Agriculturalist_ p. 241; Ainslie, _Materia Medica_, i. p. 19.
[323] Fries, _Summa_, p. 29; Nylander, _Conspectus_, p. 46; Bentham,
_Handb. Brit. Fl._, edit. 4, p. 40; Mackay, _Fl. Hibern._, p. 28;
Brebisson, _Fl. de Normandie_, edit. 2, p. 18; Babbington, _Primitiæ Fl.
Sarnicæ_, p. 8; Clavaud, _Flore de la Gironde_, i. p. 68.
[324] Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, vii. p. 146; Nylander, _Conspectus_.
[325] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._; Griesbach, _Spiciligium Fl. Rumel._;
Boissier, _Flora Orientalis_, etc.
[326] Watson, who is careful on these points, doubts whether the cabbage
is indigenous in England (_Compendium of the Cybele_, p. 103), but most
authors of British floras admit it to be so.
[327] _Br. balearica_ and _Br. cretica_ are perennial, almost woody, not
biennial; and botanists are agreed in separating them from _Br.
oleracea_.
[328] Aug. Pyr. de Candolle has published a paper on the divisions and
subdivisions of _Br. oleracea_ (_Transactions of the Hort. Soc._, vol.
v., translated into German and in French in the _Bibl. Univ. Agric._,
vol. viii.), which is often quoted.
[329] Alph. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 839.
[330] Ad. Pictet, _Les Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 2, vol. i. p.
380.
[331] Brandza, _Prodr. Fl. Romane_, p. 122.
[332] De Charencey, _Recherches sur les Noms Basques_, in _Actes de la
Société Philologique_, 1st March, 1869.
[333] Ad. Pictet, _Les Origines Indo-Européennes_, edit. 2, vol. i. p.
380.
[334] Fick, _Vörterb. d. Indo-Germ. Sprachen_, p. 3-4.
[335] Piddington, _Index_; Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Ind._
[336] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._, mentions no name.
[337] See Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, pp. 120,124; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_,
p. 617.
[338] Sibthorp, _Prodr. Fl. Græc._, ii. p. 6; Heldreich, _Nutzpfl.
Griechenl._, p. 47.
[339] Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Ind._, i. p. 95.
[340] Heldreich, _Nutz. Gr._
[341] Piddington, _Index_; Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Ind._, i. p. 95.
[342] Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 160.
[343] Boissier, _Fl. Orient_, vol. i.
[344] De Candolle, _Syst._, ii. p. 533.
[345] Sibthorp and Smith, _Prodr. Fl. Græcæ_, ii. p. 6.
[346] Poech, _Enum. Pl. Cypri_, 1842.
[347] Unger and Kotschy, _Inseln Cypern._, p. 331.
[348] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 203.
[349] Lindemann, _Index Plant. in Ross._, _Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc._ 1860,
vol. xxxiii.
[350] Lindemann, _Prodr. Fl. Cherson_, p. 21.
[351] Nyman, _Conspectus Fl. Europ._, 1878, p. 65.
[352] Schweinfurth, _Beitr. Fl. Æth._, p. 270.
[353] In the United States purslane was believed to be of foreign origin
(Asa Gray, _Fl. of Northern States_, ed. 5; _Bot. of California_, i. p.
79), but in a recent publication, Asa Gray and Trumbull give reasons for
believing that it is indigenous in America as in the old world. Columbus
had noticed it at San Salvador and at Cuba; Oviedo mentions it in St.
Domingo and De Lery in Brazil. This is not the testimony of botanists,
but Nuttall and others found it wild in the upper valley of the
Missouri, in Colorado, and Texas, where, however, from the date, it
might have been introduced.—AUTHOR’S NOTE, 1884.
[354] Piddington, _Index to Indian Plants_.
[355] Nemnich, _Polyglot. Lex. Naturgesch._, ii. p. 1047.
[356] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, i. p. 359; Franchet and Savatier, _Enum.
Pl. Japon._, i. p. 53; Bentham, _Fl. Hongkong_, p. 127.
[357] Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 240.
[358] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 145; Lindemann, in _Prodr. Fl.
Chers._, p. 74, says, “In desertis et arenosis inter Cherson et
Berislaw, circa Odessam.”
[359] Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 632; Heldreich, _Fl. Attisch. Ebene._,
p. 483.
[360] Bertoloni, _Fl. It._, vol. v.; Gussone, _Fl. Sic._, vol. i.;
Moris, _Fl. Sard._, vol. ii.; Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._,
vol. iii.
[361] _Botanical Magazine_, t. 2362; _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, p. 567.
[362] Sir J. Hooker, _Handbook of New Zealand Flora_, p. 84; Bentham,
_Flora Australiensis_, iii. p. 327; Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant.
Japoniæ_, i. p. 177.
[363] Cl. Gay, _Flora Chilena_, ii. p. 468.
[364] Fries, _Summa Veget. Scand._; Munby, _Catal. Alger._, p. 11;
Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, vol. ii. p. 856; Schweinfurth and Ascherson,
_Aufzählung_, p. 272; Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 679.
[365] Dioscorides, _Mat. Med._, l. 3, c. 67, 68; Pliny, _Hist._, l. 19,
c. 7, 8; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten Griechen und Römer_, p. 557.
[366] Steven, _Verzeichniss Taurischen Halbinseln_, p. 183.
[367] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 913.
[368] Lenz, _Bot. d. Alt. Gr. und R._, p. 572.
[369] Munby, _Catal. Alger._, edit. 2, p. 22; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._,
ii. p. 857.
[370] Dioscorides, _Mat. Med._, l. 3, c. 70; Pliny, _Hist._, l. 20, ch.
12.
[371] The list of these plants may be found in Meyer, _Gesch. der Bot._,
iii. p. 401.
[372] Phillips, _Companion to the Kitchen Garden_, ii. p. 35.
[373] Theophrastus, _Hist._, l. 1, 9; l. 2, 2; l. 7, 6; Dioscorides,
_Mat. Med._, l. 3, c. 71.
[374] E. Meyer, _Gesch. der Bot._, iii. p. 401.
[375] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 58.
[376] _English Botany_, t. 230; Phillips, _Companion to the Kitchen
Garden; Le Bon Jardinier_.
[377] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 927.
[378] Krok, _Monographie des Valerianella_, Stockholm, 1864, p. 88;
Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iii. p. 104.
[379] Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, i. p. 185; Moris, _Fl. Sard._, ii. p. 314;
Gussone, _Synopsis Fl. Siculæ_, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 30.
[380] Dodoens, _Hist. Plant._, p. 724; Linnæus, _Species_, p. 1159; De
Candolle, _Prodr._, vi. p. 620.
[381] Moris, _Flora Sardoa_, ii. p. 61.
[382] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, ii. p. 180.
[383] Webb, _Phyt. Canar._, iii. sect. 2, p. 384; Ball, _Spicilegium Fl.
Maroc._, p. 524; Willkomm and Lange, _Pr. Fl. Hisp._; Bertoloni, _Fl.
Ital._, ix. p. 86; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iii. p. 357; Unger and
Kotschy, _Inseln Cypern._, p. 246.
[384] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2.
[385] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 27.
[386] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 52.
[387] _Dictionnaire Français-Berbère_, published by the Government, 1
vol. in 8vo.
[388] Theophrastus, _Hist._, l. 6, c. 4; Pliny, _Hist._, l. 19, c. 8;
Lenz, _Bot. der Alten Griechen and Römer_, p. 480.
[389] Athenæus, _Deipn._, ii. 84.
[390] Pickering, _Chron. Arrangement_, p. 71; Unger, _Pflanzen der Alten
Ægyptens_, p. 46, figs. 27 and 28.
[391] Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Ind._, i. p. 22.
[392] Piddington, _Index_.
[393] Bretschneider, _Study_, etc., and Letters of 1881.
[394] Phillips, _Companion to the Kitchen Garden_, p. 22.
[395] Aug. de Saint Hilary, _Plantes Remarkables du Brésil_, Introd., p.
58; Darwin, _Animals and Plants under Domestication_, ii. p. 34.
[396] Cl. Gay, _Flora Chilena_, iv. p. 317.
[397] The author who has gone into this question most carefully is
Bischoff, in his _Beiträge zur Flora Deutschlands und der Schweitz_, p.
184. See also Moris, _Flora Sardoa_, ii. p. 530.
[398] Webb, _Phytogr. Canariensis_, iii. p. 422; Lowe, _Flora of
Madeira_, p. 544.
[399] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2, p. 22, under the name of _L.
sylvestris_.
[400] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 285.
[401] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iii. p. 809.
[402] Clarke, _Compos. Indicæ_, p. 263.
[403] Theophrastus, l. 7, c. 4.
[404] Nemnich, _Polygl. Lexicon_.
[405] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 843.
[406] Bretschneider, _Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works_, p.
17.
[407] Ball, _Spicilegium Fl. Marocc._, p. 534; Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2,
p. 21.
[408] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iii. p. 715.
[409] Clarke, _Compos. Ind._, p. 250.
[410] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 774.
[411] Dioscorides, ii. c. 160; Pliny, xix. c. 8; Palladius, xi. c. 11.
See other authors quoted by Lenz, _Bot. d. Alten_, p. 483.
[412] Heldreich, _Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, pp. 28, 76.
[413] Aug. Pyr. de Candolle, _Prodr._, vii. p. 84; Alph. de Candolle,
_Géogr. Bot._, p. 845.
[414] Clarke, _Compos. Ind._, p. 250.
[415] De Viviani, _Flora Dalmat._, ii. p. 97; Schultz in Webb, _Phyt.
Canar._, sect. ii. p. 391; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iii. p. 716.
[416] Lowe, _Flora of Madeira_, p. 521.
[417] Ball, _Spicilegium_, p. 534.
[418] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2, p. 21.
[419] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iii. p. 716.
[420] Bunge, _Beiträge zur Flora Russlands und Central Asiens_, p. 197.
[421] Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 483; Heldreich, _Die Nutzpflanzen
Griechenlands_, p. 74.
[422] Nemnich, _Polygl. Lex._, at the word _Cichorium Endivia_.
[423] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 247; Piddington, _Index_.
[424] J. Bauhin, _Hist._, ii. p. 964; Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._; Lenz,
_Bot. der Alten_.
