In 1687 appeared the _Grounds of the French Tongue or a new French

Grammar_,[1055] which Miège incorporated in his _Great French

Dictionary_ in the following year. In general outline its contents

resemble those of the grammar which had appeared ten years before. It

is, however, an entirely new work. Most of the rules differ,[1056] and

the vocabulary and dialogues are new. He breaks away from the old

tradition of introducing the Latin declension of nouns into French

grammars.[1057] The _Grounds of the French Tongue_ is about a hundred

pages shorter than the grammar of 1678, and on the whole it is less

interesting from the point of view of the student of French. The second

part, called the _Nouvelle Nomenclature Françoise et Angloise_, which

might be obtained apart from the grammar, had originally appeared in

1685 as part of Miège's _Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre

l'Anglois_.[1058] Consequently the dialogues are more suited to the

student of English than to the student of French, as they deal chiefly

with life in England and the impressions of a Frenchman in London,

including an account of the coffee-houses, the penny post, the churches,

English food and drink, and so forth.

Lastly, in about 1698,[1059] appeared _Miège's last and best French

Grammar, or a new Method to learn French, containing the Quintessence of

all other Grammars, with such plain and easie rules as will make one

speedily perfect in that famous language_. A second edition was issued

in 1705. The work was based on his first grammar (1678), which thus

benefited by his long experience as a writer on the French language and

teacher of that tongue.

Miège held that French was best learnt by a combination of the methods

of rote and grammar, either being insufficient without the other; as for

attempting to learn foreign languages at home by rote, "'tis properly

building in the air. [Header: BEST METHOD OF STUDY] For whatever

progress one makes that way, unless he sticks constantly to it, the

Language steals away from him, and, like a Building without a

foundation, it falls insensibly." Englishmen who learn French by ear in

France soon find the fluency of which they are so proud slipping away

from them after their return to England;[1060] and even Frenchmen who

have never studied their language grammatically begin to lose the purity

of phrase after they have been some time in England.

Accordingly "a great care ought to be taken to pitch upon the best sort

of Grammar and to make choice of a skilful Master. Now a skilful master

must be first such a one as can speak the true modern French: A Thing

few people can boast of, besides courtiers and scholars, so nice a

language it is." Therefore the student should not waste his time, as

many do, with the common sort of teachers, who speak, for the most part,

but a corrupt and provincial French, and yet are patronized by many. In

the second place, the teacher should be a man of some learning; and in

the third, he should have "some skill in the English tongue, not that he

should use much English with his scholars,[1061] but because, without

it, 'tis impossible he can teach by the grammar, or explain the true

meaning of words." Lastly, he should himself be thoroughly acquainted

with the grammar, and be able to find out what should be learnt "by

rote, what by heart, and what passages need not at all be learnt." But,

when all is done, "there is an art in teaching not to be found amongst

all men of knowledge."

Thus the right use of a grammar depends much on the skill and judgement

of the teacher. Miège declares against overburdening the memory with

abstruse and difficult rules. In most cases it is enough if the learner

understands the rule; there is no need to confine him to the author's

words or to make him learn long lists of exceptions. "The best thing to

exercise his memory in, besides the general and most necessary rules, is

to learn a good store of words with their signification. And then,

whether he comes to read French, or to hear it spoke, one word doth so

help another, that by degrees, he will find out the meaning." As for the

dialogues, only a few, and those of a familiar type, should be learnt

"without book." "An analysis is the best use they can be put to, but

some teachers will find it too hard a task."

The best way, therefore, is "to lay a good foundation with grammar

rules, and to raise the Superstructure by Practice"; the more

adventurous the learner is in speaking French the better. If, however,

"one be so very averse from Grammar rules as to look upon them as so

many Bug bears, my opinion is that he may begin by Rote, provided he

make good at last his Proficiency that Way, with the help of a choice

Grammar. And then the Rules will appear to him very plain, easy and

delectable."

In 1678 Miège was receiving pupils for French and geography at his

lodging in Penton Street, Leicester Square, and we are told that in 1693

he was taking in _pensionnaires_ in Dean's Yard, near Westminster Abbey.

Towards the end of his teaching career in England he appears to have

been on very friendly terms with another teacher of French, Francesco

Casparo Colsoni, an Italian minister, who also taught Italian and

English. Colsoni wrote a book for teaching the three languages,[1062]

called _The New Trismagister_ (1688), in which he drew freely from the

works of Mauger, Festeau, and his friend Miège. In the meantime other

manuals appeared, including a translation of a grammar which was first

published at Paris in 1672[1063]--_A French Grammar, teaching the

knowledge of that language.... Published by the Academy for the

reformation of the French Tongue_ (1674), printed in parallel columns of

English and the original French. _A Very easie Introduction to the

French Tongue_ was published in about 1673, which claimed to be "proper

for all persons who have bad memories." A certain John Smith, M.A., J.

G. D'Abadie, formerly of the Royal Musketeers and for a time teacher of

French at Oxford, Jacob Villiers, who had a French school at Nottingham,

and Jean de Kerhuel, a French minister,[1064] all published grammars at

about the same time.[1065]

[Header: PIERRE BERAULT]

Among the more interesting French teachers of the period is Pierre

Berault, a French monk who was converted to Protestantism when he was

on the point of setting out for England to work among the refugees as a

Jesuit emissary.[1066] On the 2nd of April 1671 he "abjured all the

errors of the Church of Rome" in the French Church of the Savoy, London,

and subsequently devoted himself to teaching French. Until nearly the

end of the century he lived in various parts of London, "waiting upon

any Gentlemen or Gentlewomen who have a mind to learn French," and

using, according to his own account, a very sound method. At the same

time he was busy with his pen. He began with a compilation setting forth

his religious principles,[1067] and with books on moral and religious

subjects, in French and English for the benefit of learners.[1068] Later

he wrote _A New, plain, short and compleat French and English grammar_

(1688), which had an "extraordinary sale and reception," and passed

through numerous editions. Berault's motto as regards the teaching of

French was _omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci_,--a fit

combination of grammar rules and practical exercises. The grammar, which

occupies less than half the book, begins with an explanation of

grammatical terms for the benefit of those ignorant of Latin; it then

deals shortly with the pronunciation and the declinable parts of

speech;[1069] lastly come a few rules of syntax and short vocabularies

of the indeclinables. The reading exercises open with the catechism,

creeds, commandments, and prayers. The dialogues, accompanied, contrary

to custom, by an interlinear translation, are at first very simple, and

arranged in syllables for the benefit of beginners, but they become more

difficult. The following is a dialogue between a French tutor and his

scholar:

Good morrow, Sir, how do you do?

Bonjour, Monsieur, comment vous portez vous?

Very well to serve you.

Fort bien pour vous servir.

Do you teach the French tongue?

Enseignez-vous la langue Françoise?

Yes sir, and the Latin also.

Ouy, monsieur, et aussi la Latine.

Will you teach me these two tongues?

Voulez vous m'enseigner ces deux langues?

I will do it willingly.

Je le feray volontiers.

* * * * *

What method do you hold?

Quel méthode voulez-vous tenir?

Because you understand Latin

Parce que vous entendez la langue Latine

I will begin by the pronunciation

Je commenceray par la prononciation

Which you can learn in two lessons.

Que vous pouvez apprendre en deux leçons.

Then I will teach you the nouns,

Puis je vous enseigneray les noms,

Pronouns, verbs and other parts of speech.

Pronoms, verbes et autres parties d'oraison.

And afterwards the rules of syntax.

Et ensuite les règles de Composition.

How long will I be in learning all that?

Combien seray-je à apprendre tout cela?

But little time if you will follow me.

Peu de temps si vous voulez me suivre.

Berault added a selection of Cordier's Colloquies in French and English

to his work, as well as the usual proverbs, idioms and polite letters,

and a vocabulary. The letters have no English translation, Berault

believing that "whoso will peruse this grammar, he will not only be able

to explain them but any other French book whatsoever." Accordingly he

supplied a list of what he considered suitable modern French books, all

of which could be obtained from one or other of the French booksellers

in London.

In the second half of the seventeenth century the position of the French

language in England was further strengthened by its growing popularity

all over Europe. "I have visited," wrote the dramatist Chappuzeau in

1674,[1070] "every part of Christendom with care. [Header: FRENCH AND

LATIN] It has been easy for me to observe that to-day a prince with only

the French language which has spread everywhere, has the same advantages

that Mithridates had with twenty-two." The French language was regarded

as "one of the chiefest qualifications of accomplished persons," and

"the common language of all well-bred people, and the most generally

used in the commerce of civil life." Bayle states that in many parts of

Europe there were people who spoke and wrote French as purely as the

French themselves, and that in many foreign towns all the men and women

of quality and many of the common people spoke French with ease. Writers

of the time are unanimous in describing French as the universal

language; and most French teachers write in the style of Guy Miège to

the effect that "the French tongue is in a manner grown universal in

Europe ... and of all the parts of Europe next to France none is more

fond of it than England."

Thus, in the second half of the seventeenth century, French was in a

position to dispute its ground with Latin. France herself set the

example. French was the language used at Court, while Latin was used

only by scholars. Significant it is that in 1676 Louis XIV., in

consequence of Charpentier's _Défense de la langue françoise pour

l'inscription de l'arc de Triomphe_, replaced the Latin inscriptions on

his triumphal arches by others in French. Replying to Charpentier's

essay, a Jesuit, P. Lucus, wrote a treatise in defence of Latin.[1071]

Charpentier retorted by two laboured volumes, _De l'excellence de la

langue françoise_ (1683), and finally won the day. In this he refers to

the universality of French, and draws attention to the advantages which

would result to science if it were studied in that language. The long

Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns, which first reached England from

France, also shows the spirit of the times. And Bayle asserts as

evidence of the supremacy of French that: "Veut-on qu'un libelle courre

bien le monde, aussitôt on le traduit en françois, lors même que

l'original est en Latin: tant il est vrai que le latin n'est pas si

commun en Europe aujourd'hui que la Langue françoise."[1072]

In England French had long been a rival to Latin as the most commonly

used foreign tongue, and after the Restoration it was generally

recognized, among courtiers, men of fashion, ministers of state, and

diplomats, as the more convenient means of intercourse. Only scholars

and the universities continued to uphold the traditional supremacy of

the Latin tongue, and even at the universities Latin had passed out of

colloquial use before the Restoration, though still used in disputations

and other prescribed exercises.[1073] The victory of French in the world

of fashion was an easy one. It had "long since chased Latin from the

gallant's head," declares Sedley,[1074] and Ravenscroft in his prologue

to the _English Lawyer_,[1075] in which a jargon made up of Latin and

English predominates, thus addresses the gallants:

Gallants, pray what do you doe here to-day?

