unpopularity of his marriage, 98;
his conduct on Suffolk's impeachment, 99;
state of the kingdom during his minority, 183;
his imbecility, _ib._;
solemnities observed in nominating a regency during his infancy,
186-190;
provisions in consequence of his mental infirmities, 190-194.
Henry VII., conduct of, towards the memory of his predecessors, iii. 200
and _note_ q.
Henry I. of France, alleged large army levied by, i. 24 _note_ h;
extent of authority exercised by him, 137.
Henry I. the Fowler, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67;
his scheme for improving his territories, _ib. note_ d.
Henry II. of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68.
Henry III. of Germany, imperial influence extended by, ii. 68;
instances of his exercise of absolute power, 69, 95;
his judicious nomination of popes, 183.
Henry IV. of Germany, primary cause of the misfortunes of, ii. 69;
conspiracy against him during his infancy, 70 _note_ k;
his abduction by Hanno, _ib._;
his excommunication and its consequences, _ib._ and _note_ n;
his remains insulted by Rome, 71;
zeal of the cities in his cause, 90;
his contests with Gregory VII., 184, 185;
his humiliation by Gregory, 186;
the tables turned, 187;
animosity of Gregory's successors towards him, 187, 188.
Henry V. of Germany, accession and death of, ii. 71;
privilege granted by him to the cities, 90;
his compromise with the popes, 188.
Henry VI. of Germany, repudiates arrangements between his predecessor
and the popes, i. 381;
production of his alleged will, _ib._;
his ambitious project, ii. 74;
his death, 75.
Henry VII. of Germany, acquires Bohemia for his son, ii. 85;
his opposition to the papal power, 234.
Henry the Proud, ancestry and possessions of, ii. 72;
consequences of his disobedience to the emperor's summons, 72, 73.
Henry the lion restored to his birthright, ii. 73;
fatal results of his ingratitude, 74.
Hereditary succession, how far observed among the Franks, i. 154
_note_ f, 299;
disregarded by the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 273;
establishment of the principle in England, 343-346;
elucidatory note upon the subject, 425-428.
Hereford (earl and duke of). See Bohun, Bolingbroke.
Hereward, brave resistance of, to William the Conqueror, ii. 304
_note_ f.
Hilary deposed by Leo the Great, ii. 161 _note_ p.
Hildebrand. See Gregory VII.
Honorius III., establishment of mendicant orders by, ii. 206;
refusal of his requests by France and England, 213.
Hugh the Great of France, procures the election of Louis IV., i. 128.
Hugh Capet. See Capet.
Hungarians, ravages in Europe by the, i. 20;
their ferocity towards the clergy, _ib. note_ z;
their conversion to Christianity, ii. 104;
their wars with the Turks, 105-107.
Hungary, kings and chiefs of. See Andrew, Corvinus, Hunniades, Ladislaus,
Louis of Hungary, Sigismund, Uladislaus.
Hungerford (Sir Thomas), elected speaker, iii. 58.
Hunniades (John), heroic career of, ii. 105, 106;
his death, 106.
Huss (John), burned to death, ii. 102;
characteristics of his schism and his followers, iii. 389 and
_note_ m, 390.
Innocent III., persecution of the Albigeois by, i. 28;
his ambitious policy, 379;
his significant production of the will of Henry VI. of Germany, 381;
position of the Italian cities towards him, _ib._;
use made by him of his guardianship of Frederic II., 385;
increase of temporal authority under him, 416;
his accession to the papal chair, ii. 195;
extravagance of his pretensions, 196;
his scheme of universal arbitration, 197;
his decrees and interdicts, 199;
his interference with the German emperors, 200;
his claim, to nominate bishops, 212;
cause of his anger with the chapter of Poitiers, 213;
he levies taxes on the clergy, 216;
his pretext for exercising jurisdiction, 220;
he exempts the clergy from criminal process, 221;
his arrogance eclipsed by Boniface VIII., 228.
Innocent IV., outrageous proceedings of, against Frederic II., i. 391;
his conduct towards Frederic's successors, 392;
he quarters Italian priests on England, ii. 213;
height of papal tyranny during his pontificate, 217;
his disposal of the crown of Portugal, 231 _note_ g;
anecdote of him, 238 _note_ r.
Innocent VI. elected pope, ii. 242.
Interdicts, ii. 172, 260 _note_ g, and 261.
See Papal Power.
Ireland a mediaeval slave depot, iii. 316 and _note_ d.
Irene, dethronement of Constantine V. by, i. 122;
Leo III.'s project of marriage between her and Charlemagne, _ib._
Isabel of Bavaria (queen of Charles VI.), infamous conduct of, towards
her husband, i. 69;
her hatred of Armagnac, and its consequences, 72;
joins in the treaty with Henry V., 76.
Isabel of France, marries Edward II. of England, i. 45.
Isabella of Castile. See Ferdinand II.
Isidore, publication of the False Decretals of, ii. 166;
their character and object, 166, 167 and _notes_;
authority accorded to them by Gratian, 203.
Italy, occupied by the Ostrogoths, i. 1;
its subjection by the Lombards, 8;
conquests of Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;
its king Bernard, 14;
its state at the end of the ninth century, 355;
authorities referred to for its history, _ib. note_;
its monarchs Berenger I. and II., 357 and _note_ c;
assumption of power by Otho the Great, _ib._;
execution of Crescentius by Otho III., 359;
election and subsequent troubles of Ardoin, _ib._;
condition of its people under Henry II., 360;
cause of its subjection to German princes, _ib._;
accession of Conrad II., and consolidation of Germanic influences,
360, 361;
its Greek provinces, 361, 362;
incursions and successes of the Normans, 362-364;
progress of the Lombard cities [see Lombards];
accession of Frederic Barbarossa, 370 [see Frederic I.];
cause of the decadence of Italy, 377, 378;
its domestic manners, iii. 342, 344.
Jacquerie, insurrection of the, i. 58, and _note_ k.
James II. of Aragon, renounces the Sicilian crown, i 485;
invested with the Sardinian crown, ii. 231 _note_ g.
Jane of Navarre, treaty entered into on behalf of, i. 45;
betrayal of her cause by the duke of Burgundy, 47;
she recovers Navarre, _ib. note_ g.
Janizaries, institution of the, ii. 137.
Jerome of Prague, burned to death, ii. 102.
Jerusalem, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 38;
its conquest by Saladin, 40;
restored to the Christians by the Saracens, 41;
oppressive system of marriages there, under the feudal system, 180;
title of the kings of Naples to sovereignty over it, 386 _note_ d.
Jews, wealth amassed and persecutions endured by the, i. 209;
their early celebrity as usurers, _ib. note_ b;
their final expulsion from France, 210 and _note_ d;
ordinances against them, 222;
exorbitant rates paid by them in England, ii. 320;
their massacre by the Pastoureaux, iii. 297;
their liability to maltreatment, 305;
barbarous customs regarding them, _ib. note_;
the Jew-drowning story, 306 _note_ u;
their early money dealings, 338;
toleration vouchsafed to them, _ib._;
decline of their trade, 339;
their addiction to coin-clipping, 369 _note_ t.
Joan of Arc, character, successes, and fate of, i. 79, 80;
her betrayer, 84 _note_ f;
her name and birthplace, 143;
great merit of Southey's poem, _ib._
Joanna of Naples, married to Andrew of Hungary, i 486;
her husband's murder imputed to her, _ib._ and _note_ q;
she dies by violence, 487.
Joanna II. of Naples, and her favourites, i, 489;
her vacillation relative to her successors, 490;
puts Caraccioli to death, 491 _note_.
John I. of Castile, accession of, ii. 15;
his merited defeat by the Portuguese, 16.
John II. of Castile, wise government by the guardians of, during his
infancy, ii. 15, 16;
he disgraces and destroys his favourite Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17;
his death, 17;
its results, 58.
John (king of England), cited before Philip Augustus, i. 26;
results of his contumacy, 27;
singular fines levied by him, ii. 320;
his rapacity, 326 and _note_ q;
Magna Charta, 326, 329;
curious instance of the unpopularity of his name, iii. 65 _note_ t.
John I. of France, birth and death of, i. 46 and _note_ e.
John II. of France, character of, i. 53;
taken prisoner at Poitiers, 58;
bestows his daughter on Charles of Navarre, 57;
submits to the peace of Bretigni, 59;
his response to the citizens of Rochelle, 63.
John of Procida, designs of, on Sicily, i. 483;
result of his intrigues, 484.
John VIII. (pope), insolence of, towards Charles the Fat, ii. 174;
asserts a right to nominate the emperor, _ib._
John XXII. (pope), claims supremacy over the empire, ii. 235;
his dispute with Louis of Bavaria, _ib._;
he persecutes the Franciscans, 237;
his immense treasures, 238;
his imposts on the clergy, 238 _note_ x.
John XXIII. (pope), convokes and is deposed by the council of Constance,
ii. 243.
Joinville (the chronicler), refuses to accompany St. Louis in his last
crusade, i. 42 _note_.
Judith of Bavaria, marries Louis the Debonair, i. 16.
Julian's betrayal of Spain to the Moors: credibility of the legend,
ii. 62-65.
