Domestication, etc., des Feigenbaums_, in 4to, 1882), has himself
observed facts of this nature already indicated by various authors. He
did not find the seed provided with embryos (p. 64), which he attributes
to the absence of the insect (_Blastophaga_), which generally lives in
the wild fig, and facilitates the fertilization of one flower by another
in the interior of the fruit. It is asserted, however, that
fertilization occasionally takes place without the intervention of the
insect.
[1478] Chabas, _Mélanges Egyptol._, 3rd series (1873), vol. ii. p. 92.
[1479] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._, i. p. 285; Reynier, _Écon. Publ.
des Arabes et des Juifs_, p. 470.
[1480] Forskal, _Fl. Ægypto-Arab._, p. 125. Lagarde (_Revue Critique
d’Histoire_, Feb. 27, 1882) says that this Semitic name is very ancient.
[1481] Bretschneider, in Solms, _ubi supra_, p. 51.
[1482] Herodotus, i. 71.
[1483] Lenz, _Botanik der Griechen_, p. 421, quotes four lines of Homer.
See also Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, edit. 3, p. 84.
[1484] Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, edit. 3, p. 513.
[1485] No importance should be attached to the exaggerated divisions
made by Gasparini in _Ficus carica_, Linnæus. Botanists who have studied
the fig tree since his time retain a single species, and name several
varieties of the wild fig. The cultivated forms are numberless.
[1486] Gussone, _Enum. Plant. Inarimensium_, p. 301.
[1487] For the history of the fig tree and an account of the operation
(of doubtful utility) which consists in planting insect-bearing
_Caprifici_ among the cultivated trees (caprification), see Solms’ work.
[1488] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xv. cap. 18.
[1489] Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, edit. 3, p. 513.
[1490] Webb and Berthelot, _Hist. Nat. des Canaries Ethnogr._, p. 186;
_Phytogr._, iii. p. 257.
[1491] Duveyrier, _Les Touaregs du Nord._, p. 193.
[1492] Planchon, _Étude sur les tufs de Montpellier_, p. 63; de Saporta,
_La flore des tufs quaternaires en Provence, in Comptes rendus de la 32e
Session du Congrès Scientifique de France; Bull. Soc. Geolog._, 1873-74,
p. 442.
[1493] See the fine plates published in Tussac’s _Flore des Antilles_,
vol. ii. pls. 2 and 3; and Hooker, _Bot. Mag._, t. 2869-2871.
[1494] _Voyages à la Nouvelle Guinée_, p. 100.
[1495] Hooker, _ubi supra_.
[1496] Rumphius, _Herb. Amboin_, i. p. 112, pl. 33.
[1497] _Flora Vitiensis_, p. 255.
[1498] Seemann, _Fl. Vit._, p. 255; _Nadeaud, Enum. des Pl. Indig. de
Taiti_, p. 44; Idem, _Pl. usuelles des Taitiens_, p. 24.
[1499] See Tussac’s plates, _Flore des Antilles_, pl. 4; and Hooker,
_Bot. Mag._, t. 2833, 2834.
[1500] Rheede, _Malabar_, iii. p. 18; Wight, _Icones_, ii. No. 678;
Brandis, _Forest Flora of India_, p. 426; Kurz, _Forest Flora of Brit.
Burmah_, p. 432.
[1501] Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_, pl. 4.
[1502] Baker, _Fl. of Maurit._, p. 282.
[1503] Martius, _Gen. et Spec. Palmarum_, in folio, vol. iii. p. 257; C.
Ritter, _Erdkunde_, xiii. p. 760; Alph. de Candolle, _Géog. Bot. Rais._,
p. 343.
[1504] Unger, _Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægypt._, p. 38.
[1505] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. vi. cap. 37.
[1506] Unger, _ubi supra_.
[1507] See C. Ritter, _ubi supra_.
[1508] Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, edit. 3, p. 234.
[1509] C. Ritter, _ibid._, p. 828.
[1510] According to Roxburgh, Royle, etc.
[1511] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 31.
[1512] According to Schmidt, _Fl. d. Cap.-Verd. Isl._, p. 168, the
date-palm is rare in these islands, and is certainly not wild. Webb and
Berthelot, on the contrary, assert that in some of the Canaries it is
apparently indigenous (_Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Botanique_, iii. p.
289).
[1513] Humboldt, _Nouvelle Espagne_, 1st edit., ii. p. 360.
[1514] Oviedo, _Hist. Nat._, 1556, p. 112. Oviedo’s first work is of
1526. He is the earliest naturalist quoted by Dryander (_Bibl. Banks_)
for America.
[1515] I have also seen this passage in the translation of Oviedo by
Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 115.
[1516] Humboldt, _Nouvelle Espagne_, 2nd edit., p. 385.
[1517] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Commentarios Reales_, i. p. 282.
[1518] Acosta, _Hist. Nat. De Indias_, 1608, p. 250.
[1519] Desvaux, _Journ. Bot._, iv. p. 5.
[1520] Caldcleugh, _Trav. in S. Amer._, 1825, i. p. 23.
[1521] Stevenson, _Trav. in S. Amer._, i. p. 328.
[1522] _Ibid._, p. 363.
[1523] Boussingault, _C. r. Acad. Sc. Paris_, May 9, 1836.
[1524] Meyen, _Pflanzen Geog._, 1836, p. 383.
[1525] Ritter, _Erdk._, iv. p. 870.
[1526] Seemann, _Bot. of the Herald_, p. 213; Ernst, in Seemann’s
_Journ. of Bot._, 1867, p. 289; Sagot, _Journ. de la Soc. d’Hort. de
Fr._, 1872, p. 226.
[1527] Martius, _Eth. Sprachenkunde Amer._, p. 123.
[1528] Roxburgh and Wallich, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p. 485; Piddington,
_Index_.
[1529] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xii. cap. 6.
[1530] Unger, _ubi supra_, and Wilkinson, ii. p. 403, do not mention it.
The banana is now cultivated in Egypt.
[1531] Forster, _Plant. Esc._, p. 28.
[1532] Clusius, _Exot._, p. 229; Brown, _Bot. Congo_, p. 51.
[1533] Roxburgh, _Corom._, tab. 275; _Fl. Ind._
[1534] Rumphius, _Amb._, v. p. 139.
[1535] Loureiro, _Fl. Coch._, p. 791.
[1536] Loureiro, _Fl. Coch._, p. 791.
[1537] Blanco, _Flora_, 1st edit., p. 247.
[1538] Finlayson, _Journey to Siam_, 1826, p. 86, according to Ritter,
_Erdk._, iv. p. 878.
[1539] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl. Cey._, p. 321.
[1540] Aitchison, _Catal. of Punjab_, p. 147.
[1541] Hughes, _Barb._, p. 182; Maycock, _Fl. Barb._, p. 396.
[1542] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 148.
[1543] Piso, edit. 1648, _Hist. Nat._, p. 75.
[1544] Humboldt quotes the Spanish edition of 1608. The first edition is
of 1591. I have only been able to consult the French translation of
Regnault, published in 1598, and which is apparently accurate.
[1545] Acosta, trans., lib. iv. cap. 21.
[1546] That is probably Hispaniola or San Domingo; for if he had meant
the Spanish language, it would have been translated by _castillan_ and
without the capital letter.
[1547] This is probably a misprint for _Andes_, for the word _Indes_ has
no sense. The work says (p. 166) that pine-apples do not grow in Peru,
but that they are brought thither from the Andes, and (p. 173) that the
cacao comes from the Andes. It seems to have meant hot regions. The word
Andes has since been applied to the chain of mountains by a strange and
unfortunate transfer.
[1548] I have read through the entire work, to make sure of this fact.
[1549] Prescott, _Conquest of Peru_. The author has consulted valuable
records, among others a manuscript of Montesinos of 1527; but he does
not quote his authorities for each fact, and contents himself with vague
and general indications, which are very insufficient.
[1550] Marcgraf, _Brasil._, p. 33.
[1551] Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 113; Jos. Acosta, _Hist. Nat.
des Indes_, French trans., p. 166.
[1552] Thevet, Piso, etc.; Hernandez, _Thes._, p. 341.
[1553] Rheede, _Hort. Malab._, xi. p. 6.
[1554] Rumphius, _Amboin_, v. p. 228.
[1555] Royle, _Ill._, p. 376.
[1556] Kircher, _Chine Illustrée_, trans. of 1670, p. 253.
[1557] Clusius, _Exotic._, cap. 44.
[1558] Baker, _Fl. of Maurit._
[1559] Royle, _ubi supra_.
[1560] Seemann, _Bot. of the Herald_, p. 215.
[1561] Humboldt, _Nouv. Esp._, 2nd edit., ii. p. 478.
[1562] _Gardeners’ Chronicle_, 1881, vol. i. p. 657.
[1563] Martius, letter to A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 927.
[1564] Humboldt, _Voy._, ii. p. 511; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland,
_Nova Genera_, v. p. 316; Martius, _Ueber den Cacao_, in Büchner,
_Repert. Pharm._
[1565] Schach, in Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 91.
[1566] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 15.
[1567] G. Bernoulli. _Uebersicht der Arten von Theobroma_, p. 5.
[1568] Hemsley, _Biologia Centrali Americana_, part ii. p. 133.
[1569] Grisebach, _ubi supra_.
[1570] Triana and Planchon, _Prodr. Fl. Novo Granatensis_, p. 208.
[1571] Blanco, _Fl. de Filipinas_, edit. 2, p. 420.
[1572] Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, _ubi supra_; Triana, _ubi
supra_.
[1573] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1881.
[1574] Roxburgh, _Fl. Indica_, ii. p. 269.
[1575] Blume, _Rumphia_, iii. p. 106.
[1576] Loureiro, _Flora Coch._, p. 233; Kurz, _Forest Fl. of Brit.
Burmah_, p. 293.
[1577] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p. 271; Thwaites, _Enum. Zeyl._, p. 58;
Hiern, in _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 688.
[1578] Hiern, in _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 687.
