Greene’s Retrograde Operation in South Carolina.—Appears before
Camden.—Affair at Hobkirk’s Hill.—Rawdon abandons Camden.—Rapid
Successes of the Americans.—Greene’s Attack on the Fortress of
Ninety Six.—Operations against Lord Rawdon.—Greene on the High Hills
of Santee.—Sumter scours the Lower Country.—Dash of Colonel Wade
Hampton at the Gates of Charleston.—Exploits of Lee and Hampton.—Of
Captain Armstrong at Quimby Bridge.—Action in the Neighborhood.—End
of the Campaign.
It will be recollected that Greene, on the 5th of April, set out from
Deep River on a retrograde march, to carry the war again into South
Carolina, beginning by an attack on Lord Rawdon’s post at Camden. Sumter
and Marion had been keeping alive the revolutionary fire in that State;
the former on the northeast frontier, the latter in his favorite
fighting ground between the Pedee and Santee rivers. On the reappearance
of Greene, they stood ready to aid with heart and hand.
On his way to Camden, Greene detached Lee to join Marion with his
legion, and make an attack upon Fort Watson by way of diversion. For
himself, he appeared before Camden, but finding it too strong and too
well garrisoned, fell back about two miles, and took post at Hobkirk’s
Hill, hoping to draw his lordship out. He succeeded but too well. His
lordship attacked him on the 25th of April, coming upon him partly by
surprise. There was a hard-fought battle, but through some false move
among part of his troops, Greene was obliged to retreat. His lordship
did not pursue, but shut himself up in Camden, waiting to be rejoined by
part of his garrison which was absent.
Greene posted himself near Camden Ferry on the Wateree, to intercept
these reinforcements. Lee and Marion, who had succeeded in capturing
Fort Watson, also took a position on the high hills of Santee for the
same purpose. Their efforts were unavailing. Lord Rawdon was rejoined by
the other part of his troops. His superior force now threatened to give
him the mastery. Greene felt the hazardous nature of his situation. His
troops were fatigued by their long marchings; he was disappointed of
promised aid and reinforcements from Virginia; still he was undismayed,
and prepared for another of his long and stubborn retreats. “We must
always operate,” said he, “on the maxim that your enemy will do what he
ought to do. Lord Rawdon will push us back to the mountains, but we will
dispute every inch of ground in the best manner we can.” Such were his
words to General Davie on the evening of the 9th of May, as he sat in
his tent with a map before him studying the roads and fastnesses of the
country. An express was to set off for Philadelphia the next morning,
and he requested General Davie, who was of that city, to write to the
members of Congress with whom he was acquainted, painting in the
strongest colors their situation and gloomy prospects.
The very next morning there was a joyful reverse. Greene sent for
General Davie. “Rawdon,” cried he, exultingly, “is preparing to evacuate
Camden; that place was the key of the enemy’s line of posts, they will
now all fall or be evacuated; all will now go well. Burn your letters. I
shall march immediately to the Congaree.”
His lordship had heard of the march of Cornwallis into Virginia, and
that all hope of aid from him was at an end. His garrison was out of
provisions. All supplies were cut off by the Americans; he had no choice
but to evacuate. He left Camden in flames. Immense quantities of stores
and baggage were consumed, together with the court-house, the gaol, and
many private houses.
Rapid successes now attended the American arms. Fort Motte, the middle
post between Camden and Ninety Six, was taken by Marion and Lee. Lee
next captured Granby, and marched to aid Pickens in the siege of
Augusta; while Greene, having acquired a supply of arms, ammunition, and
provisions, from the captured forts, sat down before the fortress of
Ninety Six, on the 22d of May. It was the great mart and stronghold of
the royalists, and was principally garrisoned by royalists from New
Jersey and New York, commanded by Colonel Cruger, a native of New York.
The siege lasted for nearly a month. The place was valiantly defended.
Lee arrived with his legion, having failed before Augusta, and invested
a stockaded fort which formed part of the works.
