped about his left arm. He holds a cup (?) in the right hand and

a strigil in the left hand. Beside him, a diminutive figure of a nude

boy holding a strigil. A tree on the left.

Inscribed [Greek: ... Diodorou, chreste, [chaire].--_Rhenea._ _From

the Earl of Belmore's Coll._

Parian marble; height, 4 feet; width, 1 foot 8 inches. _C.I.G._,

2313.

[Sidenote: =632.=]

Upper part of a sepulchral relief. A draped male figure is seated on

a chair. Before him stands a figure also draped. In the background, a

bearded man and a woman stand one on each side of the seated person.

The inscription runs [Greek: Ari]stonike Diokleio[us Xy]p[e(taion) |

K]ephisogenes Kephisophontos Xy(petaion) | Arist[o]nike Kephisophontos

Xyp(etaion) | Kephisophon Kephisodorou Xype(taion)]. It contains the

names of Aristonike, daughter of Diocles, of Xypete; of Kephisogenes

and Aristonike, probably the children of Kephisophon; and of

Kephisophon, son of Kephisodoros of Xypete.--_Obtained in Greece

by the fourth Earl of Aberdeen, and presented by the fifth Earl of

Aberdeen._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot; width, 1 foot 2-1/4 inches.

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, XC.; _C.I.A._, II., 2365.

[Sidenote: =633.=]

Male figure stands to the left, with right arm extended. Before him

is a table, on which is a large hydria.--_Obtained in Greece by the

fourth Earl of Aberdeen, and presented by the fifth Earl of Aberdeen._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 7-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot 3/4

inch.

[Sidenote: =634.=]

Beardless male figure stands, wearing a himation. He has a short staff

or scroll in the left hand. The relief was originally surmounted by a

pediment.

Inscribed [Greek: Hermodoros Aristomenou(s)]--Hermodoros, son of

Aristomenes.

Bluish Greek marble; height, 3 feet 10 inches; width, 1 foot 6-1/2

inches.

[Sidenote: =635.=]

Bearded figure stands, draped in a himation. The stele is surmounted

by a bulbous ornament not worked in relief. Inscribed [Greek:

E]rasippos, [Ka]llenikou [Kr]ioeus].--Erasippos, son of Callenicos of

Crioa.--_Athens?_ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 1 inch; width, 9 inches. _Mus.

Marbles_, IX., pl. 30, fig. 3; _C.I.G._, 665; _C.I.A._, II., 2223;

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, LXXXVIII.

[Sidenote: =636.=]

Stele fitting into a base. Figures of an athlete anointing himself,

and of an attendant holding spear and drapery.

Marble; height, 1 foot 11 inches; width, 1 foot 3-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =637.=]

Fragment of sepulchral relief, containing the upper parts of a bearded

man and a woman conversing. On the left a younger female figure.

Inscribed: [Greek: Aristodike, Aristarchos, Athenais,

Sestioi]--Aristodike, Aristarchos, and Athenais, of Sestos.--_Athens._

_Found by Chandler, fixed in the wall of a church, on the road to

Cephisia. Presented by the Society of Dilettanti._

Pentelic marble; height, 7-3/4 inches; width, 1 foot 2-1/2 inches.

Chandler, _Inscriptions Ant._, Part II., No. 95; _Synopsis_,

No. 336 (236*); _C.I.G._, 892; _C.I.A._, II., 3313; _Greek

Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CVIII.

[Sidenote: =638.=]

A bearded figure, Aristocles, rides a prancing horse and places his

right hand on its head. A youth in a short chiton runs behind the

horse. Inscribed:

[Greek:

Polla meth' helikias homoelikos hedea paisas

ek gaias blaston gaia palin gegona.

Eimi de Aristokles Peiraieus, pais de Menonos].

'After many pleasant sports with my comrades, I who sprang from

dust, am dust once more. I am Aristocles, of the Piraeus, son of

Menon.'--_Athens._ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 8 inches; width, 1 foot 6 inches.