[1579] Blume, _Rumphia_, iii. p. 103; Miquel, _Fl. Indo-Batava_, i. p.
554.
[1580] Bossier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 5.
[1581] Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, lib. xiii. cap. 15; lib. xv. cap. 22; Galen,
_De Alimentis_, lib. ii. cap. 30.
[1582] Lerche, _Nova Acta Acad. Cesareo-Leopold_, vol. v., appendix, p.
203, published in 1773. Maximowicz, in a letter of Feb. 24, 1882, tells
me that Lerche’s specimen exists in the herbarium of the Imperial Garden
at St. Petersburgh. It is in flower, and resembles the cultivated bean
in all points excepting height, which is about half a foot. The label
mentions the locality and its wild character without other remarks.
[1583] There are Transcaucasian specimens in the same herbarium, but
taller, and they are not said to be wild.
[1584] Marschall Bieberstein, _Flora Caucaso-Taurica_; C. A. Meyer,
_Verzeichniss_; Hohenacker, _Enum. Plant. Talysch_; Boissier, _Fl.
Orient._, p. 578, Buhse and Boissier, _Plant. Transcaucasiæ_.
[1585] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 664, quotes de Candolle,
_Prodromus_, ii. p. 354; now Seringe wrote the article _Faba_ in
_Prodromus_, in which the south of the Caspian is indicated, probably on
Lerche’s authority.
[1586] _Dict. d’Agric._, v. p. 512.
[1587] Munby, _Catal. Plant. in Alger. sponte nascent._, edit. 2, p. 12.
[1588] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 256; Rohlfs,
_Kufra_.
[1589] Loiscleur Deslongchamps, _Consid. sur les Céréales_, part i. p.
29.
[1590] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 7, 15.
[1591] _Iliad_, 13, v. 589.
[1592] Wittmack, _Sitz. bericht Vereins_, Brandenburg, 1879.
[1593] _Novitius Dictionnarium_, at the word _Faba_.
[1594] _Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 353.
[1595] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 22, figs. 44-47.
[1596] Perrin, _Étude Préhistorique sur la Savoie_, p. 2.
[1597] Delile, _Plant. Cult. en Égypte_, p. 12; Reynier, _Économie des
Égyptiens et Carthaginois_, p. 340; Unger, _Pflan. d. Alt. Ægyp._, p.
64; Wilkinson, _Man. and Cus. of Anc. Egyptians_, p. 402.
[1598] Reynier, _ubi supra_, tries to discover the reason of this.
[1599] Herodotus, _Histoire_, Larcher’s trans., vol. ii. p. 32.
[1600] 2 Sam. xvii. 28; Ezek. iv. 9.
[1601] _Dict. Français-Berbère_, published by the French government.
[1602] Note communicated to M. Clos by M. d’Abadie.
[1603] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, chap. x.
[1604] _Rhododendron ponticum_ now exists only in Asia Minor and in the
south of the Spanish peninsula.
[1605] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 577.
[1606] C. A. Meyer, _Verzeichniss Fl. Caucas._, p. 147.
[1607] Georgi, in Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._
[1608] Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._; Delile, _Plant. Cult. en Égypte_, p. 13.
[1609] Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 134.
[1610] Reynier, _Économie publique et rurale des Arabes et des Juifs_,
Genève, 1820, p. 429.
[1611] _Dict. Franç.-Berbère_, in 8vo, 1844.
[1612] Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, etc., edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 188.
[1613] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 364;
Hehn, _ubi supra_.
[1614] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 23, fig. 49.
[1615] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. iv. cap. 5.
[1616] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 324; Piddington,
_Index_.
[1617] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 660, according to Pallas, Falk, and
Koch.
[1618] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 560; Steven, _Verzeichniss des
Taurischen Hablinseln_, p. 134.
[1619] _Iliad_, bk. 13, verse 589; Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. viii. c.
3.
[1620] Dioscorides, lib. ii. c. 126.
[1621] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 71.
[1622] Nemnich, _Polyglott. Lex._, i. p. 1037; Bunge, in _Goebels
Reise_, ii. p. 328.
[1623] Clément d’Alexandrie, _Strom._, lib. i., quoted from Reynier,
_Écon. des Égyp. et Carthag._, p. 343.
[1624] Reynier, _Écon. des Arabes et Juifs_, p. 430.
[1625] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._, i. p. 100; Hamilton, _Bot. de la
Bible_, p. 180.
[1626] Rauwolf, _Fl. Orient._, No. 220; Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 81;
_Dict. Franç.-Berbère_.
[1627] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 324; Piddington, _Index_.
[1628] See Fraas, _Fl. Class._, p. 51; Lenz., _Bot. der Alten_, p. 73.
[1629] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 69.
[1630] Olivier de Serres, _Théâtre de l’Agric._, edit. 1529, p. 88.
[1631] Clusius, _Hist. Plant._, ii. p. 228.
[1632] Willkomm and Lange, _Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 466.
[1633] Caruel, _Fl. Toscana_, p. 136.
[1634] Gussone, _Fl. Siculæ Syn._, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 466.
[1635] Grisebach, _Spicil. Fl. Rumel._, p. 11.
[1636] D’Urville, _Enum._, p. 86.
[1637] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 510.
[1638] Caruel, _Fl. Tosc._, p. 136.
[1639] Gussone, _Fl. Sic. Syn._, ii. p. 267; Moris, _Fl. Sardoa_, i. p.
596.
[1640] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 29.
[1641] _Aufzählung_, etc., p. 257.
[1642] Schweinfurth, _Plantæ Nilot. a Hartman Coll._, p. 6.
[1643] Unger, _Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægyp._, p. 65.
[1644] Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_, ii. p.
403.
[1645] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._, vol. i.
[1646] Muratori, _Antich. Ital._, i. p. 347; _Diss._, 24, quoted by
Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 31.
[1647] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 623; Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p.
200.
[1648] Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, vii. p. 419; Caruel, _Fl. Tosc._, p. 184;
Gussone, _Fl. Sic. Synopsis_, ii. p. 279; Moris, _Fl. Sardoa_, i. p.
577.
[1649] Steven, _Verzeichniss_, p. 134.
[1650] Alefeld, _Bot. Zeitung._, 1860, p. 204.
[1651] Darwin, _Animals and Plants under Domestication_, p. 326.
[1652] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. viii. c. 3 and 5.
[1653] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 71.
[1654] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. c. 7 and 12. This is certainly _P.
sativum_, for the author says it cannot bear the cold.
[1655] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 359.
[1656] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, xxiii. fig. 48; Perrin, _Études
Préhistoriques sur la Savoie_, p. 22.
[1657] Piddington, _Index_. Roxburgh does not give a Sanskrit name.
[1658] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 16.
[1659] _Ibid._, p. 9.
[1660] See Pailleux, in _Bull. de la Soc. d’Acclim._, Sept. and Oct.,
1880.
[1661] Rumphius, _Amb._, vol. v. p. 388.
[1662] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 314.
[1663] Piddington, _Index_.
[1664] Kæmpfer, _Amer. Exot._, p. 837, pl. 838.
[1665] Haberlandt, _Die Sojabohne_, in 8vo, Vienna, 1878, quoted by
Pailleux, _ubi supra_.
[1666] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, ii. p. 538.
[1667] Bunge, _Enum. Plant. Chin._, p. 118; Maximowicz, _Primit. Fl.
Amur._, p. 87.
[1668] Miquel, _Prolusio_, in _Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat._, iii. p. 52;
Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant. Jap._, i. p. 108.
[1669] Junghuhn, _Plantæ Jungh._, p. 255.
[1670] _Soja angustifolia_, Miquel; see Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p.
184.
[1671] Rumphius, _Amb._, vol. v. p. 388.
[1672] Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_, vol. iv. p. 94, pl. 32; Grisebach,
_Fl. of Brit. W. Indies_, i. p. 191.
[1673] See Wight and Arnott, _Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind._, p. 256; Klotzsch,
in Peters, _Reise nach Mozambique_, i. p. 36. The yellow variety is
figured in Tussac, that with the red flowers in the _Botanical
Register_, 1845, pl. 31.
[1674] Bentham, _Flora Hongkongensis_, p. 89; _Flora Brasil._, vol. xv.
p. 199; Bentham and Hooker, i. p. 541.
[1675] Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_; Jacquin, _Obs._, p. 1.
[1676] Rheede, Roxburgh, Kurz, _Burm. Fl._, etc.
[1677] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl Ceylan._
[1678] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 565.
[1679] Rumphius, _Amb._, vol. v. t. 135.
[1680] Seemann, _Fl. Vitiensis_, p. 74.
[1681] Junghuhn, _Plantæ Jungh._, fasc. i. p. 241.
[1682] Piddington, _Index_; Rheede, _Malab._, vi. p. 23, etc.
[1683] Pickering, _Chron. Arrang. of Plants_, p. 442; Peters, _Reise_,
p. 36; R. Brown, _Bot. of Congo_, p. 53; Oliver, _Fl. of Trop. Afr._,
ii. p. 216.
[1684] _Bulletin de la Société d’Acclimation_, 1871, p. 663.
[1685] The species is given here in order not to separate it from the
other leguminous plants cultivated for the seeds alone.
[1686] De Gasparin, _Cours. d’Agric._, iv. p. 328.
[1687] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 255; Richard,
_Tentamen Fl. Abyss._
[1688] Ascherson, etc., in Rohls, _Kufra_, 1 vol. in 8vo, 1881, p. 519.
[1689] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 73; _Die Pflanzen der
Attischen Ebene_, p. 477; Gussone, _Syn. Fl. Sic._, p. 646; Bianca, _Il
Carrubo_, in the _Giornale d’Agricoltura Italiana_, 1881; Munby, _Catal.
Pl. in Alg. Spont._, p. 13.
[1690] Hœfer, _Hist. Bot. Minér. et Géol._, 1 vol. in 12mo., p. 20;
Bonné, _Le Caroubier, ou l’Arbre des Lotophages_, Algiers, 1869 (quoted
by Hœfer). See above, the article on the jujube tree.
