Cornwallis prepares to invade North Carolina.—Tarleton sent against
Morgan.—Battle at Cowpens.— Morgan pushes for the Catawba with
Spoils and Prisoners.—Cornwallis endeavors to intercept him.—The
Rising of the River.—Cornwallis at Ramsour’s Mills.
The stress of war, as Washington apprehended, was at present shifted to
the South. In a former chapter, we left General Greene, in the latter
part of December, posted with one division of his army on the east side
of the Pedee River in North Carolina, having detached General Morgan
with the other division, one thousand strong, to take post near the
confluence of the Pacolet and Broad rivers in South Carolina.
Cornwallis lay encamped about seventy miles to the southwest of Greene,
at Winnsborough in Fairfield district. General Leslie had recently
arrived at Charleston from Virginia, and was advancing to reinforce him
with fifteen hundred men. This would give Cornwallis such a superiority
of force, that he prepared for a second invasion of North Carolina. His
plan was to leave Lord Rawdon at the central post of Camden with a
considerable body of troops to keep all quiet, while his lordship, by
rapid marches, would throw himself between Greene and Virginia, cut him
off from all reinforcements in that quarter, and oblige him either to
make battle with his present force, or retreat precipitately from North
Carolina, which would be disgraceful.[57] In either case Cornwallis
counted on a general rising of the royalists; a reëstablishment of regal
government in the Carolinas, and the clearing away of all impediments to
further triumphs in Virginia and Maryland.
By recent information, he learnt that Morgan had passed both the Catawba
and Broad rivers, and was about seventy miles to the northwest of him,
on his way to the district of Ninety six. As he might prove extremely
formidable if left in his rear, Tarleton was sent in quest of him, with
about three hundred and fifty of his famous cavalry, a corps of legion
and light infantry, and a number of the royal artillery with two
field-pieces; about eleven hundred choice troops in all. His
instructions were to pass Broad River for the protection of Ninety six,
and either to strike at Morgan and push him to the utmost; or to drive
him out of the country, so as to prevent his giving any trouble on that
side.
Cornwallis moved with his main force on the 12th of December, in a
northwest direction between the Broad River and the Catawba, leading
toward the back country. This was for the purpose of crossing the great
rivers at their fords near their sources; for they are fed by
innumerable petty streams which drain the mountains and are apt, in the
winter time, when storms of rain prevail, to swell and become impassable
below their forks. He took this route also, to cut off Morgan’s retreat,
or prevent his junction with Greene, should Tarleton’s expedition fail
of its object. General Leslie, whose arrival was daily expected, was to
move up along the eastern side of the Wateree and Catawba, keeping
parallel with his lordship and joining him above. Everything on the part
of Cornwallis was well planned, and seemed to promise him a successful
campaign.
Tarleton, after several days’ hard marching, came upon the traces of
Morgan, who was posted on the north bank of the Pacolet, to guard the
passes of that river. He sent word to Cornwallis of his intention to
force a passage across the river, and compel Morgan either to fight or
retreat, and suggested that his lordship should proceed up the eastern
bank of Broad River, so as to be at hand to coöperate. His lordship, in
consequence, took up a position at Turkey Creek, on Broad River.
Morgan had been recruited by North Carolina and Georgia militia, so that
his force was nearly equal in number to that of Tarleton, but in point
of cavalry and discipline, vastly inferior. Cornwallis, too, was on his
left, and might get in his rear; checking his impulse, therefore, to
dispute the passage of the Pacolet, he crossed that stream and retreated
towards the upper fords of Broad River.
Tarleton reached the Pacolet on the evening of the 15th, but halted on
observing some troops on the opposite bank. It was merely a party of
observation which Morgan had left there, but he supposed that officer to
be there in full force. After some maneuvering to deceive his adversary
he crossed the river before daylight at Easterwood shoals. There was no
opposition. Still he proceeded warily, until he learnt that Morgan,
instead of being in his neighborhood, was in full march toward Broad
River. Tarleton now pressed on in pursuit. At ten o’clock at night he
reached an encampment which Morgan had abandoned a few hours previously,
apparently in great haste, for the camp fires were still smoking, and
provisions had been left behind half cooked. Eager to come upon his
enemy while in the confusion of a hurried flight, Tarleton allowed his
exhausted troops but a brief repose, and, leaving his baggage under a
guard, resumed his dogged march about two o’clock in the night; tramping
forward through swamps and rugged broken grounds, round the western side
of Thickety Mountain. A little before daylight of the 17th, he captured
two videttes, from whom he learnt, to his surprise, that Morgan, instead
of a headlong retreat, had taken a night’s repose, and was actually
preparing to give him battle.
Morgan, in fact, had been urged by his officers to retreat across Broad
River, which was near by, and make for the mountainous country; but,
closely pressed as he was, he feared to be overtaken while fording the
river, and while his troops were fatigued, and in confusion; besides,
being now nearly equal in number to the enemy, military pride would not
suffer him to avoid a combat.
