Sunshine and Shadow
10
Wherein is shown the amazing power of hereditary traits;
history repeats itself.
¶ It was from his mother that Prince Bismarck, the future ruler of
Germany, received his endowment of dauntless audacity, his gift of
trenchant argument, his bursts of ironical laughter, his power of
instant decisions, his scolding, and his bitter wrath. All these
qualities shone in the parliamentary fight before the Austrian war,
when for three years he defied the country, and raised the Prussian
war-funds by extortion!
¶ In one sense, he was always stacking the cards! And what chance has
the fellow-player against the dealer with the marked deck? Bismarck's
life abounds with episodes showing this astonishing readiness. In
love, in laughter and in intrigue, it was ever the same. Bismarck's
use of human nature, constructively, at the precise psychological
moment, redounding to his self-interest, is supreme.
* * * * *
¶ At the wedding of his friend Blankenburg to Fraulein
Thadden-Triglaff, the bridesmaid was Fraulein Johanna von Puttkammer.
Bismarck saw, admired and decided. Soon after in a Hartz journey, with
the Blankenburgs, Otto had a brief opportunity to favor energetic
measures. He wasted no time, Johanna must become his wife! He wrote
direct to the young lady's parents, with whom he was not acquainted. A
flying visit followed to the home of his intended father-in-law. The
Puttkammers were surprised at the suitor's impetuous love-making, also
were shocked by the reputation Bismarck had for fast living.
The moment he saw parents and daughter he forced the situation.
Throwing his arms around his sweetheart, Bismarck embraced her,
vigorously. And thus he won his bride even before an unwilling father
and mother; for Bismarck carried them off their feet by the very
audacity of his wooing.
* * * * *
¶ During the Franco-Prussian war, coming to the Rothschild château,
Bismarck found 17,000 bottles of wines in the cellar, under lock and
key; and the keeper was determined that Bismarck should not use the
master's champagnes.
It took Bismarck only a few minutes to change all that. Soon he was
comfortably settled in the Baron's private chambers, reached by a
grand winding staircase; here the Chancellor proceeded to make himself
at home in dressing gown and slippers.
¶ He rang for the butler, ordered wine for himself and suite. The
keeper of the cellar still refused--and Bismarck's black ire rose. In
a voice of thunder he cried, "If you do not open that cellar door by
the time I count five, you will be trussed on a spit, like a fowl!"
¶ After that, the Prussians had what they wanted, made merry on the
rare wines of Baron Rothschild, who was known as a hater of Prussia
and an admirer of Austria.
¶ Bismarck now decided to try various gastronomic oddities; ordered
his staff to shoot pheasants from the Baron's preserves, and commanded
the cook to stew the birds in champagne!
* * * * *
¶ When Napoleon wrote his famous note, at Sedan, "Not having been able
to die in the midst of my troops, there is nothing left for me but to
place my troops in your Majesty's hands," Bismarck saw the human
nature side at a glance! He urged peace, then and there, with the
Prince Imperial on the throne, and "under German influence," which
would thus give to Prussia the whip hand. General Sheridan tells the
story.
It was an instantaneous look into the far future, and although it did
not prevail, for certain important reasons, the Chancellor caught the
human side of the combination, with the clarity of a dramatist
constructing a plot.
¶ On his mother's side, Otto von Bismarck comes of hunting, fighting
and farming stock.
Shrewd, wise, ambitious, and haughty--with these traits she richly
endowed her son. His father was handsome, bright, solid,
emphatic-looking, but with a yielding disposition; the iron will and
sharp tongue of the wife overawed the husband. The shrewish frau had
things largely her own way, was able to read a lecture like the wrath
of God. However, on the whole, the couple got along passably well--for
Karl never took Louise too seriously! When Frau Louise's efforts to
make a lackey of him got on his nerves, Karl called his cronies and
away they went fox-hunting.
11
At the tender age of six, already is Otto forced out of the
family circle; the wolf's breed shows its teeth.