Stuart, III., p. 56; Chandler, _Inscriptions Ant._, Part II.,

No. 78 ("fixed in a wall at the door of the Greek School");

_Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 34, fig. 3; _Synopsis_, No. 384 (213);

_C.I.G._, 749; _C.I.A._, II., 2442; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit.

Mus._, XCII.; Kaibel, 75.

[Sidenote: =639.=]

A priestess stands, with chiton, and a knotted himation bordered with

a fringe; she holds a key in her right hand, and a basket in her left

hand. On the right is a tree. Above, a pediment with acroteria and a

rosette; also an honorary wreath.

Inscribed: [Greek: Ho demos Isiada Metrodorou Laodikida].--Decreed

by the people, in honour of Isias of Laodicea, daughter of

Metrodoros.--_Smyrna._ _Presented by M. Duane and T. Tyrwhitt, Esqs.,

1772._

Bluish Greek marble; height, 4 feet 2-1/4 inches; width, 1 foot

11 inches. Montfaucon, _Ant. Expl. Suppl._, V., p. 25;

_Archaeologia_, III., pl. 11, fig. 1; Ellis, _Townley Gallery_,

II., p. 161; _C.I.G._, 3234.

[Sidenote: =640.=]

A draped female figure, seated on a chair, holds out a corner of her

veil with her right hand. Another female figure stands before her,

closely wrapped in her mantle. A diminutive female figure is in the

right-hand corner of the relief. The relief is bounded by pilasters, a

circular arch, and a pediment.

Parian marble? height, 3 feet; width, 2 feet 4 inches.

[Sidenote: =641.=]

Fragment of sepulchral stele, with the lower part of a female figure

moving to the right.--_From Mycenae._ _Inwood Coll._

Red marble; height, 10 inches; width, 10-3/4 inches. _Synopsis_,

No. 427.

[Sidenote: =642.=]

Late sepulchral relief. A female figure, seated on a stool, holds her

mantle, which passes over her head, with the left hand, and a scroll

(?) in her right hand. The relief is surmounted by an arch and

rosettes, above which is a pediment with acroteria, unfinished, and a

rosette.

Inscribed: [Greek: Mousis Argaiou Milesia]. Mousis, daughter of

Argaios of Miletus.--_Athens._ _Found by Chandler. Presented by the

Society of Dilettanti._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 2-3/4 inches; width, 1 foot

2-1/4 inches. Chandler, _Inscriptiones Ant._, Part II., No. 91;

_Synopsis_, 1st ed., Room VI., No. 27 (where Thomas Hollis is

incorrectly said to be the donor); Ellis, _Townley Gallery_, II.,

p. 171; _C.I.G._, 726; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CIII.

[Sidenote: =643.=]

A female figure, draped, and seated on a stool, raises her right hand

to draw her peplos over her head. A draped male figure stands before

her, and a boy at the left corner; above is a pediment.

Inscribed with a name now illegible, and [Greek: chaire].--_Found in a

store at Portsmouth. Probably from Smyrna._

Marble; height, 2 feet; width, 1 foot 2-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =644.=]

Sepulchral relief, mutilated on the left. A female figure draped and

seated on a chair, draws her peplos over her shoulder with her left

hand. Above, a pediment.

Inscribed with a name now illegible, terminating in [Greek: o], and

[Greek: chairete hapantes].--_Obtained by the fourth Earl of Aberdeen

in Greece, and presented by the fifth Earl of Aberdeen._

Marble; height, 1 foot 9-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot 1/2 inch.

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXXXIII.; Conze, _Attische

Grabreliefs_, No. 46; pl. 23, fig. 1.

[Sidenote: =645.=]

Lower part of sepulchral relief, much mutilated. A female figure is

seated to the front on a lofty throne. She holds a fruit in her left

hand. On the left is a youth with a box; and on the right a female

figure, whose right hand was raised to her chin. The arms of the

throne are supported by Sphinxes.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 8 inches; width, 2 feet 2 inches.