[1691] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. i. cap. 30.
[1692] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. i. cap. 11; Dioscorides, lib.
i. cap. 155; Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 65.
[1693] Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 354; Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._, p.
77.
[1694] Columna, quoted by Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 73; Pliny, _Hist._,
lib. xiii. cap. 8.
[1695] _Dict. Franç.-Berbère_, at the word _Caroube_.
[1696] _Lexicon Oxon._, quoted by Pickering, _Chron. Hist. of Plants_,
p. 141.
[1697] The drawing is reproduced in Unger’s _Pflanzen des Alten
Ægyptens_, fig. 22. The observation which he quotes from Kotschy needs
confirmation by a special anatomist.
[1698] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 961.
[1699] Bentham, in _Ann. Wiener Museum_, vol. ii.; Martens, _Die
Gartenbohnen_, in 4to, Stuttgart, 1860, edit. 2, 1869.
[1700] Savi, _Osserv. sopra Phaseolus e Dolichos_, 1, 2, 3.
[1701] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. viii. cap. 3; Dioscorides, lib. ii.
cap. 130; Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 7, 12, interpreted by Fraas,
_Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 52; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 731; Martens, _Die
Gartenbohnen_, p. 1.
[1702] Wittmack, _Bot. Vereins Brandenburg_, Dec. 19, 1879.
[1703] Delile, _Plantes Cultivées en Égypte_, p. 14; Piddington,
_Index_.
[1704] Bretschneider does not mention any, either in his pamphlet _On
the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_, or in his private
letters to me.
[1705] E. Meyer, _Geschichte der Botanique_, iii. p. 404.
[1706] “_Faseolus est species leguminis et grani, quod est in quantitate
parum minus quam Faba, et in figura est columnare sicut faba, herbaque
ejus minor est aliquantulum quam herba Fabæ. Et sunt faseoli multorum
colorum, sed quodlibet granorum habet maculam nigram in loco
cotyledonis_” (Jessen, Alberti Magni, _De Vegetabilibus_, edit. critica,
p. 515).
[1707] P. Crescens, French trans., 1539.
[1708] Macer Floridus, edit. 1485, and Choulant’s commentary, 1832.
[1709] De Rochebrune, _Actes de la Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux_, vol. xxxiii.
Jan., 1880, of which I saw an analysis in _Botanisches Centralblatt,
1880_, p. 1633.
[1710] Wittmack, _Sitzungsbericht des Bot. Vereins Brandenburg_, Dec.
19, 1879, and a private letter.
[1711] Molina (_Essai sur l’Hist. Nat. du Chili_, French trans., p. 101)
mentions _Phaseoli_, which he calls _pallar_ and _asellus_, and Cl.
Gay’s _Fl. du Chili_ adds, without much explanation, _Ph. Cumingii_,
Bentham.
[1712] A. de Candolle, _Géog. Bot. Rais._, p. 691.
[1713] Tournefort _Eléments_ (1694), i. p. 328; _Instit._, p. 415.
[1714] Durante, _Herbario Nuovo_, 1585, p. 39; Matthioli ed Valgris, p.
322; Targioni, _Dizion. Bot. Ital._, i. p. 13.
[1715] Feuillée, _Hist. des Plan. Medic. du Pérou_, etc., in 4to, 1725,
p. 54.
[1716] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, chapter on _disjunctive_
species.
[1717] _Ph. bipunctatus_, Jacqnin; _Ph. inamænus_, Linnæus; _Ph.
puberulus_, Kunth; _Ph. saccharatus_, MacFadyen; etc., etc.
[1718] Bentham, in _Fl. Brasil._, vol. xv. p. 181.
[1719] Roxburgh, Piddington, etc.
[1720] Royle, _Ill. Himalaya_, p. 190.
[1721] _Aufäzhlung_, etc., p. 257.
[1722] Oliver. _Fl. of Trop. Afr._, p. 192.
[1723] Wittmack, _Sitz. Bot. Vereins Branden._, Dec. 19, 1879.
[1724] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._ edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 299; Aitchison,
_Catal. of Punjab_, p. 48; Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, ii. p.
202.
[1725] Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 201.
[1726] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, p. 299.
[1727] Schweinfurth, _Beitr. z. Fl. Ethiop._, p. 15; _Aufzählung_, p.
257; Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, p. 194.
[1728] See authors quoted for _P. tribolus_.
[1729] Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 209; Junghuhn, _Plantæ
Jungh._, fasc. ii. p. 240.
[1730] Baker, _Fl. of Mauritius_, p. 83.
[1731] Oliver, _Fl. of Trop. Africa_, ii. p. 210.
[1732] Forskal, _Descript._, p. 133; Delile, _Plant. Cult. en Égypte_,
p. 14.
[1733] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 256.
[1734] _Dict. Franç.-Berbère_, at the word _haricot_; Willkomm and
Lange, _Prod. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 324. The common haricot has no less
than five different names in the Iberian peninsula.
[1735] Piddington, _Index_.
[1736] Lenz, _Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm._, p. 732.
[1737] Langkavel, _Bot. der Späteren Griechen_, p. 4; Heldreich,
_Nutzpfl. Griechenl._, p. 72.
[1738] Sir J. Hooker, _Flora of Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 205; Miquel, _Fl.
Indo-Batava_, i. p. 175.
[1739] Linnæus, junr., _Decad._, ii. pl. 19, seems to have confounded
this plant with _Arachis_, and he gives, perhaps because of this error,
_Voandzeia_ as cultivated at his time in Surinam. Modern writers on
America either have not seen it or have omitted to mention it.
[1740] _Gardener’s Chronicle_, Sept. 4, 1880.
[1741] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, ii. p. 523.
[1742] Guillemin, Perottet, Richard, _Fl. Senegambia Tentamen_, p. 254.
[1743] _Aufzählung_, p. 259.
[1744] Maximowicz, _Primitiæ Fl. Amur._, p. 236.
[1745] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, iii. 517.
[1746] Meissner, in De Candolle, _Prodr._, xiv. p. 143.
[1747] Bretschneider, _On Study_, etc., p. 9.
[1748] Madden, _Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc._, v. p. 118.
[1749] The English name _buckwheat_ and the French name of some
localities, _buscail_, come from the German.
[1750] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._; Buhse and Boissier, _Pflanzen
Transcaucasien_.
[1751] Pritzel, _Sitzungsbericht Naturforsch. freunde zu Berlin_, May
15, 1866.
[1752] Reynier, _Économie des Celtes_, p. 425.
[1753] I have given the vernacular names at greater length in _Géogr.
Bot. Rais._, p. 953.
[1754] Nemnich, _Polyglott. Lexicon_, p. 1030; Bosc, _Dict. d’Agric._,
xi. p. 379
[1755] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Pl. Japon._, i. p. 403.
[1756] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 317.
[1757] Gmelin, _Flora Sibirica_, iii. p. 64; Ledebour, _Fl. Rossica_,
iii. p. 576.
[1758] Maximowicz, _Primitiæ_; Regel, _Opit. Flori_, etc.; Schmidt,
_Reisen in Amur_, do not mention it.
[1759] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 317; Madden, _Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin._,
v. p. 118
[1760] Roth, _Catalecta Botanica_, i. p. 48.
[1761] Don, _Prodr. Fl. Nepal._, p. 74.
[1762] Molina, _Hist. Nat. du Chili_, p. 101.
[1763] Moquin, in De Candolle, _Prodromus_, xiii. part 1, p. 67.
[1764] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 952.
[1765] _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, p. 562.
[1766] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 609; Wight, _Icones_,
pl. 720; Aitchison, _Catalogue of Punjab Plants_, p. 130.
[1767] Madden, _Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc._, v. p. 118.
[1768] Don, _Prodr. Fl. Nepal_, p. 76.
[1769] Wallich, _List_, No. 6903; Moquin, in D. C., _Prodr._, xiii.
sect. 2, p. 256.
[1770] For further details, see my article in _Prodromus_, vol. xvi.
part 2, p. 114; and Boissier, _Flora Orientalis_, iv. p. 1175.
[1771] Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, lib. xix. c. 23.
[1772] Olivier de Serres, _Théâtre de l’Agric._, p. 114.
[1773] Lyons _marrons_ now come chiefly from Dauphiné and Vivarais. Some
are also obtained from Luc in the department of Var (Gasparin, _Traité
d’Agric._, iv. p. 744).
[1774] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 180.
[1775] Vilmorin, _Essai d’un Catalogue Méthodique et Synonymique des
Froments_, Paris, 1850.
[1776] The best drawings of the different kinds of wheat may be found in
Metzger’s _Europæische Cerealien_, in folio, Heidelberg, 1824; and in
Host. _Graminæ_, in folio, vol. iii.
[1777] Tessier, _Dict. d’Agric._, vi. p. 198.
[1778] Loiseleur Deslongchamps, _Consid. sur les Céréales_, 1 vol. in
8vo, p. 219.
[1779] These questions have been discussed with learning and judgment by
four authors: Link, _Ueber die ältere Geschichte der Getreide Arten_, in
_Abhandl. der Berlin Akad._, 1816, vol. xvii. p. 122; 1826, p. 67; and
in _Die Urwelt und das Alterthum_, 2nd edit., Berlin, 1834, p. 399;
Reynier, _Économie des Celtes et des Germains_, 1818, p. 417; Dureau de
la Malle, _Ann. des Sciences Nat._, vol. ix. 1826; and Loiseleur
Deslongchamps, _Consid. sur les Céréales_, 1812, part i. p. 52.
[1780] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 14-18.
[1781] Sordelli, _Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza_, p. 31.
[1782] Heer, _ibid._; Sordelli, _ibid._
[1783] Nyari, quoted by Sordelli, _ibid._
[1784] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 7 and 8.
[1785] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc.; Ad. Pictet, _Les Origines
Indo-Euro._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 328; Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Naturgesch._,
i. p. 77; Pickering, _Chronol. Arrang._, p. 78; Webb and Berthelot,
_Canaries, Ethnogr._, p. 187; D’Abadie, _Notes MSS. sur les Noms
Basques_; De Charencey, _Recherches sur les Noms Basques_, in _Actes
Soc. Philolog._, March, 1869.
