writers, which gives too much of a polemical character, too much of the
tone of an advocate who fights every point, rather than of a calm
arbitrator, to the Letters on the Dark Ages. For it is not Henry, or
Jortin, or Robertson, who are our usual testimonies, but their immediate
masters, Muratori, and Fleury, and Tiraboschi, and Brucker and the
Benedictine authors of the Literary History of France, and many others
in France, Italy, and Germany. The latest who has gone over this rather
barren ground, and not inferior to any in well-applied learning, in
candour or good sense, is M. Ampere, in his Histoire Litteraire de la
France avant le douzieme siecle (3 vols. Paris, 1840). No one will
accuse this intelligent writer of unduly depreciating the ages which he
thus brings before us; and by the perusal of his volumes, to which
Heeren and Eichhorn may be added for Germany, we may obtain a clear and
correct outline, which, considering the shortness of life compared with
the importance of exact knowledge on such a subject, will suffice for
the great majority of readers. I by no means, however, would exclude the
Letters on the Dark Ages, as a spirited pleading for those who have
often been condemned unheard.
I shall conclude by remarking that one is a little tempted to inquire
why so much anxiety is felt by the advocates of the mediaeval church to
rescue her from the charge of ignorance. For this ignorance she was not,
generally speaking, to be blamed. It was no crime of the clergy that the
Huns burned their churches, or the Normans pillaged their monasteries.
It was not by their means that the Saracens shut up the supply of
papyrus, and that sheep-skins bore a great price. Europe was altogether
decayed in intellectual character, partly in consequence of the
barbarian incursions, partly of other sinister influences acting long
before. We certainly owe to the church every spark of learning which
then glimmered, and which she preserved through that darkness to
re-kindle the light of a happier age--Sperma puros sozousa. Meantime,
what better apology than this ignorance can be made by Protestants, and
I presume Dr. Maitland is not among those who abjure the name, for the
corruption, the superstition, the tendency to usurpation, which they at
least must impute to the church of the dark ages? Not that in these
respects it was worse than in a less obscure period; for the reverse is
true; but the fabric of popery was raised upon its foundations before
the eleventh century, though not displayed in its full proportions till
afterwards. And there was so much of lying legend, so much of fraud in
the acquisition of property, that ecclesiastical historians have not
been loth to acknowledge the general ignorance as a sort of excuse.
[1848.]
NOTE II. Page 350.
The account of domestic architecture given in the text is very
superficial; but the subject still remains, comparatively with other
portions of mediaeval antiquity, but imperfectly treated. The best sketch
that has hitherto been given is in an article with this title in the
Glossary of Ancient Architecture (which should be read in an edition not
earlier than that of 1845), from the pen of Mr. Twopeny, whose attention
has long been directed to the subject. "There is ample evidence yet
remaining of the domestic architecture in this country during the
twelfth century. The ordinary manor-houses, and even houses of greater
consideration, appear to have been generally built in the form of a
parallelogram, two stories high,[936] the lower story vaulted, with no
internal communication between the two, the upper story approached by a
flight of steps on the outside; and in that story was sometimes the only
fireplace in the whole building. It is more than probable that this was
the usual style of houses in the preceding century." Instances of houses
partly remaining are then given. We may add to those mentioned by Mr.
Twopeny one, perhaps older than any, and better preserved than some, in
his list. At Southampton is a Norman house, perhaps built in the first
part of the twelfth century. It is nearly a square, the outer walls
tolerably perfect; the principal rooms appear to have been on the first
(or upper) floor; it has in this also a fireplace and chimney, and four
windows placed so as to indicate a division into two apartments; but
there are no lights below, nor any appearance of an interior staircase.
The sides are about forty feet in length. Another house of the same age
is near to it, but much worse preserved.[937]
The parallelogram house, seldom containing more than four rooms, with no
access frequently to the upper which the family occupied, except on the
outside, was gradually replaced by one on a different type:--the
entrance was on the ground, the staircase within; a kitchen and other
offices, originally detached, were usually connected with the hall by a
passage running through the house; one or more apartments on the lower
floor extended beyond the hall; there was seldom or never a third floor
over the entire house, but detached turrets for sleeping-rooms rose at
some of the angles. This was the typical form which lasted, as we know,
to the age of Elizabeth, or even later. The superior houses of this
class were sometimes quadrangular, that is, including a court-yard, but
seldom, perhaps, with more than one side allotted to the main dwelling;
offices, stables, or mere walls filled the other three.
Many dwellings erected in the fourteenth century may be found in
England; but neither of that nor the next age are there more than a very
few, which are still, in their chief rooms, inhabited by gentry. But
houses, which by their marks of decoration, or by external proof, are
ascertained to have been formerly occupied by good families, though now
in the occupation of small farmers, and built apparently from the reign
of the second to that of the fourth Edward, are common in many counties.
They generally bear the name of court, hall, or grange; sometimes only
the surname of some ancient occupant, and very frequently have been the
residence of the lord of the manor.
The most striking circumstance in the oldest houses is not so much their
precautions for defence in the outside staircase, and when that was
disused, the better safeguard against robbery in the moat which
frequently environed the walls, the strong gateway, the small window
broken by mullions, which are no more than we should expect in the
times, as the paucity of apartments, so that both sexes, and that even
in high rank, must have occupied the same room. The progress of a regard
to decency in domestic architecture has been gradual, and in some
respects has been increasing up to our own age. But the mediaeval period
shows little of it; though in the advance of wealth, a greater division
of apartments distinguishes the houses of the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries from those of an earlier period.
The French houses of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were probably
much of the same arrangement as the English; the middle and lower
classes had but one hall and one chamber; those superior to them had the
solarium or upper floor, as with us. See Archaeological Journal (vol. i.
p. 212), where proofs are adduced from the fabliaux of Barbasan. [1848.]
NOTE III. Page 451.
The Abbe de Sade, in those copious memoirs of the life of Petrarch,
which illustrate in an agreeable though rather prolix manner the civil
and literary history of Provence and Italy in the fourteenth century,
endeavoured to establish his own descent from Laura, as the wife of
Hughes de Sade, and born in the family de Noves. This hypothesis has
since been received with general acquiescence by literary men; and
Tiraboschi in particular, whose talent lay in these petty biographical
researches, and who had a prejudice against every thing that came from
France, seems to consider it as decisively proved. But it has been
called in question in a modern publication by the late Lord
Woodhouselee. (Essay on the Life and Character of Petrarch, 1810.) I
shall not offer any opinion as to the identity of Petrarch's mistress
with Laura de Sade; but the main position of Lord W.'s essay, that Laura
was an unmarried woman, and the object of an honourable attachment in
her lover, seems irreconcileable with the evidence that his writings
supply. 1. There is no passage in Petrarch, whether of poetry or prose,
that alludes to the virgin character of Laura, or gives her the usual
appellations of unmarried women, puella in Latin, or donzella in
Italian; even in the Trionfo della Castita, where so obvious an
opportunity occurred. Yet this was naturally to be expected from so
ethereal an imagination as that of Petrarch, always inclined to invest
her with the halo of celestial purity. We know how Milton took hold of
the mystical notions of virginity; notions more congenial to the
religion of Petrarch than his own:
Quod tibi perpetuus pudor, et sine labe juventas
Pura fuit, quod nulla tori libata voluptas,
En etiam tibi virginei servantur honores.
Epitaphium Damonis.
2. The coldness of Laura towards so passionate and deserving a lover, if
no insurmountable obstacle intervened during his twenty years of
devotion, would be at least a mark that his attachment was misplaced,
and show him in rather a ridiculous light. It is not surprising, that
persons believing Laura to be unmarried, as seems to have been the case
with the Italian commentators, should have thought his passion affected,
and little more than poetical. But upon the contrary supposition, a
thread runs through the whole of his poetry, and gives it consistency. A
love on the one side, instantaneously conceived, and retained by the
susceptibility of a tender heart and ardent fancy; nourished by slight
encouragement, and seldom presuming to hope for more; a mixture of
prudence and coquetry on the other, kept within bounds either by virtue
or by the want of mutual attachment, yet not dissatisfied with fame more
brilliant and flattery more refined than had ever before been the lot of
woman--these are surely pretty natural circumstances, and such as do not
render the story less intelligible. Unquestionably such a passion is not
innocent. But Lord Woodhouselee, who is so much scandalized at it, knew
little, one would think, of the fourteenth century. His standard is
taken not from Avignon, but from Edinburgh, a much better place, no
doubt, and where the moral barometer stands at a very different
altitude. In one passage (p. 188) he carries his strictness to an excess
of prudery. From all we know of the age of Petrarch, the only matter of
astonishment is the persevering virtue of Laura. The troubadours boast
of much better success with Provencal ladies. 3. But the following
passage from Petrarch's dialogues with St. Augustin, the work, as is
well known, where he most unbosoms himself, will leave no doubt, I
think, that his passion could not have been gratified consistently with
honour. At mulier ista celebris, quam tibi certissimam ducem fingis, ad
superos cur non haesitantem trepidumque direxerit, et quod caecis fieri
solet, manu apprehensum non tenuit, quo et gradiendum foret admonuit?
PETR. Fecit hoc illa quantum potuit. Quid enim aliud egit, cum nullis
mota precibus, nullis victa blanditiis, muliebrem tenuit decorem, et
adversus suam semel et meam aetatem, adversus multa et varia quae flectere
adamantium spiritum debuissent, inexpugnabilis et firma permansit?