¶ Well, the incensed Louise, weary of the softness of Karl, and
fearing lest Karl would spoil Otto by too much petting, packed the
child off to Plamann Institute, Berlin, a school of the Squeers type.
Otto remained in this Spartan school-prison for nearly six years, and
to the end of his life carried unpleasant memories. Plamann Institute
idea was to harden lads, but instead of hardening the practices there
embittered.
¶ The half-starved boys were up at 6; breakfast of bread and milk;
religious exercises at 7; at 10, luncheon of bread and salt; then, a
run in the garden; at noon, dinner from the hands of Frau Plamann; and
if a lad wanted a second plate, and couldn't eat it all, he was
punished by being sent to the garden, there to remain till he had
gulped down the last morsel, even though he fairly choked; at teatime,
bread and salt, or warm beer and slices of bread; all day, studies of
interminable length and dullness;--but, best of all, fencing exercises
wound up the day.
¶ In the school yard was a lone lime-tree, and here the boys came
running as a goal for their sports. Using this lime-tree as a pulpit,
Otto used to read to his companions chapters from Becker's stories
about giants.
¶ There was a pond near Schoenberg where the pupils used to go
bathing. Otto's chum was Ernest Kriger.
¶ After six years of this life on salt and potatoes, Otto was
transferred to Dr. Bonnell's Frdk-Wm. Gymnasium, Berlin, and in
another year to Grey Friars' Gymnasium. Soon after Dr. Schleiermacher
confirmed Otto, at Trinity Protestant church.
In the light of subsequent history, it is significant, almost uncanny,
to recall the life-text offered to Otto at this solemn moment by his
pastor: "And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not
unto men." Many years later--just before his death--Bismarck ordered
the motto to be carved on his tomb; all his life he had followed the
text.
¶ The lad was two years at Grey Friars' school. While there Otto's
deep-seated hatred of the French is again visible for a decisive
moment.
In 1806 Marshal Soult had slashed the genealogical tree of the
Bismarck family; and young Otto, who often heard the story, grew up
with the idea that the French were ogres.
The school schedule, among other studies, called for French, or
English as an optional selection; although all Otto's chums decided
for French, the lad flatly refused to follow and instead stood almost
alone in the English class.
¶ He is no longer a child when he says good-bye to Grey Friars; he is
a young man of 17--and life is opening before him.
Life! The joyous care-free life of youth and inexperience; with the
world and its cares still seemingly far away!
12
At Goettingen, he joined the Hannovera Corps and his record is
twenty-eight duels; his face bore many scars, among them a long
cut from left jaw to corner of his mouth.
¶ Otto's mother, who had strong social aspirations and held to the
rigid exclusiveness of the upper classes, wished to send her son to an
aristocratic university. So she selected Goettingen. Her ideas were
to make her son a man of dignity and solid social qualities.
Alas, he became but an indifferent student, excelling principally in
dueling, beer-bouts in college taverns, dog-fighting, flirting, and
general deviltries unnumbered, for which he spent considerable time in
the college dungeon. Listen to this:
¶ Many years ago, in his roaring student days, long before Otto von
Bismarck was famous, he received an invitation to a ball, and went to
the shoemaker to be measured for high-topped military boots, affected
by the beaux of that day. Calling some days later, he was told that it
would be impossible to get them finished in time; and he would
therefore have to wear his old boots to the ball.
¶ Bismarck scowled and going back to his rooms, whistled for his two
ferocious dogs with which he was wont to trail around town; returning
to the cobbler's the daring rascal said in a loud voice: "Mister
bootmaker, at a signal from me the dogs will tear you to pieces! I am
here to tell you, in the most friendly way in the world, that it is
absolutely necessary to have my boots on time."
¶ Bismarck then went away, but he hired a man to parade up and down in
the vicinity of the shop with the two mastiffs; and now and then this
man dropped in, and in a voice of sorrow, said to the cobbler: "My
master has a terrible temper and I am sorry for you." At that, the
shoemaker told his wife: "Frau, I am going to work all night, to get
Herr Bismarck's boots finished in time for that ball!"