[425] Brassavola, p. 176.
[426] Mathioli, ed Valgr., p. 343.
[427] Ebn Baithar, ueberitz von Sondtheimer, i. p. 34; Forskal, _Egypt_,
p. 77; Delile, _Ill. Ægypt._, p. 29.
[428] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ed. 1832, v. iii. p. 771, applied to
_Spinacia tetandra_, which seems to be the same species.
[429] Maximowicz, _Primitiæ Fl. Amur._, p. 222.
[430] Bretschneider, _Study and Value of Chin. Bot. Works_, pp. 15, 17.
[431] _Dict. d’Agric._, v. p. 906.
[432] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, vi. p. 234.
[433] Wight, _Icones_, t. 818.
[434] Nees, _Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ._, 1. 7, pl. 15.
[435] Bauhin, _Hist._, ii. p. 965.
[436] _A. gangeticus_, _A. tristis_, and _A. hybridis_ of Linnæus,
according to Baker, _Flora of Mauritius_, p. 266.
[437] Wight, _Icones_, p. 715.
[438] Roxburgh, _Flora Indica_, edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 606.
[439] Boissier, _Flora Orientalis_, iv. p. 990; Schweinfurth and
Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, etc., p. 289.
[440] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant. Japoniæ_, i. p. 390.
[441] Hasskarl, _Plant. Javan. Rariores_, p. 431.
[442] Gay, _Ann. des Sc. Nat._, 3rd series, vol. viii.
[443] Linnæus, _Species Pl._; De Candolle, _Fl. Franç._, iii. p. 219.
[444] Koch, _Synopsis Fl. Germ._; Babington, _Man. of Brit. Bot._;
_English Bot._, etc.
[445] Ledebour, _Flora Ross._, iv. p. 163.
[446] Baker, _Journal of Bot._, 1874, p. 295.
[447] Strabo, xii. p. 560; Pliny, bk. xviii. c. 16.
[448] Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, etc., p. 355.
[449] Gasparin, _Cours d’Agric._, iv. p. 424.
[450] Targioni-Tozzetti, _Cenni Storici_, p. 34.
[451] Fraas, _Synopsis Fl. Class._, p. 63; Heldreich, _Die Nutzpflanzen
Griechenlands_, p. 70.
[452] Bauhin, _Hist. Plant._, ii. p. 381.
[453] Colmeiro, _Catal_.
[454] Tozzetti, _Dizion. Bot._
[455] Ebn Baithar, _Heil und Nahrungsmittel_, translated from Arabic by
Sontheimer, vol. ii. p. 257.
[456] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 94.
[457] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 197.
[458] Piddington, _Index_.
[459] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 72.
[460] Fraas, _Synopsis Fl. Class._, p. 58; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten Gr. und
Röm._, p. 731.
[461] O. de Serres, _Théâtre de l’Agric._, p. 242.
[462] Targioni-Tozzetti, _Cenni Storici_, p. 34.
[463] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 708; Boissier, _Fl. Or._, p. 532.
[464] Turczaninow, _Flora Baical. Dahur._, i. p. 340.
[465] Targioni-Tozzetti, _Cenni Storici_, p. 35; Marès and Virgineix,
_Catal. des Baléares_, p. 100.
[466] De Gasparin, _Cours d’Agric._, iv. p. 472.
[467] Bertoloni, _Flora Ital._, viii. p. 6.
[468] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 262.
[469] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2, p. 12.
[470] De Gasparin, _Cours d’Agric._, iv. p. 445, according to Schwerz
and A. Young.
[471] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2, p. 11.
[472] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, i. p. 115.
[473] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 548.
[474] Baker, in Hooker’s _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 86.
[475] _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, pt. i. p. 618.
[476] De Candolle, _Fl. Franç._, iv. p. 528.
[477] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 35.
[478] Costa, _Intro. Fl. di Catal._, p. 60.
[479] Moritzi, _Dict. MS._, compiled from floras published before the
middle of the present century.
[480] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 366.
[481] Marès and Virgineix, _Catal._, 1880.
[482] Moris, _Fl. Sard._, i. p. 467.
[483] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2.
[484] Bentham, _Handbook Brit. Fl._, edit. 4, p. 117.
[485] Moris, _Fl. Sard._, i. p. 467; Viviani, _Fl. Dalmat._, iii. p.
290.
[486] _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, p. 619.
[487] Forskal, _Fl. Egypt._, p. 71; Delile, _Plant. Cult. en Egypt._, p.
10; Wilkinson, _Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians_, ii. p. 398.
[488] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 127.
[489] Bertoloni, _Fl. It._, vii. p. 500.
[490] _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 71.
[491] See Lenz, _Bot. d. Alten_, p. 727; Fraas, _Fl. Class._, p. 54.
[492] Wittmack, _Sitzungsber Bot. Vereins Brandenburg_, _Dec. 19, 1879_.
[493] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 308.
[494] Baker, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._
[495] Herrera, _Agricultura_, edit. 1819, iv. p. 72.
[496] Baker, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._
[497] For instance, Munby, _Catal. Plant Algeriæ_, edit. 2, p. 12.
[498] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2.
[499] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 666; Hohenacker, _Enum. Plant.
Talysch_, p. 113; C. A. Meyer, _Verzeichniss_, p. 147.
[500] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, iii. p. 323; Hooker, _Fl. Brit.
Ind._, ii. p. 178.
[501] Piddington’s _Index_ gives four.
[502] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 30.
[503] Cato, _Be re Rustica_, edit. 1535, p. 34; Pliny, bk. xviii. c. 15.
[504] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 71. In the earlier
language than the Indo-Europeans, _vik_ bears another meaning, that of
“hamlet” (Fick, _Vörterb. Indo-Germ._, p. 189).
[505] Vilmorin, _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, p. 603.
[506] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 31; Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, vii. pp.
444, 447.
[507] Lenz, _Botanik. d. Alten_, p. 730.
[508] Fraas, _Fl. Class._; Heldreich, _Nutzflanzen Griechenlands_.
[509] Wittmack, _Sitz. Ber. Bot. Vereins Brandenburg_, Dec. 19, 1879.
[510] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 313; Bertoloni,
_Fl. Ital._
[511] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, etc., p. 257.
[512] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 605.
[513] J. Baker, in Hooker’s _Fl. of Brit. Ind._
[514] Munby, _Catal._
[515] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, viii., c. 2, 10.
[516] Columella, _De rei rustica_, ii. c. 10; Pliny, xviii. c. 13, 32.
[517] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._; Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 178.
[518] Rosenmüller, _Handb. Bibl. Alterth._, vol. i.
[519] Piddington, _Index_.
[520] Heldreich, _Pflanz. d. Attisch. Ebene_, p. 476; _Nutzpf. Gr._, p.
72.
[521] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 681.
[522] C. A. Meyer, _Verzeichniss_, p. 148.
[523] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 606.
[524] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 312.
[525] Lenz, _Bot. d. Alten_, p. 730; Heldreich, _Nutzpfl. Gr._, p. 72.
[526] Lenz.
[527] Caruel, _Fl. Tosc._, p. 193; Gussone, _Syn. Fl. Sic._, edit. 2.
[528] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 602; Moris, _Fl. Sard._, i. p.
582.
[529] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._
[530] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._
[531] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, viii. c. 8; Columella, _De rei
rustica_, ii. c. 10; Pliny, _Hist._, xviii. c. 16.
[532] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 63; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p. 719.
[533] Baker, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 57.
[534] Schweinfurth, _Beitr. z. Fl. Æthiop._, p. 258.
[535] Baker, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._
[536] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 70.
[537] Boissier, _ibid._
[538] Sibthorp, _Fl. Græca_, t. 766; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, Bertoloni,
_Fl. Ital._, viii. p. 250; Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii.
p. 390.
[539] Caruel, _Fl. Tosc._, p. 256; Willkomm and Lange.
[540] The plants which spread from one country to another introduce
themselves into islands with more difficulty, as will be seen from the
remarks I formerly published. (_Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 706).
[541] Piddington, _Index_.
[542] Ainslie, _Mat. Med. Ind._, i. p. 130.
[543] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._
[544] As usual, Fick’s dictionary of Indo-European languages does not
mention the name of this plant, which the English say is Sanskrit.
[545] Brotero, _Flora Lusitanica_, ii. p. 160.
[546] Cosson, _Notes sur Quelques Plantes Nouvelles ou Critiques du Midi
de l’Espagne_, p. 36.
[547] _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, p. 512.
[548] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, i. p. 731.
[549] Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 243, and several specimens from
the Nilgherries and Ceylon in my herbarium.
[550] Zollinger, No. 2556 in my herbarium.
[551] Piddington, _Index_.
[552] Sobolewski, _Fl. Petrop._, p. 109.
[553] Rafn, _Danmarks Flora_, ii. p. 799.
[554] Wahlenberg, quoted by Moritzi,_ Dict. MS.; Svensk Botanik_, t.
308.
[555] Bauhin, _Hist. Plant._, iii. p. 722.
[556] _Spergula Maxima_, Böninghausen, an illustration published in
Reichenbach’s _Plantæ Crit._, vi. p. 513.
[557] _Panicum maximum_, Jacq., Coll. 1, p. 71 (1786); Jacq., _Icones_
1, t. 13; Swartz, _Fl. Indiæ Occ._, vii. p. 170; _P. polygamum_, Swartz,
_Prodr._, p. 24 (1788); _P. jumentorum_, Persoon Ench., i. p. 83 (1805);
_P. altissimum_ of some gardens and modern authors. According to the
rule, the oldest name should be adopted.
[558] In Dominica according to Imray, in the _Kew Report_ for 1879, p.
16.
[559] Nees, in Martius, _Fl. Brasil._, in 8vo, vol. ii. p. 166.
[560] Dœll, in _Fl. Brasil._, in fol., vol. ii. part 2.
[561] Sir W. Hooker, _Niger Fl._, p. 560.
[562] Nees, _Floræ Africæ Austr. Gramineæ_, p. 36.
[563] A. Richard, _Abyssinie_, ii. p. 373.
[564] Peters, _Reise Botanik_, p. 546.
[565] Bojer, _Hortus Maurit._, p. 565.
[566] Baker, _Fl. of Mauritius and Seychelles_, p. 436.