Profecto animus iste foemineus quid virum decuit admonebat,
praestabatque ne in sectando pudicitiae studio, ut verbis utar Senecae, aut
exemplum aut convitium deesset; postremo cum lorifragum ac praecipitem
videret, deserere maluit potius quam sequi. AUGUST. Turpe igitur aliquid
interdum voluisti, quod supra negaveras. At iste vulgatus amantium, vel,
ut dicam verius, amantium furor est, ut omnibus merito dici possit: volo
nolo, nolo volo. Vobis ipsis quid velitis, aut nolitis, ignotum est.
PET. Invitus in laqueum offendi. Si quid tamen olim aliter forte
voluissem, amor aetasque coegerunt; nunc quid velim et cupiam scio,
firmavique jam tandem animum labentem; contra autem illa propositi tenax
et semper una permansit, quare constantiam foemineam quo magis
intelligo, magis admiror: idque sibi consilium fuisse, si unquam debuit,
gaudeo nunc et gratias ago. AUG. Semel fallenti, non facile rursus fides
habenda est: tu prius mores atque habitum, vitamque mutavisti, quam
animum mutasse persuadeas; mitigatur forte si tuus leniturque ignis,
extinctus non est. Tu vero qui tantum dilectioni tribuis, non
animadvertis, illam absolvendo, quantum te ipse condemnas; illam fateri
libet fuisse sanctissimam dum te insanum scelestumque fateare.--De
Contemptu Mundi, Dialog. 3, p. 367, edit. 1581.
NOTE IV. Page 456.
The progress of our language in proceedings of the legislature is so
well described in the preface to the authentic edition of Statutes of
the Realm, published by the Record Commission, that I shall transcribe
the passage, which I copy from Mr. Cooper's useful account of the Public
Records (vol. i. p. 189):--
The earliest instance recorded of the use of the English language in any
parliamentary proceeding is in 36 Edw. III. The style of the roll of
that year is in French as usual, but it is expressly stated that the
causes of summoning the parliament were declared _en Englois_; and the
like circumstance is noted in 37 and 38 Edw. III.[938] In the 5th year
of Richard II., the chancellor is stated to have made _un bone
collacion en Engleys_ (introductory, as was then sometimes the usage, to
the commencement of business), though he made use of the common French
form for opening the parliament. A petition from the 'Folk of the
Mercerye of London,' in the 10th year of the same reign, is in English;
and it appears also that in the 17th year the Earl of Arundel asked
pardon of the Duke of Lancaster by the award of the King and Lords, in
their presence in parliament, in a form of English words. The cession
and renunciation of the crown by Richard II. is stated to have been read
before the estates of the realm and the people in Westminster Hall,
first in Latin and afterwards in English, but it is entered on the
parliament roll only in Latin. And the challenge of the crown by Henry
IV., with his thanks after the allowance of his title, in the same
assembly, are recorded in English, which is termed his maternal tongue.
So also is the speech of Lord William Thyrning, the Chief Justice of the
Common Pleas, to the late King Richard, announcing to him the sentence
of his deposition, and the yielding up, on the part of the people, of
their fealty and allegiance. In the 6th year of the reign of Henry IV.
an English answer is given to a petition of the Commons, touching a
proposed resumption of certain grants of the crown to the intent the
king might live of his own. The English language afterwards appears
occasionally, through the reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V. In the first
and second and subsequent years of Henry VI., the petitions or bills,
and in many cases the answers also, on which the statutes were
afterwards framed, are found frequently in English; but the statutes are
entered on the roll in French or Latin. From the 23rd year of Henry VI.
these petitions or bills are almost universally in English, as is also
sometimes the form of the royal assent; but the statutes continued to be
enrolled in French or Latin. Sometimes Latin and French are used in the
same statute,[939] as in 8 Hen. VI., 27 Hen. VI., and 39 Hen. VI. The
last statute wholly in Latin on record is 33 Hen. VI. c. 2. The statutes
of Edward IV. are entirely in French. The statutes of Richard III. are
in many manuscripts in French in a complete statute form; and they were
so printed in his reign and that of his successor. In the earlier
English editions a translation was inserted in the same form; but in
several editions, since 1618, they have been printed in English, in a
different form, agreeing, so far as relates to the acts printed, with
the inrolment in Chancery at the Chapel of the Rolls. The petitions and
bills in parliament, during these two reigns, are all in English. The
statutes of Henry VII. have always, it is believed, been published in
English; but there are manuscripts containing the statutes of the first
two parliaments, in his first and third year, in French. From the fourth
year to the end of his reign, and from thence to the present time, they
are universally in English.
FOOTNOTES:
[935] The writings of Lupus Servatus, abbot of Ferrieres, were published
by Baluze; and a good account of them will be found in Ampere's Hist.
Litt. (vol. iii. p. 237), as well as in older works. He is a much better
writer than Gregory of Tours, but quite as much inferior to Sidonius
Apollinaris. I have observed in Lupus quotations from Horace, Virgil,
Martial, Cicero, Aulus Gellius, and Trogus Pompeius (meaning probably
Justin).
[936] This is rather equivocal, but it is certainly not meant that there
were ever two _floors_ above that on the ground. In the review of the
"Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs," published in the Archaeological
Journal (vol. iv. p. 273), we read--"The houses in London, of whatever
material, seem never to have exceeded one story in height." (p. 282.)
But, soon afterwards--"The ground floor of the London houses at this
period was aptly enough called a cellar, the upper story a solar." It
thus appears that the reviewer does not mean the same thing as Mr.
Twopeny by the word _story_, which the former confines to the floor
above that on the ground, while the latter includes both. The use of
language, as we know, supports, in some measure, either meaning; but
perhaps it is more correct, and more common, to call the first story
that which is reached by a staircase from the ground-floor. The solar,
or sleeping-room, raised above the cellar, was often of wood.
[937] See a full description in the Archaeological Journal, vol. iv. p.
11. Those who visit Southampton may seek this house near a gate in the
west wall. We may add to the contribution of Mr. Twopeny one published
in the Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute, by Mr. Hudson Turner,
Nov. 1847. This is chiefly founded on documents, as that of Mr. Twopeny
is on existing remains. These give more light where they can be found;
but the number is very small. Upon the whole, it may be here observed,
that we are frequently misled by works of fiction as to the domestic
condition of our forefathers. The house of Cedric the Saxon in Ivanhoe,
with its distinct and numerous apartments, is very unlike any that
remain or can be traced. This is by no means to be censured in the
romancer, whose aim is to delight by images more splendid than truth;
but, especially when presented by one who possessed in some respects a
considerable knowledge of antiquity, and was rather fond of displaying
it, there is some danger lest the reader should believe that he has a
faithful picture before him.
[938] References are given to the Rolls of Parliament throughout this
extract.
[939] All the acts passed in the same session are legally one statute;
the difference of language was in separate chapters or acts.
INDEX.
*** _The Roman Numerals refer to the Volumes--the Arabic Figures to the
Pages of each Volume._
Abbassides, encouragement of science and art by the, ii. 121;
progress of their dynasty, 122;
its decadence, 123.
Abdalrahman proclaimed khalif of Cordova, ii. 122.
Abelard (Peter), enthusiasm excited by the teachings of, iii. 420;
his erratic career, 421.
Acre, consequences to commerce by the capture of, iii. 329;
vices of its inhabitants, _ib. note_ m.
Adorni and Fregosi factions, disruption of Genoa by the, i. 496.
Adolphus of Nassau elected emperor of Germany, ii. 82.
Adrian II. (pope), attempts to overawe Charles the Bald, ii. 173.
Adrian IV. (the only English pope), insolence of, towards Frederic
Barbarossa, ii. 195;
his system of mandats, 212.
Adventurers (military). See Military Systems.
AEneas Sylvius (afterwards Pius II.), instance of the political foresight
of, i. 504;
he abets the war against the Turks, ii. 137;
specimen of his oratory, 138 _note_;
his singular suggestion to Mahomet II., _ib. note_;
he plays into the hands of the pope, 253;
he obtains the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction, 255;
his sketch of Vienna, iii. 345 _note_ u.
Agriculture, cause of the low state of, iii. 312, 359 and _note_ m;
superior cultivation of church lands, 360;
exemplary labours of the Benedictines, _ib. note_ n;
agricultural colonies, 361 and _notes_ p and q;
early enclosures and clearances, 362;
exportation of corn, how limited, 364;
usual prices of land, _ib._;
high state of Italian agriculture, _ib._;
effects of pestilence, 365;
excellence of the Italian gardens, _ib._;
neglect of horticulture in England, 366.
Alaric, tolerance of, towards his catholic subjects, i. 3 _note_ f;
defeated by Clovis, 4;
laws compiled by his order, iii. 414.
Albert I. of Germany, ii. 82;
his rule in Switzerland, 108;
his expulsion and assassination, 109;
the French crown offered to him, 231.
Albert II. succeeds Sigismund as emperor of Germany, ii. 88.
Albigensian heresy, spread of the, i. 28;
massacre of the Albigeois, _ib._, 29 _notes_;
See Religious Sects.
Albizi, ascendency in Florence regained by the, i. 496;
Cosmo de' Medici banished at their instigation, 499;
their overthrow, _ib._;
exclusion of their family from the magistracy, 499.
Alcuin teaches Charlemagne, iii. 419;
he discourages secular learning, 420;
character of his poetry, 474.
Alexander II. (pope), election of, ii. 184;
he deposes the English prelates, 305 _note_ h.
Alexander III. (pope), supports Thomas a Becket, ii. 195;
adopts the system of mandats, 212.
Alexander V. elected pope, ii. 243;
his successor, _ib._
Alexander III. king of Scotland, opposition to papal domination by,
ii. 217.
Alexius Comnenus attacks the Turks, ii. 128;
he recovers the Greek territories, _ib._ and _note_.