[1786] Nemnich, _Lexicon_, p. 1492.
[1787] G. Syncelli, _Chronogr._, fol. 1652, p. 28.
[1788] Strabo, edit. 1707, vol. ii. p. 1017.
[1789] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 124; ii. p. 776.
[1790] Lib. ix. v. 109.
[1791] Diodorus, Terasson’s trans., ii. pp. 186, 190.
[1792] Bretschneider, _ibid._, p. 15.
[1793] Parlatore, _Fl. Ital._, i. pp. 46, 568. His assertion is the more
worthy of attention that he was a Sicilian.
[1794] Strobl, in _Flora_, 1880, p. 348.
[1795] Inzenga, _Annali Agric. Sicil._
[1796] _Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France_, 1854, p. 108.
[1797] J. Gay, _Bull. Soc. Bot. de France_, 1860, p. 30.
[1798] Olivier, _Voy. dans l’Emp. Othoman_ (1807), vol. iii. p. 460.
[1799] Linnæus, _Sp. Plant._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 127.
[1800] Bunge, _Bull. Soc. Bot. France_, 1860, p. 29.
[1801] De Candolle, _Physiologie Botanique_, ii. p. 696.
[1802] Unger, _Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 31.
[1803] See Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Naturgesch._; and Löw, _Aramaische
Pflanzen Namen_, 1881.
[1804] Delile, _Pl. Cult, en Égypte_, p. 3; _Fl. Ægypt. Illus._, p. 5.
[1805] _Dict. Fr.-Berb._, published by the Government.
[1806] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 5, fig. 4; p. 52, fig. 20.
[1807] Messicommer, in _Flora_, 1869, p. 320.
[1808] Quoted from Sordelli, _Notizie sull. Lagozza_, p. 32.
[1809] Heer, _ubi supra_, p. 50.
[1810] Heldreich, _Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 5.
[1811] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 10.
[1812] Koch, _Linnæa_, xxi. p. 427.
[1813] Letter from Ascherson, 1881.
[1814] _Dict. MS. of Vernacular Names._
[1815] Debeaux, _Catal. des Plan. de Boghar_, p. 110.
[1816] Delile says (_ubi supra_) that wheat is called _qamh_, and a red
variety _qamh-ahmar_
[1817] Nemnich, _Lexicon_, p. 1488.
[1818] Alefeld, _Bot. Zeitung_, 1865, p. 9
[1819] H. Vilmorin, _Bull. Soc. Bot. de France_, 1881, p. 356.
[1820] Journal, _Flora_, 1835, p. 4.
[1821] See the plates of Metzger and Host, in the works previously
quoted.
[1822] _Essai d’un Catal. Method. des Froments_, Paris, 1850.
[1823] Seringe, _Monogr. des Céré. de la Suisse_, in 8vo, Berne, 1818.
[1824] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 307; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 257.
[1825] Dioscorides, _Mat. Med._, ii., 111-115.
[1826] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 7; Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p.
6.
[1827] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 6; Unger, _Pflanzen des
Alten Ægyptens_, p. 32.
[1828] Delile, _Pl. Cult, en Égypte_, p. 5.
[1829] Reynier, _Écon. des Égyptiens_, p. 337; Dureau de la Malle, _Ann.
Sc. Nat._, ix. p. 72; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzäh_. _Tr. spelta_
of Forskal is not admitted by any subsequent author.
[1830] Géogr. _Bot. Rais._, p. 933.
[1831] Exod. ix. 32; Isa. xxviii. 25; Ezek. iv. 9.
[1832] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._, iv. p. 83; Second, _Trans, of Old
Test._, 1874.
[1833] Ad. Pictet, _Orig. Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 348.
[1834] Ad. Pictet, _ibid._; Nemnich., _Lexicon_.
[1835] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, i. p. 107.
[1836] Olivier, _Voyage_, 1807, vol. iii. p. 460.
[1837] Lamarck, _Dict. Encycl._, ii. p. 560.
[1838] H. Vilmorin, _Bull. Soc. Bot. de France_, 1881, p. 858.
[1839] Heer, _Pflanz. der. Pfahlb._, p. 5, fig. 23, and p. 15.
[1840] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 307.
[1841] Dioscorides, _Mat. Med._, 2, c. iii. 155.
[1842] Heldreich, _Nutz. Griech._
[1843] Bieberstein, _Fl. Tauro-Caucasaica_, vol. i. p. 85.
[1844] Steven, _Verzeichniss Taur. Halbins. Pflan._, p. 354.
[1845] _Bull. Soc. Bot. Fran._, 1860, p. 30.
[1846] Boissier, _Diagnoses_, 1st series, vol. ii. fasc. 13, p. 69.
[1847] Balansa, 1854, No. 137 in Boissier’s Herbarium, in which there is
also a specimen found in the fields in Servia, and a variety with brown
beards sent by Pancic, growing in Servian meadows. The same botanist (of
Belgrade) has just sent me wild specimens from Servia, which I cannot
distinguish from _T. monococcum_, which he assures me is not cultivated
in Servia. Bentham writes to me that _T. bœoticum_, of which he saw
several specimens, is, he thinks, the same as _T. monococcum_.
[1848] Bretschneider, _On the Study_, etc., p. 8.
[1849] A specimen determined by Reuter in Boissier’s Herbarium.
[1850] Figari and de Notaris, _Agrostologiæ Ægypt. Fragm._, p. 18.
[1851] A very starved plant gathered by Kotschy, No. 290, of which I
possess a specimen. Boissier terms it _H. distichon, varietas_.
[1852] C. A. Meyer, _Verzeichniss_, p. 26, from specimens seen also by
Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, iv. p. 327.
[1853] Ledebour, _ibid._
[1854] Regel, _Descr. Plant._, Nov., 1881, fasc. 8, p. 37.
[1855] Willdenow, _Sp. Plant._, i. p. 473.
[1856] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. viii. cap. 4.
[1857] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 13; Messicommer, _Flora Bot.
Zeitung_, 1869, p. 320.
[1858] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. viii. cap. 4.
[1859] Willdenow, _Species Plant._, i. p. 472.
[1860] Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens_, p. 33; _Ein Ziegel der
Dashur Pyramide_, p. 109.
[1861] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 5, figs. 2 and 3; p. 13,
fig. 9; _Flora Bot. Zeitung_, 1869, p. 320; de Mortillet, according to
Perrin, _Études préhistoriques sur la Savoie_, p. 23; Sordelli, _Sulle
piante della torbiera di Lagozza_, p. 33.
[1862] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 358.
[1863] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 333.
[1864] Bretschneider, _On Study and Value_, etc., pp 18, 44.
[1865] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. c. 16.
[1866] Galen, _De Alimentis_, lib. xiii., quoted by Lenz, _Bot. de
Alten_, p. 259.
[1867] Heer, _Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 16.
[1868] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 344.
[1869] Nemnich, _Lexicon Naturgesch_.
[1870] Ad. Pictet, _ubi supra_.
[1871] _Secale fragile_, Bieberstein; _S. anatolicum_, Boissier; _S.
montanum_, Gussone; _S. villosum_, Linnæus. I explained in my _Géogr.
Botanique_, p. 936, the errors which result from this confusion, when
rye was said to be wild in Sicily, Crete, and sometimes in Russia.
[1872] _Flora, Bot. Zeitung_, 1856, p. 520.
[1873] _Flora, Bot. Zeitung_, 1869, p. 93.
[1874] Kunth, _Enum._, i. p. 449.
[1875] Sadler, _Fl. Pesth._, i. p. 80; Host, _Fl. Austr._, i. p. 177;
Baumgarten, _Fl. Transylv._, p. 225; Neilreich, _Fl. Wien._, p. 58;
Viviani, _Fl. Dalmat._, i. p. 97; Farkas, _Fl. Croat._, p. 1288.
[1876] Strobl saw it, however, in the woods on the slopes of Etna, a
result of its introduction into cultivation in the eighteenth century
(_Œster. Bot. Zeit._, 1881, p. 159).
[1877] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Beiträge zur Fl. Æthiop._, p. 298.
[1878] Royle, _Ill._, p. 419.
[1879] Bretschneider, _On Study and Value_, etc., pp. 18, 44.
[1880] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 303; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 243.
[1881] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 17.
[1882] Galen, _De Alimentis_, lib. i. cap. 12
[1883] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 6, fig. 24.
[1884] Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 245.
[1885] Ad. Pictet, _Orig. Indo.-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 350.
[1886] Notes communicated by M. Clos.
[1887] Ad. Pictet, _ubi supra_.
[1888] Nemnich, _Polyglott. Lexicon_, p. 548.
[1889] _Dict. Fr.-Berbère_, published by the French Government.
[1890] Linnæus, _Species_, p. 118; Lamarck, _Dict. Enc._, i. p. 431
[1891] Phillips, _Cult. Veget._, ii. p. 4.
[1892] Munby, _Catal. Alger._, edit. 2, p. 36; Franchet and Savatier,
_Enum. Pl. Jap._, ii. p. 175; Cosson, _Fl. Paris_, ii. p. 637; Bunge,
_Enum. Chin._, p. 71, for the variety _nuda_.
[1893] Lamarck, _Dict. Encycl._, i. p. 331.
[1894] Viviani, _Fl. Dalmat._, i. p. 69; Host, _Fl. Austr._, i. p. 138;
Neilreich, _Fl. Wien._, p. 85; Baumgarten, _Enum. Transylv._, iii. p.
259; Farkas, _Fl. Croatica_, p. 1277.
[1895] Bentham, _Handbook of British Flora_, edit. 4, p. 544.
[1896] The passages from Theophrastus, Cato, and others, are translated
in Lenz, _Botanik der Alten_, p. 232.
[1897] Heer. _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 17.
[1898] Regazzoni. _Riv. Arch. Prov. di Como_, 1880, fasc. 7.
[1899] Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 34.