[Sidenote: =646.=]

A female figure, Demetria, seated on a chair, extends her right

hand to a box, held by a girl standing before her; behind is another

standing female figure.

Inscribed: [Greek: [D]emetria].--_Probably from Athens._ _Obtained

by the fourth Earl of Aberdeen, and presented by the fifth Earl of

Aberdeen._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 1/2 inch; width, 1 foot 1 inch.

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXIII.; _C.I.A._, III., 3072.

[Sidenote: =647.=]

Lower part of a sepulchral relief. A fully draped female figure,

wanting above the breast, is seated on a stool. The left hand was

probably raised to the chin or to the veil. Before her, a female

figure of which nothing remains except a portion of drapery, from the

knees downwards. A small boy stands at the knee of the seated woman,

and raises his right hand.--_Athens?_ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 6 inches; width, 1 foot 3 inches.

_Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 39, fig. 2; _Synopsis_, No. 196 (162).

[Sidenote: =648.=]

Boy seated on a rock fishing with a rod and line for a large fish, a

basket in his left hand. Above a pediment.

Inscribed in rude late characters, [Greek: Agatheme<t>ros Asiacho

syntropho mnemes charin].--Placed by Agathemeros in memory of his

foster brother Asiachos.--_Athens._ _Purchased from the Besborough

Coll. 1801._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 2 inches; width, 10-1/2 inches.

_C.I.G._, 6892.

[Sidenote: =649.=]

A girl, seated on a stool, holds an open scroll on her lap. Before

her is a column, on which is another scroll (?); on the left is a

dog raising a paw. The relief is bounded by pilasters and a pediment,

slightly sketched out.

Inscribed: [Greek: Abeita zesasa ete [=i] menas dyo. chairete]--Avita,

who lived ten years and two months. Hail.--_Townley Coll._

Parian marble; height, 1 foot 1 inch; width, 11 inches. Ellis,

_Townley Gallery_, II., p. 165. _C.I.G._, 6866; Wolters, No. 1811.

[Sidenote: =650.=]

Youthful female figure, standing, holding an ivy-leaf fan in the right

hand, and a part of the mantle with the left hand.

Inscribed: [Greek: Synphoro[n] Herakleid[ou] Karystia]. Synphoron, of

Carystos, daughter of Heracleides.--_Athens?_

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 7 inches; width, 11-1/2 inches.

_C.I.G._, 857; _C.I.A._, III., 2510; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit.

Mus._, CI.

[Sidenote: =651.=]

Nude figure of boy, standing, with chlamys thrown over his left

shoulder. He holds a partridge in his left hand, and holds its beak

with his right hand.

Inscribed: [Greek: Menekrates Menonos]--Menecrates, son of

Menon.--_Athens._ _Strangford Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 9 inches; width, 11 inches. _Greek

Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXXI.; _C.I.A._, III., 3276; _Arch.

Anzeiger_, 1864, p. 164*.

[Sidenote: =652.=]

Fragment of sepulchral relief. A draped female figure is seated on a

couch, with right hand raised to her veil; before her, two girls,

of whom one holds a ball and the other a fan.--_Found in a store at

Portsmouth._ _Probably from Smyrna._

Marble; height, 10 inches; width, 1 foot 1-1/2 inch.

[Sidenote: =653.=]

A boy throws a ball for a dog which springs up towards

him.--_Strangford Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 8 inches; width, 10-1/2 inches.

_Arch. Anzeiger_, 1864, p. 165*.

[Sidenote: =654.=]

Draped male figure standing, with a boy at his side; above an arch,

springing from pilasters, and surmounted by a pediment with rosette

and acroteria.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 3-3/4 inches; width, 1 foot 9-1/2

inches.

[Sidenote: =655.=]

Sepulchral relief, rude and late. Standing, draped female figure

raises her right hand to her cheek. The first inscription has been

obliterated, and in place of it is the inscription, [Greek: SOT ...

NIKE chaire].

Greek marble; height, 2 feet 2-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot.