Alfonso I. of Aragon bequeaths his kingdom to the Knights Templars,
ii. 8.
Alfonso III. of Aragon compelled to apologise to his people, ii. 45.
Alfonso V. of Aragon (the Magnanimous), i. 490;
adopted by Joanna II. of Naples, _ib._;
she revokes the adoption, 491;
his accession, _ib._;
his imprisonment by the Genoese, 492;
his alliance with Milan, _ib._, 493;
his virtues and patronage of the arts, 493;
his literary medicine, 494 _note_;
his love of Naples, ii. 42.
Alfonso V. and VI. of Castile, towns incorporated by, ii. 6.
Alfonso VII. of Castile, unwise division of his dominions by, ii. 9.
Alfonso X. of Castile, scientific acquirements and governmental
deficiencies of, ii. 12;
law promulgated by him, 37;
his election as emperor of Germany, 76;
tithes established in his reign, 146 _note_ a;
clerical encroachments favoured by him, 220 _note_ r;
he exempts the clergy from civil jurisdiction, 226.
Alfonso XI. of Castile assassinates his cousin, ii. 14;
his disregard of law, 36.
Alfred the Great, rescue of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy by, ii. 271;
his alleged division of the kingdom into counties, &c., 280;
ascription of trial by jury to him, 285;
his high claim to veneration, 289;
extent of his acquaintance with Latin, iii. 286;
his declaration of the ignorance of the clergy, 288;
his zeal for learning, _ib. note_ n.
Aliens held liable for each other's debts, iii. 336.
Almamun and Almansor, khalifs of Bagdad, patronage of letters by,
ii. 121.
Alodial tenure, characteristics of, i. 147, 148 and _notes_;
converted into feudal tenure, 163;
except in certain localities, 164 and _note_;
causes of the conversion, 317, 318;
alodial proprietors evidently freemen, 324.
Alvaro de Luna. See Luna.
Amadeus (duke of Savoy), elected pope, ii. 248.
Amalfi, early commercial eminence of, iii. 328 and _note_;
its decline, _ib._;
alleged invention of the mariner's compass there, 332 and _note_;
discovery of the Pandects, 415.
Amurath I., progresses of the Turkish arms under, ii. 132.
Amurath II., rout of the Hungarians by, ii. 105;
reunion of the Ottoman monarchy under him, 135;
he perfects the institution of the Janizaries, 137.
Anastasius confers the dignity of consulship on Clovis, i. 107;
elucidatory observations thereon, 107-111.
Andalusia, conquest of, by Ferdinand III., ii. 9.
Andrew of Hungary married to Joanna of Naples, i. 486;
his murder imputed to Joanna, _ib._
Anglo-Normans. See England.
Anglo-Saxons, divisions of England under the, ii. 270;
their Danish assailants, 271;
Alfred and his successors, 272, 273;
descent of the crown, 273;
influence of provincial governors, 274;
thanes and ceorls, 275;
condition of the ceorls, _ib._;
privileges annexed to their possession of land, 276;
position of the socage tenants, 277;
condition of the British natives, _ib._;
absence of British roots in the English language, 278 and _note_ g;
constitution of the Witenagemot, 279, 374-379;
administration of justice, and divisions of the land for the
purpose, 280;
hundreds and their probable origin, 280, 281, 379-381;
the tything-man and alderman, 282, and 283 _note_ u;
the county court and its jurisdiction, 282;
contemporary report of a suit adjudicated in the reign of Canute, 283,
284 and _note_ y;
trial by jury and its antecedents, 285-288;
introduction of the law of frank-pledge, 289, 290;
turbulence of the Anglo-Saxons, 290;
progress of the system of frank-pledges, 291;
responsibilities and uses of the tythings, 292, 293 and _notes_;
probable existence of feudal tenures before the Conquest, 293-301,
408-410;
observations on the change of the heptarchy into a monarchy, 352-356;
consolidation of the monarchy, 356-358;
condition, of the eorls and ceorls further elucidated, 358-371;
proportion of British natives under the Anglo-Saxon rule, 371-374;
judicial functions of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 381;
analogy between the French and Anglo-Saxon monarchies, 383;
peculiar jurisdiction of the king's court, 384-386.
Anjou (Louis, duke of), seizure of Charles V.'s treasures by, i. 65, 66;
his claim as regent, 68 and _note_;
his attempt on the crown of Naples, and death, 69.
See Charles of Anjou.
Anselm (archbishop), cause of his quarrel with William II. and Henry I.,
ii. 194;
Descartes's argument on the Deity anticipated by him, iii. 428.
Appanages, effect of the system of, i. 88.
Aquinas (Thomas), metaphysical eminence of, iii. 427;
comparative obsoleteness of his writings, 428 _note_ i.
Aquitaine, extent of the dominions so called, i. 116;
character of its people 116, 117;
effect of the wars of the Merovingian kings, 282.
Arabia and the Arabs. See Mohammed.
Aragon, bequest of to the Templars by Alfonso I., and reversal thereof,
ii. 8;
rise of the kingdom in political importance, 39;
struggle for the succession to its crown, 39-41;
points of interest in its form of government, 43;
privileges of its nobles and people, 43, 44;
its natural defects and political advantages, 45;
statistics of its wealth, population, &c., _ib. note_ r;
grant of the "privilege of union," 46;
supersession thereof, 48;
the office of justiciary, _ib._;
instances of that officer's integrity and courage, 49;
and of the submission of kings to his decrees, 53, 54;
duration and responsibilities of the office, 54;
the Cortes of Aragon, 56;
social condition of the kingdom, 58;
its union with Castile, _ib._;
its burgesses, iii. 331 _note_ u.
Archers (English), invincibility of the, at Crecy and Poitiers, i. 54.
See Military Systems.
Architecture, as illustrative of domestic progress, iii. 346;
early castles in England, _ib._;
improvements thereon, 347;
early houses, 348;
revival of the use of bricks, 349;
arrangement of ordinary mansion-houses, 350;
dwellings in France and Italy, 350, 351;
introduction of chimneys and glass windows, 351-353 and _notes_;
house furniture and domestic conveniences, 353, 354 and _notes_;
farm-houses and cottages, 355;
ecclesiastical architecture, its grandeur and varieties, 355-359
and _notes_;
domestic architecture of the 12th and 14th centuries, 479-482.
Arian sovereigns, tolerance of the, i. 3 and _note_ f.
Aribert declared king of Aquitaine, i. 115.
Aristocracy. See Nobility.
Aristotle, writings of, how first known in Europe, iii. 426 and _note_ f;
ignorance of his translators, 429 and _note_ k;
character of the Aristotelian philosophy, 430;
its influence on religion, _ib. notes_.
Armagnac (count of), opposes the duke of Burgundy, i. 71;
massacre of himself and partizans, 72;
assassination of a later count of Armagnac, 89.
Armagnacs, rise of the faction of the, i. 71;
tactics of the dauphin towards them, 72;
their league with Henry IV. of England, 74;
their defeat by the Swiss, ii. 112.
Armorial bearings, general introduction of, i. 190;
instances of their earliest use, 191 _note_.
Armorican republic, questionable existence of the, i. 2;
hypothesis of Dubos relative thereto, _ib. note_;
further elucidation thereof, 103;
supposed extent of its territories, 103, 104.
Armour. See Military Systems.
Artois. See Robert of Artois.
Arundel (bishop and archbishop), remonstrates with Richard II., iii. 67;
deprived of, and reinvested with, the great seal, 73;
his subsequent deprivation and banishment, 77.
Arundel (earl of, _temp._ Richard II.), favoured by the parliament,
iii. 65;
his conduct as a lord appellant, 72;
his breach with the duke of Lancaster, 74;
refuses to aid in legitimating Lancaster's children, 75;
his decapitation, 77.
Aschaffenburg, concordats of, ii. 253.
Athens (duke of). See Brienne.
Augustin (St.), specimen of the verses of, iii. 282 _note_ o.
Aulic council, powers and jurisdiction of the, ii. 99.
Auspicius (bishop of Toul), character of the poetry of, iii. 282;
specimen thereof, _ib. note_ p.
Austrasia, characteristics of the people of, i. 118.
Auxiliary verb active, probable cause of the, iii. 280.
Averroes, error relative to, iii. 422 _note_ o;
his eminence as a philosopher, 426 _note_ f;
tendency of his commentaries, 430.
Avignon, removal of the papal court to, ii. 233;
rapacity of its popes, 237, 238;
its abandonment by the popes, 240.
Azincourt (battle of), i. 74 and _note_.
Bacon (Roger), a true philosopher, iii. 429 _note_ k;
his acquaintance with mathematics, 432;
parallel between him and Lord Bacon, _ib. note_ s;
his knowledge of Greek, 464.
Bagdad, celebrity of the early khalifs of, ii. 121;
character of its later khalifs, 122;
frequency of their assassination, 123;
defection of its provinces, 124.
Bajazet, military successes of, ii. 132;
defeated and captured by the Tartars, 134.
Baltic trade. See Trade.
Banks and bankers of Italy, iii. 340, 341.
Barbiano (Alberic di), military eminence of, i. 474;
his pupils, 481.
Barcelona, feudal submission to France of the counts of, i. 10, _note_;
its early commercial eminence, iii. 331;
its code of maritime laws, 333 and _note_;
and of marine insurance, 339 _note_ c;
its bank of deposit, 340.
Bardas, revival of Greek literature by, iii. 468 _note_ z.
Bardi, Florentine bankers, English customs farmed by the, iii. 340
_note_ d.
Barons (in France), occasional assemblages of the, i. 219;
consequences of their non-attendance at the royal council, 222;
they become subject to the monarch, 223;
their privileges curtailed by Philip IV., 226.