Word was brought that Lord Rawdon was pressing forward with
reinforcements, and but a few miles distant on the Saluda. Greene
endeavored to get up Sumter, Marion, and Pickens, to his assistance, but
they were too far on the right of Lord Rawdon to form a junction. The
troops were eager to storm the works before his lordship should arrive.
A partial assault was made on the 18th of June. It was a bloody contest.
The stockaded fort was taken, but the troops were repulsed from the main
works.
Greene retreated across the Saluda, and halted at Bush River, at twenty
miles distance, to observe the motion of the enemy. In a letter thence
to Washington, he writes: “My fears are principally from the enemy’s
superior cavalry. To the northward cavalry is nothing, from the numerous
fences; but to the southward, a disorder, by a superior cavalry, may be
improved into a defeat, and a defeat into a rout. Virginia and North
Carolina could not be brought to consider cavalry of such great
importance as they are to the security of the army and the safety of a
country.”
Lord Rawdon entered Ninety Six on the 21st, but sallied forth again on
the 24th, taking with him all the troops capable of fatigue, two
thousand in number, without wheel carriage of any kind, or even
knapsacks, hoping by a rapid move to overtake Greene. Want of provisions
soon obliged him to give up the pursuit, and return to Ninety Six.
Leaving about one half of his force there, under Colonel Cruger, he
sallied a second time from Ninety Six, at the head of eleven hundred
infantry, with cavalry, artillery and field-pieces, marching by the
south side of the Saluda for the Congaree.
He was now pursued in his turn by Greene and Lee. In this march more
than fifty of his lordship’s soldiers fell dead from heat, fatigue, and
privation. At Orangeburg, where he arrived on the 8th of July, his
lordship was joined by a large detachment under Colonel Stuart.
Greene had followed him closely, and having collected all his
detachments, and being joined by Sumter, appeared within four miles of
Orangeburg, on the 10th of July, and offered battle. The offer was not
accepted, and the position of Lord Rawdon was too strong to be attacked.
Greene remained there two or three days; when, learning that Colonel
Cruger was advancing with the residue of the forces from Ninety Six,
which would again give his lordship a superiority of force, he moved off
with his infantry on the night of the 13th of July, crossed the Saluda,
and posted himself on the east side of the Wateree, at the high hills of
Santee. In this salubrious and delightful region, where the air was pure
and breezy, and the water delicate, he allowed his weary soldiers to
repose and refresh themselves, awaiting the arrival of some continental
troops and militia from North Carolina, when he intended to resume his
enterprise of driving the enemy from the interior of the country.
At the time when he moved from the neighborhood of Orangeburg (July
13th), he detached Sumter with about a thousand light troops to scour
the lower country, and attack the British posts in the vicinity of
Charleston, now left uncovered by the concentration of their forces at
Orangeburg. Under Sumter acted Marion, Lee, the Hamptons, and other
enterprising partisans. They were to act separately in breaking up the
minor posts at and about Dorchester, but to unite at Monk’s Corner,
where Lieutenant-colonel Coates was stationed with the ninth regiment.
This post carried, they were to reunite with Greene’s army on the high
hills of Santee.
Scarce was Sumter on his march, when he received a letter from Greene,
dated July 14th, stating that Cruger had formed a junction with Lord
Rawdon the preceding night; no time, therefore, was to be lost. “Push
your operations night and day: station a party to watch the enemy’s
motions at Orangeburg. Keep Colonel Lee and General Marion advised of
all matters from above, and tell Colonel Lee to thunder even at the
gates of Charleston.”
Conformably to these orders, Colonel Henry Hampton with a party was
posted to keep an eye on Orangeburg. Lee with his legion, accompanied by
Lieutenant-colonel Wade Hampton, and a detachment of cavalry, was sent
to carry Dorchester, and then press forward to the gates of Charleston;
while Sumter, with the main body, took up his line of march along the
road on the south side of the Congaree, towards Monk’s Corner.