[567] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl. Zeylaniæ._
[568] Seemann, _Tr. of the Linnæan Society_, xxii. p. 337, pl. 61.
[569] Kæmpfer, _Amæn. Japon._
[570] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value of Chin. Bot. Works_, pp.
13 and 45.
[571] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Pl. Jap._, i. p. 61.
[572] Fortune, _Three Years’ Wandering in China_, 1 vol. in 8vo
[573] Fontanier, _Bulletin Soc. d’Acclim._, 1870, p. 88.
[574] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 414.
[575] Griffith, _Reports_; Wallich, quoted by Hooker, _Fl. Brit. India_,
i. p. 293.
[576] Anderson, quoted by Hooker.
[577] _The Colonies and India, Gardener’s Chronicle_, 1880, i. p. 659.
[578] Speech at the Bot. Cong. of London in 1866.
[579] _Flora_, 1868, p. 64.
[580] Planchon, in Hooker, _Journal of Botany_, vol. vii. p. 165.
[581] Heer, _Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, in 4to, Zürich, 1865, p. 35;
_Ueber den Flachs und die Flachskultur_, in 4to, Zürich, 1872.
[582] Loret, _Observations Critiques sur Plusieurs Plantes
Montpelliéraines_, in the _Revue des Sc. Nat._, 1875.
[583] Boissier, _Flora Orient._, i. p. 851. It is _L. usitatissimum_ of
Kotschy, No. 164.
[584] Boissier, _ibid._; Hohenh., _Enum. Talysch._, p. 168.
[585] Steven, _Verzeichniss der auf der taurischen Halbinseln
wildwachsenden Pflanzen_, Moscow, 1857, p. 91.
[586] Heer, _Ueb. d. Flachs_, pp. 17 and 22.
[587] Jordan, quoted by Walpers, _Annal._, vol. ii., and by Heer, p. 22.
[588] Ball, _Spicilegium Fl. Marocc._, p. 380.
[589] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2, p. 7.
[590] Rohlf, according to Cosson, _Bulle. Soc. Bot. de Fr._, 1875, p.
46.
[591] Planchon, in Hooker’s _Journal of Botany_, vol. 7; Bentham,
_Handbk. of Brit. Flora_, edit. 4, p. 89.
[592] Planchon, _ibid._
[593] Boissier, _Fl. Or._, i. p. 861.
[594] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 833.
[595] Thomson, _Annals of Philosophy, June, 1834_; Dutrochet, Larrey,
and Costaz, _Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc._, Paris, 1837, sem. i.
p. 739; Unger, _Bot. Streifzüge_, iv. p. 62.
[596] Other Hebrew words are interpreted “flax,” but this is the most
certain. See Hamilton, _La Botanique de la Bible_, Nice, 1871, p. 58.
[597] Piddington, _Index Ind. Plants_; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832,
ii. p. 110. The name _matusi_ indicated by Piddington belongs to other
plants, according to Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Euro._, edit. 2, vol. i.
p. 396.
[598] Heer, _Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, 8vo pamphlet, Zürich, 1865,
p. 35; _Ueber den Flachs und die Flachskultur in Alterthum_, pamphlet in
8vo, Zürich, 1872.
[599] Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, iv. p. 612.
[600] We have seen that flax is found towards the north-west of Europe,
but not immediately north of the Alps. Perhaps the climate of
Switzerland was formerly more equable than it is now, with more snow to
shelter perennial plants.
[601] _Mittheil. Anthropol. Gesellschaft_, Wien, vol. vi. pp. 122, 161;
_Abhandl., Wien Akad._, 84, p. 488.
[602] Sordelli, _Sulle piante della torbiera e della stazione
preistorica della Lagozza_, pp. 37, 51, printed at the conclusion of
Castelfranco’s _Notizie alla stazione lacustre della Lagozza_, in 8vo,
_Atti della Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat._, 1880.
[603] The fowl was introduced into Greece from Asia in the sixth century
before Christ, according to Heer, _Ueb. d. Flachs_, p. 25.
[604] These discoveries in the peat-mosses of Lagozza and elsewhere in
Italy show how far Hehn was mistaken in supposing that (_Kulturpfl._,
edit. 3, 1877, p. 524) the Swiss lake-dwellers were near the time of
Cæsar. The men of the same civilization as they to the south of the Alps
were evidently more ancient than the Roman republic, perhaps than the
Ligurians.
[605] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 396.
[606] Van Eys, _Dict. Basque-Français_, 1876; Gèze, _Eléments de
Grammaire Basque suivis d’un vocabulaire_, Bayonne, 1873; Salaberry,
_Mots Basques Navarrais_, Bayonne, 1856; l’Ecluse, _Vocab.
Franç.-Basque_, 1826.
[607] Nemnich, _Poly. Lex. d. Naturgesch._, ii. p. 420; Rafn, _Danmark
Flora_, ii. p. 390.
[608] Nemnich, _ibid._
[609] _Ibid._
[610] _Ibid._
[611] Fick, _Vergl. Wörterbuch. Ind. Germ._, 2nd edit., i. p. 722. He
also derives the name _Lina_ from the Latin _linum_; but this name is of
earlier date, being common to several European Aryan languages.
[612] Pliny, bk. xix. c. 1: _Vere satum æstate vellitur_.
[613] Unger, _Botanische Streifzüge_, 1866, No. 7, p. 15.
[614] A. Braun, _Die Pflanzenreste des Ægyptischen Museums in Berlin_,
in 8vo, 1877, p. 4.
[615] Rosellini, pls. 35 and 36, quoted by Unger, _Bot. Streifzüge_, No.
4, p. 62.
[616] W. Schimper, Ascherson, Boissier, Schweinfurth, quoted by Braun.
[617] Heer, _Ueb. d. Flachs_, p. 26.
[618] Maspero, _Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient._, edit. 3,
Paris, 1878, p. 13.
[619] _Journal of the Royal Asiat. Soc._, vol. xv. p. 271, quoted by
Heer, _Ueb. den Fl._
[620] Maspero, p. 213.
[621] The Greek texts are quoted in Lenz, _Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm._,
p. 672; and in Hehn, _Culturpfl. und Hausthiere_, edit. 3, p. 144.
[622] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._
[623] _Dictionnaire Franç.-Berbère_, 1 vol. in 8vo, 1844.
[624] Rumphius, _Amboin_, vol. v. p. 212; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p.
581; Loureiro, _Fl. Cochinchine_, vi. p. 408.
[625] Blume, _Bijdragen_, i. p. 110.
[626] Zollinger, Nos. 1698 and 2761.
[627] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl. Zeylan._, p. 31.
[628] Edgeworth, _Linnæan Soc. Journ._, ix.
[629] Masters, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 397.
[630] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, i. p. 408.
[631] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum._, i. p. 66.
[632] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Naturgesch._
[633] Von Heldreich, _Die Nutzpfl. Griechenl._, p. 53.
[634] Masters, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 397; Aitchison,
_Catal. Punjab_, p. 23; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p. 581.
[635] Piddington, _Index_.
[636] Schweinfurth, _Beitr. z. Fl. Æthiop._, p. 264.
[637] Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. West Ind._, p. 97.
[638] Bosc, _Dict. d’Agric._, at the word “Sumac.”
[639] The conditions and methods of the culture of the sumach are the
subject of an important paper by Inzenga, translated in the _Bull. Soc.
d’Acclim._, Feb. 1877. In the _Trans. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh_, ix. p.
341, may be seen an extract from an earlier paper by the author on the
same subject.
[640] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 509; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p.
4.
[641] Nemnich, _Polygl. Lexicon_, ii. p. 1156; Ainslie, _Mat. Med.
Ind._, i. p. 414.
[642] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 85.
[643] Forskal, _Flora Ægypto-Arabica_, p. 65; Richard, _Tentamen Fl.
Abyss._, i. p. 134, pl. 30; Botta, _Archives du Muséum_, ii. p. 73.
[644] Hochstetter, _Flora_, 1841, p. 663.
[645] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 263; Oliver, _Fl.
Trop. Afr._, i. p. 364.
[646] Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, _Mém. du Muséum_, ix. p. 351; _Ann. Sc.
Nat._, 3rd series, xiv. p. 52; Hooker, _London Journal of Botany_, i. p.
34; Martius, _Flora Brasiliensis_, vol. ii. part 1, p. 119.
[647] Martinet, _Bull. Soc. d’Acclim._, 1874, p. 449.
[648] Particularly in Gosse’s _Monographie de l’Erythroxylon Coca_, in
8vo, 1861.
[649] Hooker, _Comp. to the Bot. Mag._, ii. p. 25.
[650] Peyritsch, in the _Flora Brasil._, fasc. 81, p. 156.
[651] Hooker, _Comp. to the Bot. Mag._
[652] Gosse, _Monogr._, p. 12.
[653] Triana and Planchon, _Ann. Sciences Nat._, 4th series, vol. 18, p.
338.
[654] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 379.
[655] Wight, _Icones_, t. 365; Royle, _Ill. Himal._, t. 195; Baker, in
_Flora of Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 98; Brandis, _Forest Flora_, p. 136.
[656] Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, _Floræ Seneg. Tentamen_, p.
178.
[657] Richard, _Tentamen Fl. Abyss._, i. p. 184; Oliver, _Fl. of Trop.
Afr._, ii. p. 97; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 256.
[658] Unger, _Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægyptens_, p. 66; Pickering, _Chronol.
Arrang._, p. 443.
[659] Reynier, _Économie des Juifs_, p. 439; _des Égyptiens_, p. 354.
[660] Hernandez, _Thes._, p. 108.
[661] Fortune, No. 32.
[662] Aitchison, _Catal. of Pl. of Punjab and Sindh_, p. 60; Boissier,
_Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 744.
[663] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p. 258.
[664] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl. Zeyl._, p. 122.
[665] Clarke, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 273.
[666] Rumphius, _Amb._, iv. p. 42.
[667] Grisebach, _Fl. Brit. W. Ind._, i. p. 271.
[668] Oliver, _Fl. of Trop. Afr._, ii. p. 483.
[669] Piddington, _Index_.
[670] Dioscorides, 1, c. 124; Lenz, _Bot. d. Alten_, p. 177.