Which of you understands a Latine play?...

This age defies th' accomplishments of Schools,

The Town breeds Wits, the Colleges make Fools.

Samuel Vincent,[1076] instructing the gallant how to behave at an

ordinary, warns him to "beware how (he) speaks any Latin there: your

ordinaries most commonly have no more to do with Latin, than a desparate

town or Garrison hath."[1077]

Latin also lost what ground it held as the official language. Milton had

been Latin secretary during the Commonwealth, but after the Restoration

French was the language used. "Since Latin hath ceased to be a Language,

if ever it was any, which I am not sure of, at least in this present

age," wrote Lord Chancellor Clarendon,[1078] "the French is almost

naturalised through Europe, and understood and spoken in all the

Northern Courts and hath nearly driven the Dutch out of its own country,

and almost sides the Italian in the Eastern Parts, where it was scarce

known in the last Age." French, therefore, had little to fear from Latin

as the language of intercourse with ambassadors and other foreigners in

England; and still less from English, which was not to receive any

recognition at the hands of foreigners for years to come. [Header:

FRENCH IN THE SCHOLASTIC WORLD] Considering the almost universal

popularity of French, and the general neglect of English, most

Englishmen were obliged to agree with Clarendon that it was "too late

sullenly to affect an ignorance" of that language because the French

"will not take the Pains to understand ours," and we may gain much by

being conversant in theirs. He adds "it would be a great Dishonour to

the court if, when Ambassadors come thither from Neighbour Princes, no

body were able to treat with them, or converse with those who accompany

them in no other language but English, of which not one of them

understand one word; not to mention how the king shall be supplied with

Ministers, or Secretaries of State, or with Persons fit to be sent

Ambassadors abroad," if those who aspire to such rank are not acquainted

with the necessary foreign language.

Before the Restoration, French, in spite of the important place it held

in the world of polite education, had received very little recognition

at the hands of educational writers. Cleland alone, in his _Institution

of a Nobleman_ (1607), had treated it seriously. After 1660, however,

its widespread use and popularity rendered this omission no longer

possible, and at this time occurs a break in the tradition of classical

scholarship.[1079] The case for French was put most forcibly and with

greatest effect by Locke in his _Thoughts on Education_. Referring to

the young scholar, he writes: "As soon as he can speak English, 'tis

time for him to learn some other Language. This no body doubts of, when

French is proposed ... because French is a living language, and to be

used more in speaking, that should be first learned, that the yet pliant

Organs of Speech might be accustomed to a due formation of those sounds

and he get the habit of pronouncing French well, which is the harder to

be done the longer it is delay'd. When he can speak French well, (which

on conversational methods is usually in a year or two), he should

proceed to Latin."[1080] For the same reasons Clarendon would have

French learnt first, by "rote," "without the Formality or Method of

grammar."[1081]

Even in the world of scholarship the traditional deference shown to

ancient learning received some check, and the educational value of the

ancient languages was called in question. Some believed that "a

gentleman might become learned by the only assistance of modern

languages." Evelyn wrote a discourse on the subject at the request of

Sir Samuel Tuke for the Duke of Norfolk; unfortunately it was lost, "to

his griefe"[1082] and ours. It contained, he told Pepys, "a list of

Authors and a method of reading them to advantage ... nor was [he]

without some purpose of one day publishing it, because 'twas written

with a vertuous designe of provoking our court fopps and for

encouragement of illustrious persons who have leisure and inclinations

to cultivate their minds beyond a farce, a horse, a whore and a dog,

which, with very little more are the confines of the knowledge and

discourse of most of our fine gentlemen and beaux." Learning, he felt,

would assume a more attractive form in the eyes of the majority, if it

were attained through modern languages. Defoe likewise thought Latin and

Greek were not indispensable to scholarship, and considered it a pity to

lock up all learning in the dead languages.[1083] Hobbes even went so

far as to suggest in his _Behemoth_ (_c._ 1668) that it would be well to

substitute French, Dutch, and Italian for Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at

the universities. Others recommended that the classics should be read in

French translations, and it is probable that men of fashion at the time

read them in this form, if at all. Sedley implies that to read Terence

in Latin was a mark of ill-breeding.[1084] The fashionable Etherege, who

knew neither Latin nor Greek, had a large number of French translations

of classical plays amongst his books.[1085] And at a somewhat later date

the Abbé Le Blanc remarks[1086] that the English have become so fond of

French that they prefer to read even Cicero in that language. He writes

to tell Olivet how eagerly his translations are received in England.

"Celle des Tusculanes que vous venez de publier de concert avec M. Le

Père Bouhour a été goûtée en Angleterre de tous ceux qui sont en état de

juger des Beautés de l'Original et de la fidélité avec laquelle chacun

de vous les a rendues."

The readiness with which the English read French books also attracted

the Abbé's attention.[1087] [Header: PROPOSALS FOR REFORMED SCHOOLS] It

was no new thing for French literature to be widely appreciated in

England. But before the Restoration it had received but little

recognition as a profitable subject of study, except for students of

statecraft and military tactics. In 1673, however, one writer[1088]

takes a new step in stating that "all learning is now in French," and

goes on to say that if it were in English "those dead languages would be

of little use, only in reference to the scriptures." Similarly Mary

Astell, the author of _A Serious Proposal to the Ladies_ (1694), urges

the ladies, who most of them know French, to study French Philosophy,

Descartes and Malebranche, rather than restrict themselves to idle

novels and romances. And when Locke was in Paris in 1677 he bought the

best class-books and manuals in French and Latin for the use of Lord

Shaftesbury's grandson. The many English gentlemen who had French tutors

were frequently taught not only the French language, but other subjects

from French text-books.

There were, moreover, several proposals for reformed schools,[1089] in

which French was given a place by the side of Latin. In the ideal school

as pictured by Clarendon, the master is well acquainted with the French

language; and "those that teach the exercises" are Frenchmen, both that

the scholars "may be accustomed to that language, and retain what they

are supposed to have learnt before, and because they do teach all

Exercises best."[1090] Thomas Tryon, the "Pythagorean," proposed a

school in which there was to be a tutor for French and Latin, or one for

each language, and a music master.[1091] The scholars should begin at an

early age, and nothing but French and Latin be spoken in their hearing.

The school should stand apart, so that the pupils have no intercourse

with "wild" children. In about a year they learn French and Latin by

conversation, and then other subjects with the help of these languages.

Newcomers soon pick up a colloquial knowledge of the language by mixing

with their schoolfellows. When they speak the languages perfectly, then

is the time, says Tryon, to study the grammar; "for to speak is one

thing, and the Art or Reason of speaking is another. The first must be

done by Imitation and Practice, the other is the Work of time, and must

be improved by degrees. They that learn the Art of speaking before they

can speak invert the true Method ... for the Reason and Philosophy of

speaking is a great Art and the work of Time, and not at all to be

taught to children." Before studying rules the learners should not only

speak, but read perfectly. After learning the letters they should read

daily for two or three hours, "in any book that treats of Temperance and

Vertue."

Notwithstanding the increased importance attached to French in all

spheres, the modern language received no status in the grammar schools,

where the sole aim pursued was "to make good Latin and Greek scholars

and minute philosophers."[1092] On the other hand, the private

institutions in which the language was taught naturally increased very

greatly in number. Many Huguenot refugees opened schools in and about

London, and one French observer was struck by their number.[1093] Some

arose in provincial towns. At Nottingham, for instance, an Englishman,

Jacob Villiers, had a school of some importance. Villiers himself was a

well-known citizen. His name appears in the Charter of 1682 as one of

the chief councillors of the town; and he was one of "the council of

eighteen" who were displaced by an order of the Privy Council of 10th

February 1688.[1094] He was described on his gravestone in St. Mary's

Churchyard as a descendant of a collateral branch of the family of the

great favourite of James I. and Charles I. The family "continued still

in Nottingham" in the middle of the eighteenth century.[1095]

Villiers's French school was flourishing some years before the first

mention of him as a public character. [Header: FRENCH SCHOOL AT

NOTTINGHAM] He had acquired his knowledge of French abroad, having

travelled for many years in France[1096] and Germany, where he gave

English lessons and received favours from the Prince Elector Palatine,

elder brother of Prince Rupert. It was no doubt after his return that he

opened his school for gentlemen and ladies. He also completed a book on

the French and English languages, which was published in London in 1680,

"to gratify the ladies and gentlemen his scholars, and all such who have

a mind so to be." His chief aim was to encourage the French and English

to learn each other's language by pointing out the close affinity

between them. The _Vocabularium Analogicum, or the Englishman speaking

French, and the Frenchman speaking English, Plainly shewing the nearness

or affinity betwixt the English, French and Latin_,[1097] contains a

vocabulary of similar words in the three languages--"a verbal eccho

repeating words thrice and that without any considerable

variation"--which occupies the main part of the work.[1098] It is

preceded by rules for pronouncing French, taken, without acknowledgement,

chiefly from Wodroeph, and followed by selections from Pierre de Lainé's

_Royal French Grammar_ of 1667. Learners of French are advised to master

the pronunciation first, and to engage a French master. A collection

of familiar phrases and commendatory and other French verses, some

of them also taken from Wodroeph, close the volume.

Several schools or academies in which young ladies studied French, as

well as philosophy and other serious subjects, were started at this

time, such as that kept by Mrs. Bathsua Makin, a learned Englishwoman of

the day, who for some time was governess to the daughters of Charles I.

Subsequently she opened a school for gentlewomen, first at Putney (1649)

and afterwards at Tottenham High Cross, "where, by the blessing of God,

Gentlewomen may be instructed in the Principles of Religion, and in all

manner of sober and vertuous education. More particularly in all things

ordinarily taught in other schools as works of all sorts, dancing,

musick, singing etc." Half their time was employed in acquiring these

arts and the other half in learning the Latin and French tongues.