The place where he came to halt, was known in the early grants by the
name of Hannah’s Cowpens, being part of a grazing establishment of a man
named Hannah. It was in an open wood, favorable to the action of
cavalry. There were two eminences of unequal height, and separated from
each other by an interval about eighty yards wide. To the first
eminence, which was the highest, there was an easy ascent of about three
hundred yards. On these heights Morgan had posted himself. His flanks
were unprotected, and the Broad River, running parallel on his rear,
about six miles distant, and winding round on the left, would cut off
retreat, should the day prove unfortunate.
The ground, in the opinion of tacticians, was not well chosen; Morgan, a
veteran bush-fighter, vindicated it in after times in his own
characteristic way. “Had I crossed the river, one half of the militia
would have abandoned me. Had a swamp been in view, they would have made
for it. As to covering my wings, I knew the foe I had to deal with, and
that there would be nothing but downright fighting. As to a retreat, I
wished to cut off all hope of one. Should Tarleton surround me with his
cavalry, it would keep my troops from breaking away, and make them
depend upon their bayonets. When men are forced to fight, they will sell
their lives dearly.”
In arranging his troops for action, he drew out his infantry in two
lines. The first was composed of the North and South Carolina militia,
under Colonel Pickens, having an advanced corps of North Carolina and
Georgia volunteer riflemen. This line, on which he had the least
dependence, was charged to wait until the enemy were within dead shot;
then to take good aim, fire two volleys and fall back.
The second line, drawn up a moderate distance in the rear of the first,
and near the brow of the main eminence, was composed of Colonel Howard’s
light infantry and the Virginia riflemen; all Continental troops. They
were informed of the orders which had been given to the first line, lest
they should mistake their falling back for a retreat. Colonel Howard had
the command of this line, on which the greatest reliance was placed.
About a hundred and fifty yards in the rear of the second line, and on
the slope of the lesser eminence, was Colonel Washington’s troop of
cavalry, about eighty strong; with about fifty mounted Carolinian
volunteers, under Major McCall, armed with sabres and pistols.
British writers of the day gave Morgan credit for uncommon ability and
judgment in the disposition of his force; placing the militia, in whom
he had no great confidence, in full view on the edge of the wood, and
keeping his best troops out of sight, but drawn up in excellent order
and prepared for all events.[58]
It was about eight o’clock in the morning (January 17th), when Tarleton
came up. The position of the Americans seemed to him to give great
advantage to his cavalry, and he made hasty preparation for immediate
attack, anticipating an easy victory. Part of his infantry he formed
into a line, with dragoons on each flank. The rest of the infantry and
cavalry were to be a reserve, and to wait for orders.
There was a physical difference in the condition of the adverse troops.
The British were haggard from want of sleep and a rough night-tramp; the
Americans, on the contrary, were fresh from a night’s rest, invigorated
by a morning’s meal, and deliberately drawn up. Tarleton took no notice
of these circumstances, or disregarded them. Impetuous at all times, and
now confident of victory, he did not even wait until the reserve could
be placed, but led on his first line, which rushed shouting to the
attack. The North Carolina and Georgia riflemen in the advance,
delivered their fire with effect, and fell back to the flanks of
Pickens’s militia. These, as they had been instructed, waited until the
enemy were within fifty yards, and then made a destructive volley, but
soon gave way before the push of the bayonet. The British infantry
pushed up to the second line, while forty of their cavalry attacked it
on the right, seeking to turn its flank. Colonel Howard made a brave
stand, and for some time there was a bloody conflict; seeing himself,
however, in danger of being outflanked, he endeavored to change his
front to the right. His orders were misunderstood, and his troops were
falling into confusion, when Morgan rode up and ordered them to retreat
over the hill, where Colonel Washington’s cavalry were hurried forward
for their protection.
The British, seeing the troops retiring over the hill, rushed forward
irregularly in pursuit of what they deemed a routed foe. To their
astonishment, they were met by Colonel Washington’s dragoons, who
spurred on them impetuously, while Howard’s infantry, facing about, gave
them an effective volley of musketry, and then charged with the bayonet.
The enemy now fell into complete confusion. Some few artillerymen
attempted to defend their guns, but were cut down or taken prisoners,
and the cannon and colors captured. A panic seized upon the British
troops, aided no doubt by fatigue and exhaustion. A general flight took
place. Tarleton endeavored to bring his legion cavalry into action to
retrieve the day. They had stood aloof as a reserve, and now, infected
by the panic, turned their backs upon their commander, and galloped off
through the woods, riding over the flying infantry.
Fourteen of his officers, however, and forty of his dragoons, remained
true to him; with these he attempted to withstand the attack of
Washington’s cavalry, and a fierce mêlée took place; but on the approach
of Howard’s infantry Tarleton gave up all for lost, and spurred off with
his few but faithful adherents, trusting to the speed of their horses
for safety. They made for Hamilton’s Ford on Broad River, thence to seek
the army under Cornwallis.