[671] Tiedemann, _Geschichte des Tabaks_, in 8vo, 1854. For Brazil, see
Martius, _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachkunde Amerikas_, i. p.
719.
[672] Tiedemann, p. 17, pl. 1.
[673] The drawings on these pipes are reproduced in Naidaillac’s recent
work, _Les Premiers Hommes et les Temps Préhistoriques_, vol. ii. pp.
45, 48.
[674] Tiedemann, pp. 38, 39.
[675] Martius, _Syst. Mat. Med. Bras._, p. 120; _Fl. Bras._, vol. x. p.
191.
[676] A. de Candolle, Géogr. _Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 849.
[677] Flückiger and Hanbury, _Pharmacographia_, p. 418.
[678] One of these is classed under the name _Nicot. fruticosa_, which
in my opinion is the same species, tall, but not woody, as the name
would lead one to believe. _N. auriculata_, Bertero, is also _Tabacum_,
according to my authentic specimens.
[679] Hayne, _Arzneikunde Gewachse_, vol. xii t. 41; Miller, _Figures of
Plants_, pl. 185, f. 1.
[680] The capsule is sometimes shorter and sometimes longer than the
calix, on the same plant, in André’s specimens.
[681] See the figures of _N. rustica_ in Plée, _Types de Familles
Naturelles de France, Solanées_; Bulliard, _Herbier de France_, t. 289.
[682] Asa Gray, _Syn. Flora of North Amer._ (1878), p. 241.
[683] Martin de Moussy, _Descr. de la Repub. Argent._, i. p. 196.
[684] Bulliard, _Herbier de France_.
[685] Cæsalpinus, lib. viii. cap. 44; Bauhin, _Hist._, iii. p. 630.
[686] Tiedemann, _Geschichte des Tabaks_, (1854) p. 208. Two years
earlier, Volz, _Beiträge zur Culturgeschichte_, had collected a number
of facts relative to the introduction of tobacco into different
countries.
[687] According to an anonymous Indian author quoted by Tiedemann, p.
229.
[688] Tiedemann, p. 234.
[689] Rumphius, _Herb. Amboin_ v. p. 225.
[690] Raffles, _Descr. of Java_, p. 85.
[691] Thunberg, _Flora Japonica_, p. 91.
[692] Klemm, quoted by Tiedemann, p. 256.
[693] Stanislas Julien, in de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 851;
Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 17.
[694] Piddington, _Index_.
[695] Forskal, p. 63.
[696] Lehmann, _Historia Nicotinarum_, p. 18. The epithet _suffruticosa_
is an exaggeration applied to the tobaccos, which are always annual. I
have said already that _N. suffruticosa_ of different authors is _N.
Tabacum._
[697] Link and Otto, _Icones Plant. Rar. Hort. Ber._, in 4to, p. 63, t.
32. Sendtner, in _Flora Brasil_, vol. x. p. 167, describes the same
plant as Sello, as it seems from the specimens collected by this
traveller; and Grisebach, _Symbolæ Fl. Argent._, p. 243, mentions _N.
alata_ in the province of _Entrerios_ of the Argentine republic.
[698] Bertero, in De Cand., _Prodr._, xii., sect. 1, p. 568.
[699] Thwaites, _Enum. Pl. Zelaniæ_, p. 252; Brandis, _Forest Flora of
India_, p. 375.
[700] Flückiger and Hanbury, _Pharmacographia_, p. 467; Porter, _The
Tropical Agriculturist_., p. 268.
[701] Brandis, _Forest Flora_; Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. India Is._,
p. 179.
[702] De Malartic, _Journ. d’Agric. Pratique_, 1871, 1872, vol. ii. No.
31; de la Roque, _ibid._, No. 29, _Bull. Soc. d’Acclim._, 1872, p. 463;
Vilmorin, _Bon Jardinier_, 1880, pt. 1, p. 700; Vetillart, _Études sur
les Fibres Végétales Textiles_, p. 99, pl. 2.
[703] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, ii. p. 683.
[704] Bentham, _Fl. Hongkong_, p. 331.
[705] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant. Jap._, i. p. 439.
[706] Blanco, _Flora de Filip._, edit. 2, p. 484.
[707] Rumphius, _Amboin_, v. p. 214.
[708] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, iii. p. 590.
[709] Miquel, _Sumatra_, Germ. edit., p. 170.
[710] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value_, etc., pp. 5, 10, 48.
[711] Piddington, _Index_; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 2, vol. iii. p.
772.
[712] Roxburgh, _ibid._
[713] Reynier, _Économie des Celtes_, p. 448; Legonidec, _Dict.
Bas-Breton_.
[714] J. Humbert, formerly professor of Arabic at Geneva, says the name
is _kannab_, _kon-nab_, _hon-nab_, _hen-nab_, _kanedir_, according to
the locality.
[715] Athenæus, quoted by Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_, p. 168.
[716] Rosenmüller, _Hand. Bibl. Alterth._
[717] Forskal, _Flora_; Delile, _Flore d’Égypte_.
[718] Reynier, _Économie des Arabes_, p. 434.
[719] Heer, _Ueber d. Flachs_, p. 25.
[720] Sordelli, _Notizie sull. Staz. di Lagozza_, 1880.
[721] Vol. xvi. sect. 1, p. 30.
[722] De Bunge, _Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr._, 1860, p. 30.
[723] Ledebour, _Flora Rossica_, iii. p. 634.
[724] Bunge found hemp in the north of China, but among rubbish (_Enum._
No. 338).
[725] Seringe, _Description et Culture des Mûriers_.
[726] Bureau, in De Candolle, _Prodromus_, xvii. p. 238.
[727] Brandis, _Forest Flora of North-West and Central India_, 1874, p.
408. This variety has black fruit, like that of _Morus nigra_.
[728] Bureau, _ibid._, from the specimens of several travellers.
[729] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 12.
[730] This name occurs in the _Pent-sao_, according to Ritter,
_Erdkunde_, xvii. p. 489.
[731] Platt says (_Zeitschrift d. Gesellsch. Erdkunde_, 1871, p. 162)
that its cultivation dates from 4000 years B.C.
[732] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant. Jap._, i. p. 433.
[733] Ant. Targioni, _Cenni Storici sull’ Introduzione di Varie Piante
nell’ Agricoltura Toscana_, p. 188.
[734] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1153.
[735] Buhse, _Aufzählung der Transcaucasien und Persien Pflanzen_, p.
203.
[736] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, iii. p. 643.
[737] Steven, _Verseichniss d. Taurisch. Halbins_, p. 313; Heldreich,
_Pflanzen des Attischen Ebene_, p. 508; Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, x. p.
177; Caruel, _Fl. Toscana_, p. 171.
[738] Bureau, de Cand., _Prodr._, xvii. p. 238.
[739] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._; Piddington, _Index_.
[740] Reichenbach gives good figures of both species in his _Icones Fl.
Germ._, 657, 658.
[741] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 236; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten Gr. und
Röm._, p. 419; Ritter, _Erdkunde_, xvii. p. 482; Hehn, _Culturpflanzen_,
edit. 3, p. 336.
[742] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1153 (published 1879).
[743] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, iii. p. 641.
[744] Steven, _Verseichniss d. Taur. Halb. Pflan._, p. 313.
[745] Tchihatcheff, trans. of Grisebach’s _Végétation du Globe_, i. 424.
[746] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 19.
[747] Bertoloni, _Flora Ital._, x. p. 179; Viviani, _Fl. Dalmat._, i. p.
220; Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, i. p. 250.
[748] Humboldt, _Nouvelle Espagne_, ed. 2, p. 487.
[749] Humboldt, in Kunth, _Nova Genera_, i. p. 297.
[750] Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 582.
[751] Alph. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 739; H. Hoffmann,
in Regel’s _Gartenflora_, 1875, p. 70.
[752] K. Ritter, _Ueber die Geographische Verbreitung des Zuckerrohrs_,
in 4to, 108 pages (according to Pritzel, _Thes. Lit. Bot._); _Die Cultur
des Zuckerrohrs_, _Saccharum, in Asien_, _Geogr. Verbreitung_, etc.,
etc., in 8vo, 64 pages, without date. This monograph is full of learning
and judgment, worthy of the best epoch of German science, when English
or French authors were quoted by all authors with as much care as
Germans.
[753] Kunth, _Enum. Plant._ (1838), vol. i. p. 474. There is no more
recent descriptive work on the family of the _Gramineæ_, nor the genus
_Saccharum_.
[754] Miquel, _Floræ Indiæ Batavæ_, 1855, vol. iii. p. 511.
[755] Aitchison, _Catalogue of Punjab and Sindh Plants_, 1869, p. 173.
[756] Thwaites, _Enum. PI. Zeyloniæ_.
[757] Crawfurd, _Indian Archip._, i. p. 475.
[758] Forster, _De Plantis Esculentis_.
[759] Vieillard, _Annales des Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xvi. p. 32.
[760] Loureiro, _Cochin-Ch._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 66.
[761] Forskal, Fl. _Ægypto-Arabica_, p. 103.
[762] Macfadyen, _On the Botanical Characters of the Sugar-Cane_, in
Hooker’s _Bot. Miscell._, i. p. 101; Maycock, _Fl. Barbad._, p. 50.
[763] Rumphius, _Amboin_, vol. v. p. 186.
[764] Hehn, No. 480.
[765] Schacht, _Madeira und Teneriffe_, tab. i.
[766] Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_, i. p. 153, pl. 23.
[767] Piddington, _Index_.
[768] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value_, etc., pp. 45-47.
[769] See the quotations from Strabo, Dioscorides, Pliny, etc., in Lenz,
_Botanik der Alten Griechen und Römer_, 1859, p. 267; Fingerhut, in
_Flora_, 1839, vol. ii. p. 529; and many other authors.
[770] Rosenmüller, _Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth._
[771] _Calendrier Rural de Harib_, written in the tenth century for
Spain, translated by Dureau de la Malle in his _Climatologie de l’Italie
et de l’Andalousie_, p. 71.
[772] Von Buch, _Canar. Ins._
[773] Piso, _Brésil_, p. 49.
[774] Humboldt, _Nouv. Espagne_, ed. 2, vol. iii. p. 34.
[775] _Not. Stat. sur les Col. Franc._, i. pp. 207, 29, 83.