"Gentlewomen of eight or nine years old, that can read well, may be

instructed in a year or two, according to their parts, in the Latin and

French tongues, by such plain and short rules, accommodated to the

grammar of the English Tongue, that they may easily keep what they have

learned, and recover what they shall lose." Those wishing to pursue

their studies further could learn other languages, Greek, Hebrew,

Italian, or Spanish, or could study astronomy, geography, and other

subjects. The usual fee was £20 a year, but more was charged if the

pupil made good progress. Parents were advised to apply for details at

Mr. Mason's Coffee House in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange, on

Tuesday, or on Thursdays at the Bolt and Tun in Fleet Street, from three

to six in the afternoon.[1099]

Mary Astell, another learned Englishwoman, to whom we have already

alluded, came forward with a proposal advocating a scheme of study for

women, in the retirement of an establishment "more academic than

monastic." She urges her sex to study rhetoric, logic, and philosophy,

and, as most of them know French, to read Descartes and Malebranche, and

not idle novels and romances. The project ultimately fell to the ground,

however, chiefly on account of the opposition of Bishop Burnet, who

condemned it as a popish design. Shortly afterwards Defoe, who "would

deny women no sort of learning," proposed an academy for women,[1100] in

which they should be taught "all sorts of breeding suitable to both

their genius and their quality, and in particular music and dancing,

which it would be cruelty to bar the sex of, because they are their

darlings: but besides this they should be taught languages, as

particularly French and Italian; and I would venture the injury of

giving a woman more tongues than one." As to reading, history is the

best subject.

There are traces of other academies in which modern languages and the

"exercises" were the chief studies.[1101] At the end of _Musick or a

Parley of Instruments_, a musical entertainment performed by the

students of one of these academies, is an advertisement of the

curriculum; instruction in French and Italian was given by foreigners,

and mathematics, music, and the "exercises" received attention. [Header:

FRENCH IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS] Mark Lewis, the friend of Mrs.

Makin,[1102] taught like her in a school or "gymnasium" at Tottenham

High Cross, where "any person, whether young or old, as their Quality

is, may be perfected in the Tongues by constant conversation." The

school flourished about 1670, and there was then "an apartment for

French," while Italian and Spanish were "to receive attention

hereafter."[1103] Lewis's method of teaching so pleased the Earl of

Anglesey, then Lord Privy Seal, that he sent his grandsons to the

school, and enabled Lewis to secure letters patent for his method. A

similar academy was kept by a certain Mr. Banister in Chancery Lane near

the Pump. There was a wide choice of studies, including Latin, Greek,

and French, for the languages, and the usual "exercises." Any person

that desired could be accommodated in Mr. Banister's house "with diet

and lodging at reasonable Rates, ... or they may come thither at set

times and be Instructed in the things before mentioned." The academy

kept by Thomas Watts in Little Tower Street differed from the majority

in aiming at qualifying young gentlemen for business. Writing,

arithmetic, and merchants' accounts were taught, as well as mathematics

and experimental philosophy: a master resident in the house gave lessons

in French, a language absolutely necessary to business men, and "so far

universal that the place is not known where 'tis not spoken."

Accordingly it received special attention; and "as a just notion of

grammar, so the opportunity of frequent conversation, is absolutely

necessary, if one would ever arrive at any Perfection in this Language,"

Watts, therefore, not only "fix'd on a Master capable of doing the

first, but entertained him constantly in his house, where all those

young gentlemen that learn French are obliged always to speak it, and

have their master daily to converse with."[1104] Some academies confined

themselves chiefly to the exercises. But even then the atmosphere was

French. Such was the academy opened in London in 1682 by M. Foubert, a

Frenchman lately come from Paris. He was helped by a royal grant, and

seems to have been fairly successful. On his arrival his goods were

delivered at the house of M. Lainé,[1105] probably the French teacher of

that name.

As time went on such schools became more and more numerous and the

demand for instruction in French increased. The language was no longer

limited chiefly to certain classes: the gentry, merchants, soldiers, and

others requiring it for practical purposes. It came to be regarded as a

necessary part of a liberal education. The ever-growing call for

teachers of French was met by the great invasion of Protestant refugees

caused by the renewal of the fierce persecutions which culminated in the

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The reception of the

fugitives was doubtful under James II., who looked upon them with

disfavour, but could not, for political reasons, refuse them

hospitality. With the advent of William of Orange in 1689, however,

their position was assured, and they became ardent supporters of the new

monarch. They arrived in such multitudes, says a contemporary, that it

was impossible to calculate their number; there was hardly an English

family of standing in which one or more refugees did not find a

home--often a permanent one.

From this time dates a new period in the teaching of French in England,

dominated by the influence of these refugees, from whose ranks the chief

tutors and schoolmasters were recruited, and whose French grammars and

manuals continued, in some cases, to be used till the end of the

eighteenth century, and even later.

FOOTNOTES:

[1043] A play called _The French Schoolmaster_ appeared in 1662 (Fleay,

_Chronicle of English Drama_, 1891, ii. p. 338).

[1044] There are, however, no points of resemblance between that work

and the grammar which appeared about twelve years later.

[1045] Catalogue of the Library of Dean Smallwood, 1684.

[1046] Cp. Arber, _Term Catalogues_, i. 269. Anne was three years

younger than Mary.

[1047] Schickler, _Les Églises du Refuge_, ii. p. 311.

[1048] _Savile Correspondence_, Camden Society, 1856, _passim_.

[1049] Huguenot Society Publications, xviii. p. 138.

[1050] _Stationers' Register_, iii. p. 277.

[1051] Such was also the opinion of J. Minsheu, author of the _Ductor in

Linguas_ (1617): "I have always found that the true knowledge and sure

holding of them in our memories, consisted in the knowing of them by

their causes, originalls and etymologies, that is by their reasons and

derivations."

[1052] His work suffered in having to strive against Cotgrave's long

settled reputation.

[1053] The third edition appeared, like the first, at London, 1690.

[1054] Arber, _Term Catalogues_, i. 477.

[1055] 8vo: pp. 168, 142. Printed for Th. Bassett....

[1056] For instance, that for the gender of nouns, in 1678, states that

those ending in "e" or "x" are masculine, and the rest feminine; in

1687, those ending in "e" and "ion" are feminine and the rest masculine;

in both cases long lists of exceptions are given.

[1057] "To follow the old road I should now decline a noun or two with

these articles, and six cases to be sure, to wit, the nominative,

accusative, dative, vocative, and ablative, whether our language can

afford them or not. But why should I perplex the learned with so

improper and needless a thing? For the distinction of cases is come from

the variable termination of one and the same noun. A thing incident (I

confess) to the Latine tongue, but not to our vulgar speech."

[1058] A second edition of Miège's English Grammar appeared in 1691.

[1059] Arber, _Term Catalogues_, iii. 67, 487.

[1060] But if they have been grounded in the principles before

travelling, they make quicker progress, and do not lose their knowledge.

[1061] "Car il n'y a rien de tel pour apprendre une langue que de

l'entendre parler."

[1062] Later he added rules for Spanish to his work. Colsoni also wrote

_Le Guide de Londres pour les Estrangers_ (1st edition, 1693), and

several works chiefly on topical subjects, of little interest. In 1694

his _Guide_ was followed by Richard Baldwin's _Booke for Strangers_.

[1063] And again in 1679.

[1064] Who translated one of Tillotson's sermons into French (1673).

[1065] See Bibliography.

[1066] Schickler, _op. cit._ ii. p. 282.

[1067] _The Church of Rome evidently proved Heretick_ (1680); _The

Church of England evidently proved the holy catholick Church_ (1682).

Towards the end of his career he wrote a _Discourse of the Trinitie ...

etc._ (1700). Berault calls himself a French minister, and he served as

chaplain on several of His Majesty's ships during the war with France at

the end of the century.

[1068] _Le Véritable et assuré Chemin du Ciel en François et en Anglois_

(1681), and the _Bouquet ou un Amas de plusieurs veritez Théologiques_

(1685), dedicated to Anne Stuart, afterwards queen.

[1069] Berault is behind the times in retaining most of the Latin cases

and tenses. His grammar, on the whole, is fuller and more detailed than

most of its kind.

[1070] _Le Théâtre françois_ (1674). ed. Monval, 1876, p. 62. Jean

Blaeu, in translating from English into French Ed. Chamberlain's

_Present State of England_ (1669), states: "Je ne l'ay pas sitost veu en

Anglois que j'ay jugé qu'il méritoit de paroistre dans la langue

françoise, comme estant plus universelle dans la chrestienté qu'aucune

autre" (1671). Jusserand, _Shakespeare in France_, p. 20, note.

[1071] _De monumentis publicis latine inscribendis._ Goujet,

_Bibliothèque françoise_ (1740-56), i. p. 13.

[1072] Bayle, _Oeuvres_, iv. p. 190, quoted by Charlanne, _L'Influence

française en Angleterre_, pt. ii. p. 202.

[1073] F. Watson, _Grammar Schools_, p. 312.

[1074] Epilogue to _Bellamira_.

[1075] London, 1678.

[1076] _Young Gallants' Academy_, 1674, p. 44.

[1077] A little later Swift wrote that "the current opinion prevails

that the study of Latin and Greek is loss of time...." (_Works_, 1841,

ii. p. 291).

[1078] _A Dialogue ... concerning Education_, Miscellaneous Works,

London, 1751, p. 338.

[1079] Even the universities had to give some recognition to the modern

language. A Professorship of Modern History and Modern Languages was

founded at both universities in 1724. Cp. Cooper, _Annals of Cambridge_,

iv. 128.

[1080] "Some Thoughts," _Educational Writings of Locke_, 1912, p. 125.

[1081] The same opinions are voiced by later writers, such as Costeker,

_Education of a Young Nobleman_, 1723, p. 18; and the author of a

pamphlet _On Education_, 1734.

[1082] Evelyn, _Diary_, Dec. 6, 1681.

[1083] _The Compleat Gentleman_ (1728), ed. K. D. Bülbring, 1890.

[1084] Epilogue to _Bellamira_.

[1085] _Works_, ed. A. Wilson, Verity, London, 1888, Preface.

[1086] Le Blanc, _Lettres d'un Français_, à la Haye, 1745, ii. p. 1.

[1087] He tells Maupertuis of the great success of his _De la Figure de

la Terre_ (1738) in England, where it was awaited with impatience and

received with acclamation (_Lettres_, ii. 244).

[1088] _An Essay to revive the antient Education of Gentlewomen_ (Mrs.

Makin or Mark Lewis).

[1089] French no doubt often reached grammar school boys indirectly.

Thus Charles Hoole in 1660 (_A New Discoverie of the old Art of Teaching

School_) recommends the Dialogues of Du Grès for their private reading;

perhaps, however, he was thinking more of the Latin than of the French

part.