[Sidenote: =656.=]

Sepulchral monument of Artipous. An old woman is seated wrapped in her

mantle, with a pomegranate in her left hand. A girl stands at her

left side holding a box and a purse (?). The relief is bounded by

pilasters, surmounted by a pediment with acroteria.

Inscribed: [Greek: Artipous Alkima] and [symbol: L][Greek: p].

[symbol: L] is a symbol, chiefly used in Ptolemaic inscriptions to

precede a numeral denoting a year. The inscription therefore

appears to mean '80 years old,' if [Greek: p] is given its usual

value.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 4 feet 1/2 inch; width, 2 feet 5-3/4 inches.

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CCII.; Latyschev, II., 133.

[Sidenote: =657.=]

A draped figure, Theodote, seated on a throne, raises her left hand

to her veil. Before her a figure of a girl, standing. The arms of

the throne are supported by Sphinxes. Above the relief are an arch,

springing from pilasters, a pediment with acroteria, and rosettes.

Inscribed: [Greek: [Theod]ote gyne [Myrinou, chaire]].--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 5 inches; width, 1 foot 8-1/2 inches.

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CCI.; Latyschev, II., 231. The

restoration is taken from a copy, given by Latyschev, which was

made before the inscription was broken.

[Sidenote: =658.=]

A draped female figure, seated on a throne, raises her left hand to

her veil, and holds a mirror in her right hand. A female figure stands

before her. On each side of the standing figure is a diminutive figure

of a girl; one holds a bird, and the other a vase. Above is a pediment

with acroteria and rosettes.

Inscribed: [Greek: Theophile thyga[ter]...] Theophile, daughter of

....--_Kertch_.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 5 inches; width, 2 feet. _Greek

Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CC.; Latyschev, II., 235_b_.

[Sidenote: =659.=]

A female figure, seated on a throne, raises her left hand to her veil.

On right and left are diminutive figures of girls. The arms of the

throne are supported by Sphinxes. Above is an arch, springing from

pilasters, a pediment with rosettes and acroteria.

Inscribed: [Greek: Hellas gyne Menodorou, chaire]--Hellas, wife of

Menodoros, farewell.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 5 feet 1-1/2 inches; width, 1 foot 11-1/2

inches. _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXCVII.; Latyschev,

II., 228.

[Sidenote: =660.=]

A draped female figure, seated on a chair to the front. The head is

wanting. On the left is an attendant figure of a girl holding a box

(_pyxis_). On the right is a horseman wearing chlamys, bow-case

and bow, and sword. There is also a small part of a second

horseman.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 6 inches; width, 2 feet 4 inches.

[Sidenote: =661.=]

Two horsemen standing to right. The foremost has a sword, bow,

bow-case; the hinder one wears a conical cap. Above, rosettes and a

pediment, surmounted by acroteria.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 3 feet 3 inches; width, 1 foot 11-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =662.=]

Sepulchral relief, with two panels. The upper panel contains a mounted

horseman in a chlamys, galloping to the right. Of the lower panel

only the upper part with one head remains. Above the relief is a

pediment.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 3 inches; width, 1 foot 5 inches.

[Sidenote: =663.=]

Horseman to the right, with tunic, chlamys, and bow-case with bow.

Behind him, an attendant male figure. Below the horse is a dog

running.

Inscribed: [Greek: Daiske Ariaramnou, chaire]--Daiscos, son of

Ariaramnos, farewell.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 6 inches; width, 1 foot 10 inches.

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CLXXXVII.; Latyschev, II.,

141.

[Sidenote: =664.=]

Sepulchral relief in two panels. The upper part is broken away. The

feet and tail of a horse, and a figure of a dog standing to right

remain. Before the horse are the legs of a small attendant figure. In

the lower panel is a horseman riding to the right, with bow, bow-case,

sword and long spear. A colt stands beside the horse.

Inscribed: [Greek: Artemidore Dioga epi tes pinakeidos, chaire].

