Discontents of the Army at Newburg.—Memorial of the Officers to
Congress.—Anonymous Papers circulated in the Camp.—Meeting of
Officers called.—Address of Washington.—Resolutions in
Consequence.—Letters of Washington to the President.—His Opinion of
the Anonymous Addresses and their Author.
The anxious fears of Washington in regard to what might take place on
the approaching reduction of the army, were in some degree realized.
After the meeting with the French army at Verplanck’s Point, he had
drawn up his forces to his former encampment at Newburg, where he
established his head-quarters for the winter. In the leisure and
idleness of a winter camp, the discontents of the army had time to
ferment. The arrearages of pay became a topic of angry and constant
comment, as well as the question, whether the resolution of Congress,
granting half pay to officers who should serve to the end of the war,
would be carried into effect. Whence were the funds to arise for such
half pay? The national treasury was empty; the States were slow to tax
themselves; the resource of foreign loans was nearly exhausted. The
articles of confederation required the concurrence of nine States to any
act appropriating public money. There had never been nine States in
favor of the half pay establishment; was it probable that as many would
concur in applying any scanty funds that might accrue, and which would
be imperiously demanded for many other purposes, to the payment of
claims known to be unpopular, and to the support of men, who, the
necessity for their services being at an end, might be regarded as
drones in the community?
The result of these boding conferences was a memorial to Congress in
December, from the officers in camp, on behalf of the army, representing
the hardships of the case, and proposing that a specific sum should be
granted them for the money actually due, and as a commutation for half
pay. Three officers were deputed to present the memorial to Congress,
and watch over and promote its success.
The memorial gave rise to animated and long discussions in Congress.
Some members were for admitting the claims as founded on engagements
entered into by the nation; others were for referring them to the
respective States of the claimants. The winter passed away without any
definite measures on the subject.
On the 10th of March, 1783, an anonymous paper was circulated through
the camp, calling a meeting at eleven o’clock the next day, of the
general and field officers, of an officer from each company, and a
delegate from the medical staff, to consider a letter just received from
their representatives in Philadelphia, and what measures, if any, should
be adopted to obtain that redress of grievances which they seemed to
have solicited in vain.
On the following morning an anonymous address to the officers of the
army was privately put into circulation. It professed to be from a
fellow-soldier who had shared in their toils and mingled in their
dangers, and who till very lately had believed in the justice of his
country.
“After a pursuit of seven long years,” observed he, “the object for
which we set out is at length brought within our reach. Yes, my friends,
that suffering courage of yours was active once; it has conducted the
United States of America through a doubtful and bloody war; it has
placed her in the chair of independency, and peace returns to
bless—whom? a country willing to redress your wrongs, cherish your
worth, and reward your services? a country courting your return to
private life, with tears of gratitude and smiles of admiration, longing
to divide with you that independency which your gallantry has given, and
those riches which your wounds have preserved? Is this the case? or is
it rather a country that tramples upon your rights, disdains your cries,
and insults your distresses? Have you not more than once suggested your
wishes, and made known your wants to Congress—wants and wishes, which
gratitude and policy should have anticipated, rather than evaded? And
have you not lately, in the meek language of entreating memorials,
begged from their justice what you could no longer expect from their
favor? How have you been answered? Let the letter, which you are called
to consider to-morrow, make reply
“If this, then, be your treatment, while the swords you wear are
necessary for the defense of America, what have you to expect from
peace, when your voice shall sink, and your strength dissipate by
division; when those very swords, the instruments and companions of your
glory, shall be taken from your sides, and no remaining mark of military
distinction left but your wants, infirmities, and scars? Can you then
consent to be the only sufferers by this Revolution, and, retiring from
the field, grow old in poverty, wretchedness, and contempt? Can you
consent to wade through the vile mire of dependency, and owe the
miserable remnant of that life to charity, which has hitherto been spent
in honor? If you can, go, and carry with you the jest of tories, and the
scorn of whigs; the ridicule, and what is worse, the pity of the world!
Go, starve and be forgotten! But if your spirits should revolt at this;
if you have sense enough to discover, and spirit sufficient to oppose
tyranny, under whatever garb it may assume, whether it be the plain coat
of republicanism, or the splendid robe of royalty; if you have yet
learned to discriminate between a people and a cause, between men and
principles; awake, attend to your situation, and redress yourselves! If
the present moment be lost, every future effort is in vain; and your
threats then will be as empty as your entreaties now.