[1090] _Miscellaneous Works_, 1751, pp. 320-1.

[1091] _A New Method of Educating Children ..._, 1695.

[1092] Th. Sheridan, _Plan of Education_, 1769, p. 42.

[1093] M. Misson, _Mémoires et Observations d'un voyageur en

Angleterre_, à la Haye, 1698, p. 99.

[1094] Information supplied by J. Potter Briscoe, Esq., of Nottingham.

[1095] C. Deering, _An Historical Account of the ancient and present

State of the Town of Nottingham_, Nottingham, 1751, p. 32.

[1096] He remarks on the desire to learn English expressed by several

French persons he met, chiefly Huguenots.

[1097] Printed by J. D. for Jonathan Robinson at the Golden Lion, and

George Wells, at the Sun in Paul's Churchyard. 8vo, pp. 224.

[1098] Pp. 17-132.

[1099] _An Essay to revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen ..._,

London, 1673.

[1100] _Essay on Projects_ (1697), London, 1887, pp. 164 _sqq._

[1101] Cp. Loveday, _Letters_, 1639, p. 178.

[1102] Lewis also interviewed parents any Thursday in the afternoon

between three and six o'clock, at the Bolt and Tun in Fleet Street.

[1103] _Model for a school for the better education of Youth_, and

Advertisement at the end of his _Plan and Short Rules for pointing

periods ..._ (_c._ 1670).

[1104] Advertisement in _An Essay on the Proper Method for forming the

Man of Business_, 4th ed., 1722, pp. 44-45.

[1105] _Calendar of State Papers, Treasury Books, 1679-80_, pp. 132,

140.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF MANUALS AND GRAMMARS FOR TEACHING FRENCH TO THE

ENGLISH

I

The Middle Ages

_A. Manuscripts_

* Indicates that there are also other manuscripts of later date.

Henry III. (1216-1272):

_c._ 1250 Short Treatise on French Verbs (Trinity College,

Cambridge, R. 3, 56).

Edward I. (1272-1307):

* Le treytyz ke moun sire Gautier de Bibelesworthe

fist a ma dame Dionisie de Mounchensy pur aprise de

langwage (ed. T. Wright, "Volume of Vocabularies,"

1857).

* Tractatus Orthographiae of T. H. Parisii Studentis

(ed. M. K. Pope, "Modern Language Review," April 1910).

_c._ 1300 * Orthographia Gallica (ed. J. Stürzinger,

"Altfranzösische Bibliothek," viii., Heilbronn, 1884).

Edward II. and Edward III. (1307-1377):

Commentaries in French on the Orthographia Gallica

(ed. Stürzinger, _ut supra_).

Epistolaries, or Collections of model letters (MSS.

Harl. 4971, Harl. 3988, Addit. 17716 Brit. Mus.; Ee 4,

20, Camb. Univ. Libr.; B 14. 39, 40, Trinity Col. Camb.;

182, All Souls, Oxon.; 188, Magdalen Col.).

Cartularies, or Collections of Bills, Indentures, etc.

(Harl. 4971; Ee 4, 20, Camb. Univ. Libr.; Addit.

17716).

Undated Vocabularies and Verb Tables and Fragments

on Grammar (Ee 4, 20, Camb. Univ. Libr.; Harl. 4971,

Addit. 17716, Brit. Mus.; 188, Magdalen Col., Oxon.).

_c._ 1340 Nominale sive Verbale in Gallicis cum expositione

eiusdem in Anglicis (ed. Skeat, "Transactions of the

Philological Soc.," 1903-1906).

Richard II. (1377-1399):

Tractatus Orthographiae of Coyfurelly, Doctor in Law

of Orleans (ed. Stengel, "Zeitschrift für

neufranzösische Sprache und Literatur," vol. i., 1878).

1396 * Maniere de Language (ed. P. Meyer, "Revue critique,"

1873).

1399 Petit Livre pour enseigner les enfanz de leur entreparler

comun francois (ed. Stengel, _op. cit._).

_c._ 1409 Donait francois pur briefment entroduyr les Anglois

et la droit language de Paris et de pais la d'entour

fait aus despenses de Johan Barton par pluseurs bons

clercs du language avandite (ed. Stengel, _op. cit._).

Conjugation of Verbs, by R. Dove. Le Donait soloum

douce franceis de Paris (Sloane MSS. 513).

_c._ 1415 Liber Donati (MSS. Dd 12, 23, Gg 6, 44, Camb. Univ.

Libr.; Addit. 17716 Brit. Mus.).

Femina. Liber iste vocatur Femina, quia sicut Femina

docet infantemloqui maternam, sic docet iste liber

iuvenes rethorice loqui Gallicum prout infra patebit

(ed. W. A. Wright, Roxburghe Club, 1907).

1415 Maniere de Language (ed. P. Meyer, "Romania," xxxii.,

1903).

John Lydgate, Praeceptiones linguae gallicae, li. 1.

(Bale, "Scriptores Britanniae," fol. 203.)

_c._ 1500? Dialogues in French and English (MS. Ii. 6, 17, Camb.

Univ. Libr.).

_B. Printed Books_

_c._ 1483 Tres bonne doctrine pour aprendre briefment francoys

et engloys. Printed by William Caxton. B.L. 4to. (Ed.

H. Bradley, "Early English Text Society," extra series,

lxxix., 1900.)

Another edition. Fragment of one leaf in the Bodleian.

_c._ 1492? Here is a good boke to lerne to speke French. B.L.

4to. Colophon: Per me Richardum Pynson.

_c._ 1498? Here beginneth a Lytell treatyse for to lerne

Englisshe and Frensshe. B.L. 4to. Colophon: Here endeth

a lytyll treatyse for to lerne Englysshe and Frensshe.

Emprinted at Westmynster by my Wynken de Worde.

Another edition. Fragment of one leaf in the British

Museum. B.L. 4to.

II

TUDOR AND STUART TIMES

1521 BARCLAY. The introductorie to wryte and to pronounce frenche.

? VALENCE. Introductions in frensche....

1528 Fragment of grammar in Lambeth Library.

1530 PALSGRAVE. Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse.

_c._ 1534 DUWES. An introductorie for to lerne ... french trewly.

_c._ 1535 DUWES. An introductorie for to lerne ... french trewly.

_c._ 1547 DUWES. An introductorie for to lerne ... french trewly.

1552 VERON. Dictionariolum puerorum....

1553? DU PLOICH. A Treatise in English and Frenche....

1553? Traicté pour apprendre a parler françoys et angloys.

1557 G. MEURIER. La Grammaire Françoise. . . .

1557 (BARLEMENT.) A Boke intituled Italion, Frynsshe, Englysshe Latin.

1559 Ane A.B.C. for Scottes men to read the frenche toung....

1563 MEURIER. Communications familieres.

1565 HOLYBAND. The French Schoolemaister.

1566 HOLYBAND. The French Littleton.

1568 (BARLEMENT.) A Boke intituled Ffrynshe, Englysshe and Duche.

1571 A Dictionarie french and english.

1572 HIGGINS. Huloets dictionarie ... the French thereunto annexed.

1573 HOLYBAND. The French Schoolemaister.

1574 BARET. An Alvearie ... in Englishe, Latin and French.

1575 * A plaine pathway to the French Tongue.

1576 LEDOYEN DE LA PICHONNAYE. A Plaine Treatise to larne ... French.

1578 BELLOT. The French Grammer.

1578 DU PLOICH. A Treatise in English and Frenche, new ed.

1578 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1578 (BARLEMENT.) Dictionaire . . . en quattre Langues.

? HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1580 HOLYBAND. A Treatise for Declining of Verbs.

1580 HOLYBAND. De Pronuntiatione Linguae Gallicae.

1580 HOLYBAND. The Treasurie of the French Tong.

1581 BARET. Alvearie ... New ed.

1581 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1581 BELLOT. Le Jardin de Vertu.

1582 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1583 HOLYBAND. Campo di Fior.

1585 HIGGINS. The Nomenclator or Remembrancer of Adrianus Junius.

1588 BELLOT. The French Methode.

? HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1590 DE CORRO. The Spanish Grammer with certeine Rules teaching ...

French.

1591 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1591 CORDERIUS. Dialogues in French and English.

1592 DE LA MOTHE. The French Alphabet.

1593 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1593 HOLYBAND. A Dictionarie French and English.

1593 ELIOTE. Ortho-Epia Gallica.

1595 E. A. Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

1595 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1596 MORLET. Janitrix ... ad perfectam Linguae Gallicae cognitionem.

1597 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1598 The Necessary ... Education of a Young Gentlewoman, Italian,

French and English.

1599 HOLYBAND. A Treatise for Declining of Verbs.

1602 A Short Syntaxis of the French Tongue.

1602 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1604 SANFORD. Le Guichet François.

1605 SANFORD. A Briefe Extract of the former grammar ... in English.

1605 ERONDELL. The French Garden.

1606 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1607 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1611 COTGRAVE. A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues.

1612 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1615 The Declining of Frenche Verbes (HOLYBAND?).

1615 The French A.B.C.

1615 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1617 JEAN BARBIER. Janua Linguarum Quadralinguis.

1618 FARREAR. A Brief Direction to the French Tongue.

1619 LAUR DU TERME. The Flower de Luce.

1619 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1620 COLSON. The First Part of the French Grammar.

1623 WODROEPH. The spared Houres of a souldier in his Travels.

1623 J. S. A Shorte Method for the Declyning of Ffrench Verbes.

1625 SHERWOOD. The French Tutour.

1625 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1625 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1625 WODROEPH. The True Marrow of the French Tongue.

1625 L'ISLE. Part of Du Bartas, French and English.

1625 Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

1630 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1631 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua Linguarum.

1631 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1631 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1632 COTGRAVE. French-English Dictionary, with SHERWOOD'S

English-French Dictionary.

1633 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1633 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1633 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua Linguarum.

1633 SALTONSTALL. Clavis ad Portam.

1633 DE GRAVE. The Pathway to the Gate of Tongues.

1634 SHERWOOD. The French Tutour, 2nd ed.

1634 AUFEILD. A French Grammar and Syntaxe.

1635 COGNEAU. A Sure Guide to the French Tongue.

1636 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1636 DU GRÈS. Breve et accuratum grammaticae gallicae Compendium.

1637 (BARLEMENT.) The English, Latine, French, Dutch Scholemaster.