See Nobility.
Barristers' fees in the 15th century, iii. 371.
Basle, council of. See Council.
Beaumanoir, definition of the three conditions of men by, i. 197, 200.
Bedford (duke of), regent for Henry VI., i. 76;
his character, 77;
his successes in France, _ib._;
overthrow of his forces by Joan of Arc, 79.
Belgrade, siege and relief of, ii. 106.
Benedict XI. reconciles Philip the Fair to the holy see, ii. 232;
he rescinds the bulls of Boniface VIII., 233.
Benedict XII., purport of his letter to Edward III., i. 51 _note_;
his rapacity, ii. 237.
Benedict XIII. elected pope by the Avignon cardinals, ii. 242;
deposed by the council of Pisa, 243;
Spain supports him, _ib._
Benedictines, exemplary agricultural labours of the, iii. 360 _note_ n.
Benefices, grants of land so called, i. 159;
conditions annexed to them, _ib._;
their extent, 160 and _note_;
their character under Charlemagne and Louis the Debonair, 313;
views of various writers concerning their nature, 313-315;
character of hereditary benefices, 320;
their regenerative effects upon the French people, _ib._
Benevolences, by whom first levied in England, iii. 200.
Berenger I. and II. See Italy.
Bermudo III. (king of Leon), killed in battle, ii. 4.
Bernard (grandson of Charlemagne), deprived of sight by judicial
sentence, i. 14.
Berry (duke of), appointed guardian of Charles VI., i. 65;
his character, 69.
Bianchi. See Superstitions.
Bianchi and Neri, factions of, i. 402;
iii. 445.
Bigod (Roger, earl of Norfolk), patriotism of, iii. 2.
Bills. See Parliament.
Birth, privileges of. See Nobility.
Bishops. See Church, Clergy.
Blanchard (Alain), unjustifiable execution of, i. 84.
Blanche of Castile, acts as regent during the minority of Louis IX.,
i. 30;
quells the rebellion of the barons, _ib._;
instance of her undue influence over Louis, 32.
Boccaccio, occasion of the Decamerone of, i. 57;
appointed to lecture on Dante, iii. 448.
Boccanegra (Simon), first doge of Genoa, story of the election of,
i. 451.
Bocland, nature of, ii. 294, 408.
Bohemia, nature of its connection with Germany, ii. 100;
its polity, 101;
the Hussite controversy and its results, 102, 103.
Bohun (Humphrey, earl of Hereford), patriotism of, iii. 2.
Bolingbroke (earl of Derby and duke of Hereford), made lord appellant,
iii. 72;
he sides with the king, 74;
his quarrel with the duke of Norfolk, 79;
advantage taken of it by Richard II., 80 and _note_ z;
his accession to the throne, 81.
See Henry IV.
Bolognese law-schools, iii. 415.
Boniface (St.). See Winfrid.
Boniface VIII. suspected of fraud towards Celestine V., ii. 228;
his extravagant pretensions, _ib._ and _note_;
disregard of his bulls by Edward I., 229;
his disputes with Philip the Fair, 230-232;
success of Philip's stratagem against him, 232;
his death, _ib._;
rescindment of his bulls, 233;
Ockham's dialogue against him, 236 _note_ n;
rejection of his supremacy by the English barons, 239.
Boniface IX., elected pope, ii. 242;
his traffic in benefices, 245, 246;
his rapacity in England checked, 250, 251.
Books and booksellers. See Learning.
Boroughs. See Municipal Institutions, Parliament, Towns.
Braccio di Montone, rivalry of, with Sforza, i. 481.
Brienne (Walter de, duke of Athens), invested with extreme powers in
Florence, i. 427;
his tyranny and excesses, 428;
his overthrow, 429.
Britany, origin of the people of, i. 98 and _note_;
grant of the duchy to Montfort, 99;
its annexation to the crown, 100;
alleged existence of a king of Britany, 103;
right of its dukes to coin money, 206.
Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia, i. 5;
her character and conduct, 6 _note_;
her mayor, Protadius, 114;
her scheme of government, 117;
she falls into the hands of Clotaire II., and is sentenced to death,
119;
cause of her overthrow, _note_ 157, 293, 309;
pope Gregory I.'s adulation towards her, ii. 162 _note_ q.
Buchan (earl of), made constable of France, i. 78.
Burdett (Thomas), cause of the execution of, iii. 199 and _note_ o.
Burgesses. See Parliament.
Burgesses of the palisades, origin of the, ii. 92.
Burgundians, Roman provinces occupied by the, i. 1;
their tolerance, 3 _note_ f;
their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146;
elucidatory observations thereon, 275-278.
Burgundy (_Eudes_, duke of), undertakes the protection of his niece
Jane, i. 45;
he betrays her cause, 46.
Burgundy (duke of), named guardian of Charles VI., i. 65;
loses his ascendency over the king, 69;
regains it, _ib._;
his death, 70.
Burgundy (_John_, duke of, "Sans-peur"), assassinates the duke of
Orleans, i. 70;
his supposed provocation, _ib. note_;
obtains pardon for the crime, 71;
consequence of his reconciliation with the court, 71, 72;
is assassinated, 73 and _note_;
his defeat at Nicopolis, ii. 133 _note_.
Burgundy (_Philip_, duke of), allies himself with Henry V., i. 76;
his French predilections, 82;
and treaty with Charles VII., _ib._ 90 _note_ r, 91 _note_ s;
splendour of his court, 91;
jealousy of his subjects concerning taxation, 93 _note_ x.
Burgundy (_Charles_, duke of), character and ambitious designs of, i.
91 and _note_, 92;
his contumacious subjects, 92;
his rash enterprises and failures, 93;
is defeated and killed, 94;
adventures of his diamond, _ib. note_.
Burgundy (Mary, duchess of), defends her rights against Louis XI., i. 94
and _notes_;
marries Maximilian of Austria, 95;
her death, 96.
Caballeros of Spain, privileges enjoyed by the, ii. 8.
Calais, abject condition of the citizens of, i. 58 _note_ k;
terms of instruments signed there, 60.
Calixtins, tenets of the, ii. 103.
Calixtus II. (pope), compromise effected by, ii. 188;
he abolishes feudal services by bishops, 189.
Calverley (Sir Hugh), characteristic anecdote of, i. 65.
Cambridge university, first mention of, iii. 424 _note_ y.
Canon law, promulgation of the, ii. 203;
its study made imperative, 204.
Capet (Hugh), usurpation of the French throne by, i. 18;
antiquity of his family, _ib. note_ r;
state of France at his accession, 22;
opposition to, and ultimate recognition of his authority, 23 and
_note_ g;
period of his assumption of regal power, 128;
degree of authority exercised by his immediate descendants, 24, 136;
his sources of revenue, 208.
Capitularies, what they were, i. 215;
their latest date, 218 and _note_.
Caraccioli, favourite of Joanna II. of Naples, i. 489;
his assassination, 491 _note_.
Carloman, inheritance of the children of, usurped by Charlemagne, i. 9
_note_ y.
Carlovingian dynasty, extinction of the, i. 17.
Carrara (Francesco da), Verona seized by, i. 464;
killed in prison, 465.
Carroccio, the, i. 467 and _note_ d.
Castile and Leon united into one kingdom, ii. 4;
their subsequent re-division and reunion, 9;
composition and character of the cortes of Castile [see Cortes];
the council and its functions, 33, 34;
administration of justice, 35;
violations of law by the kings, 36;
confederacies of the nobility, 37;
similarity of its polity to that of England, 38;
establishment of tithes in Castile, 146 _note_ a.
Castle, graphic description of a, i. 322.
Castruccio Castrucani, success of, i. 410.
Catalonia, character of the people of, ii. 57;
severity of the state of villenage there, _ib. note_ c.
Catharists, religious tenets held by the, iii. 384.
Catholics, treatment of the, by their Gothic conquerors, i. 3 _note_ f.
Cava (count Julian's daughter), legend of the seduction of, ii. 62.
Celestine V., fraud of Boniface VIII. towards, ii. 228.
Champ de Mars. See Field of March.
Charlemagne, reunion of the Frankish empire under, i. 9 and _note_ y;
his victories in Italy and Spain, 9, 10;
obstinate resistance and ultimate submission of the Saxons to his
rule, 10;
his Sclavonian conquests, 11;
extent of his dominions, _ib._;
his coronation as emperor, _ib._ and _note_ c;
its consequences, 12;
his intellectual acquirements and domestic improvements, _ib._ and
_note_ e;
his vices, cruelties, religious edicts, 13;
his sons and successors, 14;
his control over the clergy, 16;
degeneracy of his descendants, 17;
state of the people under his rule, 18;
his dread of the Normans, 21;
his alleged election by the Romans as emperor discussed, 122-124;
question of succession involved in his elevation to the imperial
title, 124-126;
his wise provisions relative to fugitive serfs, 198 _note_ q;
his revenue, how raised, 208;
peculiarities of his legislative assemblies, 215, 216;
French ignorance of his character in the 14th century, 228;
his capitulary relative to tithes, ii. 145, 146 and _note_ z;
his authority over the popes, 182;
state of his education, iii., 286 and _note_ f;
his library, 292 _note_;
his encouragement of ordeals, 295;
his agricultural colonies, 361;
public schools in France due to him, 419;
becomes a disciple of Alcuin, _ib._
Charles the Bad. See Charles of Navarre.
Charles the Bald, share of empire allotted to, i. 16, and _note_ on
p. 17;
ravages of the Normans during his reign, 21;
his imbecile government and its consequences, 135;
his slavish submission to the church, ii. 156, 157;
he disobeys pope Adrian II., 173, 174.