As Lee approached Dorchester, Colonel Wade Hampton, with his cavalry,
passed to the east of that place, to a bridge on Goose Creek, to cut off
all communication between the garrison and Monk’s Corner. His sudden
appearance gave the alarm, the garrison abandoned its post, and when Lee
arrived there he found it deserted. He proceeded to secure a number of
horses and wagons, and some fixed ammunition, which the garrison had
left behind, and to send them off to Hampton. Hampton, kept in suspense
by this delay, lost patience. He feared that the alarm would spread
through the country, and the dash into the vicinity of Charleston be
prevented—or, perhaps, that Lee might intend to make it by himself.
Abandoning the bridge at Goose Creek, therefore, he set off with his
cavalry, clattered down to the neighborhood of the lines, and threw the
city into confusion. The bells rang, alarm guns were fired, the citizens
turned out under arms. Hampton captured a patrol of dragoons and a
guard, at the Quarter House; completed his bravado by parading his
cavalry in sight of the sentinels on the advanced works, and then
retired, carrying off fifty prisoners, several of them officers.
Lee arrived in the neighborhood on the following day, but too late to
win any laurels. Hampton had been beforehand with him, made the dash,
and “thundered at the gate.” Both now hastened to rejoin Sumter on the
evening of the 16th, who was only waiting to collect his detachments,
before he made an attack on Colonel Coates at Monk’s Corner. The assault
was to be made on the following morning. During the night Coates
decamped in silence; the first signal of his departure was the bursting
of flames through the roof of a brick church, which he had used as a
magazine, and which contained stores that could not be carried away. A
pursuit was commenced; Lee with his legion, and Hampton with the State
cavalry, took the lead. Sumter followed with the infantry. The
rear-guard of the British, about one hundred strong, was overtaken with
the baggage, at the distance of eighteen miles. They were new troops,
recently arrived from Ireland, and had not seen service. On being
charged by the cavalry sword in hand, they threw down their arms without
firing a shot, and cried for quarter, which was granted. While Lee was
securing them, Captain Armstrong with the first section of cavalry
pushed on in pursuit of Coates and the main body. That officer had
crossed a wooden bridge over Quimby Creek, loosened the planks, and was
only waiting to be rejoined by his rear-guard, to throw them off, and
cut off all pursuit. His troops were partly on a causeway beyond the
bridge, partly crowded in a lane. He had heard no alarm guns, and knew
nothing of an enemy being at hand, until he saw Armstrong spurring up
with his section Coates gave orders for his troops to halt, form, and
march up; a howitzer was brought to bear upon the bridge, and a fatigue
party rushed forward to throw off the planks. Armstrong saw the danger,
dashed across the bridge, with his section, drove off the artillerists,
and captured the howitzer before it could be discharged. The fatigue
men, who had been at work on the bridge, snatched up their guns, gave a
volley, and fled. Two dragoons fell dead by the howitzer; others were
severely wounded. Armstrong’s party, in crossing the bridge, had
displaced some of the planks, and formed a chasm. Lieutenant Carrington,
with the second section of dragoons, leaped over it; the chasm being
thus enlarged, the horses of the third section refused. A pell-mell
fight took place between the handful of dragoons who had crossed, and
some of the enemy. Armstrong and Carrington were engaged hand to hand
with Colonel Coates and his officers, who defended themselves from
behind a wagon. The troops were thronging to their aid from lane and
causeway. Armstrong, seeing the foe too strong in front, and no
reinforcement coming on in rear, wheeled off with some of his men to the
left, galloped into the woods, and pushed up along the stream to ford
it, and seek the main body.
During the mêlée, Lee had come up and endeavored with the dragoons of
the third section to replace the planks of the bridge. Their efforts
were vain; the water was deep, the mud deeper; there was no foothold,
nor was there any firm spot where to swim the horses across.