1637 BENSE. Analogo Diaphora ... trium Linguarum, Gallicae, Hispanicae

et Italicae.

1637 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua.

1639 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1639 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1639 Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

1639 DU GRÈS. Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini.

1639 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua.

1639 (BARLEMENT.) New Dialogues or Colloquies ...

1641 MEURIER. A treatise for to learne to speake Frenshe and Englishe.

1641 HOLYBAND. Treatise for Declining of French Verbs.

1641 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1643 GOSTLIN. Aurisodinae Linguae Gallicae.

1645 COGNEAU. Sure Guide ...

1647 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1648 GERBIER. An Introduction of the French Tongue.

1649 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1650 COTGRAVE. French Dictionary.

1651 COGNEAU. Sure Guide.

1652 DU GRÈS. Dialogi ...

1653 MAUGER. True Advancement of the French Tongue.

1655 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1655 LAINÉ. A Compendious Introduction to the French Tongue.

1656 MAUGER. French Grammar, 2nd ed.

1658 COGNEAU. Sure Guide.

1658 MAUGER. French Grammar, 3rd ed.

1659 LEIGHTON. Linguae Gallicae addiscendae Regulae.

1660 DU GRÈS. Dialogi ...

1660 COTGRAVE. Dictionary.

1660 HERBERT. French and English Dialogues.

1660 HOWELL. Lexicon Tetraglotton.

1662 MAUGER. French Grammar, 4th ed.

1662 LEIGHTON. ... Regulæ.

1666 Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.

? Castellion's Sacred Dialogues ... French and English.

1667 MAUGER. French Grammar, 5th ed.

1667 FESTEAU. French Grammar.

1667 DE LAINÉ. Princely Way to the French Tongue.

1668 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1668 Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.

1668 Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.

1670 MAUGER. Grammar, 6th ed.

1671 MAUGER. Lettres françoises et angloises.

1671 FESTEAU. Grammar, 2nd ed.

1673 MAUGER. Grammar, 7th ed.

1673 COTGRAVE. Dictionary.

1674 A French Grammar ... Published by the Academy.

1674 SMITH. Grammatica Quadralinguis.

1674 A very easie Introduction to the French Tongue.

1675 FESTEAU. Grammar, 3rd ed.

1676 D'ABADIE. A New French Grammar.

1676 MAUGER. Grammar (the English edition).

1676 MAUGER. Lettres, 2nd ed.

1677 DE LAINÉ. Princely Way, 2nd ed.

1677 Grammaire françoise et angloise.

1677 MIÈGE. A New Dictionary, French and English.

1678 MIÈGE. A New French Grammar.

1679 MAUGER. Grammar, 8th ed.

1679 FESTEAU. Grammar, 4th ed.

1679 Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.

1679 MIÈGE. Dictionary of Barbarous French.

1680 VILLIERS. Vocabularium Analogicum.

1681 BERAULT. Chemin du Ciel.

1682 MAUGER. Grammar, 10th ed.

1682 MIÈGE. Short and Easie French Grammar.

1683 VAIRESSE D'ALLAIS. Short and Methodical Introduction.

1684 MIÈGE. A Short French Dictionary.

1684 KERHUEL. Grammaire Françoise.

1684 MAUGER. Grammar, 11th ed.

1684 CHENEAU. French Grammar.

1685 FESTEAU. Grammar, 5th ed.

1685 BERAULT. Bouquet . . . de Plusieurs Veritez Theologiques.

1686 MAUGER. Grammar, 12th ed.

1687 Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.

1687 MIÈGE. Grounds of the French Tongue.

1688 MIÈGE. Great French Dictionary.

1688 BERAULT. New ... French and English Grammar.

1688 COLSONI. The New Trismagister.

1689 MAUGER. Grammar, 13th ed.

1690 MIÈGE. Short French Dictionary, 3rd ed.

1690 MAUGER. Grammar, 14th ed.

1690 COLSONI. A new Grammar of three languages.

1691 MIÈGE. Short French Dictionary.

1691 BERAULT. Grammar, 2nd ed.

_c._ 1691 LANE. French Grammar.

? GROLLEAU. Compleat French Tutor.

1693 FESTEAU. Grammar, 6th ed.

1693 BERAULT. Grammar, 3rd ed.

1693 Eloquent Master of Languages.

1694 BOYER. Compleat French Master.

1694 MAUGER. Grammar, 16th ed.

1695 COLSONI. New and Accurate Grammar [new edition].

1698 MIÈGE. Last and Best French Grammar.

1698 BERAULT. French and English Grammar.

1698 MAUGER. French Grammar.

1699 MAUGER. French Grammar [new edition].

1699 BOYER. French Master, 2nd ed.

? VASLET. Nomenclator Trilinguis.

1699 BOYER. Royal French Dictionary.

APPENDIX II

BIBLIOGRAPHY, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY, OF MANUALS FOR TEACHING THE

FRENCH LANGUAGE TO THE ENGLISH, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH

CENTURY TO THE END OF THE STUART PERIOD

A., E.:

Grammaire Angloise et Françoise pour facilement et promptement

aprendre la langue Angloise et Françoise. Revûë et corrigée tout de

nouveau d'une quantité de fautes qui étoient aux précédentes

impressions par E. A. Augmentée en cette dernière édition d'un

vocabulaire Anglois et François. Rouen, 1595. Cp. sub "Anonymous

Works," Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

ÆSOP: Cp. CODRINGTON.

ANCHORAN, J. A.:

Porta Linguarum Trilinguis reserata et aperta, sive seminarium

linguarum et scientiarum omnium, hoc est compendiaria Latinam,

Anglicam, Gallicam (et quamvis aliam) Linguam una cum artium et

scientiarum fundamentis sesquianni spatio ad summum docendi et

perdiscendi methodus sub titulis centum periodis mille comprehensa.

The Gate of Tongues unlocked and opened.... London, George Millar

for Michael Sparke, 1631.

Another issue, George Millar for the Author, 1631.

Another ed.: Porta linguarum ... J. A. Anchorani ... Th. Cotes

sumptibus M. Sparke, 1633.

3rd ed. Anna Griffin sumptibus M. Sparke. London, 1637.

4th ed. E. Griffin for M. Sparke, 1639.

ANONYMOUS WORKS (Arranged chronologically):

De la Prosodie, etc. (Fragment in the Lambeth Library dated 1528.)

(BARLEMENT.) A boke intituled Italion, Frynsshe, Englysshe and

Laten. London, Ed. Sutton, 1557.

Another ed.: A Boke intituled Ffrynsshe, Englysshe and Duche.

London, John Alde, 1569.

Another ed.: Dictionaire, Colloques ou Dialogues en Quattre

langues, Flamen, Ffrançoys, Espaignel et Italien, with the Englishe

to be added thereto. George Bishop, 1578.

Another ed.:

The English}{French

Latine }{Dutch Scholemaster, or an Introduction to teach young

Gentlemen and Merchants to travell or trade. Being the only helpe

to attaine to those Languages. London, for Michael Sparke, 1637.

Another ed.: New Dialogues or Colloquies and a little Dictionary of

eight Languages. A Booke very necessary for all those that study

these tongues either at home or abroad, now perfected and made fit

for travellers, young merchants and seamen, especially those that

desire to attain to the use of the tongues. London, Printed for

Michael Sparke, 1639.

Ane A, B, C for Scottes men to read the frenche toung with ane

exhortatioun to the noblis of Scotland to favour thair ald

friendis. Licensed to Wm. Nudrye, 1559.

A Dictionarie french and english. 1571. Col.: Imprinted at London

by Henry Bynneman for Lucus Harrison. An. 1570.[1106]

A plaine pathway to the French Tongue, very profitable for

Marchants and also all other which desire the same, aptly devided

into nineteen chapters. The contents whereof appear in the next

Page. Printed in London by Thomas East, 1575.

Another ed. Newly corrected. London, by Th. East (date unknown).

Corderius. Dialogues in French and English. John Wyndet, 1591.

Grammaire Angloise et Françoise . . . Revûë et corrigée . . . par

E. A. (_q.v. sub_ A., E.)

Another ed.: Grammaire Angloise pour facilement et promptement

apprendre la langue angloise. Qui peut aussi aider aux Anglois pour

apprendre la langue Françoise. Alphabet anglois contenant la

prononciation des Lettres avec les declinaisons et conjugaisons.

Paris, 1625.

Another ed. Rouen, 1639.

Another ed. Rouen, 1662.

Another ed. Rouen, 1670.

Another edition. London, 1677.

The Necessary, fit and convenient Education of a young Gentlewoman,

Italian, French and English. Adam Islip, 1598.

A Short Syntaxis in the French Tongue. 12º. London, 1602.

The French A. B. C. Licensed to Rd. Field, 1615.

The Declining of Frenche Verbes. Rd. Field, 1615 (another edition

of Holyband's Treatise for declining of Verbs?).

(Sébastien Châteillon.) Sacred Dialogues translated out of Latin

into French and English for the benefit of youth. Sold by R. Hom

and J. Sims. (Date unknown, between 1666 and 1668?)

A French Grammar Teaching the knowledge of that language, how to

read and write it perfectly without any other precedent Study than

to have learnt to Read only. Published by the Academy for

Reformation of the French Tongue. London. Printed by W. G. for Wm.

Copper at the sign of the Pelican in Little Britain, 1674.

A very easie Introduction to the French Tongue, or A very brief

Grammar, proper for all persons who have bad memories. Containing

all the principal grounds for the more speedy practice of

discourse. Also many peculiar phrases; with a very useful Dialogue

for young factors. 8vo. Sold by J. Sims at the King's Head in

Cornhill, _c._ 1673.

AUFEILD, WILLIAM:

A French Grammar and Syntaxe contayning most exact and certaine

rules for the pronunciation, orthography, construction and use of

the French Language. Written in French by Charles Maupas, of Bloys.

Translated into English with additions and explications peculiarly

useful to us English; together with a preface and an Introduction

wherein are contained divers necessary instructions for the better

understanding of it, by W. A. London, printed for Rich. Mynne,

dwelling in little Britaine at the signe of St. Paul, 1634.

BARBIER, JEAN:

Janua Linguarum Quadralinguis, or The Gate to the Latine, English,

Frenche and Spanish Tongues. London, 1617.[1107]

BARCLAY, ALEXANDER:

Here begynneth the introductory to wryte and to pronounce frenche,

compyled by Alexander Barclay, compendiously at the commandement of

the right hye excellent and myghty prynce Thomas, duke of

Northfolke. [Col.] Imprynted at London in the Flete strete at the

sygne of the rose Garlande by Robert Coplande, 1521, the yere of

our lord MCCCCCXXI ye XXII day of Marche.