Charles the Fat, accession and deposition of, i. 17;
position of Germany at his death, ii. 66;
arrogance of pope John VIII. towards him, 174.
Charles the Simple, policy of, towards the Normans, i. 22.
Charles IV. (the Fair) ascends the throne pursuant to the Salic law,
i. 48;
conduct of Edward III. of England after his death, _ib._
Charles V. (the Wise) submits to the peace of Bretigni, i. 59;
his summons to Edward the Black Prince, 63;
his treaty with Henry of Castile, _ib. note_ t;
his successes against the English, 64;
his premature death and character, 65;
seizure of his treasures by the duke of Anjou, 65, 66;
expenses of his household, 68 _note_ z;
his conflicts with the States-General, 230, 231;
he imposes taxes without their consent, 232.
Charles VI., accession of, i. 65;
state of France during his reign, 66;
defeats the citizens of Ghent, 67;
misapplication of taxes during his minority, 68 and _note_ z;
his seizure with insanity, 69;
disgraceful conduct of his queen, _ib._ and _note_;
his death, 76;
his submission to the remonstrances of the States-General, 232.
Charles VII., state of France at the accession of, i. 77;
his impoverished exchequer, 78;
his Scotch auxiliaries, _ib._;
his character, and choice of favourites, 79;
change wrought in his fortunes by Joan of Arc, 79, 80;
his connection with Agnes Sorel, 80 _note_ z;
restores Richemont to power, 80;
is reconciled with the duke of Burgundy, 82;
reconquers the provinces ceded to the English crown, 83;
his cruelty to English captives, 84;
consolidation of his power, 85;
insurrection of Guienne against taxation, 86 and _note_;
his conduct relative to the States-General, 234;
he levies taxes of his own will, 235;
he enacts the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255.
Charles VIII., accession of, i. 98;
contest for the regency during his minority, _ib._ 236;
marries Anne of Britany, 100;
consolidation of the French monarchy under his sway, 100, 101 and
_notes_;
proceedings of the States-General during his minority, 236, 237.
Charles of Anjou (I. of Naples), seizure of the crown of Naples by,
i. 406;
he puts Conradin, the heir, to death, 407;
he defeats the Ghibelins and governs Tuscany, _ib._ and _note_;
revolt of his subjects, 410.
Charles II. of Naples, war of the Sicilians against, i. 485;
his death, _ib._
Charles of Durazzo (III. of Naples), implicated in the murder of Andrew,
i. 486 _note_ q;
puts queen Joanna to death, 487;
his assassination, 488.
Charles IV. of Germany, singular character of, ii. 85;
his Golden Bull, 86 and _note_ e;
he alienates the imperial domains, 94;
advancement of Bohemia under his rule, 102.
Charles Martel, conquest of the Saracens by, i. 7;
site and importance of the battle, _ib. note_ q;
its object, 12;
his spoliation of the church, ii. 146.
Charles of Navarre (the Bad), tumults in France excited by, i. 56;
his crimes, 57;
allies himself with Edward III., _ib._
Chartered towns. See Municipal Institutions, Towns.
Chaucer (Geoffrey), testimony borne by his writings, iii. 160 _note_;
character of his works, 456, 457.
Chaucer (Sir Thomas), rebuked by Henry IV., iii. 95.
Childebert (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4 and _note_ i;
his proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 _note_.
Childeric III., deposition of, i. 8.
Children, crusade undertaken by, iii. 296 _note_ z.
Chilperic, guilty conduct of Fredegonde, the queen of, i. 5, 119;
oppressive taxes levied by him, 306;
tumult which ensued, _ib._;
what followed after his death, _ib._;
his attempts at poetry, iii. 283;
his attack on the sanctuary, 303.
Chimneys. See Architecture.
Chivalry, as a school of moral discipline, ii. 390;
remoteness of its origin, 391;
individual honour its keystone, 392;
types of chivalry, 392 and _note_ s;
its original connection with feudal service, 394;
effect of the crusades, 395;
its connection with religion, 395, 396;
enthusiasm inspired by gallantry, 396-398;
licentiousness incident to chivalry, 399;
virtues inculcated by it, 400;
practice of courtesy, liberality, and justice, 401-403;
obligations of chivalry to the East, 403;
its attendant evils, 404;
education preparatory to knighthood, 405;
chivalric festivals, 406;
tournaments and their dangers, 407;
privileges of knighthood, 408;
who were admissible thereto, _ib._ and _note_;
military service: knights and bachelors, 409, 410 and _notes_;
causes of the decline of chivalry, 411;
influences by which it was superseded, 412 and _note_ d.
Christianity, impetus given to the formation of civic institutions by,
i. 121;
its beneficial effect upon the Normans, 136.
Church, wealth of the, under the empire, ii. 140;
its position after the irruption of the barbarians, 141;
source of its legitimate wealth, 142;
its religious extortions, 143;
privileges attached to its property, 144;
institution of tithes, 144-146 and _notes_;
liability of church property to spoliation, 146;
origin of _precariae_, 147 _note_ d;
extent of the church's landed possessions, 148 and _note_ i;
its participation in the administration of justice, 149;
limitations interposed by Justinian, 150, 151;
its political influence, 152;
source thereof, 153;
its subjection to the state, _ib._;
Charlemagne's edicts relative to its affairs, 154, 155, and _notes_;
its assumption of authority over the French kings, 156, 157;
obsequiousness of England to its pretensions, 158;
investiture of its bishops with their temporalities, 181;
their simoniacal practices, _ib._ and _note_ q;
canons and chapters, 191;
liberties of the Gallican church, 256;
high church principles always dangerous, 257 _note_ x;
privileges of sanctuary, iii. 302, 303.
See Clergy, Monasteries, Papal Power.
Clan service not based on feudality, i. 187.
Clarence (duke of), put to death by Edward IV., iii. 199.
Clarendon, constitutions of, ii. 221;
their influence on Thomas a Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 223.
Cistertian monk, blasphemous saying attributed to a, i. 29 _note_ t.
Cities. See Municipal Institutions and Towns.
Civil Law. See Laws.
Clement IV., effect of a bull promulgated by, ii. 215;
opposition of the Scotch king to his edict, 217.
Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485;
his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215;
he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233;
his contests with the emperor Louis, 234;
England remonstrates with him, 238, 239 _notes_;
his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.
Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487;
his licentiousness, ii. 238.
Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240;
division of the papacy thereupon, 242;
proceedings after his death, 242, 243.
Clergy, ascendency of the (_temp._ Charles the Bald), i. 135;
their privileges under the feudal system, 195, 196;
fighting prelates, 195 _note_ f;
their participation in legislative proceedings, 213, 215;
privileges of their tenants, 319;
bishops in Lombardy and their temporalities, 364, 366 and _note_ x;
share of the citizens in their election, 366 and _note_ y;
a robber archbishop, ii. 95;
immense territorial possessions of the clergy, 148 and _notes_;
their acquisition of political power, 152, 153;
their neglect of the rule of celibacy, 176, 177;
sufferings of the married clergy, 177 and _note_ d;
lax morality of the English clergy, 178, 179 _notes_;
practice of simony, 179;
consent of the laity required in the election of bishops, _ib._;
interference of the sovereigns therein, 180 and _note_ n;
character of the clergy of Milan, 187 _note_ g;
taxation of the clergy by the kings, 216;
tribute levied on them by the popes, 216, 217;
their disaffection towards Rome, 218;
their exemption from temporal jurisdiction, 219-221;
extortions of Edward I., 229;
effects of Wicliff's principles, 252;
priests executed for coining, _ib. note_ e;
spiritual peers in the English parliament, iii. 4, 5;
their qualifications, 122;
clergy summoned to send representatives, 131;
cause of their being summoned, 132;
result of their segregating themselves from the commons, 133;
instances of their parliamentary existence, 135-138;
right of bishops to be tried by the peers, 204-207;
mediaeval clergy not supporters of despotism, 258;
their ignorance of letters, 287-289;
their monastic vices, 303;
why a bishop made a Danish nobleman drunk, 306 _note_ u.
See Church, Monasteries, Papal Power, Superstition.
Clisson (constable de), immense wealth amassed by, i. 69.
Clodomir (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4;
proposed alternative relative to his children, 311 _note_.
Clotaire, portion of dominions allotted to, i. 4;
union of the whole under him, 5;
re-division amongst his sons, _ib._;
criminality of his character, 119.
Clotaire II., reunion of the French dominions under, i. 5;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117.
Clotilda converts her husband to Christianity, i. 3;
her sons, 4.
Clovis invades Gaul and defeats Syagrius, i. 2;
accepts the title of consul, _ib._ and _note_ d;
defeats the Alemanni, 3;
his conversion to Christianity, _ib._;
defeats Alaric, 4;
his last exploits and sanguinary policy, _ib._ and _note_ g;
division of his dominions amongst his sons, 4, 5 and _notes_;
the last of his race, 8;
his alleged subjection to the emperors discussed, _Note_ III. 106-111;
his limited authority: story of the vase of Soissons, 155;
theory built on the story, 301, 302;
crimes of himself and his grandson, iii. 306 and _note_ u.
Clovis II., accession of, i. 120.
Cobham, lord (_temp._ Richard II.). banished, iii. 77.
Coining, extensive practice of, amongst the French nobles, i. 205;
debased money issued by them, 206;
systematic adulteration of coin by the kings, 210, 228, 231;
measures adopted for remedying these frauds, 211 _note_ h;
grant of taxes made conditional on restoration of the coin, 230;
priests executed for coining, ii. 252 _note_ e;
an abbot hanged for the same offence, iii. 205;
clipping of coins by the Jews, 369 _note_ t.