Wolters translates, "Hail, Artemidoros, son of Diogas, officer in

charge of the list."--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 2 feet 3 inches; width, 2 feet 1-3/4 inches.

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CLXXXIII.; Wolters, No. 1809

Latyschev, II., 131.

[Sidenote: =665.=]

Fragment of relief, with figures of two horsemen standing confronted.

The head of one and the head and body of the other are lost. They

have short tunic, cloak, bow and arrows in bow-case, and a saddle

cloth.--_Kertch._

Limestone; height, 1 foot 5 inches; width, 1 foot 8 inches.

[Sidenote: =666.=]

Fragment from the right-hand lower corner of a relief, which is

perhaps sepulchral, with the lower parts of two mounted horsemen,

wearing short tunics, cloaks and swords, moving rapidly to the

left.--_Athens._ _Strangford Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 7 inches; width, 1 foot 10 inches.

[Sidenote: =667.=]

Sepulchral relief. A woman stands to the front wearing a chiton, and

having a mantle wrapped closely about her. The relief is bounded by

pilasters and a high-pitched pediment, in the tympanum of which is

a vase in low relief. Inscribed [Greek: Epigona Moschionos Milesia],

Epigona, wife of Moschio, of Miletus.--_Athens._ _Presented by J.

Johnstone, Esq., 1890._

Pentelic marble? Height, 3 feet 9 inches; width, 1 foot 7 inches.

This relief, which was seen at Athens, "in the court of Giorgaki

Livaditi," by Spon in 1676 and by Fourmont in 1720, was dug up

many years ago below a house in New Bond Street. Spon, _Voyage_

(ed. 1679), II., p. 445; _C.I.G._, 706; _C.I.A._, III., 2660.

[Sidenote: =668.=]

Fragment of relief, with the body and legs of a boy walking to the

right. The arms appear to have been raised. A small piece of drapery

is seen behind the back of the boy.--_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 6 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 198

(109).

[Sidenote: =669.=]

Female head to the front in a somewhat severe style. Apparently broken

from a relief. The features are those of a young girl. The hair

is waved on each side, from a central parting.--_Athens, 1848._

_Lenormant Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 6-3/4 inches.

[Sidenote: =670.=]

Helmeted head in profile to the right; broken from a relief. Above the

helmet is what appears to be part of a horse's tail.--_Inwood Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 7 inches.

[Sidenote: =671.=]

Head of a maiden, probably from a sepulchral relief. She wears a

closely-fitting cap, with a small flap hanging down before the ear.

There are remains of the tips of two fingers and a thumb resting on

the top of the head, which make it probable that the complete figure

was that of an attendant kneeling before her mistress, like the

attendant who fastens the sandal of Ameinocleia (No. 620).--_Athens?_

_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 8 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 250 (114);

Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 119.

[Sidenote: =672.=]

Head of a youth, three-quarters turned to the right, from the side

of a sepulchral relief. He wears a taenia, and there are traces of

drapery which passed over the shoulder. There is a part of a pilaster

on the left (Pl. xii., fig. 2.)--_Athens._

Pentelic marble; height, 8 inches.

[Sidenote: =673.=]

Head of a youth, half turned to the right, together with the neck and

part of the breast. From a sepulchral relief. The waving locks of hair

are freely treated. (Pl. xii., fig. 1.)--_Athens._

Pentelic marble; height, 10 inches. The tip of the nose is

restored.

[Sidenote: =674.=]

Fragment of a sepulchral relief. A male head in high relief, wearing

a taenia, is slightly bent forwards to the right. There are remains

of drapery which passed over the shoulder. On the left is part of a

pilaster which bounds the relief.

Marble; height, 6-1/2 inches.

[Sidenote: =675.=]

Female head, probably from a sepulchral relief. The neck is much bent.

A portion of the right hand remains clasping the top of the head.

Marble; height, 6 inches.

[Sidenote: =676.=]

Fragment of the head of a youth, perhaps from a sepulchral relief.