[776] Macfadyen, in Hooker, _Bot. Miscell._, i. p. 101; Maycock, _Fl.
Barbad._, p. 50.
[777] ii. p. 3.
[778] ii. tab. 3.
[779] Sonnerat, _Voy. Nouv. Guin._, tab. 119, 120.
[780] Thunberg, _Diss._, ii. p. 326; De Candolle, _Prodr._, iii. p. 262;
Hooker, _Bot. Mag._, tab. 2749; Hasskarl, _Cat. Hort. Bogor. Alt._, p.
261.
[781] Roxburgh, _Flora Indica_, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 194.
[782] Alph. de Candolle, in _Prodromus_, vol. xvi., sect. 1, p. 29;
Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1152; Hohenacker, _Enum. Plant.
Talysch_, p. 30; Buhse _Aufzählung Transcaucasien_, p. 202.
[783] An erroneous transcription of what Asa Gray (_Botany of North.
United States_, edit. 5) says of the hemp, wrongly attributed to the hop
in _Prodromus_, and repeated in the French edition of this work, should
be corrected. _Humulus Lupulus_ is indigenous in the east of the United
States, and also in the island of Yeso, according to a letter from
Maximowicz.—AUTHOR’S NOTE, 1884.
[784] Hehn, _Nutzpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihren Uebergang aus Asien_,
edit. 3, p. 415.
[785] Pliny, _Hist._, bk. 21, c. 15. He mentions asparagus in this
connection, and the young shoots of the hop are sometimes eaten in this
manner.
[786] Tacitus, _Germania_, cap. 25; Pliny, bk. 18, c. 7; Hehn,
_Kulturpflanzen_, edit. 3, pp. 125-137.
[787] Volz, _Beiträge zur Culturgeschichte_, p. 149.
[788] _Ibid._
[789] Beckmann, _Erfindungen_, quoted by Volz.
[790] Piddington, _Index_; Fick, _Wörterb. Indo-Germ. Sprachen_, i.;
Ursprache.
[791] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 857.
[792] _Dict. MS._, compiled from floras, Moritzi.
[793] Unger, _Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 47.
[794] Schweinfurth, in a letter to M. Boissier, 1882.
[795] Piddington, _Index_.
[796] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 15.
[797] See Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 108.
[798] Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 73; Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., ii. pp.
196, 293; i. p. 18.
[799] See Gasparin, _Cours d’Agric._, iv. p. 217.
[800] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iii. p. 710; Oliver, _Flora of Trop.
Afr._, iii. p. 439.
[801] Clarke, _Compositæ Indicæ_, 1876, p. 244.
[802] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 283.
[803] Rohlfs, _Kufra_, in 8vo, 1881.
[804] Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 196.
[805] Pliny, bk. xxi. c. 6.
[806] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 372.
[807] _Index_, p. 25.
[808] According to Forskal, Delile, Reynier, Schweinfurth, and
Ascherson.
[809] Theophrastus, _Hist._, 1. 6, c. 6.
[810] J. Bauhin, _Hist._, ii. p. 637.
[811] Royle, _Ill. Himal._
[812] Sibthorp, _Prodr._; Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class._, p. 292.
[813] J. Gay, quoted by Babington, _Man. Brit. Fl._
[814] Maw, in the _Gardener’s Chron._, 1881, vol. xvi.
[815] Jacquemont, _Voyage_, vol. iii. p. 238.
[816] The word fruit is here employed in the vulgar sense, for any
fleshy part which enlarges after the flowering. In the strictly
botanical sense, the Anonaceæ, strawberries, cashews, pine-apples, and
breadfruit are not fruits.
[817] _A. squamosa_ is figured in Descourtilz, _Flore des Antilles_, ii.
pl. 83; Hooker’s _Bot. Mag._, 3095; and Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_,
iii. pl. 4.
[818] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 859.
[819] Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, _Plantes usuelles des Brésiliens_, bk. vi.
p. 5.
[820] Alph. de Candolle, _Mem. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève_.
[821] _Ibid._, p. 19 of _Mem._ printed separately.
[822] See _Botany of Congo_, and the German translation of Brown’s
works, which has alphabetical tables.
[823] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 60.
[824] Webb, in _Fl. Nigr._, p. 97.
[825] _Ibid._, p. 204.
[826] Thonning, _Pl. Guin._
[827] Brown, _Congo_, p. 6.
[828] Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, _Tentamen Fl. Seneg._
[829] Sloane, _Jam._, ii. p. 168.
[830] P. Brown, _Jam._, p. 257.
[831] Macfadyen, _Fl. Jam._, p. 9.
[832] Martius, _Fl. Bras._, fasc. ii. p. 15.
[833] Splitgerber, _Nederl. Kruidk. Arch._, ii. p. 230.
[834] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, chap. x.
[835] Rumphius, i. p. 139.
[836] Forster, _Plantæ Esculentæ_.
[837] Rheede, _Malabar_, iii. p. 22.
[838] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 427.
[839] Blanco, _Fl. Filip._
[840] This depends upon the opinion formed with respect to _A. glabra_,
Forskal (_A. Asiatica_, B. Dun. _Anon._, p. 71; _A. Forskalii_, D. C.
_Syst._, i. p. 472), which was sometimes cultivated in gardens in Egypt
when Forskal visited that country; it was called _keschta_, that is,
coagulated milk. The rarity of its cultivation and the silence of
ancient authors shows that it was of modern introduction into Egypt. Ebn
Baithar (Sondtheimer’s German translation, in 2 vols., 1840), an Arabian
physician of the thirteenth century, mentions no _Anonacea_, nor the
name _keschta_. I do not see that Forskal’s description and illustration
(_Descr._, p. 102. ic. tab. 15) differ from _A. squamosa_. Coquebert’s
specimen, mentioned in the _Systema_, agrees with Forskal’s plate; but
as it is in flower while the plate shows the fruit, its identity cannot
be proved.
[841] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, v. ii. p. 657.
[842] Piddington, _Index_, p. 6.
[843] Royle, _Ill. Him._, p. 60.
[844] Rheede and Rumphius, i. p. 139.
[845] Hernandez, pp. 348, 454.
[846] Dunal, _Mem. Anon._, p. 70.
[847] Martius, _Fl. Bras._, fasc. ii. p. 15.
[848] Hence the generic name _Anona_, which Linnæus changed to _Annona_
(provision), because he did not wish to have any savage name, and did
not mind a pun.
[849] Martius, _Fl. Bras._, fasc. ii. p. 15.
[850] Marcgraf, _Brazil_, p. 94.
[851] See Baker, _Flora of Mauritius_, p. 3. The identity admitted by
Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, i. p. 16, of the _Anona palustris_ of America
with that of Senegambia, appears to me very extraordinary, although it
is a species which grows in marshes; that is, having perhaps a very wide
area.
[852] Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 78; Miquel, _Fl. Indo-Batava_,
i. part 2, p. 33; Kurz, _Forest Flora of Brit. Burm._, i. p. 46; Stewart
and Brandis, _Forests of India_, p. 6.
[853] Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W. I. Isles_, p. 5.
[854] Eggers, _Flora of St. Croix and Virgin Isles_, p. 23.
[855] Triana and Planchon, _Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis_, p. 29; Sagot,
_Journ. Soc. d’Hortic._, 1872.
[856] Warming, _Symbolæ ad. Fl. Bras._, xvi. p. 434.
[857] Figured in Descourtilz, _Fl. Med. des. Antilles_, ii. pl. 87, and
in Tussac, _Fl. des Antilles_, ii. p. 24.
[858] Richard, _Plantes Vasculaires de Cuba_, p. 29; Swartz, _Obs._, p.
221; P. Brown, _Jamaica_, p. 255; Macfadyen, _Fl. of Jam._, p. 7;
Eggers, _Fl. of St. Croix_, p. 23; Grisebach, _Fl. Brit. W. I._, p. 4.
[859] Martius, _Fl. Brasil_, fasc. ii. p. 4; Splitgerber, _Pl. de
Surinam_, in _Nederl. Kruidk. Arch._, i. p. 226.
[860] Richard, Macfadyen, Grisebach, Eggers, Swartz, Maycock, _Fl.
Barbad._, p. 233.
[861] Seemann, _Bot. of the Herald_, p. 75.
[862] Triana and Planchon, _Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat._, p. 29.
[863] Oliver, _Fl. Trop. Afr._, i. p. 15.
[864] Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 78.
[865] De Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 863.
[866] Feuillée, _Obs._, iii. p. 23, t. 17.
[867] Macfadyen, _Fl. Jam._, p. 10.
[868] Martius, _Fl. Bras._, fasc. iii. p. 15.
[869] Hooker, _Fl. Nigr._, p. 205.
[870] Nov. _Act. Nat. Cur._, xix. suppl. 1.
[871] Richard, _Plant. Vasc. de Cuba_; Grisebach, _Fl. Brit. W. Ind.
Is._; Hemsley, _Biologia Centr. Am._, p. 118; Kunth, in Humboldt and
Bonpland, _Nova Gen._, v. p. 57; Triana and Planchon, _Prodr. Fl.
Novo-Granat._, p. 28.
[872] Gay, _Flora Chil._, i. p. 66.
[873] Molina, French trans.
[874] Gallesio, _Traité du Citrus_, in 8vo, Paris, 1811; Risso and
Poiteau, _Histoire Naturelle des Orangers_, 1818, in folio, 109 plates.
[875] Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 515.
[876] Brandis, _Forest Flora_, p. 50.
[877] For a work of this nature, the first step would be to publish good
figures of wild species, showing particularly the fruit, which is not
seen in herbaria. It would then be seen which forms represented in the
plates of Risso, Duhamel, and others, are nearest to the wild types.
[878] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical
Works_, p. 55.
[879] Acosta, _Hist. Nat. des Indes_, Fr. trans. 1598, p. 187.
[880] Roxburgh, _Flora Indica_, edit. 1832 iii. p. 393.
[881] Rumphius, _Hortus Ambeinensis_, ii. p. 98.
[882] Miquel, _Flora Indo-Batava_, i. pt. 2, p. 526.
[883] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc.
[884] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, ii. p. 572. For another species of the
genus, he says that it is cultivated and non-cultivated, p. 569.