Jury. See Trial by Jury.
Justice, administration of, under Charlemagne, i. 238;
various kinds of feudal jurisdiction, 239;
judicial privileges assigned to the owners of fiefs, 240;
cruel custom in Aragon, 241 _note_ q;
trial by combat, 242, 243 and _notes_;
the Establishments of St. Louis, 244;
limitations on trial by combat, 245, 246, 247 _note_ p;
royal tribunals and their jurisdiction, 246;
the court of peers, 247;
the parliament of Paris and its lawyers, 248;
jurisdiction of the court of the palace, 336, 337;
its constitution, 337;
imperial chamber of the empire, ii. 97;
its functions and jurisdiction, 98;
the six circles and the Aulic council, 99;
character of the king's court, in England, 336, 420-425;
importance of the office of chief justiciary, 336 _note_ r;
functions of the court of exchequer, 336 and _note_ s, 425;
institution of justices of assize, 337;
establishment of the court of common pleas, 338;
origin of the common law, 339;
difference between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman systems of
jurisprudence, 339, 340;
complicated character of English laws, 341;
necessity for a reformation of the statute-book, 342 and _note_;
jurisdiction of the king's council, iii. 138-147, 249-257;
safeguard for the independence of judges, 152 _note_ t;
rarity of instances of illegal condemnation, 156-158;
origin and jurisdiction of the court of chancery, 241-249.
King's council (England), Jurisdiction of the, iii. 138;
its composition, _ib._;
its encroachments, 140;
limitations on its power, 141;
remonstrances of the commons, _ib._;
its legislative status, 143;
its frequent junction with the lords' house, 144-146 and _notes_;
views of Sir F. Palgrave on the subject, 249-257.
Knighthood. See Chivalry.
Knights Templars, institution of the order of, i. 40;
their large possessions and rapacity, _ib._ and _note_ s;
question of their guilt or innocence, 138, 139;
Count Purgstall's charges against them, 139-142;
Raynouard's attempted refutation, 142;
their estates and remarkable influence in Spain, ii. 8.
Koran, characteristics of the, ii. 114-117.
Labourers, amount of wages paid to, iii. 372, 373;
degree of comfort thereby indicated, 373, 374 and _notes_.
Ladislaus of Naples, accession of, i. 488;
energy displayed by him, 489;
his death, _ib._
Ladislaus of Hungary, defeat of the partisans of, ii. 105;
his accession to the throne, _ib._;
his death, _ib._;
suspicions relative thereto, 106 _note_.
Lambertazzi (Imilda de), pathetic story of, i. 402.
Lancaster (duke of), ascendency of, over Edw. III. iii. 55;
his ambitious projects, _ib._;
cause of his retirement from court, 58;
he curries favour with the commons, 65 and _note_ t;
his quarrel with Arundel and Gloucester, 74;
his marriage with Katherine Swineford, _ib._;
his antenuptial children by her, 75;
conduct of Richard II. on his death, 80.
Lancastrians and Yorkists, wars of the, iii. 197.
Lando (Michel di), cause of the elevation of, i. 435;
his just exercise of power, 436;
sent into exile, 438.
Landwehr, antiquity of the, i. 263 _note_ e.
Lanfranc (archbishop), arrogant conduct of, ii. 305 _note_ h.
Languages, difficulty of accounting for the change of, i. 284, 285;
principles deducible from difference of language, 290, 291.
Languedoc, spread of the Albigensian heresy in, i. 28 and _note_;
devastation of the country by the papal forces, 28, 29 and _notes_;
its cession to the crown of France, 29;
its provincial assembly, 234.
Latimer (lord), impeached by the commons, iii. 56;
their further tactics regarding him, 59.
Latin tongue, corruption of the, iii. 275.
See Learning.
Laura (Petrarch's mistress). See Petrarch.
Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297;
study of the civil law, iii. 414;
fame of the Bolognese school, 415;
necessity for legal knowledge in mediaeval magistrates, 416;
unpopularity of the Roman law in England, 417;
neglect of the elder civilians, 418, 419 and _note_ x.
See Justice.
Learning, causes of the decline of, iii. 270;
neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians, 273;
blighting influence of superstition and asceticism, 274;
corruption of the Latin tongue, 275;
rules observed in its pronunciation, 276-278;
errors of the populace, 278;
changes wrought by the Italians and French, 279, 280;
neglect of quantity, 281;
specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others, 282-284 _notes_;
change of Latin into Romance, 283;
Italian corruptions of the Latin, 285;
effect of the disuse of Latin, 286;
ignorance of various sovereigns, _ib. notes_;
extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning, 286 and _note_ f;
ignorance of the clergy, 287, 288, and _notes_;
scarcity of books, 289 and _note_ p;
erasure of manuscripts, 289;
lack of eminent learned men, _ib._;
John Scotus and Silvester II., 290 and _note_ r;
preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue, 291-293;
non-existence of libraries, 292 _note_;
prevalence of superstitions, 293-295;
revival of literature, 413;
study of civil law, 414-419;
establishment of public schools, 419;
Abelard and the university of Paris, 420, 421;
Oxford university and its founders, 422, 423, and _notes_;
rapid increase of universities, 423-425;
causes of their celebrity, 425;
spread of the scholastic philosophy, 426;
its eminent disputants, 427;
influence of Aristotle and of the church, 429, 430;
unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions, 430, 431;
labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, 432 and _note_ s, 433;
cultivation of the new languages, 433;
the troubadours and their productions, 434-436;
origin of the French language, 436;
early French compositions, 437, 438;
Norman tales and romances, 439;
the Roman de la Rose, 440;
French prose writings, 441, 442 and _notes_;
formation of the Spanish language: the Cid, 442, 443, and _notes_;
rapid growth of the Italian language, 443, 444;
excuses of Italians for writing in French, 445 _note_ z;
Dante and his Divine Comedy, 445-449;
Petrarch and his writings, 449-452;
dawn of the English tongue, 452;
Layamon's Brut, 453 and _note_ k;
Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers, 453;
merit of Piers Plowman's Vision, 454;
cause of the slow progress of the English language, _ib._;
earliest compositions in English, 455;
pre-eminence of Chaucer, 456;
revival of classical learning, 457;
eminent cultivators thereof, 458;
invention of paper, 459;
transcribers and booksellers, _ib. note_ x;
rarity and dearness of books, 460;
recovery of classical manuscripts, 461;
eminent labourers in this field, 462, 463;
revival of the study of Greek, 465, 466;
state of learning in Greece, 466;
services rendered by the mediaeval Greeks, 467-469 and _notes_;
opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford, 470;
fame due to Eton and Winchester schools, _ib._;
invention of printing, 471;
first books issued from the press, _ib._;
first printing presses in Italy, 472;
elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages, 474-476;
Dr. Maitland's views thereon, 476-479;
earliest use of the English language in public documents, 484-486.
Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212;
the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214;
participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336;
Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215;
cessation of national assemblies, 218;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plenieres, 220;
limitation of the king's power, 221;
substitutes for legislative authority, _ib._;
ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222;
general legislation, when first practised, _ib._;
increase of the legislative power of the crown, and its causes,
223, 224;
convocation of the States-General, 224;
constitution of the Saxon witenagemot, ii. 279;
Anglo-Norman legislation, 322, 323 and _note_;
prerogatives of the crown, 410;
custom of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 412.
See Justice, Parliament, States-General.
Leo the Great deposes Hilary, ii. 161 _note_ p.
Leo III. invests Charlemagne with the imperial insignia, i. 11;
his design of marrying Charlemagne to Irene, 122;
Charlemagne's authority over him, ii. 182.
Leo VIII. confers on the emperor the right of nominating popes, ii. 182
and _note_ x.
Leo IX. leads his army in person, i. 363;
devotion of his conquerors towards him, 363, 364.
See Papal Power.
Leon, foundation of the kingdom of, ii. 3;
its king killed in battle, 4;
its union with Castile, 9.
Leopold of Austria defeated by the Swiss, ii. 109.
Libraries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, iii. 460, 461, and
_notes_.
Literature. See Learning.
Lollards, rise of the, iii. 388;
their resemblance to the Puritans, 389.
Lombards, original settlement of the, i. 8 and _note_ t;
extension of their dominions, _ib._;
defeated by Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;
their mode of legislating, 212;
position of their Roman subjects, 295;
progress of their cities, 365;
frequency of wars between them, _ib._;
acquisition of territories by them, 368;
democratic tyranny of the larger cities, 369;
destruction of Lodi by the Milanese, _ib._ and _note_ i;
courage of the citizens of Como, 370;
exclusion of royal palaces from Lombard cities, _ib._;
siege and subjugation of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa, 371, 372;
efforts of the Milanese to regain their freedom, 372;
destruction of Milan, 373;
league of the Lombard cities, 374;
defeat and flight of Barbarossa, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
their successful resistance a lesson to tyrants, 376, 377;
their wars with Frederic II., 387;
party nature of these struggles, 388;
arrangement of the Lombard cities, 388, 389;
chequered results of their conflicts with Frederic, 390;
their papal supporters, _ib._;
causes of their success, 392;
their means of defence, 394, 395;
internal government of their cities, 395;
revival of the office of podesta, 396;
position of aristocratic offenders amongst them, 397;
duties and disabilities of the podesta, 397, 398;
their internal dissensions, 398, 399;
artisan clubs and aristocratic fortifications, 400;
vindictiveness of conquerors of all classes, 401;
inflammatory nature of private quarrels, and their disastrous results,
402;
effect of Giovanni di Vicenza's exhortations, 403, 404;
moral deducible from the fall of the Lombard republics, 408, 409;
the Visconti in Lombardy, 464.