¶ It is needless to add that young Bismarck had his boots on time.
* * * * *
¶ In discussing Bismarck's life and personality many writers will tell
you that the man is inconsistency itself; advocating now what in a
year he will recant; that for this and other reasons it is baffling to
try to make a picture many-sided enough to portray adequately his
complex life.
¶ On the contrary, Bismarck, once you get the biographic clue, is as
open, free and direct as the light of the noonday sun. And the story
of the poor cobbler and the boots is all there is to it!
Repeat this story in a hundred and one forms, and the same man is
always behind.
¶ Among his cronies, he early gained the name "The Mad Bismarck." At
Goettingen university, Otto fought 28 duels and his face bore his
fighting scars.
¶ To scare the girls and to make them shriek and lift their skirts, a
sight that the rascal Otto enjoyed, one night at a dance he let loose
a small fox in the ball room! And he had ridden like the devil, some
30-odd miles to be at this dance.
¶ As for drinking, no man could put him under the table. Later in
life, he invented his own special draught, a combination of champagne
and porter; ordinary men dropped under the deadly compound as from a
dose of cyanide of potassium, but Otto could drain his quart without
taking the tankard from his lips. He soon had all the company under
the chairs, like dead soldiers.
¶ Often, at country houses, he fired pistols to awaken guests in the
morning.
¶ His groom fell into the canal, the young giant Bismarck leaped in
and dragged the drowning man to safety; for this heroic deed, Bismarck
won his first medal.
* * * * *
¶ Bismarck's student life was tempestuous. He was indeed full of the
very devil.
His every-day get-up comprised top boots, long hair flowing over the
collar of his velveteen jacket; a big brass ring on the first finger
of his left hand; two fierce mastiffs trotted sullenly at his side. He
trailed around, smoking a long pipe.
¶ The young man's high animal spirits broke all restraints; he smoked,
he drank, he sang, he flirted, and he fought; but as for books, he did
as little studying as he could.
He was sent many times to the university "carcer" or prison; an
interesting souvenir is still to be seen at Goettingen, the
student-prison door, on which Bismarck carved his name in 1832, when
he was "doing" ten days for acting as second in a pistol duel.
¶ With a Mecklenburg student, Otto's great chum, a trip was made
through the Hartz mountains, and on returning a wine dinner was
offered to other students.
All the fellows drank too much brandy. Bismarck made an inflammatory
speech, at table, ending by showing his derision of scholasticism by
hurling ink bottles out of the window. For this breach of the rules,
he was hauled before the university court. Here, he appeared in
outlandish get-up, jack boots, tall hat, long pipe, dressing gown--and
coolly asked the proctor what 'twas all about. Bismarck's huge dogs,
with which he was always accompanied, frightened the proctor half to
death! Bismarck was promptly fined five thalers for his absurdities;
he paid the fine and began studying up more deviltry.
¶ Joining the Hannovera Corps of fighting men, Otto was soon known as
"Achilles," leading the fellows in all sword-play. He fought duel
after duel, and finally under the influence of Morley, an American
student, decided to switch over from the Hannovera to the Brunswick
corps--whereon every Jack in the Hannovera sent Otto a challenge.
* * * * *
¶ On a trip to Jena, the fellows decided on a riot, and were deep in
their cups when the Goettingen proctor arrived to bring the runaway
Bismarck back, and put him in the "carcer" till he cooled off. The
Jena fellows carried on at a great rate to think that the beloved
"Achilles" had to leave so unceremoniously, but at the last moment
hitched up six horses and paraded Bismarck around town, as a
demonstrative fare thee well!
* * * * *
¶ The scene of many of his drinking bouts was "Crown" tavern, an
ancient Goettingen resort, where the fellows sat on wooden benches in
front of a long bar and drank till they felt like fighting cocks. By
the way, it is a bit strange that Otto had such amazing capacity; for
he was as thin as a knitting needle.
Among the men Bismarck met at this bar was Albrecht von Roon, who many
years later was to become the great Prussian military drill-master.