Cologne, antiquity of the municipal institutions of, i. 350.
Coloni, characteristics and privileges of the, i. 325.
Combat. See Trial.
Comines (Philip de), characteristic note on taxation by, i. 236.
Commodianus, literary remains of, iii. 281;
specimen thereof, _ib. note_ n.
Comnenus. See Alexius.
Conrad (duke of Franconia), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67.
Conrad II. (the Salic), important edict of, relative to feuds, i. 166,
167 and _notes_;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68;
his ancestry, _ib. note_ f.
Conrad III. joins in the second crusade i. 38;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 72.
Conrad IV., accession of, i. 392;
his struggles for dominion in Italy, and death, _ib._;
his difficulties in Germany, ii. 76.
Conradin (son of Conrad IV.) attempts to regain his inheritance, i. 407;
put to death by Charles of Anjou, _ib._
Constance, council of. See Council.
Constance, treaty of, i, 376.
Constantine V. dethroned by his mother, i. 122.
Constantinople, advantageous position of, ii. 125;
its resistance to the Moslem assaults, 126;
its capture by the Latins, 128;
its magnificence and populousness, 129, 130;
Vandalism of its conquerors, 130;
its recapture by the Greeks, 131;
besieged by Bajazet, 132, and by Amurath, 135;
attacked by Mahomet II., 136;
its fall, 136, 137;
unrealised schemes for its recovery, 137, 138.
Constitution of England. See English Constitution.
Cordova taken from the Moors, ii. 9;
its extent and wealth, _ib. note_ m.
Corn. See Agriculture, Trade.
Cortes of Castile, original composition of the, ii. 20;
dwindling down of their numbers, 21;
their remonstrance against corruption, 22;
spiritual and temporal nobility, 22, 23 and _notes_;
control of the Cortes over the taxes, 24, 25;
their resolute defence of their right, 26;
their control over expenditure, 27;
its active exercise, 28;
their forms of procedure, 29;
their legislative rights, and attempted limitations thereon by the
kings, 29-32;
their right to a voice in the disposal of the crown, 33, 34;
position of the clergy therein, iii. 106 _note_.
Corvinus (Matthias) elected king of Hungary, ii. 106;
his patronage of literature, 107 and _note_ d.
Council of Basle, enmity of the, towards the papal court, ii. 247;
reforms effected by it, 248 and _note_;
its indiscretions, _ib._ and 250 _note_.
Council of Constance condemns John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be
burned, ii. 102;
deposes John XXIII., 243;
preponderance of Italian interests therein, 244;
French opposition to the English deputies, _ib. note_;
tactics of the cardinals, 246;
national divisions in the council, _ib._;
its breach of faith relative to Huss and Jerome canvassed, 250 and
_note_.
Council of Frankfort convoked by Saint Boniface, ii. 165;
its importance in papal history, _ib._
Council of Lyons, i. 391, ii. 75.
Council of Pavia, ii. 247.
Council of Pisa, proceedings at the, ii. 243.
Cours plenieres, character of the, i. 220.
Courtney (archbishop), despoiled of his temporalities, iii. 66.
Crecy, battle of, i. 55.
Crescentius put to death by Otho III., i. 359 and _note_.
Crusades, origin of the, i. 33;
energetic appeals of Peter the Hermit, 34;
inducements offered to those who joined in them, 35;
crimes and miseries attendant on them, 36;
results of the first crusade, 37;
second crusade, 38;
its failure, _ib._ and _notes_;
origin of the third crusade, 40;
its famous commanders and inconclusive results, _ib._;
crusades of St. Louis and their miserable ending, 41 and _note_;
cause of the cessation of crusades, iii. 305;
their demoralizing influence, 307.
Cyprian's views relative to church government, ii. 159 _note_ h;
further observations thereon, 267, 268.
Dagobert I., insignificance of the successors of, i. 6;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117;
progress of the arts in his reign, 119.
Dagobert II., name of, how restored to history, i. 112.
Damascus, degeneracy of the khalifs of, ii. 120, 121.
Danes, England first infested by the, i. 21.
Dante Alighieri expelled from Florence, i. 402;
his birth, iii. 445;
style of his Vita Nuova, _ib. note_;
characteristics of his great poem, 446-448;
enthusiasm which attended its publication, 448.
Dauphine annexed to the French crown, i. 100;
its origin, 101, _note_ k.
Defiance, institution of the right of, ii. 95;
its abolition, 96.
De la Mare (Peter), opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56;
conduct of the citizens on his imprisonment, 57;
elected speaker of the commons, 58.
Della Bella (Giano), improves the Florentine constitution, i. 424;
driven into exile, 425.
Derby (earl of). See Bolingbroke.
Diet. See Council.
Diet of Worms, important changes effected by the, ii. 94;
abolishes the right of defiance, 96;
establishes the imperial chamber, 97-99.
Domesday Book, origin of the term, iii. 362 _note_ r.
Domestic life in the middle ages, iii. 341-345;
income and style of living, 370.
Douglas (earl of) aids Charles VII., i. 78.
Duelling, introduction of the practice of, iii. 294 and _note_ u.
Du Guesclin (Bertrand), proceeds to Castile, i. 58;
his character 64;
he serves against Peter the Cruel, ii. 15;
is taken prisoner, _ib._
Dunstan and Odo, and their treatment of Edwy and Elgiva, ii. 158;
elucidatory remarks relative thereto, 264-267.
Earl, origin of the title of, ii. 274 _note_ p.
Ebroin, exercise of supreme power by, i. 6, 115, 120.
Eccelin da Romano, tyrannic exercise of power by, i. 389;
pretexts to which his infamous cruelty gave birth, _ib. note_ f;
his fall, 406.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See Church, Clergy, Papal Power.
Edessa, extent of the principality of, i. 37 and _note_ f.
Edward the Confessor, popularity of the laws of, ii. 324, 351.
Edward I. offends Philip IV. of France, i. 43 and _note_;
his brother Edmund outwitted by Philip, 44;
he curbs the power of the clergy, ii. 224;
his tyranny towards them, 228;
his reign a constitutional epoch, iii. 1;
his despotic tendencies, 2;
he confirms the charters, 3 and _note_ c.
Edward II. marries Isabel of France, i. 45;
he yields to the pope, ii. 239.
Edward III. lays claim to the French throne, i. 48;
its injustice shown, _ib._ and _note_ 49;
his policy prior to resorting to arms, 49;
his chances of success, 51;
attempt of the pope to dissuade him from the attempt, _ib. note_;
principal features in his character, 52;
extent of his resources, 53, 54, and _notes_;
excellence of his armies, 55 and _note_;
his acquisition after the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, 56;
his alliance with Charles the Bad, 57;
conditions of the peace of Bretigni, 59;
his stipulation relative to Aquitaine, 61 and _note_ p;
his reverses and their causes, 62, 63 and _notes_;
his opposition to the pope, ii. 239;
progress of parliament under him, iii. 42;
his attempts at encroachment, 44-47;
ascendency of Lancaster and Alice Perrers over him, 55;
ordinance against Alice, 56;
repeal thereof, 57;
revival of the prosecution against her, 58 and _note_ g;
his debts to Italian bankers, 340.
Edward the Black Prince, character of, i. 52;
his victory at Poitiers, 55;
created prince of Aquitaine, 61;
his impolitic conduct in Guienne, 63;
summoned before the peers of France, _ib._ and _note_ t;
machinations relative to his heir, iii. 55 and _note_ a;
his jealousy of the duke of Lancaster, 56;
his death, 57.
Edward IV. accepts a pension from Louis XI., i. 89;
his military force, _ib. note_ p;
Louis's reasons for declining a visit from him, 90;
his accession to the throne, iii. 198;
his inexcusable barbarities, 199;
popularity of his government, _ib._;
his system of benevolences, 200.
Edwy and Elgiva. See Dunstan.
England, first infested by the Danes, i. 21;
its resources under Edward III., 53, 54;
causes of the success of its armies, 55, 77;
high payment to its men-at-arms, 77 _note_ t;
discomfiture of its troops by Joan of Arc, 79;
impolicy touching its relations with France, 82;
deprived of its French possessions by Charles VII., 83;
its obsequiousness to the hierarchy, ii. 158;
its opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 222-225;
its protest against the exactions of the church, 238, 239 and _notes_;
its share in the council of Constance, 244 and _note_;
enactment of the statute of praemunire, 251;
effect of Wicliff's principles, 252;
progress of the country under the Anglo-Saxons [see Anglo-Saxons];
its state at the period of the Norman conquest, 302, 303;
fruitless resistance of its people to Norman rule, 304 and _notes_;
expulsion of its prelates and maltreatment of its nobles, 305 and
_note_;
attempted suppression of its language, 306 and _note_;
wholesale spoliation of property, 308;
abject condition of English occupiers, 309, 310;
vastness of the Norman estates explained, 310;
conquered England compared with conquered Gaul, 311;
forest devastations and forest laws, 311, 312 and _notes_;
depopulation of the towns, 312;
establishment of feudal customs, 314;
preservation of the public peace, 315;
difference between feudalism in England and in France, 316, 317;
hatred by the English of the Normans, 318;
oppressions and exactions of the Norman government, 318, 320;
nature of the taxes then levied, 321, 322;
laws and charters of the Norman kings, 323, 324;
banishment of Longchamp by the barons, 325;
establishment of Magna Charta, 326;
difficulty of overrating its value, 327;
outline of its provisions, 321, 328;
confirmation thereof by Henry III., 329;
constitutional struggles between him and his barons, 331, 334;
limitations on the royal prerogative, 334, 335 and _notes_;
institution of the various courts of law, 336-338;
origin of the common law, 339-341;
character and defects of the English law, 341-343;
hereditary right of the crown established, 343-346;
legal position of the gentry, 346-348;
causes of civil equality, 348-351;
character of its government, iii. 147;
prerogatives of its kings, 147-150;
mitigation of the forest laws, 150 and _note_ p;
jurisdiction of its constable and marshal, 151, 152 and _notes_;
spirit of independence exhibited in mediaeval ballads, 265-267;
its customs farmed by Italian bankers, 339, 340 _note_ d.