A band passes across the forehead immediately below the

hair.--_Excavated by J. T. Wood, at Ephesus._

Marble; height, 5 inches.

[Sidenote: =677.=]

Portrait head of a bearded man. This head appears to be derived from

a sepulchral monument in very high relief, and to have been turned to

the left, as the left side is carefully finished, while the right side

is rough and inaccurate.--_Athens?_ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 10-1/2 inches. _Synopsis_, No. 242 (120).

[Sidenote: =678.=]

Fragment of the right side of a relief which was probably sepulchral.

A female figure, wearing a sleeved chiton and mantle, is seated on a

chair. She extends her hands, probably towards a figure now wanting.

On the right is the head of a figure looking to the right, and part of

a pilaster which bounds the scene. On the left is part of the drapery

of a third figure.--_Ephesus._ _Strangford Coll._

Pentelic marble? Height, 1 foot 4 inches; width, 11 inches.

[Sidenote: =679.=]

Fragment of a relief, perhaps sepulchral, containing the lower part

of the body and the right leg of a warrior, who stands on rocky ground

drawing himself rather to the left. He wears a short chiton, a cuirass

with a triple row of flaps (_pteryges_), and a mantle. Behind are the

legs from the knees of a recumbent figure. The warrior appears to have

had a shield on the left arm, and the right arm raised for a spear

thrust at a fallen enemy.--_Found at the foot of the Inscribed

Monument, Xanthos._

Hard limestone; height, 3 feet 4 inches; width, 1 foot 11 inches.

_Synopsis_, _Lycian Room_, No. 141_b_. Joints at both sides show

that the complete work was of considerable size. Compare the

scenes of combat in the entrance of the rock tomb at Kioebaschi.

Benndorf, _Reisen in Lykien_, I., p. 135; and at Tyssa, _loc.

cit._, II., p. 64.

[Sidenote: =680.=]

Figure of bull lying down to the right, on rough ground. The head is

worked in a very natural manner. The forms of the body are treated in

the flat manner of a bas-relief. The back has been left unfinished.

Probably the bull originally surmounted a tomb, at Athens. (Compare

Curtius and Kaupert, _Atlas von Athen_, pl. 4.)--_Brought from Greece

by C. R. Cockerell._ _Presented by Lord Hillingdon._

Pentelic marble; height, 3 feet 2-3/4 inches; length, 5 feet.

_Journ. of Hellen. Studies_, VI., pl. C., p. 32.

SEPULCHRAL VASES.

For the supposed significance of Vases as Sepulchral Monuments, see

above, p. 297.

[Sidenote: =681.=]

Plain sepulchral lekythos, in low relief.--_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 11 inches. _Synopsis_, No.

164 (276); _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 34, fig. 1; Ellis, _Elgin

Marbles_, II., p. 161.

[Sidenote: =682.=]

Sepulchral lekythos, with relief. An old man, Pytharatos, stands,

clasping the hand of a seated man, Herophilos, who is also old.

Inscribed: [Greek: Pytharatos, Herophilos].--_Sloane Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 9 inches; diameter, 10-1/4 inches,

Ellis, _Townley Gallery_, II., p. 221; _Greek Inscriptions in

Brit. Mus._, CXXVI.

[Sidenote: =683.=]

Plain sepulchral amphora of Phaidimos of Naucratis. Inscribed: [Greek:

Phaidimos Naukratites].--_Athens?_ _Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 3 feet 4-1/2 inches; diameter, 11 inches.

_Synopsis_, No. 124 (A. 51); _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 33, fig. 4;

Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 164; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit.

Mus._, CV.; _C.I.A._, II., 3239.

[Sidenote: =684.=]

Body of sepulchral amphora of Timophon, of Anagyrus, with ornate

flutings, and a horizontal band of interwoven fillets. Rosettes at the

base of the handles.