¶ Bismarck finally left Goettingen in August, '33; his last duel was
with an Englishman who had made fun of the German peasant, describing
that worthy as "a dunce in a night cap, whose night-dress is made of
39 rags." The 39 rags was an allusion to the 39 petty German states.
Bismarck was already becoming imbued with the "national German faith,"
as it was called, and could not let the insult go by.
¶ As a rule, Bismarck was lucky in his sword play. The biggest slash
he received was made by Biedenweg, whose sword broke and cut Otto from
jaw to lip, on the left cheek--a scar that Bismarck carried to his
grave.
¶ Giesseler, the proctor, gave Bismarck a very doubtful letter of
recommendation; the duelist and beer-drinker had asked for a transfer
to Berlin university. Otto wanted to hear law lectures by Savigny.
¶ He began his Berlin course in a mocking way. There was an unserved
jail sentence hanging over Bismarck's head at Goettingen; and with
sham seriousness, as though he were going to turn over a new leaf,
Otto humbly set up that, to be strictly honest with the professors, to
jail Otto must go and to jail they sent him! But no sooner was he out
than he forgot all his good resolutions, and began his mad existence
again.
¶ Finally, in May, 1835, he passed his examination in law, or
"advocate assistant," but not without hiring a professional "crammer"
to drill him hours and hours--to make up for wasted weeks in beer
cellars and with the pretty girls.
13
Deficient in discipline, young Otto makes a fizzle of his first
office-holding; his shocking conduct against his superior
officer; back to the old estates, he looks after the cattle,
dogs and horses.
¶ Harum-scarum days are over--and now for the serious business of
life. Years later, in the days of his great renown, Bismarck, thinking
of his early preparation, always regretted, he said, that he did not
join the army. As a matter of fact, he had no serious plans for years
to come--and it would appear that, on the whole, his career was
decided by accident. Of this more, at the right time, later.
* * * * *
¶ When Bismarck was 20, he served several months at Aix-la-Chapelle,
in court work, then was transferred to Potsdam, to the administrative
side.
He soon showed himself deficient in discipline. An over-officer kept
him waiting, and Bismarck took personal offense. At last Bismarck was
admitted. The over-officer was sitting there, calmly killing time
smoking a cigar. Bismarck leaned over and in his gruff way asked,
"Give me a match!" This in itself was highly insolent, a violation of
Prussian ideas of discipline. But the astonished over-officer
complied. The young clerk thereupon sprawled in a chair and lighted
his cigar.
It was, you see, merely to show his independence. Also, it meant that
he had to get out of the service.
¶ Bismarck was glad to go; he hated intensely the clock-like
regularity of the Prussian bureaucracy.
¶ His mother died in 1839, at which time Otto was 24; and on the young
chap now fell the management of the Pomeranian estates.
¶ In 1844, Otto went to live with his father at Schoenhausen; here,
Otto and his brother looked after the farms. Otto was later appointed
Dyke-captain of the Elbe.
¶ Along about this time, a religious revival swept through Prussia and
Otto was carried away on the flood; also, he began showing himself a
strong monarchical man.
Always religious and always a King's man, at heart, Otto now seriously
studied religion and state affairs. When the call came, he was not
found wanting!
* * * * *
¶ We hasten along. In 1847, Otto's naturally deep religious
convictions were strengthened by his wife's uncompromising orthodoxy.
¶ It was in this year, also, that he made his entry into Prussian
politics--to the study of which he was to devote his long life and his
surprising genius. However, to present a clear idea of the work
Bismarck was to do, it is necessary to return, briefly, to an earlier
day, and to trace a complex historical movement through the past. We
shall summarize, on broad lines, the problem presented by the question
of German national unity. The German problem comprised a political,
sociological and racial situation toward whose solution hundreds, if
not thousands, of notable men and women, for several generations past,
had sought in vain.
¶ "Nothing," says Wilhelm Gorlach, "can more clearly prove Bismarck's
historical importance than the fact that we are obliged to go back
several centuries to understand the connection of his actions."
BOOK THE SECOND
The German National Problem