[885] Forster, _De Plantis Esculentis Oceani Australis_, p. 35.
[886] Seemann, _Flora Vitiensis_, p. 33.
[887] Plukenet, _Almagestes_, p. 239; Sloane, _Jamaica_, i. p. 41.
[888] _Cedrat à gros fruit_ of Duhamel, _Traité des Arbres_, edit. 2,
vii. p. 68, pl. 22.
[889] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 129; Brandis, _Forest Flora_, p. 52;
Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 514.
[890] Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Plant. Jap._, p. 129.
[891] Miquel, _Flora Indo-Batava_, i. pt. 2, p. 528.
[892] Theophrastus, l. 4, c. 4.
[893] Bodæus, in Theophrastus, edit. 1644, pp. 322, 343; Risso, _Traité
du Citrus_, p. 198; Targioni, _Cenni Storici_, p. 196.
[894] Dioscorides, i. p. 166.
[895] Targioni, _Cenni Storici_.
[896] Targioni, p. 217.
[897] Gallesio, _Traité du Citrus_, pp. 32, 67, 355, 357.
[898] Macfadyen, _Flora of Jamaica_, p. 129.
[899] Quoted in Grisebach’s _Veget. Karaiben_, p. 34.
[900] Ernst, in Seemann, _Journ. of Bot._, 1867, p. 272.
[901] Roxburgh, _Fl. Indica_, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 392; Piddington,
_Index_.
[902] Gallesio, p. 122.
[903] In the modern languages of India the Sanskrit name has been
applied to the sweet orange, so says Brandis, by one of those
transpositions which are so common in popular language.
[904] Gallesio, pp. 122, 247, 248.
[905] Gallesio, p. 240. Goeze, _Beitrag zur Kenntniss der
Orangengewächse_, 1874, p. 13, quotes early Portuguese travellers on
this head.
[906] Wallich, _Catalogue_, No. 6384.
[907] Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 515.
[908] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 571.
[909] Royle, _Illustr. of Himal._, p. 129. He quotes Turner, _Journey to
Thibet_, pp. 20, 387.
[910] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 569.
[911] Gallesio, p. 321.
[912] The date of this _statuto_ is given by Targioni, on p. 205 of the
_Cenni Storici_, as 1379, and on p. 213 as 1309. The _errata_ do not
notice this discrepancy.
[913] Goeze, _Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse_. Hamburg,
1874, p. 26.
[914] Rumphius, _Amboin._, ii. c. 42.
[915] Forster, _Plantis Esculentis_, p. 35.
[916] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value_, etc., p. 11.
[917] Rumphius, _Amboin._, ii. pls. 34, 35, where, however, the form of
the fruit is not that of our mandarin.
[918] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 570.
[919] Kurz, _Forest Fl. of Brit. Bur._
[920] Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 133, and Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, ii. p.
618.
[921] Macfadyen, _Flora of Jamaica_, p. 134.
[922] Rumphius, _Amboin._, i. p. 133; Miquel, _Plantæ Junghun._, i. p.
290; _Flora Indo-Batava_, i. pt. 2, p. 506.
[923] Hooker, _Flora of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 260.
[924] Ernst in Seemann, _Journal of Botany_, 1867, p. 273; Triana and
Planchon, _Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat._, p. 285.
[925] Sloane, _Jamaica_, i. p. 123; Jacquin, _Amer._, p. 268; Grisebach,
_Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles_, p. 118.
[926] A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 768.
[927] _Flora of Brit. Ind._, i. p. 343.
[928] Jacquin, _Observationes_, iii. p. 11.
[929] Marcgraf, _Hist. Plant._, p. 32, with illustrations.
[930] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 265, under the name
_abelmoschus_.
[931] Flückiger and Hanbury, _Pharmacographia_, p. 86. The description
is in Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., i. p. 118.
[932] Unger, _Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 50.
[933] Grisebach, _Végét. du Globe_, French trans. by Tchihatcheff, i.
pp. 162, 163, 442; Munby, _Catal. Alger_; Ball, _Fl. Maroc. Spicel_, p.
392.
[934] Adolphe Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._ edit. 2, vol. 1, p. 295.
quotes several travellers for these regions, among others Wood’s
_Journey to the Sources of the Oxus_.
[935] These are figured in Heer’s _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 24,
fig. 11.
[936] Ragazzoni, _Rivista Arch. della Prov. di Como_, 1880, fasc. 17, p.
30.
[937] Heer, _ibid._
[938] Planchon, _Étude sur les Tufs de Montpellier, 1864_, p. 63.
[939] De Saporta, _La Flore des Tufs Quaternaires de Provence_, 1867,
pp. 15, 27.
[940] Kolenati, _Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de
Moscou_, 1846, p. 279.
[941] Regel, _Acta Horti Imp. Petrop._, 1873. In this short review of
the genus, M. Regel gives it as his opinion that _Vitis vinifera_ is a
hybrid between two wild species, _V. vulpina_ and _V. labrusca_,
modified by cultivation; but he gives no proof, and his characters of
the two wild species are altogether unsatisfactory. It is much to be
desired that the wild and cultivated vines of Europe and Asia should be
compared with regard to their seeds, which furnish excellent
distinctions, according to Englemann’s observations on the American
vines.
[942] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Eur._, 2nd edit., vol. i. pp. 298-321.
[943] M. Delchevalerie, in _l’Illustration Horticole_, 1881, p. 28. He
mentions in particular the tomb of Phtah-Hotep, who lived at Memphis
4000 B.C.
[944] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 16.
[945] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. 15, c. 14.
[946] Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, ii. p. 665; Gussone, _Syn. Fl. Sicul._,
ii. p. 276.
[947] Willkomm and Lange, _Prod. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 480; Desfontaines,
_Fl. Atlant._, i. p. 200; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 12; J. Hooker,
_Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 633; Bunge, _Enum. Pl. Chin._, p. 14; Franchet
and Savatier, _Enum. Pl. Jap._, i. p. 81.
[948] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 11.
[949] _Zizyphus chinensis_ of some authors is the same species.
[950] Brandis, _Forest Flora of British India_, p. 84.
[951] Lenz, _Botanik der Alten_, p. 651.
[952] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 57.
[953] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2, p. 9.
[954] _Odyssey_, bk. l, v. 84; Herodotos, l. 4, p. 177, trans. in Lenz,
_Bot. der Alt._, p. 653.
[955] Theophrastus, _Hist._, l. 4, c. 4, edit. 1644. The edition of 1613
does not contain the words which refer to this detail.
[956] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Beitr. zur Fl. Æthiop._, p. 263.
[957] See the article on the carob tree.
[958] Desfontaines, _Fl. Atlant._, i. p. 200; Munby, _Catal. Alger._,
edit. 2, p. 9; Ball, _Spicilegium, Fl. Maroc._, p. 301; Willkomm and
Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 481; Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, ii. p.
664.
[959] This name, which is little used, occurs in Bauhin, as _Jujuba
Indica_.
[960] Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, i. p. 632; Brandis, _Forest Fl._,
i. 87; Bentham, _Fl. Austral._, i. p. 412; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii.
p. 13; Oliver, _Fl. of Trop. Afr._, i. p. 379.
[961] Received from Martius, No. 1070, from the _Cabo frio_.
[962] Bouton, in Hooker’s _Journ. of Bot._; Baker, _Fl. of Mauritius_,
p. 61; Brandis.
[963] Kurz, _Forest Flora of Burmah_, i. p. 266.
[964] Beddone, _Forest Flora of India_, i. pl. 149 (representing the
wild fruit, which is smaller than that of the cultivated plant);
Brandis.
[965] Rheede, iv. pl. 141.
[966] Piddington, _Index_.
[967] Rumphius, _Amboyna_, ii. pl. 36.
[968] _Zizyphus abyssinicus_, Hochst, seems to be a different species.
[969] Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_, iii. p. 55 (where there is an
excellent figure, pl. 13). He says that it is an East Indian species,
thus aggravating Linnæus’ mistake, who believed it to be Asiatic and
American.
[970] _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 873
[971] Piso and Marcgraf, _Hist. rer. Natur. Brasil_, 1648, p. 57.
[972] Vide Piso and Marcgraf; Aublet, _Guyane_, p. 392; Seemann, _Bot.
of the Herald_, p. 106; Jacquin, _Amér._, p. 124; Macfadyen, _Pl.
Jamaic._, p. 119; Greisbach, _Fl. of Brit. W. Ind._, p. 176.
[973] Ernst in Seemann, _Journ. of Bot._, 1867, p. 273.
[974] Rheede, _Malabar_, iii. pl. 54.
[975] Rumphius, _Herb. Amboin._, i. pp. 177, 178.
[976] Beddone, _Flora Sylvatica_, t. 163; Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii.
p. 20.
[977] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 304.
[978] Brown, _Congo_, pp. 12, 49.
[979] Oliver, _Fl. of Trop. Afr._, i. p. 443.
[980] See plate 4510 of the _Botanical Magazine_.
[981] Roxburgh, _Flora Indica_, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 435; Piddington,
_Index_.
[982] Rumphius, _Herb. Amboin._, i. p. 95.
[983] Blanco, _Fl. Filip._, p. 181.
[984] Rumphius; Forskal, p. cvii.
[985] Thwaites, _Enum. Plant. Ceyl._, p. 75; Brandis, _Forest Flora_, p.
126; Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 13; Kurz, _Forest Flora Brit.
Burmah_, i. p. 304.
[986] Oliver, _Flora of Trop. Afr._, i. p. 442; Baker, _Fl. of Maur. and
Seych._, p. 63.
[987] Hughes, _Barbados_, p. 177.
[988] Macfadyen, _Fl. of Jam._, p. 221; Sir J. Hooker, _Speech at the
Royal Institute_.
[989] Sagot, _Jour. de la Soc. Centr. d’Agric. de France_, 1872.
[990] Forster, _De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis_, p.
33; Seemann, _Flora Vitiensis_, p. 51; _Nadaud, Enum. des Plantes de
Taiti_, p. 75.
[991] There is a good coloured illustration in Tussac’s _Fl. des
Antilles_, iii. pl. 28.
[992] Boyer, _Hortus Mauritianus_, p. 81.
[993] H. C. Watson, _Compendium Cybele Brit._, i. p. 160; Fries, _Summa
Veg. Scand._, p. 44.