“I would advise you, therefore, to come to some final opinion upon what
you can bear, and what you will suffer. If your determination be in any
proportion to your wrongs, carry your appeal from the justice to the
fears of government. Change the milk-and-water style of your last
memorial. Assume a bolder tone, decent, but lively, spirited, and
determined; and suspect the man who would advise to more moderation and
longer forbearance. Let two or three men, who can feel as well as write,
be appointed to draw up your _last remonstrance_, for I would no longer
give it the suing, soft, unsuccessful epithet of _memorial_. Let it
represent in language that will neither dishonor you by its rudeness,
nor betray you by its fears, what has been promised by Congress, and
what has been performed; how long and how patiently you have suffered;
how little you have asked, and how much of that little has been denied.
Tell them, that, though you were the first, and would wish to be the
last to encounter danger, though despair itself can never drive you into
dishonor, it may drive you from the field; that the wound, often
irritated and never healed, may at length become incurable; and that the
slightest mark of indignity from Congress now, must operate like the
grave, and part you forever; that, in any political event, the army has
its alternative. If peace, that nothing shall separate you from your
arms but death; if war, that courting the auspices, and inviting the
direction of your illustrious leader, you will retire to some unsettled
country, smile in your turn, and ‘mock when their fear cometh on.’ But
let it represent, also, that should they comply with the request of your
late memorial, it would make you more happy and them more respectable;
that, while war should continue, you would follow their standard into
the field; and when it came to an end, you would withdraw into the shade
of private life, and give the world another subject of wonder and
applause—an army victorious over its enemies, victorious over itself.”
This bold and eloquent, but dangerous appeal, founded as it was upon the
wrongs and sufferings of a gallant army and the shameful want of
sympathy in tardy legislators, called for the full exercise of
Washington’s characteristic firmness, caution, and discrimination. In
general orders he noticed the anonymous paper, but expressed his
confidence that the good sense of officers would prevent them from
paying attention to such an irregular invitation; which he reprobated as
disorderly. With a view to counteract its effects, he requested a like
meeting of officers on the 15th instant, to hear the report of the
committee deputed to Congress. “After mature deliberation,” added he,
“they will devise what further measures ought to be adopted as most
rational and best calculated to obtain the just and important object in
view.”
On the following day another anonymous address was circulated, written
in a more moderate tone, but to the same purport with the first, and
affecting to construe the general orders into an approbation of the
object sought; only changing the day appointed for the meeting. “Till
now,” it observes, “the commander-in-chief has regarded the steps you
have taken for redress with good wishes alone; his ostensible silence
has authorized your meetings, and his private opinion sanctified your
claims. Had he disliked the object in view, would not the same sense of
duty which forbade you from meeting on the third day of the week, have
forbidden you from meeting on the seventh? Is not the same subject held
up to your view? and has it not passed the seal of office, and taken all
the solemnity of an order? This will give system to your proceedings,
and stability to your resolves,” etc., etc.
On Saturday, the 15th of March, the meeting took place. Washington had
previously sent for the officers, one by one, in private, and enlarged
on the loss of character to the whole army, that would result from
intemperate resolutions. At the meeting, General Gates was called to the
chair. Washington rose and apologized for appearing there, which he had
not intended to do when he issued the order directing the assemblage.
The diligence, however, which had been used in circulating anonymous
writings, rendered it necessary he should give his sentiments to the
army on the nature and tendency of them. He had taken this opportunity
to do so, and had committed his thoughts to writing, which, with the
indulgence of his brother officers, he would take the liberty of reading
to them.
He then proceeded to read a forcible and feeling address, pointing out
the irregularity and impropriety of the recent anonymous summons, and
the dangerous nature of the anonymous address, a production, as he
observed, addressed more to the feelings and passions than to the
judgment drawn with great art, calculated to impress the mind with an
idea of premeditated injustice in the sovereign power of the United
States, and to rouse all those resentments which must unavoidably flow
from such a belief.