BARET, JOHN:

An Alvearie or triple Dictionarie in Englishe, Latin, and French.

Very profitable for all such as be desirous of any of those three

languages. Also by the two tables at the ende of this booke they

may contrariwise finde the most necessarie Latin or French words,

placed after the order of an Alphabet, whatsoever are to be found

in any other Dictionarie. And so to turne them backwardes againe

into Englishe when they reade any Latin or French authors and doubt

of any harde worde therein. London, Henry Denham, 1574.

A new edition: An Alvearie or quadruple dictionarie containing four

sundrie tongues, namelie, Englishe, Latine, Greeke and Frenche.

Newlie enriched with a varietie of wordes, phrases, proverbs and

divers lightsome observations of Grammar. By the Tables you may

contrariwise finde out the most necessarie wordes placed after the

Alphabet, whatsoever are to be found in any other dictionarie.

Which Tables also serving for lexicons, to lead the learner unto

the English of such hard wordes as are often read in Authors, being

faithfullie examined, are truelie numbered. Verie profitable for

such as be desirous of anie of those languages. London, Henry

Denham, 1581.

BARLEMENT. Cp. Entry under "Anonymous Works."

BELLOT, JACQUES:

The French Grammer, or an Introduction orderly and Methodically, by

ready rules, playne preceptes and evident examples, teachinge the

Frenche Tongue: Made and very commodiously set forth for their

sakes that desire to attayne the Perfecte knowledge of the same

Language, by James Bellot, Gentleman of Caen in Normandy. Imprinted

at London in Fleet Street by Th. Marshe, 1578.

Le jardin de vertu et bonnes moeurs, plain de plusieurs belles

fleurs et riches sentences avec le sens d'icelles recueillies de

plusieurs autheurs, et mises en lumiere par J. B. gent. Cadomois.

Imprimé à Londres par Th. Vautrollier, 1581.

The French Methode. London, 1588.

BENSE, PIERRE:

Analogo Diaphora seu Concordantia Discrepans et Discrepantia

Concordans trium linguarum Gallicae, Hispanicae et Italicae. Unde

innotescat, quantum quaque a Romanae linguae, unde ortum duxere,

idiomate deflexerit; earum quoque ratio et natura dilucide et

succinte delineantur. Operâ et studio Petri Bense, Parisini, apud

Oxon. has linguas profitentis. Oxoniae. Excudebat Guilielmus Turner

impensis authoris, 1637.

BERAULT, PIERRE:

A new, plain, short and compleat French and English Grammar. Wherby

the learner may attain in few months to speak and write French

correctly as they do now in the Court of France, and wherein all

that is dark, superfluous and deficient in other grammars is plain,

short and methodically supplied. Also very useful to strangers that

are desirous to learn the English tongue: for whose sake is added a

short but very exact English Grammar. Omne tulit punctum qui

miscuit utile dulce. London, 1688.

Second edition, _c._ 1691.

Third edition, with additions, 1693.

Fourth edition, 1700.

Another edition: A New and Compleat French and English Grammar,

plainly showing the shortest and easiest way to understand, speak,

and write spedily those Languages, but especially the French.

Containing above twenty pleasant and useful Dialogues translated

into English by Sir R. L'Estrange, and here rendered into French

with several others, almost word for word. To which is added a

short but exact English Grammar. Also a French and English

Dictionary, where the parts of speech are ranged separately.

Comprehending all that's necessary for any Persons that have a

desire to learn either Language, by Peter Berault, French

Minister, lately chaplain of Her Majesty's ships Kent, Victory,

Scarborough, and Dunkirk. London, 1707.

Le Véritable et assuré chemin du ciel en François et en Anglois.

London, 1680.

Bouquet ou un amas de plusieurs veritez théologiques propres pour

instruire toutes sortes de personnes, particulierement pour

consoler une ame dans ses Troubles. London, 1685.

BEYER, GUILLAUME:

La vraye instruction des trois langues la Françoise, l'Angloise et

la Flamende. Proposée en des règles fondamentales et succinctes. Un

assemblage des mots les plus usités, et des colloques utiles et

récréatifs; où hormis d'autres discours curieus, le gouvernement de

la France se réduit. Historiquement et Politiquement mise en trois

langues. Seconde ed. augmentée. Dordrecht, 1681. (Date of first

edition unknown.)

CHÂTEILLON (or CASTELLION), S. Cp. entry under "Anonymous Works."

CHENEAU, FRANÇOIS:

Francis Cheneau's French Grammar, enrich'd with a compendious and

easie way to learne the French Tongue in a very short time.

Licensed to Ch. Mearne, _c._ 1684.

The Perfect French Master teaching in less than a month to turn any

English into French by Rule and Figure, Alphabetically, in a Method

hitherto altogether unknown in Europe. With the regular and

irregular Verbs. By Mr. Cheneau of Paris, Professor of the Latin,

English, French, Italian Tongues, formerly slave and Governor of

the Isles of Nacsia and Paros in the Archipelago, now living in his

house in Old Fish St. next door to the Faulcon in London. Where may

be seen his short grammars for all these tongues, after the same

way. W. Botham for the author. London, 1716.

CODRINGTON, ROBERT:

Æsop's Fables, With his life in English, French and Latine. The

English by Tho. Philipott, Esq., the French and Latine by Rob.

Codrington, M.A. Illustrated with one hundred and ten sculptures.

By Francis Barlow, and are to be sold at his House, The Golden

Eagle in New Street near Shoe Lane, 1665-6.

Another ed. London, 1687.

Another ed. [London], 1703.

COGNEAU, PAUL:

A Sure Guide to the French Tongue, teaching by a most easy way to

pronounce it naturally, to reade it perfectly, write it truly and

speke it readily. Together with the Verbes personal and impersonal

and useful sentences added to some of them, most profitable for all

sorts of people to learn. Painfully gathered and set in order after

the alphabetical way, for the better benefit of those that are

desirous to learn the French, by me Paul Cogneau. London, 1635.

Another ed. [London] 1645.

Another ed. [London] 1651.

Fourth ed., exactly corrected, much amplified, and better ordered.

(By Wm. Herbert, _q.v._) London, 1658.

COLSON, WILLIAM:

The First Part of the French Grammar, Artificially reduced into

Tables by Arte locall, called the Arte of Memorie. Contayning

(after an extraordinary and most easy method) the Pronunciation and

Orthographie of the French Tongue according to the new manner of

writing, without changing the originall or old, for the

understanding of both by a reformed alphabet of twenty-six letters

and by a triple distinction of characters (Roman, Italian and

English) representing unto the eye three sorts of pronunciation

distinguished by them. Proper, signified by a Roman character:

Improper, noted by an Italian: and superfluous, marked by an

English.... And as most amply is declared in the explication of the

foresaid reformed alphabet, and letters in it otherwise ordered,

and named then heretofore, and two otherwise shaped ... for _j_ and

_v_ consonants. In which is taught, the universall knowledge of the

four materiall parts of Grammar ... for the better understanding of

the rules of the triple pronunciation aforesaid. Also the

Artificiall and generall declination terminative of Nounes and

Verbes. Lately compiled by William Colson of London, Professor of

Litterall and Liberall Sciences. London, Printed by W. Stansby,

1620.

COLSONI, FRANCISCO CASPARO:

The New Trismagister. Or the New Teacher of three Languages by whom

an Italian, an English and a French Gentleman may learn to

discourse together, each in their several languages: in four parts.

(I.) The Italian learns to speak English. (II.) The English and

Italian Gentlemen learn to speak French. (III.) The French and the

English Gentlemen learn to speak Italian. (IV.) The Frenchman

learns to speak English. 1688.

Another edition: A New and Accurate Grammar whereby French and

Italian, the Spaniard and the Portuguese may learn to speak English

well, with rules for the learning of French, Italian, and Spanish.

Nouvelle et curieuse Grammaire par laquelle. . . . Par F. Colsoni,

M.(A). et Maitre des dites Langues demeurant dans Falcon Court en

Lothbury. 8vo. Printed for S. Manship at the Ship in Cornhill, _c._

1695.

COMENIUS. Cf. entry under "Anonymous Works."

CORDERIUS. Cf. entry under "Anonymous Works."

CORRO, ANTONIO DE:

The Spanish Grammer, with certeine Rules teaching both the Spanish

and French tongues. By which they that have some knowledge in the

French tongue may the easier attaine to the Spanish, and likewise

they that have the Spanish with more facilitie learne the French:

and they that are acquainted with neither of them, learne either or

both. Made in Spanish by M. Anthonie de Corro, translated by John

Thorius, Graduate in Oxeford. London, 1590.

COTGRAVE, RANDLE:

A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, compiled by Randle

Cotgrave. London, 1611.

Another ed. ... Whereunto is also annexed a most copious dictionary

of the English set before the French, by R. S. L. (Robert Sherwood,

Londoner, _q.v._) London, 1632.

Another ed. ... Whereunto are newly added the animadversions and

Supplements of James Howell, Esquire. Inter Eruditos Cathedram

habeat Polyglottes. London, 1650.

Another ed. ... Whereunto are added sundry Animadversions, with

supplements of many hundreds of words never before printed: with

accurate castigations throughout the whole work, and distinctions

of the obsolete words from those that are now in use. Together with

a large Grammar, a dialogue consisting of all Gallicisms, with

additions of the most significant proverbs, with other refinements

according to Cardinal Richelieu's late Academy. For the furtherance

of young learners, and the advantage of all others that endeavour

to arrive to the most exact knowledge of the French Language, this

work is exposed to publick, by James Howell, Esqr. London, 1660.

Another ed. London, 1673.

D'ABADIE, J.G.:

A new French Grammar, containing at large the principles of that

tongue, or the most exact rules, criticall observations, and fit

examples for teaching with a good method and attaining the French

Tongue as the Witts or the Gentlemen of the French Academy speak

and pronounce it at this present time. Composed for the use of the

English gentry by J.G. d'Abadie, Esq. Oxford, Printed by H. Hall,

Printer to the University, for J. Crosby, 1676.

DE GRAVE, JEAN:

The Pathway to the Gate of Tongues, being the first instruction for

little children, with A short manner to conjugate French Verbes.