See Visconti.
Longchamp (William, bishop of Ely), constitutional precedent established
by the banishment of, ii. 325.
London, early election of the magistrates of, iii. 219;
its municipal divisions, 220;
its first lord mayor, 221;
not exclusively a city of traders, 223;
its extent and population, _ib._;
comparison with Paris, 224.
Loria (Roger di), naval successes of, i. 484.
Lothaire (son of Louis the Debonair), associated in power with his
father, i. 15;
his jealousy of his half-brother, 16;
territories allotted to him, 16, 17, and _notes_ o, p;
cause of his excommunication, ii. 169, 170.
Lothaire (duke of Saxony), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 71 and
_note_ p;
failure of his scheme of succession, 72;
the picture and couplet relative to his coronation, 195 _note_ g.
Louis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany, ii. 85;
his contest with the popes, 234;
he aids the Visconti, 235;
he dies unabsolved, 236.
Louis I. (the Debonair) succeeds Charlemagne, i. 14;
his cruelty to his nephew, _ib._;
his character, 15;
associates his sons in power with him, _ib._;
his second marriage and its consequences, 16;
enmity of the clergy against him, _ib._;
his practice relative to the hearing of causes, 239, _note_ h;
his attempted deposition by the bishops, ii. 155, 156;
he prohibits trial by ordeal, iii. 295 _note_ x.
Louis of Germany (son of the above) made king of Bavaria by his
father, i. 15;
share of empire allotted to him on his father's death, 16.
Louis II. (the Stammerer), conditions exacted by the French nobles
from, i. 126.
Louis IV. ("Outremer") elected king, i. 128;
Fulk's saucy retort, iii. 286 _note_ e.
Louis V., i. 18, 128.
Louis VI., state of France at the accession of, i. 24;
his contests with the Norman princes, 25;
his participation in judicial matters, 244 _note_ c.
Louis VII., untoward marriage of, and its consequences, i. 25;
confirms the rights of the clergy, 27;
joins in the second crusade, 38;
his submissiveness to Rome, ii. 223.
Louis VIII. opposes Raymond of Toulouse, i. 29;
issues an ordinance against the Jews, 222.
Louis IX. (Saint Louis), accession of, i. 30;
revolt of the barons against him, _ib._;
excellences of his character, his rare probity, &c., 31, 32;
undue influence exercised over him by his mother, 32;
his superstition, 33 and _note_;
he embarks in the crusades, 33;
calamitous results of his first crusade, 41;
his second expedition and death, _ib._;
his Establishments, 222, 224, 244;
his open-air administrations of justice, 244;
the Pragmatic Sanction and its provisions, ii. 214 and _note_;
his submissiveness to the church, 226;
his restraint on the church holding land, 227 and _note_.
Louis X. (Louis Hutin), accession and death of, i. 45;
treatment of his queen and family by Philip the Long, 46;
his edict for the abolition of serfdom, 202;
he renounces certain taxes, 227.
Louis XI., accession of, i. 86;
his character and policy, 86, 87;
bestows Normandy on his brother as an appanage, 88;
and then deprives him of it, 89;
grants pensions to the English king and his nobles, 89, 90;
his contests with Charles of Burgundy, 90, 91, and _notes_;
and with Mary of Burgundy, 94, 95, and _notes_;
his last sickness and its terrors, 96;
his belief in relics, 97 and _note_;
court boast relative to his encroachments, 235;
civic liberty encouraged by him, 352;
he repeals the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 255;
his people oppose the repeal, _ib._;
his treatment of cardinal Balue, 258, _note_ c.
Louis XII. See Orleans.
Louis of Hungary invades Naples, i. 486.
Louis of Anjou adopted by Joanna of Naples, i. 487;
his death, 488.
Louis II. of Anjou and Naples, accession of, i. 488;
subdued by Ladislaus, _ib._
Louis III. of Anjou and Naples called in by Joanna II., i. 489;
his doubtful prospects, and death, 491.
Lucius II. (pope), cause of the death of, i. 416.
Luna (Alvaro de), influence exercised by, ii. 16;
disgraced and beheaded, 17;
law on which his opponents relied, 38.
Luna (Antonio de) assassinates the archbishop of Saragossa, ii. 41.
Luna (Frederic count of) claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;
care taken of his interests by the court, _ib._
Luna (Peter de). See Benedict XIII.
Lupus Servatus, literary performances of, iii. 475 _note_ a.
Luxemburg (John of), execution of prisoners of war by, i. 84;
betrays Joan of Arc to the English, _ib. note_ f.
Magna Charta. See England.
Mahomet the prophet. See Mohammed.
Mahomet II. attacks the Venetians, i. 493;
his success, 495;
failure of his assault upon Belgrade, ii. 106;
he captures Constantinople, 136;
unrealised schemes for his expulsion, 136, 137;
his European successes and reverses, 138;
AEneas Sylvius's odd proposal, _ib. note_.
Mandats and their abuses, ii. 212.
Manfred, brave retention of the imperial throne by, i. 392;
killed, 406.
Manicheans. See Religious Sects.
Manners. See Chivalry, Domestic Life, Learning, Superstition.
Manufactures. See Trade.
Manuscripts. See Learning.
Marcel (magistrate of Paris), why assassinated, i. 232.
March (Roger, earl of) opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56;
his significant policy, 57;
his popularity with the parliament, 65;
his exclusion from the throne, 82, 194;
clemency of Henry V. towards him, 194.
Margaret of Anjou married to Henry VI., iii. 98;
consequences of her impolicy, 194, 197.
See Henry VI.
Mariner's compass, tradition of the invention of the, iii. 332, 333.
Maritime laws of early times, iii. 333;
prevalence of piracy, 334;
law of reprisals, 335.
Marriages, capricious decrees of the popes concerning, ii. 208;
dispensations and their abuses, _ib._
Martin (prince of Aragon) marries the queen of Sicily, i. 490;
his death, _ib._
Martin (king of Aragon) succeeds to his son's Sicilian dominions, i. 490;
contests for the Aragonese throne at his death, ii. 39.
Martin V. elected pope, ii. 246;
he convokes the council of Pavia, 247;
his anger at the English statute of praemunire, 251, _note_ y;
his concordat with England, 251;
powers reserved to him by the German concordats, 252, 253;
rejection of his concordat by France, 254.
Mary of Burgundy. See Burgundy.
Matilda (countess) bequeaths her dominions to Rome, i. 380.
Matthias Corvinus. See Corvinus.
Maximilian of Austria marries Mary of Burgundy, i. 96;
becomes king of the Romans, ii. 89 and _notes_;
ascends the German throne, 94;
he extinguishes the robber-nobles, 96;
institutes the Aulic council, 99;
extent of the empire at his accession, 100.
Mayor of the palace, importance of the office of, i. 6, 113-115, 157.
See Charles Martel, Pepin Heristal, Ebroin.
Medici (Salvestro de') proposes to mitigate the severity of the law in
Florence, i. 434;
rise of his family, 498;
character of Giovanni, _ib._ and _note_;
banishment and recall of Cosmo, 499;
his death: his son Piero, 500;
death of Julian: popularity and princely career of Lorenzo, 501;
his bankruptcy repaired at the cost of the state, 502 and _note_ q;
his title to esteem, 503.
Mendicant friars, first appearance of the, ii. 205;
success of their preachings, 206;
their extensive privileges, 206, 207, and _notes_.
Mercenary troops. See Military Systems.
Merovingian dynasty, character of the times during which it ruled, i. 5;
chronological sketch of its career, 118-120.
Middle ages, period comprised under the term, iii. 269.
Milan, resolute conduct of the people of in the choice of a bishop, i.
366 and _note_ y;
its siege by Frederic I., 372;
destruction of the city, 373;
its statistics in the 13th century, 393;
its public works, 394;
creation of the duchy of Milan, 412;
lax conduct of the Milanese clergy, ii. 187, _note_ g.
See Lombards.
Military systems of the middle ages.
character of the English troops at Crecy, Poitiers, and Azincourt,
i. 55, 77;
disadvantages of feudal obligations in long campaigns, 262;
substitution of mercenaries, 264;
Canute's soldiers, and his institutes respecting them, 264 and
_note_ g;
the mercenaries of the Anglo-Norman kings, 265;
advantages of mercenary troops, _ib._;
high rate of pay to English soldiers, 77 and _note_ t, 266;
establishment of a regular force by Charles VII., 267;
military resources of the Italian cities, 467;
importance of their carroccio, 467 and _note_ d;
their foreign auxiliaries, 468;
arms and armour, 469 and _note_ k;
citizens excused from service, 469;
companies of adventurers: Guarnieri's systematic levies, 471;
spirited refusal of tribute by Florence, 472;
Sir John Hawkwood's career [see Hawkwood];
eminent Italian generals and their services, 474, 475;
probable first instance of half-pay, 475 and _note_ u;
small loss of life in mediaeval warfare, 476, 477, and _notes_;
long bows and cross bows, 477, 478;
advantages and disadvantages of armour, 478;
introduction of gunpowder, 479;
clumsiness of early artillery and fire-arms, 480;
increased efficiency of infantry, 481.