On these principles he had opposed the irregular and hasty meeting
appointed in the anonymous summons, not from a disinclination to afford
officers every opportunity, consistent, with their own honor and the
dignity of the army, to make known their grievances. “If my conduct
heretofore,” said he, “has not evinced to you, that I have been a
faithful friend to the army, my declaration of it at this time would be
equally unavailing and improper. But as I was among the first who
embarked in the cause of our common country; as I have never left your
side one moment, but when called from you on public duty; as I have been
the constant companion and witness of your distresses, and not among the
last to feel and acknowledge your merits; as I have ever considered my
own military reputation as inseparably connected with that of the army;
as my heart has ever expanded with joy when I have heard its praises,
and my indignation has arisen when the mouth of detraction has been
opened against it; it can scarcely be supposed at this last stage of the
war that I am indifferent to its interests.”...
“For myself,” observes he, in another part of his address, “a
recollection of the cheerful assistance and prompt obedience I have
experienced from you under every vicissitude of fortune and the sincere
affection I feel for an army I have so long had the honor to command,
will oblige me to declare in this public and solemn manner, that for the
attainment of complete justice for all your toils and dangers, and the
gratification of every wish, so far as may be done consistently with the
great duty I owe my country and those powers we are bound to respect,
you may fully command my services to the utmost extent of my abilities.
“While I give you these assurances, and pledge myself in the most
unequivocal manner to exert whatever abilities I am possessed of in your
favor, let me entreat you, gentlemen, on your part, not to take any
measures which, viewed in the calm light of reason, will lessen the
dignity and sully the glory you have hitherto maintained; let me request
you to rely on the plighted faith of your country, and place a full
confidence in the purity of the intentions of Congress; that, previous
to your dissolution as an army, they will cause all your accounts to be
fairly liquidated, as directed in the resolutions which were published
to you two days ago; and that they will adopt the most effectual
measures in their power to render ample justice to you for your faithful
and meritorious services. And let me conjure you, in the name of our
common country, as you value your own sacred honor, as you respect the
rights of humanity, and as you regard the military and national
character of America, to express your utmost horror and detestation of
the man who wishes, under any specious pretenses, to overturn the
liberties of our country: and who wickedly attempts to open the
flood-gates of civil discord, and deluge our rising empire in blood. By
thus determining and thus acting, you will pursue the plain and direct
road to the attainment of your wishes; you will defeat the insidious
designs of our enemies, who are compelled to resort from open force to
secret artifice; you will give one more distinguished proof of
unexampled patriotism and patient virtue rising superior to the pressure
of the most complicated sufferings; and you will, by the dignity of your
conduct, afford occasion for posterity to say, when speaking of the
glorious example you have exhibited to mankind: ‘Had this day been
wanting, the world had never seen the last stage of perfection to which
human nature is capable of attaining.’”
After he had concluded the address, he observed, that as a corroborating
testimony of the good disposition in Congress toward the army, he would
communicate to them a letter received from a worthy member of that body,
who on all occasions had approved himself their fast friend. He produced
an able letter from the Hon. Joseph Jones, which, while it pointed out
the difficulties and embarrassments of Congress, held up very forcibly
the idea that the army would at all events be generously dealt with.
Major Shaw, who was present, and from whose memoir we note this scene,
relates that Washington, after reading the first paragraph of the
letter, made a short pause, took out his spectacles, and begged the
indulgence of his audience while he put them on, observing at the same
time that _he had grown gray in their service, and now found himself
growing blind_. “There was something,” adds Shaw, “so natural, so
unaffected in this appeal, as rendered it superior to the most studied
oratory; it forced its way to the heart, and you might see sensibility
moisten every eye.”