English constitution, character of the, iii. 152;
Sir John Fortescue's doctrine, 153-155;
Hume's erroneous views regarding it, 155, 158;
causes tending to its formation, 159;
effect of the loss of Normandy, 160;
real source of English freedom, 162;
principle involved in the relationship between lords and their
vassals, _ib._;
right of distress on the king's property, 163;
feudal sources of constitutional liberty, 164;
influence of the nobility, 165;
salutary provisions of Edward I., 169;
nature and gradual extinction of villenage, 171-183;
instances of regencies and principles whereon they are founded,
184-190;
doctrine of prerogative, 257-260.
See Anglo-Saxons, England, Feudal System, Parliament.
Erigena. See Scotus (John).
Ethelwolf, grant of, relative to tithes, ii. 146 _note_ a, 263.
Eudes elected king by the Franks, i. 127;
his qualifications for the dignity, _ib._
Eudes (duke of Burgundy). See Burgundy.
Eudon signally defeats the Saracens, i. 116;
receives aid from Charles Martel, _ib._
Eugenius IV. (cardinal Julian) advises Uladislaus to break faith with
Amurath, ii. 105;
its fatal consequences, 106;
other instances of his perfidy, 210 _note_ e;
his contests with the councils, 247;
his deposition by the council of Basle, 247 and _note_ q.
Euric, harsh treatment of his catholic subjects by, i. 3 _note_ f.
False Decretals. See Isidore.
Famines in the middle ages, frequency and extreme severity of, i. 328.
Felix V. (pope), election and supersession of, ii. 248.
Ferdinand confirmed in his succession to the crown of Naples, i. 494;
attempt of John of Calabria to oust him, _ib._;
his odious rule, 503 and _note_.
Ferdinand I. of Aragon, independence of the Catalans towards, ii. 57.
Ferdinand II. of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, ii. 18;
they succeed to the Castilian throne, _ib._;
Ferdinand invested with the crown of Aragon, 42;
arrangement of the united governments, 58, 59;
conquest of Granada, 59, 60.
Ferdinand III. of Castile, capture of Cordova by, ii. 9.
Ferdinand IV. of Castile, prevalence of civil dissensions in the reign
of, ii. 12, 13;
his gross violation of justice and remarkable death, 36.
Feudal system, rise of the, i. 145;
nature of alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and _notes_;
distinction of laws, 151;
origin of nobility, 157-159, 189;
fiscal lands or benefices, their nature, condition, and, extent,
159, 160;
introduction of subinfeudation, 161;
origin of feudal tenures, 163;
custom of personal commendation, 164;
its character, _ib._, 165;
edict of Conrad II., 166, 167, and _notes_;
principle of a feudal relation, 167;
rights and duties of vassals, _ib._;
ceremonies of homage, fealty, and investiture, 169;
obligations of the vassal to his lord, 170;
military service, its conditions and extent, 171 and _notes_;
feudal incidents: origin of reliefs, 172, 173;
of fines on alienation, 174;
the custom of _frerage_ in France, 176;
escheats and forfeitures, 177;
objects for which aids were levied, _ib._;
limitations thereof by Magna Charta, 178;
institution of wardships, _ib._;
their vexatious character in later times, 179;
extortionate and oppressive practices relative to marriages, 179, 180;
introduction of improper feuds, 181;
fiefs of office, their nature and variety, 181, 182 and _notes_;
feudal law-books, 182;
the Milanese collection, 183;
difference between that and the French and English systems, 183, 184;
the feudal system not of Roman origin, 185, 186;
localities over which it extended, 187, 188;
privileges of nobility, 191-194;
difference between a French _roturier_ and an English _commoner_,
191 _note_ p;
condition of the clergy, 195, 196;
of the classes below the gentry, 196;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plenieres, 220, 248;
legislative and judicial assemblies [see Legislation,
States-General, Justice];
decline of the feudal system, 249;
its causes: increase of the domains of the crown, 253, 254;
rise of the chartered towns, 255-261 [see Towns];
commutation of military service, 261 [see Military Systems];
decay of feudal principles, 268;
influence of feudalism upon the institutions of England and
France, 269;
civil freedom promoted by it, 270;
its tendency to exalt warlike habits, 271;
its value as an element of discipline, _ib._;
and as producing sentiments of loyalty, 272;
the _mundium_, 318 _note_;
essentials of the feudal system, 319;
its principles aristocratic and exclusive, 321;
Guizot's description of a feudal castle, 322;
laxity of feudal tenures in Italy, 365;
question of their existence in England prior to the Conquest, ii.
293-301;
feudalism under the Normans, 314;
innovation introduced by William I., 315;
difference between the feudal policy of England and France, 316, 318;
tenure of folcland and bocland, 406-410;
abuses of feudal rights, iii. 150.
Feuds, nature of, and derivation of the word, i. 316.
Fiefs. See Benefices, Feudal System.
Field of March (or Champ de Mars), origin of the assemblies so termed,
i. 212, 213;
their character, 213, 214;
not attended by the Roman inhabitants of Gaul, 282;
how often held, 308.
Field Sports. See Sports.
Fines, extent and singularity of, under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 320.
Fire-arms. See Military Systems.
Fiscal lands. See Benefices.
Flanders, fraudulent conduct of Philip IV. towards the count of, i. 44;
successful resistance of its people, _ib._;
large capture of gilt spurs by them, _ib. note_ a;
their commerce with England, 54;
their rebellion against count Louis, 66, 67 and _notes_;
their insubordination, 92;
their resistance to taxation, 93 and _note_;
their woollen manufacture, iii. 318, 319;
their settlement in England, 320 _note_ h;
its policy relative thereto, 321 and _note_ o.
See Trade.
Florence, curtailment of the power of, by Frederic Barbarossa, i. 420;
exclusion of the Ghibelins from offices of trust, _ib._;
Dante's simile relative to its unsettled state, _ib._;
corporations of the citizens, 421;
its magistracy, _ib._;
curious mode of election, 422;
the consiglio di popolo, 423;
defiance of law by the nobility, 424;
Giano della Bella reduces them to obedience, 424, 425;
rise of the plebeian aristocracy, 426;
Walter de Brienne invested with extraordinary powers, 427;
his tyranny and excesses, 428;
his overthrow, 429;
singular ordinances relative to the nobles, 430;
machinations of the Guelfs and persecutions of the Ghibelins, 431-433
and _note_ c;
prostration of the Guelfs, 434;
insurrection of the Ciompi and elevation of Lando, 435;
his judicious administration, 436;
restoration of the Guelfs, 437;
comparative security of the Florentines, 438;
their territorial acquisitions, revenue, population, &c., 439, 440
and _notes_;
Pisa bought by them, 443;
further disquietudes in their government, 496;
rise of the Medici [see Medici];
first Florentine voyage to Alexandria, 499 and _note_;
Florentine bankers and their transactions, iii. 340 and _notes_.
Folcland, nature of, ii. 406.
Foreigners invested with power in Italian states, i. 397, 416, 421,
427, 449.
Forest laws of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 312;
mitigation of their severity, iii. 150;
punishments inflicted, 311.
Fortescue (Sir John), on the English constitution, iii. 154.
France, policy observed in the territorial division of, i. 4 _note_ i;
insignificance of its early monarchs, 6 and _note_ m;
loss of the English possessions in, 27;
increase of the French domains, 42-45;
its state at the commencement of hostilities by Edward III., 51;
its condition after the battle of Poitiers, 56;
assembly of the States-General, _ib._;
desolation of the kingdom by famine, 57 and _note_;
ravaged by banditti, 58;
the Jacquerie insurrection, _ib._ and _note_ k;
state of the country under Charles V. and VI., 65, 66;
under Charles VII., 77, 84;
consolidation of its dominions, 100;
its historians, 101 _note_ m;
its deplorable state under Charles the Bald, 135;
its provincial government under the Merovingian kings, 152;
succession to its monarchy, 154 and 217 _note_;
its progress from weakness to strength, 204;
revenue of its kings, how raised, 208;
its coinage, 210, 211;
taxation, 211, 212;
its constitution never a _free_ one, 229 _note_ b;
designs of its kings upon Naples, 503 _et seq._
Franconia, rise of the House of, ii. 68;
its extinction, 71.
Frankfort, council of. See Council.
Franks, territories occupied by the, i. 2 and _note_ c;
their probable origin, _Note_ II. 104, 105;
their position under Pepin, 117, 118;
their promise to Pepin, 127, 154;
character of their church dignitaries, 150 _note_ q;
increase of the power of their kings, 155;
serfdom and villenage amongst them, 198-200;
extent to which they participated in legislation, 213 and _note_;
origin of the Ripuarian Franks and Salian Franks, 279;
their numbers during the reign of Clovis, 291, 292;
presumed infrequency of marriages between them and the Romans, 296;
extent of power possessed by their kings, 301-309.
Fredegonde, queen. See Chilperic.