Mocenigo (doge), dying prophecy of, i. 465, 466, and _note_.
Moguls, ravages of the, ii. 131;
their exploits under Timur, 133.
Mohammed, advent of, ii. 114;
state of Arabia at the time, 115;
dearth of materials for his history, _ib. note_;
characteristics of his writings, 115, 116;
his knowledge of Christianity whence derived, 116, _note_ c;
martial spirit of his system, 117, 118;
career of his followers.
See Abbassides, Moors, Ottomans, Saracens, Turks.
Monarchy in France, character of the, i. 217 _note_;
means by which it became absolute, 223;
its power of enacting laws unlimited, 229 _note_ h.
Monasteries, cultivation of waste lands by, ii. 142;
less pure sources of income, 144;
their exemption from episcopal control, 168 and _note_ f;
preservation of books by them, iii. 292;
extent of their charities, 302 and _note_;
vices of their inmates, 303;
their anti-social influence, 304;
their agricultural exertions, 360 and _note_.
Money, high interest paid for, iii. 337;
establishment of paper credit, 339 and _note_ b;
banks of Italy, 340;
securities for public loans, 341;
changes in the value of money, 366-369;
comparative table of value, 370 _note_ x;
See Coining.
Montagu (minister of Charles VI.), arrest of, i. 68 _note_ z.
Montfort (Simon de), heads the crusade against the Albigeois, i. 29.
Montfort (Simon de, earl of Leicester), his writs of summons to the
towns of England, iii. 27.
Montfort (ally of Edward III.) obtains the duchy of Britany, i. 99.
Moors, successes of the Spaniards against the, ii. 3;
victories of Alfonso VI., 5;
Cordova taken from them, 9;
its fabulous extent and wealth, _ib._ _note_ m;
cause of their non-expulsion from Spain, 10, 11.
Mosheim, error of, relative to Louis IX., i. 33 _note_ z.
Mowbray (earl of Nottingham and duke of Norfolk), made lord appellant,
iii. 72;
he espouses the king's interest, 74;
his quarrel with Bolingbroke and its results, 79, 80 and _note_ z.
Municipal institutions of the Roman provincial cities, i. 338;
importance of the office of defensor civitatis, 340;
duties appertaining to it, 340;
responsibilities of the decurions, 341;
the senatorial orders, 342-344;
civic position of the Frank bishops, 345;
municipal government of the Frank cities, 345-347;
corporate towns of Spain, 347;
of France, 348;
their struggles for freedom, 348, 349;
early independence of the Flemish and Dutch cities, 349;
origin of the French communes, 350, 351;
growth of the burgages, 352;
policy of Louis XI. relative to civic liberty, _ib._;
Italian municipalities, 353, 354 [see Lombards];
free cities of Germany [see Germany].
See Parliament, Towns.
Murder, gradation of fines levied as punishment for, amongst the Franks,
i. 150, 151 and _notes_, 198 and _note_ q, 281;
rates of compensation amongst the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 275.
Naples subjugated by Roger Guiscard, i. 363, 364;
contest for its crown between Manfred and Charles of Anjou, 406;
murder of the rightful heir by Charles, 407;
schemes relative to the severance of Sicily, 483 [see Sicily];
accession of Robert, 485;
queen Joanna and her murdered husband, 486 and _note_ q;
Louis of Anjou and Charles III., 488;
reign of Louis II., _ib._;
ambition of the young king Ladislaus, 489;
his death, _ib._;
Joanna II., her vices and her favourites, 489, 490, and 491 _note_;
career of Alfonso, 492 [see Alfonso V.];
invasion of the kingdom by John of Calabria, 494;
his failure, _ib._;
Ferdinand secured on the throne, 495;
his odious rule, 503.
Navarre, origin of the kingdom of, ii. 3, 4.
Neustria, extent of the dominions so termed, i. 6 _note_ o;
its peculiar features as distinguished from Austrasia, 118;
when first erected into a kingdom, 119 and _note_;
destruction of its independence, 120.
Nevil (lord) impeached by the commons, iii. 56.
Nicolas II. (pope), innovations introduced by, ii. 183.
Nobility, origin of, in France, i. 157, 158 and _note_, 189;
privileges conferred on the class, 191;
consequences of marriage with plebeians, 192;
letters of nobility when first granted, 193;
different orders, and rights belonging to each, 194;
their gallows distinctions, _ib._ _note_ c;
their right to coin money, 205, 206;
to levy private war, 207;
characteristics of the early Frank nobility 309-312;
excesses of the Florentine nobility, 423, 424;
turbulence of the Spanish nobles, ii. 13;
contests of the German nobles with the cities, 91, 92;
rural nobility, how supported, 94, 95;
their career, how checked, 95;
source of the influence of the English nobility, iii. 165;
their patronage of robbers, 169;
German robber lords, 314;
legislative province of the English nobility [see Parliament].
Norfolk (earl and duke of). See Bigod, Mowbray.
Normans, piratical pursuits of the, i. 20;
their plan of warfare, 21;
sufferings of the clergy at their hands, 22;
their conversion and settlement in France, _ib._;
terror excited by their audacity, 134, 135;
beneficial effects of their conversion, 135;
their incursions into Italy, 363 and _note_ m;
successes of their leaders, 363, 364;
their invasion of England [see England].
Nottingham (earl of). See Mowbray.
Oaths, papal dispensations from, ii. 210;
notable instances thereof, _ib._ _note_ c.
Odo (archbishop). See Dunstan.
Oleron, laws of, iii. 334.
Ordeals, nature of, iii. 294, 295;
stories of queens Emma and Cunegunda, 295 _note_ y;
instance of a failure of the water ordeal and its consequences, ii.
339 _note_ b.
Orleans (Louis, duke of), alleged amours of, with queen Isabel, i. 69
_note_ c;
loses his popularity, 70;
his assassination and its probable causes, _ib._ and _notes_;
commotions which ensued, 71, 72.
Orleans (Louis, duke of, afterwards Louis XII.) claims the regency during
the minority of Charles VIII., i. 98;
instigates the convocation of the States-General, 236.
Ostrogoths, occupation of Italy by the, i. 1;
annihilation of their dominion, 8;
Roman jurisprudence adopted by them, 151.
Othman. See Ottomans.
Otho I. (the Great), benefits conferred upon Germany by, ii. 67.
Otho II. and III. chosen emperors of Germany, ii. 67.
Otho IV. aided by the Milanese, i. 382;
enmity of the pope towards him, 384;
its consequences, ii. 75;
obtains a dispensation from Innocent III., 209;
rights surrendered by him to Innocent, 211, 212 and _note_ f.
Ottoman dynasty, founded by Othman, ii. 132;
their European conquests, _ib._;
their reverses and revival under Amurath, 134, 135;
they capture Constantinople, 136;
European alarm excited thereby, _ib._;
institution of the Janizaries, 137;
suspension of Ottoman conquests, 138.
Oxford university. See Learning.
Pagan superstitions, cause of the limited influence of, i. 136.
Palaces (royal), why excluded from Lombard cities, i. 370.
Palermo, foundation of silk manufacture in, iii. 331.
Palestine, commercial value of the settlements in, iii. 329.
See Crusades.
Pandects, discovery of the, iii. 415.