[1900] Bretschneider, _Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_, pp.
7, 8, 45.
[1901] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, p. 310; Piddington, _Index_.
[1902] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._; _Dict. Franç.-Berbère_.
[1903] Delile, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 3; Forskal, _Fl. Arab._, civ.
[1904] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 351.
[1905] _Ibid._
[1906] Linnæus, _Spec. Plant._, i. p. 86.
[1907] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, p. 310; Aitchison, _Cat. of
Punjab Pl._, p. 159.
[1908] Bunge, _Enum._, No. 400.
[1909] Maximowicz, _Primitiœ Amur._, p. 330.
[1910] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, iv. p. 469.
[1911] Hohenacker, _Plant. Talysch._, p. 13.
[1912] Steven, _Verzeich. Halb. Taur._, p. 371.
[1913] Mutel, _Fl. Franç._, iv. p. 20; Parlatore, _Fl. Ital._, i. p.
122; Viviani, _Fl. Damat._, i. p. 60; Neilreich, _Fl. Nied. Œsterr._,
p. 32.
[1914] Heldreich, _Nutz. Griechenl._, p. 3; _Pflanz. Attisch. Ebene._,
p. 516.
[1915] M. Ascherson informs me in a letter that in his _Aufzählung_ the
word _cult._ has been omitted by mistake after _Panicum miliaceum_.
[1916] Forskal, _Fl. Arab._, p. civ.
[1917] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 7, 8
[1918] Bretschneider, _ibid._
[1919] According to Unger, _Pflanz, d. Alt. Ægypt._, p. 34.
[1920] Heer, _Pflanzen d. Pfahlbaut._, p. 5, fig. 7; p. 17, figs. 28,
29; Perrin, _Études Préhistoriques sur la Savoie_, p. 22.
[1921] Heldreich, _Nutzpfl. Griech._
[1922] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 302; Rumphius,
_Amboin._, v. p. 202, t. 75.
[1923] Roxburgh, _ibid._
[1924] Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Ind._, i. p. 226.
[1925] “Obeurrit in Baleya,” etc. (_Rumphius_, v. p. 202).
[1926] “Habitat in Indiis” (Linnæus, _Species_, i. p. 83).
[1927] Aitchison, _Catal. of Punjab Pl._, p. 162.
[1928] Bentham, _Flora Austral._, vii. p. 493.
[1929] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Japon._, ii. p. 262.
[1930] Bunge, _Enum._, No. 399; Maximowicz, _Primitiæ Amur._, p. 330.
[1931] Buhse, _Aufzählung_, p. 232.
[1932] See Parlatore, _Fl. Ital._, i. p. 113; Mutel, _Fl. Franç._, iv.
p. 20, etc.
[1933] Delile, _Plantes Cult. en Égypte_, p. 7; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._,
edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 269; Aitchison, _Catal. of Punjab Pl._, p. 175;
Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 9.
[1934] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. c. 7.
[1935] Quoted by Unger, _Die Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens_, p. 34.
[1936] S. Birch, in Wilkinson, _Man. and Cust. of Anc. Egyptians_, 1878,
vol. ii. p. 427.
[1937] Lepsius’ drawings are reproduced by Unger and by Wilkinson.
[1938] Ezek. iv. 9.
[1939] Brown, _Bot. of Congo_, p. 544.
[1940] Schmidt, _Beiträge zur Flora Capverdischen Inseln_, p. 158.
[1941] See Host, _Graminæ Austriacæ_, vol. iv. pl. 4.
[1942] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 271; Rumphius,
_Amboin._, v. p. 194, pl. 75, fig. 1; Miquel, _Fl. Indo-Batava_, iii. p.
503; Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 9, 46; Loureiro, _Fl.
Cochin._, ii. p. 792.
[1943] Forskal, Delile, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson, _ubi supra_.
[1944] Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.
[1945] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 7. This may also be the variety
or species known as _bicolor_.
[1946] W. Hooker, _Niger Flora_.
[1947] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 299.
[1948] _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, p. 585.
[1949] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant. Japon._, ii. p. 172.
[1950] _Bon Jardinier_, _ibid._
[1951] Roxburgh, _Fl. Indica_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 343.
[1952] Boyle, _Ill. Him. Plants_.
[1953] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl. Zeylan._, p. 371
[1954] Several synonyms and the Arabic name in Linnæus, Delile, etc.,
apply to _Dactyloctenium ægyptiacum_, Willdenow, or _Eleusine ægyptiaca_
of some authors, which is not cultivated.
[1955] Fresenius, _Catal. Sem. Horti. Francof._, 1834, _Beitr. z. Fl.
Abyss._, p. 141.
[1956] Stanislas Julien, in Loiseleur, _Consid. sur les Céréales_, part
i. p. 29; Bretschneider, _Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_,
pp. 8 and 9.
[1957] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, i. p. 267.
[1958] Piddington, _Index_; Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, edit. 3, p. 437.
[1959] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. iv. cap. 4, 10.
[1960] Strabo, _Géographie_, Tardieu’s translation, lib. xv. cap. 1, §
18; lib. xv. cap. 1. § 53.
[1961] Reynier, _Économie des Arabes et des Juifs_ (1820), p. 450;
_Économie Publique et Rurale des Égyptiens et des Carthaginois_ (1823),
p. 324.
[1962] Unger mentions none; Birch, in 1878, furnishes a note to
Wilkinson’s _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_, ii. p. 402,
“There is no proof of the cultivation of rice, of which no grains have
been found.”
[1963] Reynier, _ibid._
[1964] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_.
[1965] Crawfurd, in _Journal of Botany_, 1866, p. 324.
[1966] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 200.
[1967] Aitchinson, _Catal. Punjab._, p. 157.
[1968] Nees, in Martius, _Fl. Brasil._, in 8vo, ii. p. 518; Baker, _Fl.
of Mauritius_, p. 458.
[1969] Von Mueller writes to me that rice is certainly wild in tropical
Australia. It may have been accidentally sown, and have become
naturalized.—AUTHOR’S NOTE, 1884.
[1970] Bonafous, _Hist. Nat. Agric. et Économique du Maïs_, 1 vol. in
folio, Paris and Turin. 1836.
[1971] A. de Candolle, _Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève_, Aug. 1836,
_Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 942.
[1972] Molinari, _Storia d’Incisa_, Asti, 1816.
[1973] Riant, _La Charte d’Incisa_, 8vo pamphlet, 1877, reprinted from
the _Revue des Questions Historiques_.
[1974] Ruellius, _De Natura Stirpium_, p. 428, “Hanc quoniam nostrorum
ætate e Græcia vel Asia venerit _Turcicum frumentum_ nominant.”
Fuchsius, p. 824, repeats this phrase in 1543.
[1975] Tragus, _Stirpium_, etc., edit. 1552, p. 650.
[1976] Dodoens, _Pemptades_, p. 509; Camerarius, _Hort._, p. 94;
Matthiole, edit. 1570, p. 305.
[1977] P. Martyr, Ercilla, Jean de Lery, etc., 1516-1578.
[1978] Hernandez, _Thes. Mexic._, p. 242.
[1979] Lasègue, _Musée Delessert_, p. 467.
[1980] Fée, _Souvenirs de la Guerre d’Espagne_, p. 128.
[1981] _Bibliothèque Orientale_, Paris, 1697, at the word _Rous_.
[1982] Kunth, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, sér. 1, vol. viii. p. 418; Raspail,
_ibid._; Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_; A. Braun, _Pflanzenreste
Ægypt. Mus. in Berlin_; Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of Ancient
Egyptians_.
[1983] Forskal, p. liii.
[1984] Crawfurd, _History of the Indian Archipelago_, Edinburgh, 1820,
vol. i., _Journal of Botany, 1866_, p. 326.
[1985] Roxburgh, _Flora Indica_, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 568.
[1986] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., pp. 7, 18.
[1987] _Ibid._
[1988] The article is in the _Pharmaceutical Journal_ of 1870; I only
know it from a short extract in Seemann’s _Journal of Botany_, 1871, p.
62.
[1989] Rumphius, _Amboin._, vol. v. p. 525.
[1990] Malte-Brun, _Géographie_, i. p. 493.
[1991] A plant engraved on an ancient weapon which Siebold had taken for
maize is a sorghum, according to Rein, quoted by Wittmack, _Ueber
Antiken Maïs_.
[1992] See Martius, _Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerikas_, p. 127.
[1993] Darwin, _Var. of Plants and Anim. under Domest._, i. p. 320.
[1994] A. de Saint-Hilaire, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, xvi. p. 143.
[1995] Lindley, _Journ. of the Hortic. Soc._, i. p. 114.
[1996] I quote these facts from Wittmack, _Ueber Antiken Maïs aus Nord
und Sud Amerika_, p. 87, in _Berlin Anthropol. Ges._, Nov. 10, 1879.
[1997] Rochebrune, _Recherches Ethnographiques sur les Sépultures
Péruviennes d’Ancon_, from an extract by Wittmack in Uhlworm, _Bot.
Central-Blatt._, 1880, p. 1633, where it may be seen that the
burial-ground was used before and after the discovery of America.
[1998] Sagot, _Cult. des Céréales de la Guyane Franç._ (_Journ. de la
Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France_, 1872, p. 94).
[1999] De Naidaillac, in his work entitled _Les Premiers Hommes et les_
_Temps Préhistoriques_, gives briefly the sum of our knowledge of these
migrations of the ancient peoples of America in general. See especially
vol. ii. chap. 9.
[2000] De Naidaillac, ii. p. 69, who quotes Bancroft, _The Native Races
of the Pacific States_.
[2001] Willkomm and Lange., _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 872.
[2002] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._; Tchihatcheff, _Asie Mineure_; Ledebour,
_Fl. Ross._, and others.
[2003] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 32, figs. 65, 66.
[2004] De Lanessan, in his translation from Flückiger and Hanbury,
_Histoire des Drogues d’Origine Végétale_, i. p. 129.
[2005] Dioscorides, _Hist. Plant._, lib. iv. c. 65.