While they were thus occupied, Colonel Coates, with his men, opened a
fire upon them from the other end of the bridge; having no firearms to
reply with, they were obliged to retire. The remainder of the planks
were then thrown off from the bridge, after which Colonel Coates took
post on an adjacent plantation, made the dwelling-house, which stood on
a rising ground, his citadel, planted the howitzer before it, and
distributed part of his men in outhouses and within fences and garden
pickets, which sheltered them from the attack of cavalry. Here he
awaited the arrival of Sumter with the main body, determined to make a
desperate defense.
It was not until three o’clock in the afternoon, that Sumter with his
forces appeared upon the ground, having had to make a considerable
circuit on account of the destruction of the bridge.
By four o’clock the attack commenced. Sumter, with part of the troops,
advanced in front under cover of a line of negro huts, which he wished
to secure. Marion, with his brigade, much reduced in number, approached
on the right of the enemy, where there was no shelter but fences; the
cavalry, not being able to act, remained at a distance as a reserve,
and, if necessary, to cover a retreat.
Sumter’s brigade soon got possession of the huts, where they used their
rifles with sure effect. Marion and his men rushed up through a galling
fire to the fences on the right. The enemy retired within the house and
garden, and kept up a sharp fire from doors and windows and picketed
fence. Unfortunately, the Americans had neglected to bring on their
artillery; their rifles and muskets were not sufficient to force the
enemy from his stronghold. Having repaired the bridge, they sent off for
the artillery and a supply of powder, which accompanied it. The evening
was at hand; their ammunition was exhausted, and they retired in good
order, intending to renew the combat with artillery in the morning.
Leaving the cavalry to watch and control the movements of the enemy,
they drew off across Quimby Bridge, and encamped at the distance of
three miles.
Here, when they came to compare notes, it was found that the loss in
killed and wounded had chiefly fallen on Marion’s corps. His men, from
their exposed situation, had borne the brunt of the battle; while
Sumter’s had suffered but little, being mostly sheltered in the huts.
Jealousy and distrust were awakened, and discord reigned in the camp.
Partisan and volunteer troops readily fall asunder under such
circumstances. Many moved off in the night. Lee, accustomed to act
independently, and unwilling, perhaps, to acknowledge Sumter as his
superior officer, took up his line of march for head-quarters without
consulting him. Sumter still had force enough, now that he was joined by
the artillery, to have held the enemy in a state of siege; but he was
short of ammunition, only twenty miles from Charleston, at a place
accessible by tide-water, and he apprehended the approach of Lord
Rawdon, who, it was said, was moving down from Orangeburg. He therefore
retired across the Santee, and rejoined Greene at his encampment.
So ended this foray, which fell far short of the expectations formed
from the spirit and activity of the leaders and their men. Various
errors have been pointed out in their operations, but concerted schemes
are rarely carried out in all their parts by partisan troops. One of the
best effects of the incursion, was the drawing down Lord Rawdon from
Orangeburg, with five hundred of his troops. He returned no more to the
upper country, but sailed not long after from Charleston for Europe.
Colonel Stuart, who was left in command at Orangeburg, moved forward
from that place, and encamped on the south side of the Congaree River,
near its junction with the Wateree, and within sixteen miles of Greene’s
position on the high hills of Santee. The two armies lay in sight of
each other’s fires, but two large rivers intervened, to secure each
party from sudden attack. Both armies, however, needed repose, and
military operations were suspended, as if by mutual consent, during the
sultry summer heat.
The campaign had been a severe and trying one, and checkered with
vicissitudes; but Greene had succeeded in regaining the greater part of
Georgia and the two Carolinas, and, as he said, only wanted a little
assistance from the North to complete their recovery. He was soon
rejoiced by a letter from Washington, informing him that a detachment
from the army of Lafayette might be expected to bring him the required
assistance; but he was made still more happy by the following cordial
passage in the letter: “It is with the warmest pleasure I express my
full approbation of the various movements and operations which your
military conduct has lately exhibited, while I confess to you that I am
unable to conceive what more could have been done under your
circumstances, than has been displayed by your little, persevering, and
determined army.”
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