Papal power, first germ of the, ii. 158, 159;
preceded by the patriarchate, 160;
character of Gregory I., 161;
his wary proceedings, 162 and _notes_;
convocation of the synod of Frankfort by Boniface, 165, 166 and
_notes_;
effect produced by the False Decretals, 166, 167 and _notes_, 221;
papal encroachments on the hierarchy, 167;
exemption of monasteries from episcopal control, 168 and _note_ f;
kings compelled to succumb to papal supremacy, 169;
origin of excommunications, 170;
helpless position of excommunicated persons, 171;
interdicts and their disastrous consequences, 172;
further interference with regal rights by the popes, _ib._;
scandalous state of the papacy in the tenth century, 174;
Leo IX.'s reformatory efforts, 177;
prerogatives of the emperors relative to papal elections, 182;
innovations of pope Nicolas II., 183;
election and death of Alexander II., 184;
career of Gregory VII. [see Gregory VII.];
contests of his successors with Henry IV. and V. of Germany, 188;
Calixtus II. and the concordat of Worms, _ib._;
papal opposition to investitures, 181, 188, 189 and _notes_;
abrogation of ecclesiastical independence, 193;
papal legates and their functions, 194;
Alexander III. and Thomas a Becket, 195;
career of Innocent III. [see Innocent III.];
height of the papal power in the 13th century, 202;
promulgation of the canon law, 203;
its analogy to the Justinian code, 204 and _notes_;
establishment of the mendicant friars, 205;
dispensations of marriage, 208 and _notes_;
dispensations from oaths, 210;
encroachments on episcopal elections, 211;
and on rights of patronage, 212;
mandats and their abuse, _ib._;
the Pragmatic Sanction, 214 and _note_;
pretexts for taxing the clergy, 215, 216;
clerical disaffection towards the popes, 218;
progress of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 219-221;
opposition thereto by England, 223 and _notes_;
faint opposition of France, 225;
career of Boniface VIII. [see Boniface VIII.];
decline of the papacy, 232;
removal of the papal court to Avignon, 233;
its contests with Louis of Bavaria, 234;
growing resistance to the popes, 236;
rapacity of the Avignon popes, 237;
participation of the French kings in the plunder, 238;
independent conduct of England, _ib._ and _notes_;
return of the popes to Rome, 240;
contest between Urban VI. and Clement VII., _ib._;
the two papal courts, 242;
three contemporary popes, _ib._;
proceedings at the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle, 243
[see Councils];
reflections pertinent thereto, 248-251;
effects of the concordat of Aschaffenburg, 253;
papal encroachments in Castile, 254;
restraints thereon in France, 254-256;
further limits on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 257-259 and _notes_;
decline of papal influence in Italy, and its causes, 259;
despicable nature of later Interdicts, 260 _note_.
See Church, Clergy, Monasteries.
Paper from linen, when invented, iii. 459 and _note_ y.
Paris, seditions at, i. 66;
defeat and harsh treatment of its citizens, 67 and _notes_;
their fear of the Normans, 134;
population of the city in early times, iii. 224;
See Parliament of Paris.
Parishes, origin, of, ii. 144 and _note_ r;
their slow growth, 145.
Parliament of England, constituent elements of the, iii. 4;
right by which the spiritual peers sit, 4, 5, 122;
earls and barons, 5, 6;
theories of Selden and Madox, 6-9;
tenants in chief in parliament, 10, 11;
first germ of representation, 11, 12 and _note_ a;
county representation, 12;
parliaments of Henry III., 13, 14 and _notes_;
knights of the shire, how elected, 15-19;
first summoning of towns to parliament, 27 and _note_ s;
question of an earlier date discussed, 28-30 and _notes_;
the parliament of Acton Burnell, 31 _note_ e;
the Barnstaple petition, 32;
cause of summoning deputies from boroughs, 35-37;
division of parliament into two houses, 37;
proper business of the house of commons, 38;
complaint of the commons in 1309, 40;
rights established by them, 42;
their struggle with the king relative to taxation, 42-47;
concurrence of both houses in legislation made necessary, 48;
distinction between statutes and ordinances, 49-52;
interference of parliament in matters of war and peace, 53, 54;
right to inquire into public abuses, 54;
increase of the power of the commons under Richard II., 58;
their protests against lavish expenditure, 59-61;
success of their demands for accounts, 61;
boldness of their remonstrances, 62-64;
they aid the duke of Lancaster, 65 _note_ t;
their charges against the earl of Suffolk, 67, 68;
submission of Richard to their demands, 69-71;
they come to an understanding with him, 73, 74;
they fall under his displeasure, 75;
servility of their submission, 76-78;
necessity for deposing Richard, 80;
cautious proceedings of parliament thereupon, 82, 83;
rights acquired by the commons during his reign, 83;
their constitutional advances under the house of Lancaster, 84;
their exclusive right of taxation, 84-86;
their right of granting and controlling supplies, 86;
and to make same depend in redress of grievances, 86, 87;
establishment of their legislative rights, 87-88;
falsification of their intentions how accomplished, 88-90;
their first petition in English, 90;
introduction of bills, public and private, 91, 92;
legislative divisions of king, lords, and commons, 92 _note_ h;
parliamentary interference with royal expenditure, 93;
limitations laid on Henry IV., 93, 94;
re-establishment of a good understanding with him, 95;
harmony between Henry V. and the parliament, 96;
parliamentary advice sought on public affairs, 97;
their right to impeach ministers, 98;
Henry VI.'s mode of evading Suffolk's impeachment, 99;
assertion of the privilege of parliament, 100;
cases of Lark and Clerke _ib._;
principles involved in Thorp's case, 101;
infringements on liberty of speech, 102;
privilege of originating money-bills, 103-106;
the three estates of the realm, 105 _note_ b;
course of proceeding on other bills, 106, 107;
instance of excess of privilege, 108;
contested elections and proceedings thereon, 109, 110;
county franchise, in whom vested, 111 and _note_;
representation of towns, 111, 112;
partial omission of boroughs, 113, 114 and _notes_;
reluctance of boroughs to send members, 115;
in whom the right to vote was vested, 116, 117 and _note_ m;
status of the members, 117;
exclusion of lawyers from the commons' house, 118;
members originally compelled to be residents, 118, 119;
election irregularities and crown interference, 120, 121;
constitution of the house of lords, 121;
qualification of spiritual barons, 122;
barons by writ, 123-126 and _notes_;
distinction between barons and bannerets, 126-129;
creation of peers by statute and by patent, 129, 130;
clergy summoned to send representatives, 131-138;
remonstrances of the commons against the encroachments of the
council, 140-142.
Parliament of Paris, constitution and sittings of the, i. 248;
progress of its jurisdiction, 250;
enregistration of royal decrees confided to it, 251;
its spirited conduct in reference thereto, _ib._;
interference of the kings with its privileges, 251;
establishment of its independence by Louis XI., 252;
its claims on the respect of posterity, _ib._;
important ordinance of Charles V., iii. 152 _note_ t.
Paschal II. (pope), opposition to investitures by, ii. 187 _note_ i,
and 189 _note_ o;
his animosity against Henry IV. of Germany, 188.
Pastoureaux. See Superstitions.
Paulicians. See Religious Sects.
Pauperism, slavery chosen as a refuge from the miseries of, i. 328.
Pecock (bishop), character of, iii. 389 _note_ i.
Peers of England. See Nobility, Parliament.
Peers of France, original constitution of the, i. 249.
Pelagius II. and the bishop of Arles, ii. 164.
Pembroke (William, earl of), resolute defiance of Henry III. by,
iii. 164.
People, state of the, _temp._ Charlemagne and his successors, i. 18,
19, _et seq._;
their lawlessness, iii. 307;
their general immorality, _ib._
Pepin Heristal, usurpation of supremacy by, i. 7;
his influence over the destinies of France, 117;
he restores the national council, 215.
Pepin (son of Charles Martel) deposes Childeric III., i. 8;
ascends the throne, _ib._;
subdues the Lombards, 9;
his legislative assemblies, 215.
Perjury, prevalence of, in the middle ages, iii. 309.
Perrers (Alice). See Edward III.
Peter the Great compared with Charlemagne, i. 13.
Peter the Cruel, succession of crimes perpetrated by, ii. 14;
his apologists, _ib._ and _note_;
his discomfiture and death, 15.
Peter the Hermit. See Crusades.
Peter II. of Aragon surrenders his kingdom to the pope, ii, 200, 231.
Peter III of Aragon assists John of Procida, i. 483;
he accepts the crown of Sicily, 484.
Peter IV. of Aragon, character and reign of, ii. 39;
consequences of his attempts to settle the crown on his daughter, _ib._
Petrarch on the state of France in 1360, i. 59, _note_;
his extravagant views relative to Rome, 418, _note_;
his personal characteristics, iii. 449 and _note_ e;
his great popularity, 450;
his goldsmith host, _ib._ _note_ f;
his passion for Laura, 451;
character of his poetry, 452 and _note_;
his efforts for the preservation of manuscripts, 461;
was Laura married or single? 482-484.
Philip Augustus, accession of, i. 26;
he cites John king of England before him, _ib._;
deprives the English crown of its French possessions, 27;
joins in the third crusade, 40;
his request to an abbot relative to coinage, 206;
pope Gregory's menaces towards him, ii. 192;
his fear of Innocent III., 197;
takes back his repudiated wife, 199.
Philip III. (the Bold), accession of, i. 42;
his conduct towards the archbishop of Lyons, 45;
he taxes the clergy, ii. 219 _note_ h.
Philip IV. (the Fair), accession of, i. 43;
policy adopted by him, _ib._;
his resentment against the English king, _ib. note_;
his fraudulent conduct towards him, 44;
successful resistance of the Flemings against his attacks, 44 and
_note_ a;
his further acquisitions, 44;
and siege of Lyons, 45;
claims a right to debase the coin, 206 _note_ q;
his character according to Guizot, 224 _note_;
he convokes the States-General, 225 and _note_;
his motives in embodying the deputies of towns, 226;
he taxes the clergy, ii. 228;
he arrests the pope's legate, 230;
he burns the pope's bulls, _ib._;
retaliation of the pope, 231;
his stratagem against the pope, 232;
its consequences, _ib._
Philip V. (the Long), assumption of the regency of France by, i. 45;
violates his treaty with his brother's widow, 46;
Salic law confirmed in his reign, 48 decrees the abolition of
serfdom, 202;
result of his attempt at an excise on salt, 228.