[2006] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xx. c. 18.
[2007] Unger, _Die Pflanze als Errerungs und Betaübungsmittel_, p. 47;
_Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, i. p. 50.
[2008] Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 64.
[2009] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 3, vol. i. p. 366.
[2010] Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Indica_, i. p. 326.
[2011] Nemnich, _Polygl. Lexicon_, p. 848.
[2012] Martin, in _Bull. Soc. d’Acclimatation_, 1872, p. 200.
[2013] Sir J. Hooker, _Flora of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 117; Bretschneider,
_Study and Value_, etc., 47.
[2014] Ebn Baithar, i. p. 64.
[2015] Flückiger and Hanbury, _Pharmacographia_, p. 40.
[2016] Barbosa’s work was published in 1516.
[2017] Hughes, _Trade Report_, quoted by Flückiger and Hanbury.
[2018] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 53.
[2019] Sloane, _ibid._; Clos, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th. series, vol. viii.
p. 260; Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 20.
[2020] Seemann, _Bot. of Herald._, pp. 79, 268; Triana and Planchon,
_Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat._, p. 94; Meyer, _Essequebo_, p. 202; Piso,
_Hist. Nat. Brasil_, edit. 1648, p. 65; Claussen, in Clos, _ubi supra_.
[2021] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p. 581; Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Africa_, i.
p. 114.
[2022] _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 971.
[2023] Parlatore, _Le Specie dei Cotoni_, text in 4to, plates in folio,
Florence, 1866.
[2024] Todaro, _Relazione della Coltura dei Cotoni in Italia, segnita da
una Monographia del Genere Gossypium_, text large 8vo, plates in folio,
Rome and Palermo, 1877-78; a work preceded by several others of less
importance, which were known to Parlatore.
[2025] Masters, in Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, i. p. 210; and in Sir J.
Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 346.
[2026] Kurz, _Forest Flora of British Burmah_, i. p. 129.
[2027] Piddington, _Index_.
[2028] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. iv. cap. 5.
[2029] _Ibid._, lib. iv. cap. 9.
[2030] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 7.
[2031] Pausanias, lib. v., cap. 5; lib. vi. cap. 26; Pliny, lib. xix.
cap. 1. See Brandes, _Baumwolle_, p. 96.
[2032] C. Ritter, _Die Geographische Verbreitung der Baumwolle_, p. 25.
[2033] It is impossible not to remark the resemblance between this name
and that of flax in Arabic, _kattan_ or _kittan_; it is an example of
the confusion which takes place in names where there is an analogy
between the products.
[2034] De Lasteyrie, _Du Cotonnier_, p. 290.
[2035] Torrey and Asa Gray, _Flora of North America_, i. p. 230;
Darlington, _Agricultural Botany_, p. 16.
[2036] Schouw, _Naturschilderungen_, p. 152.
[2037] Masters, in Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, i. p. 211; Hooker, _Fl. of
Brit. Ind._, i. p. 347; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 265
(under the name _Gossypium nigrum_); Parlatore, _Specie dei Cotoni_, p.
25.
[2038] Rosellini, _Monumenti dell’ Egizia_, p. 2; _Mon. Civ._, i. p. 60.
[2039] Parlatore, _Specie dei Cotoni_, p. 16.
[2040] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xix. cap. 1.
[2041] Pollux, _Onomasticon_, quoted by C. Ritter, _ubi supra_, p. 26.
[2042] Reynier, _Économie des Arabes et des Juifs._, p. 363; Bertoloni,
_Noc. Act. Acad. Bonon._, ii. p. 213, and _Miscell. Bot._, 6; Viviani,
in _Bibl. Ital._, vol. lxxxi. p. 94; C. Ritter, _Géogr. Verbreitung der
Baumwolle_, in 4to.; Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 93; Brandis, _Der
Baumwolle in Alterthum_, in 8vo. 1880.
[2043] Masters, in Oliver, _Flora of Trop. Africa_, i. p. 322; and in
Hooker, _Flora of Brit. India_, i. p. 347.
[2044] He says, for instance, of _Gossypium herbaceum_, which is
certainly of the old world, as facts known before his time show,
“_habitat in America_.”
[2045] _Nascitur in calidis humidisque cultis præcipue locis_
(Hernandez, _Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus_, p. 308).
[2046] Hemsley, _Biologia Centrali-Americana_, i. p. 123.
[2047] Macfadyen, _Flora of Jamaica_, p. 72.
[2048] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. India Is._, p. 86.
[2049] Triana and Planchon, _Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis_, p. 170.
[2050] The Malvaceæ have not yet appeared in the _Flora Brasiliensis_.
[2051] Cl. Gay, _Flora Chilena_, i. p. 312.
[2052] The _Gardener’s Chronicle_ of Sept. 4, 1880, gives details about
the cultivation of this plant, the use of its seeds, and the extensive
exportation of them from the west coast of Africa, Brazil, and India to
Europe.
[2053] A. de Candolle, _Géographie Botanique Raisonnée_, p. 962.
[2054] Linnæus, _Species Plantarum_, p. 1040.
[2055] R. Brown, _Botany of Congo_, p. 53.
[2056] Bentham, in _Trans. Linn. Soc._, xviii. p. 159; Walpers,
_Repertorium_, i. p. 727.
[2057] Maregraf and Piso, _Brasil._, p. 37, edit. 1648.
[2058] _Ibid._, edit. 16538, p. 256.
[2059] Acosta, _Hist. Nat. Ind._, French, trans., 1598, p. 165.
[2060] Aublot, _Pl. Guyan_, p. 765.
[2061] Sloane, _Jamaica_, p. 184.
[2062] Guillemin and Perrottet, _Fl. Senegal_.
[2063] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._
[2064] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 280; Piddington, _Index_.
[2065] Rumphius, _Herb. Amb._, v. p. 426
[2066] Rochebrune, from the extract in the _Botanisches Centralblatt_,
1880, p. 1634.
[2067] _Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_, p. 18.
[2068] Grisebach, _Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 189.
[2069] Richard, Tentamen _Fl. Abyss._, i. p. 349; Oliver, _Fl. Trop.
Afr._, iii. p. 180.
[2070] Ritter, quoted in _Flora_, 1846, p. 704.
[2071] Meyen, _Géogr. Bot._, English trans., p. 384; Grisebach, _Fl. of
Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 338.
[2072] H. Welter, _Essai sur l’Histoire du Café_, 1 vol. in 8vo, Paris,
1868.
[2073] Ellis, _An Historical Account of Coffee_, 1774.
[2074] Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., 2 vols. 8vo, 1842.
[2075] Bellus, _Epist. ad Clus._, p. 309.
[2076] Rauwolf, _Clusius_.
[2077] Rauwolf; Bauhin, _Hist._, i. p. 422.
[2078] Bellus, _ubi supra_.
[2079] Richard, Tentamen _Fl. Abyss._, p. 350.
[2080] An extract from the same author in Playfair, _Hist. of Arabia
Felix_, Bombay, 1859, does not mention this assertion.
[2081] _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._, iv. p. 552.
[2082] Ellis, _ubi supra_; _Nouv. Dict._, _ibid._
[2083] This detail is borrowed from Ellis, _Diss. Caf._, p. 16. In the
_Notices Statistiques sur les Colonies Françaises_ (ii. p. 46) I find:
“About 1716 or 1721, fresh seeds of the coffee having been brought
secretly from Surinam, in spite of the precautions of the Dutch, the
cultivation of this colonial product became naturalized at Cayenne.”
[2084] The name of this sailor has been spelt in several ways—Declieux,
Duclieux, Desclieux. From the information supplied me at the _ministère
de la guerre_, I learn that de Clieu was a gentleman, and a connection
of the Comte de Maurepas. He was born in Normandy, went into the navy in
1702, and retired in 1760, after a distinguished career. He died in
1775. The official reports have not neglected to mention the important
fact that he introduced the coffee plant into the French colonies.
[2085] Deleuze, _Hist. du Muséum_, i. p. 20.
[2086] _Not. Stat. Col. Franç._, i. p. 30.
[2087] _Ibid._, i. p. 209.
[2088] Martin, _Stat. Col. Brit. Emp._
[2089] _Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat._, iv. p. 135
[2090] _Not. Stat. Col. Franç._, ii. p. 84.
[2091] H. Welter, _Essai sur l’Histoire du Café_, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris,
1868.
[2092] In Hiern, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, 2nd series, vol. i. p. 171, pl.
24. This plate is reproduced in the Report of the Royal Botanical
Gardens at Kew for 1876.
[2093] Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, iii. p. 181.
[2094] Cl. Gay, _Fl. Chilena_, iv. p. 268.
[2095] Asa Gray, in Watson, _Bot. of California_, i. p. 359.
[2096] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 1047.
[2097] Rumphius, _Amboin._, ii. p. 17; Blume, _Rhumphia_, i. p. 180.
[2098] Roxburgh, _Fl. Indica_, iii. p. 845.
[2099] Bentham and Hooker, _Genera Pl._, ii. p. 1059.
[2100] Pickering, _Chronol. History of Plants_, p. 223; Rumphius, _Herb.
Amb._, v. p. 204; Miquel, _Flora Indo-Batava_, ii. p. 760; Schweinfurth
and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 273; Grisebach. _Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is._,
p. 458.
[2101] Blume, _Bijdragen_, p. 778.
[2102] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 100; Piddington,
_Index_.
[2103] Thunberg, _Fl. Jap._, p. 254.
[2104] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1801.
[2105] _Ibid._, _On Study_, etc., p. 16.
[2106] Theophrastus, lib. viii. cap. 1, 5; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap.
121; Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xviii. cap. 10.
[2107] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xv. cap. 7.
[2108] Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians_, vol. ii.;
Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 45.
[2109] Reynier, _Écon. Pub. des Arabes et des Juifs_, p. 431; Löw,
_Aramäeische Pflanzennamen_, p. 376.
[2110] E. Meyer, _Geschichte der Botanik_, iii. p. 75.
[2111] Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.
[2112] Thwaites, _Enum._, p. 209.