[994] Lowe, _Man. Fl. of Madeira_, p. 246; Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr.
Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 224; Moris, _Fl. Sardoa_, ii. p. 17.
[995] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._
[996] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 64.
[997] Gay; Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 344; Franchet and Savatier,
_Enum. Pl. Japon._, i. p. 129.
[998] Perny, _Propag. de la Foi_, quoted in Decaisne’s _Jardin Fruitier
du Mus._, p. 27. Gay does not give China.
[999] Babington, _Journ. of Linnæan Society_, ii. p. 303; J. Gay.
[1000] Asa Gray, _Botany of the Northern States_, edit. 1868, p. 156.
[1001] Sir W. Hooker, _Fl. Bor. Amer._, i. p. 184.
[1002] A. Gray, _Bot. Calif._, i. p. 176.
[1003] J. Gay, in Decaisne, _Jardin Fruitier du Muséum_, Fraisier, p.
30.
[1004] Le Grand d’Aussy, _Hist. de la Vie Privée des Français_, i. pp.
233 and 3.
[1005] Olivier de Serres, _Théâtre d’Agric._, p. 511; Gerard, from
Phillips, _Pomarium Britannicum_, p. 334.
[1006] Purdie, in Hooker’s _London Journal of Botany_, 1844, p. 515.
[1007] Bojer, _Hortus Mauritianus_, p. 121.
[1008] Bory Saint-Vincent, _Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc. Nat._,
1836, _sem._ ii. p. 109.
[1009] Asa Gray, _Manual of Botany of the Northern States_, edit. 1868,
p. 155; _Botany of California_, i. p. 177.
[1010] Phillips, _Romar. Brit._, p. 335.
[1011] Cl. Gay, _Hist. Chili, Botanica_, ii. p. 305.
[1012] Ledebour. _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 6; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p.
649.
[1013] Ledebour, _ibid._; Fries, _Summa Scand._, p. 46; Nyman, _Conspec.
Fl. Eur._, p. 213; Boissier. _ibid._; Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl.
Hisp._, iii. p. 245.
[1014] Munby, _Catal. Alger._, edit. 2, p. 8.
[1015] As the cherries ripen after the season when birds migrate, they
disperse the stones chiefly in the neighbourhood of the plantations.
[1016] Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. India_.
[1017] Lowe, _Manual of Madeira_, p. 235.
[1018] Darlington, _Fl. Cestrica_, edit. 3, p. 73.
[1019] Ad. Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 281.
[1020] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 24, figs. 17, 18, and p. 26.
[1021] In Perrin, _Études Préhist. sur la Savoie_, p. 22.
[1022] _Atte Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat._, vol. vi.
[1023] For the numerous varieties which have common names in France,
varying with the different provinces, see _Duhamel_, _Traité des
Arbres_, edit. 2, vol. v., in which are good coloured illustrations.
[1024] Hohenacker, _Plantæ Talysch._, p. 128.
[1025] Koch, _Dendrologie_, i. p. 110.
[1026] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 6.
[1027] Grisebach, _Spicil. Fl. Rumel._, p. 86.
[1028] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 649; Tchihatcheff, _Asie Mineure,
Bot._, p. 198.
[1029] Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. India_, ii, p. 313.
[1030] Steven, _Verzeichniss Halbinselm_, etc., p. 147.
[1031] Rehmann, _Verhandl. Nat. Ver. Brunn_, x. 1871.
[1032] Heldreich, _Nutzpfl. Griech._, p. 69; _Pflanzen d’Attisch.
Ebene._, p. 477.
[1033] Viviani, _Fl. Dalmat._, iii. p. 258.
[1034] Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, v. p. 131.
[1035] Lecoc and Lamotte, _Catal. du Plat. Centr. de la France_, p. 148.
[1036] Theophrastes, _Hist. Pl._, lib. 3, c. 13; Pliny, lib. 15, c. 25,
and others quoted in Lenz, _Bot. der Alten Gr. and Röm._, p. 710.
[1037] Part of the description of Theophrastus shows a confusion with
other trees. He says, for instance, that the nut is soft.
[1038] Ad. Pictet quotes forms of the same name in Persian, Turkish, and
Russian, and derives from the same source the French word _guigne_, now
used for certain varieties of the cherry.
[1039] Schouw, _Die Erde_, p. 44; Comes, _Ill. delle Piante_, etc., in
4to, p. 56.
[1040] Sordelli, _Piante della torbiera di Lagozza_, p. 40.
[1041] Caruel, _Flora Toscana_, p. 48.
[1042] _Hist._, lib. 15, c. 13.
[1043] Koch, _Syn. Fl. Germ._, edit. 2, p. 228; Cosson and Germain,
_Flore des Environs de Paris_, i. p. 165.
[1044] Hudson, _Fl. Anglic._, 1778, p. 212, unites them under the name
_Prunus communis_.
[1045] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 5; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p.
652; K. Koch, _Dendrologie_, i. p. 94; Boissier and Buhse, _Aufzähl
Transcaucasien_, p. 80.
[1046] Dioscorides, p. 174.
[1047] Bretschneider,_ On the Study_, etc., p. 10.
[1048] Fraas, _Syn. Fl. Class_., p. 69.
[1049] Heldreich, _Pflanzen Attischen Ebene_.
[1050] Steven, _Verzeichniss Halbinseln_, i. p. 172.
[1051] Comes, _Ill. Piante Pompeiane_.
[1052] _Insititia_ = foreign. A curious name, since every plant is
foreign to all countries but its own.
[1053] Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl. Hisp._, iii. p. 244; Bertoloni,
_Fl. Ital._, v. p. 135; Grisebach, _Spicel. Fl. Rumel._, p. 85;
Heldreich, _Nutzpfl. Griech._, p. 68.
[1054] Boissier,_ Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 651; Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii.
p. 5; Hohenacker, _Pl. Talysch_, p. 128.
[1055] Dioscorides, p. 173; Fraas, _Fl. Class._, p. 69.
[1056] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 68.
[1057] _Ibid._
[1058] Heer, _Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten_, p. 27, fig. 16, c.
[1059] Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 165.
[1060] Pliny, lib. 2, cap. 12.
[1061] The Latin name has passed into modern Greek (_prikokkia_). The
Spanish and French names, etc. (_albaricoque_, _abricot_), seem to be
derived from _arbor præcox_, or _præcocium_, while the old French word
_armegne_, and the Italian _armenilli_, etc., come from _mailon
armeniacon_. See further details about the names of the species in my
_Géographie Botanique Raisonnée_, p. 880.
[1062] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 3.
[1063] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 652.
[1064] Tchihatcheff, _Asie Mineure, Botanique_, vol. i.
[1065] K. Koch, _Dendrologie_, i. p. 87.
[1066] _Nouv. Ann. des Voyages_, Feb., 1839, p. 176.
[1067] E. de Salle, _Voyage_, i. p. 140.
[1068] Spach, _Hist. des Végét. Phanér._, i. p. 389.
[1069] Boissier and Buhse, _Aufzählung_, etc., in 4to, 1860.
[1070] Reynier, _Économie des Égyptiens_, p. 371.
[1071] Munby, _Catal. Fl. d’Algér._, edit. 2, p. 49.
[1072] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Beiträge z. Fl. Æthiop._, in 4to.,
1867, p. 259.
[1073] Royle, _Ill. of Himalaya_, p. 205; Aitchison, _Catal. of Punjab
and Sindh_, p. 56; Sir Joseph Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 313;
Brandis, _Forest Flora of N. W. and Central India_, 191.
[1074] Westmael, in _Bull. Soc. Bot. Belgiq._, viii., p. 219.
[1075] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 2, v. ii. p. 501.
[1076] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value_, etc., pp. 10, 49.
[1077] Decaisne, _Jardin Fruitier du Muséum_, vol. viii., art.
_Abricotier_.
[1078] Dr. Bretschneider confirms this in a recent work, _Notes on
Botanical Questions_, p. 3.
[1079] _Prunus armeniaca_ of Thunberg is _P. mume_ of Siebold and
Zuccharini. The apricot is not mentioned in the _Enumeratio_, etc., of
Franchet and Savatier.
[1080] Capus (_Ann. Sc. Nat._, sixth series, vol. xv. p. 206) found it
wild in Turkestan at the height of four thousand to seven thousand feet,
which weakens the hypothesis of a solely Chinese origin.
[1081] Piddington, _Index_; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._; Forskal, _Fl. Ægyp._;
Delile _Ill. Egypt._
[1082] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value_, etc.
[1083] Bretschneider, _Early European Researches_, p. 149.
[1084] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 10; and _Early Europ.
Resear._, p. 149.
[1085] Brandis, _Forest Flora_; Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, iii.
p. 313.
[1086] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 500; Royle, _Ill.
Himal._, p. 204.
[1087] Boissier, _Fl. Orien._, iii. p. 641.
[1088] K. Koch, _Dendrologie_, i. p. 80; Tchihatcheff, _Asie Mineure
Botanique_, i. p. 108.
[1089] _Ann. des Sc. Nat._, 3rd series, vol. xix. p. 108.
[1090] Gussone, _Synopsis Floræ Siculæ_, i. p. 552; Heldreich,
_Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 67.
[1091] Hiller, _Hierophyton_, i. p. 215; Rosenmüller, _Handb. Bibl.
Alterth._, iv. p. 263.
[1092] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. 1, c. 11, 18, etc.; Dioscorides, lib.
1, c. 176.
[1093] Schouw, _Die Erde_, etc.; Comes, _Ill. Piante nei dipinti Pomp._,
p. 13.
[1094] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. 16, c. 22.
[1095] Moris, _Flora Sardoa_, ii. p. 5; Willkomm and Lange, _Prodr. Fl.
Hisp._, ii. p. 243.
[1096] _Dictionnaire Français Berbère_, 1844.
[1097] Alph. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 881.
[1098] Theophrastus, _Hist._, iv. c. 4; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 164;
Pliny, Geneva edit., bk. 15, c. 13.
[1099] Royle, _Ill. Him._, p. 204.
[1100] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, 2nd. edit., ii. p. 500; Piddington,
_Index_; Royle, _ibid._
[1101] Sir Joseph Hooker, _Journ. of Bot._, 1850, p. 54.