Frederic I. (Frederic Barbarossa), third crusade undertaken by, i. 40;
title conferred by him on the archbishop of Lyons, 45;
commencement of his career in Italy, 371;
he besieges Milan, 372;
subjugation and second rise of its citizens, _ib._;
destruction of their city, 373;
league of Lombardy against him, 374;
his defeat and flight, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
his policy relative to Sicily, 378;
his response to Roman oratory, 415 and _note_;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 73;
Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and _note_ y;
he institutes the law of defiance, 95;
his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195;
his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227;
his intellectual acquirements, iii. 286 _note_ d;
his patronage of learning, 422.
Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385;
cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386;
rancour of papal writers against him, _ib. note_ c;
result of his crusade, 387;
his wars with the Lombards, _ib._;
his successes and defeats, 390;
animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391;
sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 75;
his deposition, 76;
he restrains the right of defiance, 96;
his imperial tribunal, 97;
his poetry, iii. 442.
Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and _note_;
his significant motto, 89 _note_ i;
objects of his diets, 96, 97;
he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.
Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. 359 _note_ k.
Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323;
alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324;
other freemen, 325;
consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.
Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.
Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 _note_ x.
Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. 286 _note_ e.
Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;
his death and failure of his son, _ib. note_ e.
Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2;
condition of its Roman natives, 149;
privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 _note_ r, 281 and _note_ e;
retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282;
their cities, 286;
their subjection to taxation, 287;
their accession to high offices, 293;
their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294;
presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.
Genoa, early history of, i. 444;
her wars with Pisa and Venice, _ib._;
victory of her fleet over Pisani, 445;
insolence of her admiral towards the Venetian ambassadors, 446;
her subsequent reverses, 447;
surrender of her forces to Venice, 448;
decline of her power, 449;
her government and its various changes, _ib._;
dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 450;
her first doge, 451;
frequent revolutions of her citizens, _ib._;
the Adorni and Fregosi factions, 496;
commercial dealings of the Genoese, iii. 329;
their position in Constantinople, 330;
their manufactures, 331;
their money transactions, 337, 340;
state security taken by their bankers, 341.
Germany conquered by Charlemagne, i. 9, 10;
held by Louis his grandson, 16;
passes away from his family, 17;
its Hungarian assailants, 19;
its first apostles, 121;
political state of ancient Germany, 145;
mode in which kings were chosen, _ib._;
lands in conquered provinces, how-divided, 146;
customs respecting alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and _notes_;
superior position of its rulers as compared with those of France, 204;
causes of the reversal of this state of things, _ib._;
degree of reliance due to Tacitus's accounts of German institutions,
273-275;
character of its governments, 302;
limited power of its kings, 302-304;
its position at the death of Charles the Fat, ii. 66;
election of its emperors, in whom vested, 77-80;
partitions of territory amongst its princes, 83, 84;
importance of its free cities, 90;
privileges conferred on them, _ib._;
their warfare with the nobles, 91;
the sanctuary of the palisades, 92;
league of the cities, _ib._;
polity of the principalities, 93;
extent of the imperial domains, _ib._;
their gradual alienation by the emperors, _ib._;
the diet of Worms and its results, 94-98;
limits of the German empire at various periods, 100;
absence of towns, iii. 312;
pre-eminence of its robber chiefs, 314.
See Diet, Justice.
Ghent, populousness and impregnability of, i. 92, 93;
policy of its people relative to taxation, 93 _note_;
its trading eminence, iii. 319;
its houses and population, 320 _note_ f.
Ghibelins, origin of the word, ii. 73.
See Guelfs.
Giovanni di Vicenza, singular success of the exhortations of, i. 403;
result of his attempts at sovereignty, 404.
Gloucester, duke of (_temp._ Richard II.), speaks for the parliament,
iii. 67, 68 _note_ c;
made lord appellant, 72;
reinstated in the council, 73;
his animosity towards the duke of Lancaster, 74, 75;
his seizure by the king, 76;
his murder and posthumous attainder, _ib._
Godfrey of Boulogne, eastern domains assigned to, i. 38;
his reasons for refusing the title of king, _ib. note_ g;
his feats of strength, _ib. note_ h.
Granada, fertility and importance of, ii. 60;
its unavailing resistance to Ferdinand, _ib._
Gratian, character of the Decretum compiled by, ii. 203.
Greek church, marriage of priests permitted by the, ii. 176.
Greek empire, degeneracy of the, ii. 120;
its theological dissensions, _ib._;
revival of its power, 124;
tactics of its emperors, 125 and _note_ n;
exploits of celebrated usurpers, 126;
results of the first crusade, 127;
expeditions of Alexius Comnenus, 128;
sacking of the capital, 128-130;
partition of the empire, 130;
its declining state, 132;
lukewarmness of the western Christians, 135;
fall of the empire, 136;
the last of the Caesars, _ib._;
Greek anti-exportation anecdote, iii. 315 _note_ a.
See Constantinople.
Gregory I., character of, ii. 161;
he establishes the appellant jurisdiction, 162, _note_ r.
Gregory II., design of, for placing Rome under Charles Martel's
protection, i. 122.
Gregory IV. and V., submission of, to imperial authority, ii. 182.
Gregory VII., projection of the crusades by, i. 34;
his obligations to the countess Matilda, 380;
his ascendency over the clergy, ii. 183, 184;
elected pope, 184;
his differences with, and excommunication of, Henry IV. of Germany,
184, 185 and _note_;
rigorous humiliation imposed by him on Henry, 186;
his exile and death, 187;
his declaration against investitures, 189;
his illimitable ambition and arrogance, 192;
his despotism towards ecclesiastics, 193;
his arrogance eclipsed by Innocent III., 228.
Gregory IX., excommunications of Frederic II. by, i. 387, 391;
his further designs against Frederic, _ib._;
Decretals published by his order, ii. 203;
his encroachments on the English church, 212;
his pretext for levying contributions, 216;
immense sum extorted by him from England, 217.
Gregory X., tax levied on the church by, ii. 218.
Gregory XI. reinstates the papal court at Rome, ii. 240.
Gregory XII. elected and deposed, ii. 242.
Grimoald, usurpation of supreme power by, i. 6.
Grostete (Robert, bishop of Lincoln), notices of, ii. 217 _note_ f;
iii. 429 _note_ k, 464.
Guarnieri (duke), systematic levy of contributions by, i. 471;
success of his operations, _ib._
Guelfs and Ghibelins, origin of the rival factions of, i. 382;
their German antecedents, 383 and _note_;
characteristics of the two parties, 384;
irrationality of the distinctions, 406;
temporary union of the factions, _ib._;
expulsion of the Ghibelins from Florence, 407;
revival of their party, 410;
origin of the name Guelfs, ii. 73;
See Florence, Genoa.
Gui de Lusignan, cause of his flight from France, i. 36.
Guienne, seized by Philip IV., i. 43;
restored to England, 44;
insurrection of its people against Charles VII., 86 and _note_;
suspicious death of Charles duke of, 89 and _note_.
Guiscard (Robert), territorial conquests of, i. 363;
he takes Leo IX. prisoner, _ib._;
his English opponents at Constantinople, ii. 307.
Guiscard (Roger), conquers Sicily, i. 363;
declared king by Innocent II., 364;
he shelters Gregory VII., ii. 187;
he subjugates Amalfi, iii. 328;
he introduces silk manufactures at Palermo, 331.
Gunpowder. See Military Systems.
Hair, length of, a mark of nobility, i. 310;
Childebert's proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 _note_.
Hanse towns, confederacy of the, iii. 325.
Haroun Alraschid, magnificence of the rule of, ii. 121;
African principalities in his reign, 122.
Hastings, lord (_temp._ Edward IV.), receives bribes from Louis XI.,
i. 90;
his reason for refusing to give receipts for the same, _ib. note_ q.
Hawkwood (Sir John), military renown acquired by, i. 472;
gratitude of the Florentines towards him, _ib._;
his skill as a general, 473.
Haxey (Thomas), surrendered by the commons to the vengeance of Richard
II., iii. 76, 102;
important principles involved in his case, 76 _notes_.
Henry II. of Castile rebels against Peter the Cruel, ii. 14;
his defeat and subsequent victory, 15;
his vow to preserve justice, 36.
Henry III. of Castile marries John of Gaunt's daughter, ii. 15.
Henry IV. of Castile, despicable character of, ii. 17;
deposed by a conspiracy of nobles, _ib._;
futile efforts of his daughter to succeed him, 18;
contests after his death, _ib._;
his reproof by the Cortes of Ocana, 33.
Henry I. of England, extortions on the church by, ii. 216.
Henry II. marries the repudiated wife of Louis VII., i. 25;
opposes the tyranny of the church of Rome, ii. 222;
cause of his dispute with Thomas a Becket, 223.
Henry III. allows Italian priests in English benefices, ii. 213;
abets papal taxation on the clergy, 217;
his submissiveness, 226;
provisions contained in his charter, 327, 328;
worthlessness of his character, 329;
his perjuries, 330;
his pecuniary difficulties and extortions, 331;
his expensive foreign projects, 332;
demands of the pope and resolute conduct of the barons, 333;
his quarrel with, the earl of Pembroke, iii. 164.
Henry IV., policy and views of, towards France, i. 65, 74;
circumstances attending his succession, iii. 81;
invalidity of his hereditary title, 82;
his tactics towards the parliament, 83;
aid granted to him in 1400, 85;
policy of the commons towards him, 86, 87;
limitations imposed on him, 93, 94;
he comes to terms with them, 94.
See Bolingbroke.
Henry V., his exorbitant demands on proposing to marry Catherine of
France, i. 74 and _note_ n;
invasion of France by, _ib._ and _note_ o;
his negotiations with the duke of Burgundy, 75;
his marriage and death, 76;
life subsidies granted to him, iii. 87;
improbability of his alleged dissoluteness, 96;
his claims on popular affection, _ib._;
his clemency to the earl of March, 194.