Ordered and made Latine, French and English by Jean de Grave,

Professor of the French Tongue in the City of London. Oxford, 1633.

(Bound with second ed. of Comenius's Porta Linguarum. London,

1633.)

DE LA MOTHE, N., G.:

The French Alphabet, teaching in a very short time, and by a most

easie way, to pronounce French naturally, to read it perfectly, to

write it truly and to speak it accordingly. Together with the

treasure of the French tongue, containing the rarest sentences,

proverbs, parobles, similies, apothegmes, and Golden sayings of the

most excellent French Authors, as well Poets as Oratours. The one

diligently compiled and the other painfully gathered and set in

order, after the alphabetical maner, for the benefit of those that

are desirous of the French tong. Printed by E. Alde, and are to be

solde by H. Jackson, dwelling in Fleet Street, beneath the Conduit

at the sign of St. John Evangelist, 1595.

First edition. London, Richard Field, 1592 (no copy known).

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1625.

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1631.

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1633.

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1639.

Another edition. London, A. Miller, 1647.

DE LA PICHONNAYE, LEDOYEN:

A Plaine Treatise to larne in a shorte space of the French Tongue.

London, H. Denham, 1576.

DE SAINLIENS, CLAUDE. Cf. HOLYBAND.

DU GRÈS, GABRIEL:

Breve et Accuratum grammaticae Gallicae Compendium in quo superflua

rescinduntur et necessaria non omittuntur, per Gabrielem du Grès,

Gallum, eandem linguam in celeberrima Cantabrigiensi Academia

edocentem. Cantabrigiae. Impensis Authoris amicorum gratiâ. 1636.

Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini, per Gabrielem Dugrès Linguam

Gallicam in illustrissima et famosissima Oxoniensi Academia (haud

ita pridem privatim) edocentem. Oxoniae, L. Lichfield, 1639.

Editio secunda, priori emendatior. Oxoniae, 1652.

Editio tertia. Oxoniae, 1660.

DU PLOICH, PIERRE:

A Treatise in English and Frenche right necessary and proffitable

for al young children (the contentes whereof apere in a table at

the ende of this boke), made by Peter du Ploiche, teacher of the

same dwelling in Trinitie lane at the signe of the Rose. Richard

Grafton, [1553?]

Another ed. Imprimé à Londre par Jean Kingston, La xiiii. Auvril,

1578.

DU TERME, LAUR:

The Flower de Luce, planted in England, or a short Treatise and

brieffe compendium wherein is contained the true and lively

pronunciation and understanding of the French tongue. Compiled by

Laur du Terme, Teacher of the same. London, Printed by Nicholas

Okes, 1619.

DUWES, GILES:

An Introductorie for to lerne to rede, to pronounce, and to speke

Frenche trewly, compyled for the right high excellent and most

vertuous lady, the lady Mary of Englande, daughter to our most

gracious soverayn Lorde Kyng Henry the Eight. Printed at London by

Thomas Godfray, cum privilegio a rege indulto, [1533?]

Another ed. Printed at London by Nicolas Bourman for John Reyns in

Paules churchyarde at the signe of the George. [1534?]

Another ed., newly corrected and amended. Printed by John Waley,

[1546?]

ELIOTE, JOHN:

Ortho-Epia Gallica. Eliot's Fruits for the French. Enterlaced with

a double new invention, which teacheth to speke truely, speedily

and volubly the French Tongue. Pend for the practice, pleasure and

profit of all English Gentlemen who will endevour by their owne

paine, studie and dilligence to attaine the naturall accent, the

true pronunciation, and swift and glib Grace of that noble, famous

and courtly Language. Natura et Arte. London, Printed by John

Wolfe, 1593.

ERONDELL, PIERRE:

The French Garden for English Ladyes and Gentlewomen to walke in or

a sommer dayes labour. Being an instruction for the attayning unto

of the French tongue: wherein for the practise thereof are framed

thirteene dialogues in French and English, concerning divers

matters, from the rising in the morning till Bedtime. Also the

Historie of the Centurion mencioned in the Gospell: in French

Verses. Which is an easier and shorter Methode then hath beene yet

set forth to bring the lovers of the French tongue to the

perfection of the same. By Peter Erondell, Professor of the same

language. London, Printed for Ed. White, 1605.

Cf. HOLYBAND, French Schoolemaister.

FARREAR, ROBERT:

A brief Direction to the French Tongue. Oxford, 1618.

FESTEAU, PAUL:

A new and Easie French Grammar, or a Compendious way how to Read,

Speak and Write French exactly, very necessary for all Persons

whatsoever. With variety of Dialogues. Whereunto is added a

Nomenclature English and French. London. Printed for Th.

Thornycroft and are to be sold at the Eagle and Child near

Worcester House in the Strand, 1667.

Second ed., c. 1671.

[Another ed.]: Paul Festeau's French Grammar, being the newest and

exactest Method now extant for the attaining to the purity of the

French Tongue. Augmented and enriched with several choice and new

dialogues.... The third ed., Diligently corrected, amended and much

enlarged with the Rules of the Accent, by the Author, Native of

Blois, and now Professor of the French Tongue in London. London,

1675.

[Another ed.]: Paul Festeau's French Grammar being the newest and

exactest method ... for the attaining of the Elegancy and Purity of

the French Tongue as it is now spoken at the Court of France.

Augmented and enriched with several choice and new Dialogues,

furnished with rich phrases, proverbs and sentences, profitable and

necessary for all persons. Together with a Nomenclature English and

French, and the Rules of Quantity. The fourth ed., Diligently

corrected, amended and very much enlarged by the author, native of

Blois, a city in France where the true tone of the French tongue is

found by the Unanimous consent of all Frenchmen. London, 1679.

Fifth ed. 1685.

Another ed., _c._ 1688.

Another ed. 1693.

Another ed., _c._ 1699.

Another ed., corrected and enlarged by the author, _c._ 1701.

GERBIER, SIR BALTHAZAR:

An Introduction of the French tongue, (in) "The Interpreter of the

Academie for forrain languages and all noble sciences and

exercises." The first part. London, 1648.

GIFFARD, JAMES. Cf. HOLYBAND, French Schoolemaister.

GOSTLIN:

Aurisodinae linguae Gallicae. 8vo. London, 1643.

GRAVE. Cf. DE GRAVE.

GROLLEAU:

Grolleau's Compleat French Tutor. (Date unknown, some time after

1685.)

HERBERT, WILLIAM:

French and English Dialogues. In a more exact and delightful method

then any yet extant. London, 1660. Cf. COGNEAU.

HIGGINS, JOHN:

Huloet's Dictionarie, corrected and amended and set in order and

enlarged with many names of men, townes, beastes, foules, fishes,

trees, shrubbes, herbes, fruites, places, instrumentes, etc. In

eche place fit phrases gathered out of the best Latin authors. Also

the French thereunto annexed, by which you may finde the Latin or

Frenche of anye Englishe woorde you will. By John Higgins, late

student in Oxeforde. Londoni, in aedibus Thomae Marshij, anno 1572.

The Nomenclator or Remembrancer of Adrianus Junius, Physician,

divided into two Tomes, conteining proper names, and apt termes for

all thinges under their convenient Titles, which within a few

leaves doe follow. Written by the said Adrianus Junius in Latine,

Greek, French, and other forrein tongues, and now in English by

John Higgins. With a full supplie of all such words as the last

inlarged edition affoorded; and a dictional index, conteining above

1400 principall words with their numbers directly leading to their

interpretations. Of special use for all scholars and learners of

the same languages. London, 1585.

HOLYBAND, CLAUDE, or DE SAINLIENS:

The French Schoolemaistr, wherein is most plainlie shewed the true

and most perfect way of pronouncinge of the French tongue, without

any helpe of Maister or Teacher: set foorthe for the furtherance of

all those whiche doo studie privately in their owne study or

houses: Unto the which is annexed a Vocabularie for al such woordes

as bee used in common talkes: by M. Claudius Hollybande, professor

of the Latin, French and Englishe tongues. Imprinted at London, by

William How for Abraham Veale, 1573.

First ed. 1565 (no copy known).

Another ed. (Date unknown; after 1580.)

Another ed.: The French Schoolemaister of Claudius Hollybande.

Newly corrected.... London, 1582.

Another ed. Newly corrected by C. Hollyband. London. (Date

unknown.)

Another ed.: The French Schoolemaister, wherein is most plainely

shewed the true and perfect way of pronouncing the French tongue,

to the furtherance of all those which would gladly learne it. First

collected by Mr. C. H., and now newly corrected and amended by P.

Erondelle, Professor of the said tongue. London, 1606.

Another ed. London, 1612.

Another ed. London, 1615.

Another ed. London, 1619.

Another ed.: The French Schoolemaister.... First collected by Mr.

C. H. ... and now ... corrected ... by James Giffard. London, 1631.

Another ed. ... newly corrected and amended by James Giffard,

Professor of the said tongue. London, 1636.

Another ed. ... new corrected, amended and much enlarged, with

severall quaint Proverbes and other necessary rules, by James

Giffard, Professor of the said Tongue. London, 1641.

Another ed. London, 1649.

Another ed. London, 1655.

Another ed.: The French Schoolmaster teaching easily that language.

London, 1668.

The French Littelton, A most easie, perfect and absolute way to

learne the Frenche tongue. Newly set forth by Claude Holliband,

teaching in Paules Churchyarde by the signe of the Lucrece. Let the

reader peruse the epistle to his owne instruction. Imprinted by T.

Vautrollier: London, 1566.

Another ed. London, 1578.

Another ed. London, 1579.

Another ed.: Set forth by Claudius Holliband, teaching in Pauls

Churchyard at the sign of the Golden Ball. London, 1581.

Another ed. ... London, 1591.

Another ed. ... by Claudius Holliband, Gentilhomme Bourbonnois.

London, 1593.

Another ed. London, 1597.

Another ed. London, 1602.

Another ed. London, 1607.

Another ed. London, 1609.

Another ed. London, 1625.

Another ed. London, 1630.

Another ed. London, 1633.

Another ed. London, 1639.

A Treatise for Declining of Verbs which may be called the second

chiefest worke of the frenche tongue: Set forthe by Claudius

Hollyband, teaching at the signe of the Golden Ball in Paules

Church Yarde. London, 1580.

Another ed. London, 1599.

Another ed. London, 1641.