[2113] Piso, _Brazil._, edit. 1658, p. 211.
[2114] Ball, _Floræ Maroccanæ Spicilegium_, p. 664.
[2115] Müller, _Argov._, in D.C., _Prodromus_, vol. xv. part 2, p. 1017.
[2116] Richard, _Tentamen Fl. Abyss._, ii. p. 250; Schweinfurth, _Plantæ
Niloticæ a Hartmann_, etc., p. 13.
[2117] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 262.
[2118] Forskal, _Fl. Arabica_, p. 71.
[2119] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1143.
[2120] Rheede, _Malabar_, ii. p. 57, t. 32.
[2121] Rumphius, _Herb. Amb._, vol. iv. p. 93.
[2122] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Japon._, i. p. 424.
[2123] Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 61.
[2124] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. i. cap. 19; Dioscorides, lib. iv.
cap. 171; Fraas, _Syn. Fl Class._, p. 92.
[2125] Nemnich, _Polyglott. Lexicon_; Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 75.
[2126] Jonah iv. 6. Pickering, _Chron. His. Plants_, p. 225, writes
_kykwyn_.
[2127] Flückiger and Haubury, _Pharmacographia_, p. 511.
[2128] A. de Candolle, _Prodr._, xvi. part 2, p. 136; Tchihatcheff,
_Asie Mineure_, i. p. 172; Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 507; Roxburgh,
_Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 630; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1160; Brandis,
_Forest Flora of N.W. India_, p. 498; Kurz, _Forest Flora of Brit.
Burmah_, p. 390.
[2129] C. Koch, _Dendrologie_, i. p. 584.
[2130] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum, Plant. Jap._, i. 453.
[2131] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 702; Bunge, _Enum._, p. 62.
[2132] Heldreich, _Verhandl. Bot. Vereins Brandenb._, 1879, p. 147.
[2133] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. iii. cap. 3, 6. These
passages, and others of ancient writers, are quoted and interpreted by
Heldreich better than by Hehn and other scholars.
[2134] Heuffel, _Abhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien_, 1853, p. 194.
[2135] De Saporta, _33rd Sess. du Congres Scient. de France_.
[2136] Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 176.
[2137] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xv. cap. 22.
[2138] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, lib. xv. cap. 22.
[2139] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 31.
[2140] Sordelli, _Sulle piante della torbiera_, etc., p. 39.
[2141] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 16; and letter of Aug.
23, 1881.
[2142] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 289;
Hehn, _Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere_, edit. 3, p. 341.
[2143] Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, in folio, vol. iii. p. 170
(published without date, but before 1851).
[2144] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 616; Brandis, _Forest Fl. of
India_, p. 551; Kurz, _Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah_, p. 537; Thwaites,
_Enum. Zeylan._, p. 327; Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin-Ch._, p. 695.
[2145] Blume, _Rumphia_, ii. p. 67; Miquel, _Fl. Indo-Batava._, iii. p.
9; _suppl. de Sumatra_, p. 253.
[2146] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 28.
[2147] Blanco, _Fl. di Filipinas_, edit. 2.
[2148] Da Mosto, in Ramusio, i. p. 104, quoted by R. Brown.
[2149] Brown, _Bot. of Congo_, p. 55.
[2150] Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, ii. p. 62; Drude, in _Fl.
Brasil._, fasc. 85, p. 457. I find no author who asserts that this palm
is wild in Guiana, as Martius affirms it to be in Brazil.
[2151] _Elæis melanocarpa_, Gærtner. The fruit also contains oil, but it
does not appear that the species is cultivated, as the number of
oleaginous plants is considerable in all countries.
[2152] Sloane, _Nat. Hist. of Jamaica_, ii. p. 113.
[2153] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 522.
[2154] Piso, _Brasil._, p. 65; Marcgraf, p. 138.
[2155] Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, 3 vols. in folio; see vol. ii. p.
125.
[2156] Aublet, _Guyane_, suppl., p. 102.
[2157] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 9.
[2158] J. Acosta, _Hist. Nat. des Indes_, French trans., 1598, p. 178.
[2159] Vafer, _Voyage de Dampier_, edit. 1705, p. 186; Vancouver, French
edit., p. 325, quoted by de Martius, _Hist. Nat. Palmarum_, i. p. 188.
[2160] Seemann, _Bot. of Herald._, p. 204.
[2161] Hernandez, _Thesaurus Mexic._, p. 71. He attributes the same
name, p. 75, to the cocoa-nut palm of the Philippine Islands.
[2162] Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 53.
[2163] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 976.
[2164] Grisebach, _Vegetation der Erde_, pp. 11, 323.
[2165] Seemann, _Flora Vitiensis_, p. 275.
[2166] The cocoa-nut called Maldive belongs to the genus Lodoicea. _Coco
mamillaris_, Blanco, of the Philippines is a variety of the cultivated
_Cocos nucifera_.
[2167] Drude, in _Bot. Zeitung_, 1876, p. 801; and _Flora Brasiliensis_,
fasc. 85, p. 405.
[2168] Stieler, _Hand Atlas_, edit. 1867, map 3.
[2169] Stieler, _ibid._, map 9.
[2170] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. Indies_, p. 552.
[2171] Eugène Fournier has indicated to me, for instance, _drdapala_
(with hard fruit), _palakecara_ (with hairy fruit), _jalakajka_
(water-holder), etc.
[2172] Blume, _Rumphia_, iii. p. 82.
[2173] Forster, _De Plantis Esculentis_, p. 48; Nadeaud, _Enum. des
Plantes de Taiti_, p. 41.
[2174] Blume, _ubi supra_.
[2175] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 24.
[2176] Seemann, _Fl. Vitiensis_, p. 276; Pickering, _Chronol.
Arrangement_, p. 428.
[2177] Dr. Bretschneider writes to me from Pekin, Dec. 22, 1882, that
the species is mentioned in the _Ryd_, a work of the year 1100 B.C. I do
not know if we must suppose the original habitat to be China or western
Asia.
[2178] _Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes_, p. 28.
[2179] Counting two or three forms which are perhaps rather very
distinct races.
[2180] See the list of the useful plants of Australia by Sir J. Hooker,
_Flora Tasmania_, p. cx.; and Bentham, _Flora Australiensis_, vii. p.
156.
[2181] The proportions which I give for the Phanerogams collectively are
based upon an approximative calculation, made with the aid of the first
two hundred pages of Steudel’s _Nomenclator_. They are justified by the
comparison with several floras.
[2182] The species in italics are of very ancient cultivation (A or D),
those marked with an asterisk have been less than two thousand years in
cultivation (C or F).
[2183] Since this list was printed, I have been informed that the quinoa
is wild in Chili. Some of the figures need modification in consequence
of this error.
[2184] For reasons which I cannot here express, monotypical genera are
for the most part in process of extinction.
INDEX.
A
Abi, 285
Agava americana, 153
Alexanders, 91
Alexandrine clover, 107
Alligator pear, 292
Allium Ampeloprasum, 101
—— Ascalonicum, 68
—— Cepa, 66
—— fistulosum, 68
—— sativum, 63
—— Schœnoprasum, 72
—— Scorodoprasum, 71
Almond, 218
Alocasia macrorhiza, 75
Aloe, American, 153
Amarantus frumentaceus, 352
—— gangeticus, 100
American Aloe, 153
—— indigoes, 137
Amorphophallus Konjak, 76
—— Rivieri, 76
Amygdalus communis, 218
—— Persica, 221
Anacardium occidentale, 198
Ananassa sativa, 311
Andropogon saccharatus, 382
—— Sorghum, 380
Angular Luffa, 371
Angurian cucumber, 267
Annual capsicum, 289
Anona Cherimolia, 174
—— muricata, 168, 173
—— reticulata, 174
—— squamosa, 168
Anthriscus Cerefiolum, 90
Apé, 75
Apium graveolens, 90
Apple, 233
—— custard, 168, 174
—— Malay, 241
—— mammee, 189
—— pine, 311
—— star, 285
—— sugar, 168
—— Tahiti, 202
Apricot, 215
Arab tea, 134
Arachis hypogæa, 411
Areca catechu, 427
Armeniaca vulgaris, 215
Arnotto, 401
Arracacha esculenta, 40
Arrowroot, 81
Artichoke, 92
—— Jerusalem, 42