Philip VI. (of Valois) regency and coronation of, i. 48;
sketch of his character, 53;
his debasements of the coin, 228.
Philip of Suabia elected emperor of Germany, ii. 75;
his assassination, _ib._
Phocas, supposed concession to the popes by, ii. 162 _note_ s.
Pickering (Sir James), tenor of a speech made by, iii. 59.
Piedmont, comparative obscurity of the history of, i. 390 _note_.
Piracy, temptations to the practice of, iii. 334;
difficulty of repressing it, 335.
Pisa, early naval and commercial importance of, i. 441;
her wars with Genoa, 442;
her reverses and sale to Florence, 443;
effect of the crusades on her prosperity, iii. 329.
Pisani (Vittor) defeated by the Genoese, and imprisoned by the Venetians,
i. 445;
his triumphant recall from prison, 446.
Pius II. See AEneas Sylvius.
Podesta, peculiarities of the office of, i. 397, 398.
Podiebrad (George), vigorous rule of Bohemia by, ii. 104;
suspected of poisoning Ladislaus, 106 _note_ c.
Poggio Bracciolini, services of, in the revival of learning, iii. 463.
Poitiers, battle of. See Edward III.
Poland, polity of, not based on feudality, i. 187.
Pole (Michael de la, earl of Suffolk), succeeds Scrope as chancellor,
iii. 66;
refusal of Richard II. to dismiss him, 67;
his impeachment and sentence, 68;
subsequent proceedings relative to him, 72.
Porcaro, revolt and death of, i. 419.
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255;
repealed by Louis XI., _ib._;
its popularity with the people, _ib._;
liberties secured by it, 256.
Pragmatic Sanction of S. Louis, enactment of the, ii. 214 and _note_.
Prague university, opposition of the nobles to the institution of, ii.
102 _note_ t;
fate of its rector, _ib._
Precarious, origin of the adjective, ii. 147 _note_ d.
Prerogative of the kings of England, observations on the, iii. 147,
257-260.
See English Constitution.
Prices of commodities, iii. 368-370.
Printing, invention of, iii. 471;
first books printed, _ib._;
Italian presses, 472.
See Learning.
Protadius, oppressive conduct of, i. 114.
Provence annexed to the French dominions, i. 100;
_note_ upon its history, 101.
Public weal, origin of the war of the, i. 85;
object of its chiefs, 87, 88 and _note_ n;
their fate, 89.
Punishments amongst the Franks for murder, i. 150, 151 and _notes_,
198 and _note_ q, 281;
amongst the Burgundians, 151 and _note_ s.
Purveyance, oppressive operation of the prerogative of, iii. 148, and
149 _note_.
Races, turbulence of the Carlovingian period ascribed to the antipathy
between, i. 128-134.
Rachimburgii, the, i. 214;
difference between them and the Scabini, 216 _note_ z.
Ravenna, conquest and reconquest of. i. 8, 9.
Raymond VI. (count of Toulouse) excommunicated by Innocent III., i. 28;
reverses of his son Raymond, 29.
Regencies, rule in France relative to, i. 68 and _note_ a;
instances of regencies in England, and principles deducible therefrom,
iii. 184-190.
Religious sects, moral improvement accelerated by the growth of, iii.
378;
tenets of the Manicheans and Paulicians, 378, 379 and _notes_;
the Albigenses, and controversies respecting them, 380, 381 and _note_;
origin of the Waldenses, 382, 383 and _notes_;
morality of their life, 384 _note_ b;
Manicheism of the Albigenses, 385;
persecutions at Oxford, _ib._ and _note_;
secret readings of the scriptures, 386;
persecutions for witchcraft, _ib._ _note_;
permissions and prohibitions concerning the sacred writings, 387;
continued spread of heresies, 388;
strictnesses of Lollardism, 389;
schism of the Hussites, 389, 390 and _note_ m.
Representation of the towns. See Parliament, States-General.
Representative legislation, first germ of, i. 216.
See Parliament.
Revenues of the kings of France, how derived, i. 208-212.
See Taxation.
Richard I., non-success of, against Philip Augustus, i. 26;
joins with Philip in the crusades, 40;
his prowess; terror excited by his name, _ib._ and _note_ t;
his refusal relative to the right of private war, 207 _note_ t;
his submission to the pope, ii. 197;
deposition of his chancellor, 325;
enactment of the laws of Oleron imputed to him, iii. 334;
his character as a troubadour, 439 and _note_ k.
Richard II. loses ground in France, i. 64, 65;
his coronation, iii. 58;
his council during his minority, _ib._;
his struggles with parliament, 62-64;
sketch of his character, 65;
his dependence on favourites, 66;
his refusal to dismiss de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, 67;
determined conduct of the commons towards him, 67, 68;
he yields to their demands, 69;
his further attempts at independent rule, 73;
his complaint against the commons, 75;
their submission, 76;
his seizure of the duke of Gloucester and other arbitrary acts, 77-79;
necessity for his deposition, 80;
progress of the constitution during his reign, 83;
extent of his malpractices relative to the raising of money, 84, 85;
his attack upon Haxey, 76, 102.
Richard (earl of Cornwall), chosen emperor of Germany, ii. 76;
absurdity of the choice, 77.
Richard (duke of York). See York.
Richer (a mediaeval historian), degree of value due to the testimony of,
i. 130.
"Riding the city," meaning of the phrase, i. 429.
Rienzi (Nicola di), sudden accession to power of, i. 417;
his exile, recall, and death, 418;
Petrarch's enthusiasm towards him, _ib. note_.
Robert of Artois, impolitic act of forgery committed by, i. 47 _note_ k.
Robert of Gloucester, and other metrical writers, iii. 453.
Robert of Naples, wise rule of, i. 485;
singular provision made by him, ii. 226 _note_ x.
Robert (count palatine) supersedes Wenceslaus as emperor of Germany,
ii. 87.
Robertson (the historian), value of his treatise on private warfare, i.
207 _note_ t.
Rochelle, patriotism of the citizens of, i. 63.
Roderick the last of the Goths, credibility of the legend relative to,
ii. 62-65.
Rodolph of Hapsburg elected emperor of Germany, ii. 81;
Austria conferred upon his son, _ib._;
his ascendency in Switzerland, 107.
Rollo of Normandy, conversion of, i. 22.
Romance language, ascendency in the Frank dominions of the, i. 131.
See Learning.
Romano (Eccelin da). See Eccelin.
Rome, subversion of the empire of, i. 1;
its division by barbarous races, _ib._;
portion which remained subject to it, 2;
partition of its provinces amongst their conquerors, 146, 275-278;
its municipal institutions, 339, 340;
its internal state in the tenth century, 358;
infamous conduct of candidates for the papal chair, 359;
execution of the consul Crescentius, 359 and _note_;
schemes of Innocent III. for aggrandizing the holy see, 381, 382;
increase of the temporal authority of the popes, 414;
the Roman orator and Frederic Barbarossa, 415 and _note_;
expulsion of popes by the citizens, 416;
the senators and their jurisdiction, _ib._;
mutual animosities of the nobles, 417;
rise and fall of Rienzi, _ib._, 418;
transient revival of the republican spirit, 418;
miscarriage of Porcaro's revolutionary projects, 419.
See Papal Power.
Romeo and Juliet, parallel to the story of, i. 402 and _note_.
Saint Bathilda, character of, i. 112.
Saint Boniface. See Winfrid.
Saint Denis, sum paid for redeeming the abbot of, i. 22.
Saint John of Jerusalem, knights of, i. 40;
their saint, who he was, _ib. note_ r;
their enormous possessions, _ib._ and _note_ s.
Saint Louis. See Louis IX.
Saint Medard, parentage of, i. 296.
Saint Pol (count of), anecdote of, i. 84 _note_ f;
executed on the scaffold, 89;
anecdote of his distrust of Louis XI, 97 _note_.
Saint Wilfrid, historical service rendered by, i. 112.
Saints, great addition to the calendar of, in the time of Clovis and
his sons, i. 111;
historical value of their lives, _ib._;
extent of their title to canonization, 112, 113.
Saladin, conquest of Jerusalem by, i. 40.
Salic lands, characteristics of, i. 147-149 and _notes_.
Salic law, circumstances which led to the confirmation of the, i. 47, 48;
date of its enactment, 278, 279;
its incompleteness as a code, 280.
Sancho the Great bestows Castile on his second son, ii. 4;
he incorporates Naxara, 6.
Sancho IV. assassinates Don Lope, ii. 13;
clerical encroachments encouraged by, 220 _note_ r.
Sanctuary, institution of the privilege of, iii. 302.
Saracens, expulsion of the, from France, i. 7 and _note_ q;
their inroads upon Italy, 19 and _note_ u;
Eudon's great victory over them, 116;
their conflicts with the Christians [see Crusades];
they conquer Spain, ii, 2;
encroachments of the Christians on their territories, 3;
mainspring of their heroism, 117;
their eastern conquests, 119;
their triumphs in the west, _ib._;
effect of their successes, _ib._;
their internal dissensions, 121.
See Crusades, Moors.
Saragosa taken from the Moors, ii. 5.