De Pronuntiatione. Claudii a Sancto Vinculo de pronuntiatione

linguæ Gallicæ libri duo. Ad illustrissimam simulq doctissimam

Elizabetham Anglorum Reginam. T. Vautrollerius; Londoni. 1580.

The Treasurie of the French Tong: teaching the waye to varie all

sortes of verbes. Enriched so plentifully with wordes and phrases

(for the benefit of the studious in that language) as the like hath

not before bin published. Gathered and set forth by C. Hollyband.

For the better understanding of the order of the dictionarie peruse

the Preface to the reader. London, 1580.

Campo di Fior, or the Flowery Field of four languages, Italian,

Latin, French and English. London, 1583.

A Dictionarie French and English. Published for the benefite of the

studious in that language. Gathered and set forth by Claudius

Hollyband. London, 1593.

HOWELL, JAMES:

Lexicon Tetraglotton, and English, French, Italian, Spanish

Dictionary. Whereunto is adjoined a large nomenclature of the

proper terms (in all four) belonging to several arts and sciences,

to recreations, to professions both liberal and mechanick etc.

Divided into fifty-two sections. With another Vocabulary of the

choicest Proverbs.... London. Printed by J. G. for Cornelius Bee at

the King's Arms in Little Brittaine, 1660.

Cf. COTGRAVE.

HULOET. Cf. HIGGINS.

KERHUEL, JEAN DE:

Grammaire Françoise, composée par Jean de Kerhuel, Professeur de la

ditte Langue. A French Grammar.... 8vo. Printed for J. Wickins at

the Miter in Fleet Street, 1684.

LAINÉ, PIERRE:

A compendious Introduction to the French Tongue. Teaching with much

ease, facility and delight, how to attain and most exactly to the

true and modern pronunciation thereof. Illustrated with several

elegant expressions and choice Dialogues, useful for persons of

Quality that intend to travel into France, leading them, as by the

hand, to the most noted and principal places of that Kingdom.

Whereunto is annexed an alphabetical Rule for the true and modern

orthography of that French now spoken, being a catalogue of very

necessary words never before printed. By Peter Lainé, a teacher of

the said tongue now in London. London. Printed by T. N. for Anthony

Williamson at the Queen's Arms in St. Paul's Churchyard, near the

West End. 1655.

LAINÉ, PIERRE DE:

The Princely way to the French Tongue, as it was first compiled

for the use of her Highness the Lady Mary and since taught her

royal sister the Lady Anne. To which is added a Chronological

abridgement of the sacred scriptures by way of dialogue. Together

with a longer explication of the French Grammar, Choice fables of

Æsop in Burlesque French, and lastly some models of letters French

and English, by P.D.L. 2nd ed. London. Printed by J. Macock for H.

Herrington etc., 1677.

First ed. 1667. (No copy known.)

LEIGHTON, HENRY:

Linguæ Gallicæ addiscendæ regulæ. Collectæ opera et industria H.

Leighton, A.M. Hanc linguam in celeberrima Academia Oxoniensi

edocentis. Oxoniae, 1659.

Another ed. 1662.

LISLE OF WILBRAHAM, WM.:

Part of Du Bartas, English and French, and in his owne kinde of

verse, so near the French Englished, as may teach an Englishman

French, or a Frenchman English. Sequitur Victoria Junctos. By Wm.

L'isle of Wilburgham, Esquier for the King's Body. London. Printed

by John Hoviland, 1625.

MAUGER, CLAUDE:

The true advancement of the French Tongue, or A new Method, and

more easie directions for the attaining of it, then ever yet have

been published. Whereunto are added many choice and select

dialogues, containing not onely familiar discourses, but most exact

Instructions for Travell, in a most elegant style and phrase, very

useful and necessary for all gentlemen that intend to travel into

France. Also a chapter of Anglicismes, wherein those errors which

the English usually commit in speaking French are demonstrated and

corrected. By Claudius Mauger, late professor of the French Tongue

at Blois, and now teacher of the said Tongue here in London.

London. Printed by Tho. Roycroft for J. Martin and J. Allestry at

the Bell in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1653.

Another ed.: Mr. Mauger's French Grammar. Enriched with severall

choise Dialogues containing an exact account of the State of

France, Ecclesiastical, civil, and Military, as it flourisheth at

present under King Louis the xivth. Also a chapter of Anglicisims,

with instructions for travellers into France. The second edition,

enlarged and most exactly corrected by the Authour, late professor

at Blois. London. Printed by R. D. for John Martin and J. Allestree

at the Bell in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1656.

Third ed. London, 1658.

Another ed. ... enriched with 50 new short dialogues. Containing

for the most part an exact account of England's Triumphs, with the

state of France ... as it flourisheth now since Cardinal Mazarin's

death. With a most curious and most ingenious addition of 700

French verses upon the rules. Also a Chapter of Anglicisms, with

instructions for Travellers into France. Fourth ed. Exactly

corrected, enlarged and perused by the great care and diligence of

the author, late publick Professor of Blois, in France, for all

Travellers. London. Printed for John Martin ... 1662.

Fifth ed. London, 1667.

Another ed. ... Enlarged and Enriched with 80 new dialogues, both

familiar and high with compliments, and the exact pronunciation.

All digested in a most admirable order, with the State of

France.... Also a chapter of Anglicisms and Francisms. With 700

French verses containing all the rules of the French Tongue. As

likewise the Generall Rules of the English Pronunciation. Sixth ed.

Exactly corrected by the author.... London. Printed for J. Martin

at the sign of the bell, and James Allestry at the Rose and Crown

in Paul's Churchyard, 1670.

Another ed.: La Grammaire françoise de Claude Mauger expliquée en

Anglois, Latin et en François, enrichie de regles plus courtes et

plus substantielles qu'auparavant, comme du regime des verbes, de

la conjugaison de tous les irreguliers par toutes leurs personnes,

d'un Traité de l'accent etc. Et à la fin, d'un abrégé des regles

generales de la Langue Angloise, en dialogues françois, outre ce

qui étoit dans la sixième édition. La 7e. éd. Reveue et corrigée

par l'autheur . . . à Londres. Londres. Imprimée par T. Roycroft

pour Jean Martin et se vendent à l'enseigne de la cloche au

cymitière de Sainct Paul. 1673. Claudius Mauger's French Grammar,

etc.

Another ed., with additions: The "English Edition." London, Printed

by John Martyn, c. 1676.

Eighth ed. Londres, J. Martyn, 1679.

Tenth ed. Corrected by the author, now professor of the Languages

at Paris. London, 1682.

Eleventh ed. London, T. Harrison, c. 1683.

Twelfth ed. . . . avec des augmentations de Mots à la Mode d'une

nouvelle Methode et de tout ce qu'on peut souhaiter pour s'acquirir

ce beau Language comme on le parle à present à la cour de France.

Où on voit un ordre extraordinaire et methodique pour l'acquisition

de cette langue, sçavoir, une très parfaite pronuntiation, la

conjugaison de tous les Verbes irreguliers, des Regles courtes et

substantielles, ausquelles sont ajoutez un Vocabulaire et une

nouvelle Grammaire Angloise pour l'utilité de tant d'estrangers qui

ont envie de l'apprendre. La douzième édition exactement corrigée

par l'autheur à present Professeur des Langues à Paris. Londres. R.

E. pour R. Bently et S. Magnes demeurant dans Russel St. au Covent

Gardin. 1686.

Thirteenth ed. ... Corrected by the author, late at Paris and now

at London. London, 1688.

Fourteenth ed. ... Corrected and Enlarged by the author. London.

Sold by T. Guy at the Oxford Arms in Lombard Street. 1690.

Sixteenth ed. ... exactly corrected and Enlarged by the Authour.

Late Professor of the Languages at Paris. London. R. E. for R.

Bently in Russel St. in Covent Gardin, 1694.

Eighteenth ed. ... corrected and enlarged by the author. London,

for T. Guy, 1698.

Nineteenth ed. ... corrected and enlarged by the Author, late

professor of the Languages at Paris. London, R. Wellington, 1702.

Twentieth ed. ... Faithfully corrected from all the errors in the

former by a French Minister. London, R. Wellington, 1705.

Twenty-first ed. ... with additions. London, R. Wellington, 1709.

Mauger's Letters. Written upon several subjects, faithfully

translated into English, for the greater facility of those who have

a desire to learn the French Tongue. Corrected and Revised by the

author, formerly professor of French at Bloys, now at London.

London, 1671.

Another ed.: Lettres Françoises et Angloises de Claud Mauger sur

Toutes sortes de sujets grands et mediocres avec augmentation de 50

lettres nouvelles, dont il y en a plusieurs sur les dernières et

grandes Revolutions de l'Europe. Très exactement corrigée, polies

et écrites, dans le plus nouveau stile de la cour, dans lesquelles

la pureté et l'élégance des deux langues s'accordent mieux

qu'auparavant. Très utiles à ceux qui aspirent au beau language, et

sont curieux de sçavoir de quelle manière ils doivent parler aux

personnes de quelque qualité qu'elles soient. Outre Quantité de

Billets à la fin du Livre, qui sont très necessaires pour le

commerce. La seconde édition. Londres, imprimée par Tho. Roycroft

et se vendent chez Samuel Lowndes vis à vis de l'Hostel d'Exeter

dans la Strand. 1676.

MEURIER, GABRIEL:

La Grammaire Françoise contenante plusieurs belles reigles propres

et necessaires pour ceulx qui desirent apprendre la dicte langue

par Gabriel Meurier. . . . Anvers, 1557.

Traicté pour apprendre a parler Françoys et Angloys. Rouen, Etienne

Colas, 1553.

Communications familieres non moins propres que tresutiles a la

nation Angloise desireuse et diseteuse du langage François, par G.

Meurier. Familiare Communications no leasse proppre then verrie

proffytable to the Inglis nation desirous and nedinge the ffrenche

language, by Gabriel Meurier. En Anvers. . . . Chez Pierre de

Keerberghe sus le Cemitiere nostre Dame a la Croix d'or. 1563.

Another ed.: Traité pour apprendre a parler François et Anglois:

ensemble un Formulaire de faire missives, obligations, Quittances,

Lettres de Change, necessaire a tous marchands qui veulent

trafiquer. A Treatise for to learne to speake Frenshe and

Englische, together with a form of making letters, indentures, and

obligations, quittances, letters of exchange, verie necessarie for

all Marchants that do occupy trade of Marchandise. A Rouen, chez

Jacques Cailloué, tenant sa boutique dans la Court du Palais. 1641.