Inscribed: [Greek: Timophon Timostratou Anagyrasios].--_Athens?_

_Elgin Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 11 inches; diameter, 1 foot 2

inches. For the form, cf. vase held by the wind Skiron on the

Tower of the Winds (Stuart, I., chap. III., pl. 19), and the

relief from Icaria (_American Journ. of Archaeology_, V., p. 178,

fig. 30). Published Dodwell, _Tour_, 1., p. 451; _Synopsis_

No. 263 (163); _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 32, fig. 4; _Greek

Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, LXXX.; _C.I.G._, 585. Kumanudis

([Greek: Att. Epig.] No. 236, and p. 18) and Koehler (_C.I.A._ II.,

1850) consider the inscription more recent than the vase.

[Sidenote: =685.=]

Fragment from the top of a sepulchral amphora in relief, with patterns

of foliage.--_Formerly in Lord Elgin's Collection._

Pentelic marble; height, 11 inches. _Journ. of Hellen. Studies_,

VI., p. 43, No. 4.

[Sidenote: =686.=]

Sepulchral cippus of Anaxicrates with an amphora carved in low relief.

Inscribed: [Greek: Anaxikrates Dexiochou Athenaios].--_Athens?_ _Elgin

Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 1/2 inch. _Synopsis_, No. 123

(240); _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 34, fig. 2; _Greek Inscriptions in

Brit. Mus._, XCVI.; _C.I.G._, 801.

SEPULCHRAL VASES AND RELIEFS, WITH FIGURES CLASPING HANDS.

For the various interpretations that have been proposed for these

scenes, commonly known as "Scenes of Parting," see above, p. 297.

[Sidenote: =687.=]

Sepulchral lekythos with relief. A bearded figure stands before a

woman seated on a stool, and clasps her hand.

Inscribed: [Greek: Pamphilos Meixiadou Aigilieus. Archippe

Meixiadou]--Pamphilos, son of Meixiades, of Aigilia; Archippe,

daughter of Meixiades. The figures represented are therefore brother

and sister.--_Found beside the portico of Hadrian, Athens._ _Elgin

Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 2 feet 4-3/4 inches; diameter, 1 foot 5

inches. Stuart I., pp. 44, 52; Dodwell, _Tour_, I., p. 454; _Mus.

Marbles_, IX. pl. 33, fig. 2; _Synopsis_ No. 192 (237); Ellis,

_Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 164; _C.I.G._, 560; _C.I.A._, II., 1737;

_Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, LXXV.

[Sidenote: =688.=]

Sepulchral lekythos with relief. Two female figures, Philia and

Metrodora, stand clasping hands. Two bearded figures, Mys and Meles,

stand, one on the left and one on the right, each turning towards the

central group.

Inscribed: [Greek: Mys, Philia, Metrodora, Meles].--_Athens?_ _Elgin

Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 9-1/2 inches; diameter, 1 foot

1-1/4 inches, _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 32, fig. 3; _Synopsis_ No.

199 (148); _C.I.G._, 974; _C.I.A._, II., 3998; _Greek Inscriptions

in Brit. Mus._, CXXII. Brueckner, _Von den griech. Grabreliefs_,

p. 12, fig. K. A companion lekythos has been discovered at

Chasani, in Attica, and is now at Athens. In this relief, Mys and

Meles clasp hands, while Metrodora and Philia stand on the right

and left. Brueckner, _l.c._

[Sidenote: =689.=]

Part of a sepulchral lekythos with relief. Two women, Callistrate (?)

and Demostrate, stand with right hands joined. Behind the latter a

girl stands in an attitude of grief with her head resting on her right

hand. Behind the former is a youth supporting his chin on his right

hand.

Inscribed: [Greek: Demostrate, Kallistr[ate]].--_Athens?_ _Elgin

Coll._

Pentelic marble; height, 1 foot 7 inches; diameter, 1 foot 5

inches. _Mus. Marbles_, IX., pl. 31, figs. 1, 2; _Synopsis_ No.

275 (104); Ellis, _Elgin Marbles_, II., p. 165; _C.I.G._, 936;

_C.I.A._, II., 3611; _Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus._, CXIV.