Sardinia conquered by the Pisans, i. 441;
its cession to the king of Aragon, 443.
Saxons, obstinate resistance to Charlemagne by the, i. 10;
enormous number beheaded by him, 13;
true cause of their wars with the Franks, 120;
their early kings, 303.
See Anglo-Saxons.
Scabini, representative character of the, i. 216;
difference between them and the Rachimburgii, _ib. note_ z;
their functions, 238 and _note_ g.
Scanderbeg, protracted opposition to the Turks by, ii. 138.
Scandinavia and her Sea Kings, ii. 271.
Sclavonians, territories occupied by the, i. 19.
Scotus (Duns), notices of, iii. 427, 428 _note_ i, 429.
Scotus (John), an exception to the ignorance of his times, iii. 290 and
_note_ r;
character of the philosophy introduced by him, 430 _note_ p.
Scrope (lord steward), answers to the commons by, iii. 60;
cause of his dismissal from office, 66.
Serfdom and villenage, distinctive features of, i. 197-200.
See Villeins.
Servitude enforced upon the cultivators of the soil in the middle ages,
i. 328, 329;
contrary hypothesis of M. Guerard, 329-331.
Sforza Attendolo, rise to distinction of, i. 481;
his tactics relative to the crown of Naples, 489, 490.
Sforza (Francesco), powerful position achieved by, i. 483;
becomes duke of Milan, _ib._;
joins in the quadruple league, 493;
his policy towards Naples, 504;
accession and assassination of his son Galeazzo, 496;
policy of Ludovico Sforza, _ib._;
he directs the French king's attention towards Naples, 505;
short-sightedness of his views, _ib._
Sheriffs, partiality of, in elections, iii. 113;
how originally appointed, 120 and _note_ y.
Sicily, conquest of, by Roger Guiscard, i. 363;
its subsequent fortunes, 378;
its rebellion against Charles of Anjou, 483;
the Sicilian Vespers, 484 and _note_;
opposition of the Sicilians to Charles II. of Naples, 484;
settlement of the crown on Frederic, 485;
Sicilian possessions of the Chiaramonti, 490;
union of Sicily with Aragon, _ib._
Sigismund elected emperor of Germany, ii. 87 and _note_ g;
his safe-conduct violated, 102;
acquires the crown of Hungary, 104;
his conduct at the council of Constance, 249.
Silk manufacture established in Palermo, iii. 331.
Silvester II. (pope), scientific acquirements of, iii. 290, 291 _note_.
Simony. See Church, Clergy.
Slavery, existence of, in ancient times, i, 197;
its features amongst the Franks, 198 and _note_ q;
voluntarily submitted to from superstitious motives, 199;
edicts for its abolition, 202;
submitted to by the poor for subsistence sake, 328;
Venetian and English slave-trading, iii. 316 and _note_ d.
Society, state of.
See Architecture, Chivalry, Clergy, Feudal System, Learning,
Superstition, Trade, Villenage.
Sorel (Agnes), examination of the story of, i. 80 _note_ z.
Southey's Joan of Arc, eulogium of a French writer upon, i. 143.
Spain, character of the Visigothic kingdoms in, ii. 1;
its conquest by the Saracens, 2;
kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Castile, 3, 4;
reverses of the Saracens, 5;
chartered towns, 6, 7, 8;
establishment of military orders, 8;
non-expulsion of the Moors, 10;
its probable cause, 11;
Alfonso X. and his shortcomings, 12;
frequent defection of the nobles, 13;
Peter the Cruel, 14;
accession of the Trastamare line, 15;
disgrace and execution of Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17;
contests after Henry IV.'s death, 18;
constitution of the national councils, 19;
composition of the Cortes, 21;
its trade relations with England, iii. 327.
See Aragon, Castile, Cortes.
Spelman (Sir Henry), remarkable mistake of, i. 166 _note_ n.
Sports of the field, popularity of, iii. 309;
addiction of the clergy thereto, 310;
evils attendant thereon, 311.
States-General of France, memorable resistance to taxation by the, i. 66;
convoked by Philip IV., 225, 226;
probability of their earlier convocation canvassed, _ib. note_;
Philip's politic reasons for summoning them, 226;
extent of their rights as to taxation, 227, 228 and _notes_;
their resolute proceedings in 1355 and 1356, 228;
their protest against the debasement of the coin, 230 and _notes_;
disappointment occasioned by their proceedings in 1357, 231;
they compel Charles VI. to revoke all illegal taxes, 232;
effect of their limited functions, 233;
theoretical respect attached to their sanction, 234;
provincial estates and their jurisdiction, _ib._;
encroachments of Louis XI., 235;
the States-General of Tours, 236;
means by which their deliberations were jeopardized, _ib._;
unpalatable nature of their remonstrances, 237.
Stephen (king), cruel treatment of the people in his reign, ii. 319
_note_.
Stratford (archbishop), circumstances attending the trial of, iii. 205.
Succession to kingly and other dignities. See Hereditary Succession.
Suevi, part of the Roman empire held by the, i. 1.
Suffolk (duke of), impeachment of, iii. 99.
Suffolk (earl of). See Pole.
Sumptuary laws, enactment and disregard of, iii. 343, 344 and _notes_.
Superstition, learning discouraged by, iii. 274;
its universal prevalence, 293;
instances of its results, 294;
ordeals, 294, 295 and _notes_;
fanatical gatherings: the White Caps, 296;
the Pastoureaux, _ib._;
the Flagellants, 297;
the Bianchi, 298;
pretended miracles, and their attendant evils, 298, 299;
miracles ascribed to the Virgin, 300 and _note_;
redeeming features of the system, 301;
penances and pilgrimages, 306, 307.
See Religious Sects.
Surnames, introduction of, i. 190.
Sweden, semi-feudal custom in, relative to military service, 188
_note_ g.
Swineford (Katherine), proceedings relative to the marriage of, iii.
74, 75.
Switzerland, early history of, ii. 107;
ascendency of Rodolph, _ib._;
expulsion and defeat of Albert and Leopold, 108, 109;
formation of the Swiss confederation, 109;
indomitable heroism of the Swiss, 111;
their military excellence, _ib._;
failure of Maximilian's attempt to subjugate them, 112.
Syagrius, Roman provinces governed by, i. 2;
defeated by Clovis, _ib._ and 106.
Taborites, fanaticism and courage of the, ii. 103;
iii. 390.
Tacitus, general accuracy of the descriptions of, i. 273;
qualifications necessary to be observed touching his account of the
Germans, 274.
Tartars. See Moguls.
Taxation, remarks on the philosophy of, i. 68;
clumsy substitutes for taxes in the middle ages, 208;
arbitrary course adopted by Philip Augustus, 212;
conditions annexed by the States-General to a grant of taxes, 230;
Philip de Comines on taxation, 236;
taxes under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 321, 322 and _notes_.
See States-General.
Temple, knights of the. See Knights Templars.
Tenure of land under the Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Normans, ii. 293-301,
406-410.
See Feudal System.
Teutonic knights, establishment of the order of, i. 40.
Theodebert, story of the wife of, iii. 306 _note_ u.
Theodoric, disregard of learning by, iii. 275.
Thierry (son of Clovis), territories possessed by, i. 4, and 5 _note_.
Timur, conquering career of, ii. 133.
Tithes, establishment of, ii. 144;
Charlemagne's capitulary relative thereto, 145 and _notes_;
origin of lay impropriators, 148;
_note_ relative to the subject, 263.
Toledo taken from the Moors, ii. 5.
Torriani. See Visconti.
Toulouse, non-submission of the counts of, to the kings of France, i. 27
and _note_ r;
their fall, 29.
See Raymond VI.
Towns and cities, earliest charters granted to, i. 256;
considerations on the causes of such grants, _ib._ 257;
privileges of incorporated towns, 258;
their relationship towards the crown, 259-261;
independence of maritime towns, 261;
chartered towns of Spain, ii. 6;
their privileges and duties, 7, 8;
cause of their importance, 20;
cities of Germany [see Germany];
cities of Italy [see Florence, Genoa, Milan, Pisa, Venice].
Towns of England, progress of the, iii. 19;
Canterbury, Lincoln, and Stamford, 20 _note_ r;
conversion of individual tributes into borough rents, 21;
incorporation of towns by charter, 22 and _notes_;
curious bond relative to Cambridgeshire, 23 _note_ b;
prosperity of the towns, 24;
early importance and populousness of London, 24, 25 and _notes_;
participation of its citizens in constitutional struggles, 26;
first summoning of towns to parliament, 27.
See Municipal Institutions.
Trade and commerce, mediaeval non-existence of, iii. 313;
barriers to their progress, _ib._ 314;
extent of foreign commerce, 315;
home traffic in slaves 316 and _note_ d;
woollen manufactures and vacillating policy of the English kings
relative thereto, 318-323 and _notes_;
opening of the Baltic trade, 324;
growth of English commerce, 325;
opulence of English merchants, _ib._ 326;
increase of maritime traffic, 326-328;
commercial eminence of the Italian states, 328-330 and _notes_;
invention of the mariners' compass, 332, 333;
compilation of maritime laws, 333;
frequency and irrepressibility of piracy, 334;
practice of reprisals, 335, 336 and _notes_;
liability of aliens for each other's debts, 336;
trade profits and rates of interest, 337;
price of corn and cattle, 368.