Artocarpus incisa, 298
—— integrifolia, 299
Arum esculentum, 73
—— macrorhizon, 75
Aubergine, 287
Avena orientalis, 373
—— sativa, 373
—— strigosa, 375
Avocado pear, 292
B
Bambarra ground-nut, 347
Banana, 304
Barbados cotton, 408
Barleys, 367
Batatas edulis, 53
Batata mammosa, 57
Bean, broad, 316
—— kidney, 338
Beetroot, 58
Benincasa, 268
Beta vulgaris, 58
Bird-cherry, 205
Bird’s foot, 113
Bitter orange, 183
Bixa Orellana, 401
Black currant, 278
Brassica campestris, 36
—— Napus, 36
—— oleracea, 36, 83
—— Rapa, 36
Bread-fruit, 298
Broad bean, 316
Bromelia Ananas, 311
Buckwheat, common, 348
—— notch-seeded, 351
—— Tartary, 353
Bullace, 214
Bullock’s heart, 174
C
Cabbage, 83
Cacao, 313
Caïmito, 285
Calabash, 245
Cannabis sativa, 148
Capsicum annuum, 289
—— frutescens, 290
Cardoon, 92
Carica Papaya, 273
Carob, 334
Carthamine, 164
Caryophyllus aromaticus, 161
Cashew, 198
Cassis, 278
Castanea vulgaris, 353
Castor-oil plant, 422
Catha edulis, 134
Celery, 89
Cerasus vulgaris, 207
Ceratonia Siliqua, 334
Chayote, 273
Chenopodium Quinoa, 351
Cherry, bird, 205
—— sour, 207
Chervil, 90
Chestnut, 353
Chickling vetch, 110
Chick-pea, 323
Chicorium Endivia, 97
—— Intybus, 96
Chicory, 96
China grass, 146
Chinese pear, 233
Chirimoya, 174
Chives, 72
Chocho, 273
Chrysophyllum Caïmito, 285
Cinnamon, 146
Cinnamonum zeylanicum, 146
Citron, 178
Citrullus vulgaris, 262
Citrus Aurantium, 188
—— decumana, 177
—— medica, 178
—— nobilis, 188
Clove, 161
Clover, crimson, 106
—— Egyptian, 107
—— purple, 105
Coca, 135
Cochlearia Armoracia, 33
Cocoa-nut palm, 429
Cocos nucifera, 429
Coffee, 415
Coffea arabica, 418
—— liberica, 418
Colocasia, 73
Convolvolus Batatas, 53
—— mammosa, 57
Corchorus capsularis, 130
—— olitorius, 130
Corn salad, 91
Corn spurry, 114
Cotton, Barbados, 408
—— herbaceous, 452
—— tree, 408
Cress, garden, 166
Crocus sativum, 86
Cucumber, 264
Cucumis Anguria, 267
—— Melo, 258
—— sativas, 264
Cucurbita citrullus, 263
—— ficifolia, 257
—— Lagenaria, 245
—— maxima, 249
Cucurbita Melopepo, pepo, 253
—— moscbata, 257
Currant, black, 278
—— red, 277
Custard apple, 168
Cydonia vulgaris, 236
Cynara Cardunculus, 92
—— Cytisus Cajan, 332
—— Scolymus, 92
D
Date-palm, 301
Dioscorea, 76
Dolichos Lablab, 346
—— Lubia, 347
—— Soja, 330
Dyer’s indigo, 136
E
Egyptian clover, 107
—— lupin, 327
—— wheat, 259
Elæis guineensis, 429
Eleusine Coracana, 384
Endive, 97
Ervilla, 107
Ervum Ervilia, 107
—— lens, 321
Erythroxvlon Coca, 135
Eugenia Jambos, 240
—— malaccensis, 241
F
Faba vulgaris, 316
Fagopyrum emarginatum, 351
—— esculentum, 348
—— tataricum, 350
Fenugreek, 112
Ficus Carica, 295
Field-pea, 327
Fig, 295
Fig-leaved pumpkin, 257
Fig, Indian, 274
Flat-podded pea, 109
Flax, 119
Fragaria chiloensis, 205
—— vesca, 203
—— virginiana, 205
French honeysuckle, 104
G
Garcinia Mangostana, 118
Garden cress, 86
—— pea, 328
Garlic, 63
Glycine soya, 330
—— subterranea, 347
Gombo, 189
Gooseberry, 276
Gossypium arboreum, 408
—— barbadense, 408
—— herbaceum, 402
Gourd, 245, 249
—— snake, 273
—— towel, 269
Grass, China, 146
Grass, guinea, 115
Green gram, 346
Guava, 241
H
Haricot bean, 338
Hedysarium coronarium, 104
Helianthus tuberosus, 42
Hemp, 148
Henna, 138
Hibiscus esculentus, 189
Holcus saccharatus, 382
—— Sorghum, 380
Hop, 162
Hordeum distichon, 367
—— hexastichon, 369
—— vulgare, 368
Horse-radish, 33
Humulus Lupulus, 162
I
Ilex paraguariensis, 135
Indian fig, 274
Indigo, American, 137
—— dyer’s, 136
—— silver, 137
Indigofera argentea, 137
—— cerulea, 137
—— tinctoria, 136
Ipomea mammosa, 57
J
Jack-fruit, 299
Jambosa Malaccensis, 241
—— vulgaris, 240
Jatropha manihot, 59
Jerusalem artichoke, 42
Juglans regia, 425
Jujube, common, 194
—— Indian, 197
—— Lotus, 196
Jute, 130
K
Kidney bean, 338
—— moth, 344
—— three-lobed, 345
Kiery, 352
Khât, 134
Konjak, 76
L
Lablab, 347
Lagenaria vulgaris, 245
Lamb’s lettuce, 91
Lathyrus Cicera, 109
—— Ochrus, 110
—— sativus, 111
Lattuca scariola, 95
Lawsonia alba, 138
Leek, 101
Lemon, 178
Lens esculenta, 221
Lentil, 321
Lepidum sativum, 86
Lettuce, 95
—— lamb’s, 91
Linum usitatissimum, 119
Litchi, 314
Longan, 315
Lotos jujube, 196
Lubia, 347
Lucern, 102
Lucuma Caïmito, 285
—— mammosa, 286
Lupin, 325
Lupinus albus, 325
—— termis, 327
Lycopersicum esculentum, 290
M
Madder, 41
Madia sativa, 418
Maize, 387
Malay apple, 241
Mammee, 199
—— americana, 189
—— Sapota, 286
Mandarin, 188
Mandubi, 411
Mangifera indica, 200
Mango, 200
Mangosteen, 188
Manioc, 59
Manihot utilissima, 59
Maranta arundinacea, 81
Marmalade plum, 286
Maté, 135
Medicago sativa, 102
Melon, 258
—— pumpkin, 256
—— water, 262
—— white gourd, 268
Millet, common, 276
—— Italian, 278
Momordica cylindrica, 269
Monkey-nut, 411
Morus alba, 149
—— nigra, 152
Mulberry, 149
Mung, 346
Musk pumpkin, 356
Myristica fragrans, 419
N
Nephelium lappaceum, 315
—— litchi, 314
—— longana, 315
New Zealand spinach, 89
Nicotiana tabacum, 139
Nutmeg, 419
O
Oats, 372
Ochro, 189
Ochrus, 111
Oil-palm, 429
Olea europea, 279
Olive, 279
Onion, 66
—— spring or Welsh, 68
Onobrychis sativa, 104
Opuntia ficus Indica, 274
Orange, 181
—— bitter, 185
—— sweet, 183
Ornithopus sativus, 113
Oryza sativa, 385
P
Palm, cocoa-nut, 429
—— oil, 429
Panicum italicum, 378
—— maximum, 115
—— miliaceum, 376
Papava somniferum, 397
Papaw, 293
Papaya vulgaris, 293
Parsley, 90
Pea, 327
—— field, 327
—— garden, 328
—— nut, 411
—— pigeon, 382
Peach, 221
Pear, 229
—— avocado, 272
—— Chinese, 233
—— prickly, 274
—— sand, 233
—— snowy, 232
Pepper, red, 288
Persea gratissima, 292
Persica vulgaris, 221
Petroselinum sativum, 90
Phaseolus aconitifolius, 345
—— lunatus, 344
—— Mungo, 346
—— vulgaris, 338
Phœnix dactylifera, 301
Pigeon-pea, 332
Pine-apple, 311
Pistachio nut, 316
Pistacia vera, 316
Pisum arvense, 327
—— Ochrus, 111
—— sativum, 328
Plum, 211
Polygonum emarginatum, 351
—— fagopyrum, 348
—— tataricum, 353
Pomegranate, 327
Poppy, 397
Portulaca oleracea, 87
Potato, 45
—— sweet, 83
Prickly pear, 274
Prunus Amygdalus, 218
—— Armeniaca, 215
—— avium, 205
—— Cerasus, 207
—— domestica, 212
—— insititia, 214
—— Persica, 221
Psidium guayava, 241
Pumpkin, fig-leaved, 257
—— musk or melon, 256
Punica Granatum, 237
Purslane, 87
Pyrus communis, 229
—— malus, 233
—— nivalis, 233
—— sinensis, 233
Q
Quince, 236
Quinoa, 351
R
Radish, 29
—— horse, 33
Rambutan, 315
Raphanus sativus, 29
Rhus Coriaria, 133
Ribes Grossularis, 276
—— nigrum, 278
—— rubrum, 277
—— Uva-crispa, 276
Rice, 385
Ricinus communis, 422
Rocambole, 72
Rose-apple, 240
Rubia tinctorum, 41
Rye, 370
S
Saccharatum officinale, 154
Saffron, 166
Sainfoin, 104
—— Spanish, 104
Salsify, 44
Sapodilla, 286
Sapota achras, 286
Scandix cerefolium, 90
Scorzonera hispanica, 44
Secale cereale, 370
Sechium edule, 272
Sesame, 419
Sesamum indicum, 419
Setaria Italica, 380
Shaddock, 177
Shallot, 68
Sium Sisarum, 39
Skirret, 39
Smyrnium Olus-atrum, 91
Snake gourd, 272
Solanum Commersonii, 46
—— immite, 49
—— maglia, 49
—— tuberosum, 45
—— verrucosus, 49
Sorghum saccharatus, 382
—— vulgaris, 380
Sour sop, 173
Soy, 330
Spanish sainfoin, 104
Spelt, 362
Spergula arvensis, 114
Spinach, 98
—— New Zealand, 87
Spinacia oleracea, 98
Spondias dulcis, 202
Spurry, corn, 114
Strawberry, 203
—— Chili, 205
—— Virginian, 205
Sugar apple, 168
—— cane, 154
Sumach, 133
Sweet potato, 83
—— sop, 168
T
Tahiti apple, 202
Tare, 108
Tea, 117
Tetragonia expansa, 89
Thea sinensis, 117
Theobroma Cacao, 313
Tobacco, 139
Towel gourd, 269
Trigonella Fœnum-græcum, 112
Trifolium Alexandrinum, 107
—— incarnatum, 146
—— pratense, 105
Triticum æstivum, 354
—— compositum, 359
—— dicoccum, 365
—— durum, 360
—— hybernum, 354
—— moncoccum, 365
—— polonicum, 361
—— spelta, 262
—— vulgare, 354
Turnip, 36
V
Valerianella olitoria, 89
Vetch, chickling, 110
—— common, 108
Vicia ervilla, 107
—— sativa, 108
Vine, 191
Vitis vinifera, 191
Voandzeia subterranea, 347
W
Walnut, 245
Wheats, 354
Y
Yams, 76
Z
Zea Mays, 387
Zizyphus jujube, 197
—— Lotus, 196
—— vulgaris, 194