“Happy for America,” continues Major Shaw, “that she has a patriot army,
and equally so that Washington is its leader. I rejoice in the
opportunity I have had of seeing this great man in a variety of
situations—calm and intrepid when the battle raged; patient and
persevering under the pressure of misfortune; moderate and possessing
himself in the full career of victory. Great as these qualifications
deservedly render him, he never appeared to me more truly so than at the
assembly we have been speaking of. On other occasions he has been
supported by the exertions of an army and the countenance of his
friends; but on this he stood single and alone. There was no saying
where the passions of an army which were not a little inflamed, might
lead; but it was generally allowed that further forbearance was
dangerous, and moderation had ceased to be a virtue. Under these
circumstances he appeared, not at the head of his troops, but, as it
were, in opposition to them; and for a dreadful moment the interests of
the army and its general seemed to be in competition! He spoke—every
doubt was dispelled, and the tide of patriotism rolled again in its
wonted course. Illustrious man! What he says of the army may with equal
justice be applied to his own character: ‘Had this day been wanting, the
world had never seen the last stage of perfection to which human nature
is capable of attaining.’”[99]
The moment Washington retired from the assemblage, a resolution was
moved by the warm-hearted Knox, seconded by General Putnam, and passed
unanimously, assuring him that the officers reciprocated his
affectionate expressions with the greatest sincerity of which the human
heart is capable. Then followed resolutions, declaring that no
circumstances of distress or danger should induce a conduct calculated
to sully the reputation and glory acquired at the price of their blood
and eight years’ faithful services; that they continued to have an
unshaken confidence in the justice of Congress and their country; and
that the commander-in-chief should be requested to write to the
President of Congress, earnestly entreating a speedy decision on the
late address forwarded by a committee of the army.
A letter was accordingly written by Washington, breathing that generous
yet well-tempered spirit, with which he ever pleaded the cause of the
army.
“The result of the proceedings of the grand convention of officers,”
said he, “which I have the honor of inclosing to your Excellency for the
inspection of Congress, will, I flatter myself, be considered as the
last glorious proof of patriotism which could have been given by men who
aspired to the distinction of a patriot army, and will not only confirm
their claim to the justice, but will increase their title to the
gratitude of their country.
“Having seen the proceedings on the part of the army terminate with
perfect unanimity, and in a manner entirely consonant to my wishes;
being impressed with the liveliest sentiments of affection for those who
have so long, so patiently, and so cheerfully suffered and fought under
my immediate direction; having, from motives of justice, duty, and
gratitude, spontaneously offered myself as an advocate for their rights;
and having been requested to write to your Excellency, earnestly
entreating the most speedy decision of Congress upon the subjects of the
late address from the army to that honorable body; it only remains for
me to perform the task I have assumed, and to intercede on their behalf,
as I now do, that the sovereign power will be pleased to verify the
predictions I have pronounced, and the confidence the army have reposed
in the justice of their country.”
After referring to further representations made by him to Congress, on
the subject of a half pay to be granted to officers for life, he adds:
“If, besides the simple payment of their wages, a further compensation
is not due to the sufferings and sacrifices of the officers, then have I
been mistaken indeed. If the whole army had not merited whatever a
grateful people can bestow, then I have been beguiled by prejudice and
built opinion on the basis of error. If this country should not, in the
event, perform everything which has been requested in the last memorial
to Congress, then will my belief become vain, and the hope that has been
excited, void of foundation. And if, as has been suggested for the
purpose of inflaming their passions, ‘the officers of the army are to be
the only sufferers by the Revolution; if, retiring from the field, they
are to grow old in poverty, wretchedness, and contempt; if they are to
wade through the vile mire of dependency, and owe the miserable remnant
of that life to charity, which has hitherto been spent in honor;’ then
shall I have learned what ingratitude is, then shall I have realized a
tale which will embitter every moment of my future life. But I am under
no such apprehensions. A country, rescued by their arms from impending
ruin, will never leave unpaid the debt of gratitude.”
This letter to the President was accompanied by other letters to members
of Congress; all making similar direct and eloquent appeals. The object
was again taken up in Congress, nine States concurred in a resolution
commuting the half pay into a sum equal to five years’ whole pay; and
the whole matter, at one moment so fraught with danger to the republic,
through the temperate wisdom of Washington, was happily adjusted.
The anonymous addresses to the army, which were considered at the time
so insidious and inflammatory, and which certainly were ill-judged and
dangerous, have since been avowed by General John Armstrong, a man who
has sustained with great credit to himself various eminent posts under
our government. At the time of writing them he was a young man,
aide-de-camp to General Gates, and he did it at the request of a number
of his fellow-officers, indignant at the neglect of their just claims by
Congress, and in the belief that the tardy movements of that body
required the spur and the lash. Washington, in a letter dated 23d
January, 1797, says, “I have since had sufficient reason for believing
that the object of the author was just, honorable, and friendly to the
country, though the means suggested by him were certainly liable to much
misunderstanding and abuse.”
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