The loss of the British in this action was ten officers and above one
hundred men killed, two hundred wounded, and between five and six
hundred rank and file made prisoners; while the Americans had but twelve
men killed and sixty wounded. The disparity of loss shows how complete
had been the confusion and defeat of the enemy. “During the whole period
of the war,” says one of their own writers, “no other action reflected
so much dishonor on the British arms.”[59]
The spoils taken by Morgan, according to his own account, were two
field-pieces, two standards, eight hundred muskets, one travelling
forge, thirty-five wagons, seventy negroes, upwards of one hundred
dragoon-horses, and all the music. The enemy, however, had destroyed
most of their baggage, which was immense.
Morgan did not linger on the field of battle. Leaving Colonel Pickens
with a body of militia under the protection of a flag, to bury the dead
and provide for the wounded of both armies, he set out the same day
about noon, with his prisoners and spoils. Lord Cornwallis, with his
main force, was at Turkey Creek, only twenty-five miles distant, and
must soon hear of the late battle. His object was to get to the Catawba
before he could be intercepted by his lordship, who lay nearer than he
did to the fords of that river. Before nightfall he crossed Broad River
at the Cherokee Ford, and halted for a few hours on its northern bank.
Before daylight of the 18th he was again on the march. Colonel
Washington, who had been in pursuit of the enemy, rejoined him in the
course of the day, as also did Colonel Pickens, who had left such of the
wounded as could not be moved, under the protection of the flag of
truce.
Still fearing that he might be intercepted before he could reach the
Catawba, he put his prisoners in charge of Colonel Washington and the
cavalry, with orders to move higher up into the country and cross the
main Catawba at the Island Ford; while he himself pushed forward for
that river by the direct route; thus to distract the attention of the
enemy should they be in pursuit, and to secure his prisoners from being
recaptured.
Cornwallis, on the eventful day of the 17th, was at his camp on Turkey
Creek, confidently waiting for tidings from Tarleton of a new triumph,
when, towards evening, some of his routed dragoons came straggling into
camp, haggard and forlorn, to tell the tale of his defeat. It was a
thunderstroke. Tarleton defeated! and by the rude soldier he had been so
sure of entrapping! It seemed incredible. It was confirmed, however, the
next morning, by the arrival of Tarleton himself, discomfited and
crest-fallen. In his account of the recent battle, he represented the
force under Morgan to be two thousand. This exaggerated estimate,
together with the idea that the militia would now be out in great force,
rendered his lordship cautious. Supposing that Morgan, elated by his
victory, would linger near the scene of his triumph, or advance toward
Ninety Six, Cornwallis remained a day or two at Turkey Creek to collect
the scattered remains of Tarleton’s forces, and wait the arrival of
General Leslie, whose march had been much retarded by the waters, but
who “was at last out of the swamps.”
On the 19th, having been rejoined by Leslie, his lordship moved towards
King’s Creek, and thence in the direction of King’s Mountain, until
informed of Morgan’s retreat toward the Catawba. Cornwallis now altered
his course in that direction, and, trusting that Morgan, encumbered, as
he supposed him to be, by prisoners and spoils, might be overtaken
before he could cross that river, detached a part of his force, without
baggage, in pursuit of him, while he followed on with the remainder.
Nothing, say the British chroniclers, could exceed the exertions of the
detachment; but Morgan succeeded in reaching the Catawba and crossing it
in the evening, just two hours before those in pursuit of him arrived on
its banks. A heavy rain came on and fell all night, and by daybreak the
river was so swollen as to be impassable.[60]
This sudden swelling of the river was considered by the Americans as
something providential. It continued for several days, and gave Morgan
time to send off his prisoners who had crossed several miles above, and
to call out the militia of Mecklenburg and Rowan counties to guard the
fords of the river.[61]
Lord Cornwallis had moved slowly with his main body. He was encumbered
by an immense train of baggage; the roads were through deep red clay,
and the country was cut up by streams and morasses. It was not until the
25th, that he assembled his whole force at Ramsour’s Mills, on the
Little Catawba, as the south fork of that river is called, and learnt
that Morgan had crossed the main stream. Now he felt the loss he had
sustained, in the late defeat of Tarleton, of a great part of his light
troops, which are the life and spirit of an army, and especially
efficient in a thinly-peopled country of swamps, and streams, and
forests, like that he was entangled in.
In this crippled condition, he determined to relieve his army of
everything that could impede rapid movement in his future operations.
Two days, therefore, were spent by him at Ramsour’s Mills, in destroying
all such baggage and stores as could possibly be spared. He began with
his own. His officers followed his example. Superfluities of all kinds
were sacrificed without flinching. Casks of wine and spirituous liquors
were staved: quantities even of provisions were sacrificed. No wagons
were spared but those laden with hospital stores, salt and ammunition,
and four empty ones, for the sick and wounded. The alacrity with which
these sacrifices of comforts, conveniences, and even necessaries, were
made, was honorable to both officers and men.[62]
The whole expedient was subsequently sneered at by Sir Henry Clinton, as
being “something too like a Tartar move;” but his lordship was preparing
for a trial of speed, where it was important to carry as light weight as
possible.
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