Trial by combat, ceremonials attending, i. 242, 243 and _notes_;
abolished by St. Louis, 244.
Trial by jury and its antecedents, ii. 285-288;
early modes of trial, 386-388;
abolition of trial by ordeal, 390;
difference between ancient and modern trial by jury, 392;
original functions of juries, _ib._;
origin of the modern system, 402-404;
character of the early system, 405.
Troubadours (the), and their productions, iii. 434-436.
Troyes, conditions of the treaty of, i. 76 and _note_.
Turks, Italian fears of the, i. 495;
triumphant progress of their arms, ii. 127;
their defeat by the crusaders and Alexius, 128;
their settlement under Othman, 132;
war declared against them at Frankfort, 136;
the Janizaries, 137.
See Ottomans.
Tuscany (Boniface, marquis of), flogged for simony, ii. 181 _note_ q.
Tuscany, league of the cities of, i. 382;
espousal of the papal cause, _ib._ 389;
progress of its cities.
See Florence.
Uladislaus crowned king of Hungary, ii. 105;
violates his treaty with the Turks, _ib._;
its fatal results, _ib._
Urban II., encouragement of the crusades by, i. 34;
he succeeds Gregory VII., ii. 187;
his concession to the kings of Castile, 190.
Urban V. retransfers the papal court to Avignon, ii. 240.
Urban VI. aids Charles of Durazzo in his designs on Joanna of Naples,
i. 487;
sanctions perjury towards heretics, ii. 210 _note_ c;
his contest with Clement VII., 240;
validity of his election, 241.
Urgel (count of), lays claim to the crown of Aragon, ii. 40, 41;
rejection of his pretensions, 42;
consequences of his unwise resort to arms, _ib._
Usury treated as a crime, iii. 337, 339 _note_ c.
Valencia, constitution of the kingdom of, ii. 57.
Valentinian III., authority of the holy see extended by, ii. 161.
Vandals, portions of the Roman empire possessed by the, i. 1.
Vase of Soissons, story of the, i. 155;
principle involved in the anecdote, 301, 302 and _note_ p.
Vassals and Vassalage. See Feudal System.
Vavassors, privileges attaching to the rank of, i. 194 and _note_ b;
their manorial courts, 219.
Venice, conflicts of, with Genoa, i. 444;
defeat of her admiral by the Genoese, 445;
insolence of the latter towards her ambassadors, 446;
successful tactics of her doge, 447;
triumph of her fleet, 448;
her alleged early independence, 452;
her subjection to the emperors, 453 and _note_ n;
her Dalmatian and Levantine acquisitions, 454;
her government: powers of the doge, 455;
the great council, 456;
criminal jurisdiction, how exercised, 457;
checks to undue influence on the part of the doge, 458;
singular complication in ballots for the dogeship, 459;
Marin Falieri's treason, 460;
the council of ten and its secret proceedings, 460, 461;
exclusion of the nobles from trade, 461 _note_ y;
Venetian form of government not entitled to high admiration, 462, 463
and _note_;
territorial acquisitions of Venice, 464;
prophecy of the doge Mocenigo, 465, 466 and _note_;
Venetian conquests under Carmagnola, 466;
wars of the republic with Mahomet II., 493, 495.
Verdun, treaty of, i. 16;
its results, 17 and _notes_.
Vere, favouritism of Richard II. towards, iii. 66;
his funeral, 74.
Verona, seized by Francesco da Carrara, i. 464.
Vienna, AEneas Sylvius's florid description of, iii. 345 _note_ u.
Villani (John) falls a victim to the plague, i. 57 _note_.
Villeins and villenage: conditions of villeins, i. 199;
consequences of their marriage with free persons, 200, and 201
_note_ b;
privileges acquired by them, 201, 202 and _notes_;
their obligations, 331;
their legal position in England, 333;
villenage never established in Leon and Castile, ii. 6;
question of its existence among the Anglo-Saxons, 276;
dependence of the villein on his lord, iii. 171;
condition of his property and children, 172 and _note_ b;
legal distinctions, 172 and _notes_;
difficulties besetting the abolition of villenage, 173;
gradual softening of its features, 174-176;
merger of villeins into hired labourers, 177;
effects of the anti-poll-tax insurrection, 181;
disappearance of villenage, 181, 182;
elucidatory _notes_ on the subject, 260-264.
Virgin, absurd miracles ascribed to the, iii. 300 _note_.
Visconti and Torriani families, rivalry of the, i. 409, 410;
triumph of the Visconti, 410;
their power and unpopularity, 411;
their marriages with royalty, 412 and _note_ e;
tyranny of Bernabo Visconti, 439;
Giovanni Visconti's brutality, _ib._;
his assassination, 466;
Filippo Visconti's accession, _ib._;
his ingratitude to Carmagnola, _ib._;
his mistrust of Sforza, 482;
his alliance with Alfonso, 492;
quarrels of the family with the popes, ii. 235.
Visigoths, portions of the Roman provinces possessed by the, i. 1;
conduct of their earlier rulers towards the catholics, 3 _note_ f;
their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146;
their laws, how compiled, 151, 152 _note_ z;
difference between the Frank monarchy and theirs, ii. 1, 2.
Voltaire, limited knowledge of early French history by, i. 213 _note_ p.
Wages, futility of laws for the regulation of, iii. 178.
See Labourers.
Waldenses. See Religious Sects.
Wales, causes of the turbulent state of, iii. 169 _note_.
Walworth, and Philpot made stewards of a subsidy (temp. Richard II.),
iii. 59;
allegations relative to their stewardship, 60.
Wamba (king of the Visigoths), question of his deposition discussed,
ii. 156.
War, private, exercise of the right of, i. 207;
by whom checked and suppressed, _ib._ and _note_ t;
its prevalence amongst the German nobles, ii. 95, 96.
Warna, circumstances which led to the battle of, ii. 105.
Warwick (earl of), popularity of the, iii. 65;
made a lord appellant, 72;
banished by Richard II., 77.
Water-Ordeal. See Ordeals.
Wenceslaus, confirmed in the imperial succession, ii. 87;
his deposition, _ib._;
he abets the league of the Rhine, 93.
Weregild, or compensation for murder. See Murder.
Wicliff (John), influence of the tenets of, ii. 252;
iii. 179 and _note_ t, 388, 389.
Widows in Burgundy, reason for the speedy remarriage of, i. 93 _note_ x.
Wilfrid (bishop of Hexham), question involved in his appeal to the pope,
ii. 164 _note_ t.
William of Holland elected emperor of Germany, ii. 76.
William the Conqueror, separation of the ecclesiastical and civil
tribunals by, ii. 222 and _note_ a;
position of England at its conquest by him, 302;
his considerate treatment of Edgar, _ib._ _note_ b;
alleged inadequacy of the military forces of the Saxons, 303 _note_;
their fruitless rebellions against him, 304 and _notes_;
instances of his oppressive conduct, 305;
his devastating clearances for forests, 311;
and inhuman forest laws, 312 and _note_;
his enormous revenues, 313;
his feudal innovations, 314;
his preservation of public peace and efforts to learn English, 315 and
_note_;
policy of his manorial grants, 317;
tyranny of his government, 318.
Winchester, early opulence and populousness of, iii. 225.
Windsor castle, labourers for the erection of, how procured, iii. 150.
Winfrid (St. Boniface), importance of the ecclesiastical changes effected
by, ii. 164.
Winkelried, the Swiss patriot, heroic death of, ii. 111.
Wisbuy, ordinances of, iii. 334 and _note_ a.
Witchcraft, cruel treatment of persons charged with, iii. 385 _note_ c.
Witikind, acknowledgment of Charlemagne's authority by, i. 10.
Witenagemot, bishops appointed by the, ii. 180;
its characteristics, 279;
how often assembled, 411, 412.
See Anglo-Saxons.
Women, legal position of, in Italy during coverture, i. 152 _note_ z;
perils attending their marriage with slaves, 200 _note_ a.
Woollen manufacture established in Flanders, iii. 318;
impolitic regulations respecting it, 319 and _note_ c;
export of wool from England, 320;
English woollen manufacture, 321;
policy adopted towards the Flemings, _ib._ and _note_ o;
laws relative to the trade, 322;
relations of England and Spain regarding it, 323 _notes_.
Worms, diet of. See Diet.
Wykeham (bishop of Winchester) invested with the great seal, iii. 73.
York (Richard, duke of) appointed protector to Henry VI., iii. 191;
his claim to the throne, 194;
his cautious policy 195.
Yorkists and Lancastrians, wars of the, iii. 197.
Zimisces (John), military exploits of, ii. 126.
Zisca (John), the blind hero, victories of the Bohemians under, i. 481;
his exploits; enthusiasm of his followers, ii. 103.
THE END.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING
CROSS.
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Transcribers note:
In the original work the footnotes were alphabetical. This has been
preserved in the html version but for ease of searching they have
been converted to numerics in the text version.
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