[1102] Rose, the head of the French trade at Canton, collected these
from Chinese manuscripts, and Noisette (_Jard. Fruit._, i. p. 76) has
transcribed a part of his article. The facts are of the following
nature. The Chinese believe the oval peaches, which are very red on one
side, to be a symbol of a long life. In consequence of this ancient
belief, peaches are used in all ornaments in painting and sculpture, and
in congratulatory presents, etc. According to the work of
Chin-noug-king, the peach _Yu_ prevents death. If it is not eaten in
time, it at least preserves the body from decay until the end of the
world. The peach is always mentioned among the fruits of immortality,
with which were entertained the hopes of Tsinchi-Hoang, Vouty, of the
Hans and other emperors who pretended to immortality, etc.
[1103] Lindley, _Trans. Hort. Soc._, v. p. 121.
[1104] _Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond._, iv. p. 512, tab. 19.
[1105] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._
[1106] Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 386.
[1107] Kæmpfer, _Amœn._, p. 798; Thunberg, _Fl. Jap._, p. 199. Kæmpfer
and Thunberg also give the name _momu_, but Siebold (_Fl. Jap._, i. p.
29) attributes a somewhat similar name, _mume_, to a plum tree, _Prunus
mume_, Sieb. and Z.
[1108] Noisette, _Jard. Fr._, p. 77; _Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond._, iv. p.
513.
[1109] Pallas, _Fl. Rossica_, p. 13.
[1110] _Shuft aloo_ is, according to Royle (_Ill. Him._ p. 204), the
Persian name for the nectarine.
[1111] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, i. p. 3. See p. 228, the subsequent
opinion of Koch.
[1112] Bosc, _Dict. d’Agric._, ix. p. 481.
[1113] Thouin, _Ann. Mus._, viii. p. 433.
[1114] Royle, _Ill. Him._, p. 204.
[1115] Bunge, _Enum. Pl. Chin._, p. 23.
[1116] Thunberg, _Fl. Jap._ 199.
[1117] Thunberg, _Fl. Jap._, 199.
[1118] The accounts about China which I have consulted do not mention
the nectarine; but as it exists in Japan, it is extremely probable that
it does also in China.
[1119] Noisette, _Jard. Fr._, p. 77; _Trans. Hort. Soc._, iv. p. 512,
tab. 19.
[1120] Lindley, _Trans. Hort. Soc._, v. p. 122.
[1121] J. Bauhin, _Hist._, i. pp. 162, 163.
[1122] Dalechamp, _Hist._, i. p. 295.
[1123] Pliny, lib. xv. cap. 12 and 13.
[1124] Pliny, _De Div. Gen. Malorum_, lib. ii. cap. 14.
[1125] Dalechamp, _Hist._, i. p. 358.
[1126] Dalechamp, _ibid._; Matthioli, p. 122; Cæsalpinus, p. 107; J.
Bauhin, p. 163, etc.
[1127] Pliny, lib. xvii. cap. 10.
[1128] I have not been able to discover an Italian name for a glabrous
or other fruit derived from _tuber_, or _tuberes_, which is singular, as
the ancient names of fruits are usually preserved under some form or
other.
[1129] Braddick, _Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond._, ii. p. 205.
[1130] _Ibid._, pl. 13.
[1131] Bertero, _Annales Sc. Nat._, xxi. p. 350.
[1132] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value_, etc., p. 10.
[1133] Sir J. Hooker, _Flora of Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 313.
[1134] Brandis, _Forest Flora_, etc., p. 191.
[1135] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 640.
[1136] K. Koch, _Dendrologie_, i. p. 83.
[1137] Decaisne, _Jard. Fr. du Mus., Pêchers_, p. 42.
[1138] Comes, _Illus. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani_, p. 14.
[1139] Darwin, _Variation of Plants and Animals_, etc., i. p. 338.
[1140] Decaisne, _ubi supra_, p. 2.
[1141] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 94; Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p.
653. He has verified several specimens.
[1142] Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 374.
[1143] _P. sinensis_ described by Lindley is badly drawn with regard to
the indentation of the leaves in the plate in the _Botanical Register_,
and very well in that of Decaisne’s _Jardin Fruitier du Muséum_. It is
the same species as _P. ussuriensis_, Maximowicz, of Eastern Asia.
[1144] Well drawn in Duhamel, _Traité des Arbres_, edit. 2, vi. pl. 59;
and in Decaisne, _Jard. Frui. du Mus._, pl. 1, figs. B and C. _P.
balansæ_, pl. 6 of the same work, appears to be identical, as Boissier
observes.
[1145] This is the case in the forests of Lorraine, for instance,
according to the observations of Godron, _De l’Origine Probable des
Poiriers Cultivés_, 8vo pamphlet, 1873, p. 6.
[1146] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Alterth._; Löw, _Aramäeische Pflanzennamen_,
1881.
[1147] The spelling _Pyrus_, adopted by Linnæus, occurs in Pliny,
_Historia_, edit. 1631, p. 301. Some botanists, purists in spelling,
write _pirus_, so that in referring to a modern work it is necessary to
look in the index for both forms, or run the risk of believing that the
pears are not in the work. In any case the ancient name was a common
name; but the true botanical name is that of Linnæus, founder of the
received nomenclature, and Linnæus wrote _Pyrus_.
[1148] Comes, _Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani_, p. 59.
[1149] Heer, _Pfahlbauten_, pp. 24, 26, fig. 7.
[1150] Sordelli, _Notizie Stat. Lacustre di Lagozza_.
[1151] Nemnich, _Polyglott. Lex. Naturgesch._; Ad. Pictet, _Origines
Indo-Europ._, i. p. 277; and my manuscript dictionary of common names.
[1152] From a list of plant-names sent by M. d’Abadie to Professor Clos,
of Toulouse.
[1153] Godron, _ubi supra_, p. 28.
[1154] Jacquin, _Flora Austriaca_, ii. pp. 4, 107.
[1155] Decaisne, _Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers_, pl. 21.
[1156] Decaisne, _ibid._, p. 18, and Introduction, p. 30. Several
varieties of this species, of which a few bear a large fruit, are
figured in the same work.
[1157] Boreau, _Fl. du Centre de la France_, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.
[1158] Palladius, _De re Rustica_, lib. 3, c. 25. For this purpose
“_pira sylvestria vel asperi generis_” were used.
[1159] The Chinese quince had been called by Thonin _Pyrus sinensis_.
Lindley has unfortunately given the same name to a true _pyrus_.
[1160] Decaisne (_Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers_, pl. 5) saw
specimens from both countries. Franchet and Savatier give it as only
cultivated in Japan.
[1161] Nyman, _Conspectus Floræ Europeæ_, p. 240; Ledebour, _Flora
Rossica_, ii. p. 96; Boissier, _Flora Orientalis_, ii. p. 656; Decaisne,
_Nouv. Arch. Mus._, x. p. 153.
[1162] Boissier, _ibid._
[1163] Maximowicz, _Prim. Ussur._; Regel, _Opit. Flori_, etc., on the
plants of the Ussuri collected by Maak; Schmidt, _Reisen Amur_. Franchet
and Savatier do not mention it in their _Enum. Jap._ Bretschneider
quotes a Chinese name which, he says, applies also to other species.
[1164] Koch, _Syn. Fl. Germ._, i. p. 261.
[1165] Boreau, _Fl. du Centre de la France_, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.
[1166] Boissier, _ubi supra_.
[1167] _Orig. Indo-Eur._, i. p. 276.
[1168] Heldreich, _Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, i. p. 64.
[1169] Theophrastus, _De Causis_, lib. 6, cap. 24.
[1170] Heer, _Pfahlbauten_, p. 24, figs. 1-7.
[1171] Sordelli, _Sulle Piante della Stazione di Lagozza_, p. 35.
[1172] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 656; Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii.
p. 55.
[1173] Steven, _Verzeichniss Taurien_, p. 150; Sibthorp, _Prodr. Fl.
Græcæ_, i. p. 344.
[1174] Boissier, _ibid._
[1175] Nemnich, _Polyglott Lexicon_.
[1176] Nemnich, _Poly. Lex._
[1177] _Ibid._
[1178] Heldreich, _Nutz. Griech._, p. 64.
[1179] In 4to, Napoli, 1879.
[1180] _De re Rustica_, lib. 7, cap. 2.
[1181] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, ii. p. 737; Sir J. Hooker, _Fl. of Brit.
Ind._, ii. p. 581.
[1182] Quoted from Royle, _Illus. Himal._, p. 208.
[1183] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 104.
[1184] Munby, _Fl. Alger._, p. 49; _Spicilegium Flora Maroccanæ_, p.
458.
[1185] Boissier, _ibid._
[1186] Bretschneider, _On Study and Value_, etc., p. 16.
[1187] Piddington, _Index_.
[1188] Rosenmüller, _Bibl. Naturge._, i. p. 273; Hamilton, _La Bot. de
la Bible_, Nice, 1871, p. 48.
[1189] Hehn, _Cultur und Hausthiere aus Asien_, edit. 3, p. 106.
[1190] Hehn, _ibid._
[1191] Lenz, _Bot. der Alten Grie. und Röm._, p. 681.
[1192] Heldreich, _Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands_, p. 64.
[1193] Fraas, _Fl. Class._, p. 79; Heldreich, _ibid._
[1194] Hehn, _ibid._
[1195] Pliny, lib. 13, c. 19.
[1196] _Dictionnaire Français-Berbère_, published by the French
Government.
[1197] De Saporta, _Bull. Soc. Géol. de France_, April 5, 1869, pp.
767-769.
[1198] _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 191.
[1199] Descourtilz, _Flore Médicale des Antilles_, v. pl. 315.
[1200] Miquel, _Sumatra_, p. 118; _Flora Indiæ-Batavæ_, i. p. 425;
Blume, _Museum Lugd.-Bat._, i. p. 93.
[1201] Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 474; Baker, _Fl. of Maurit._,
etc., p. 115; Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles_, p. 235.
[1202] Rumphius, _Amboin_, i. p. 121, t. 37.
[1203] Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_, iii. p. 89, pl. 25.
[1204] Forster, _Plantis Esculentis_, p. 36.
[1205] Blume, _Museum Lugd.-Bat._, i. p. 91; Miquel, _Fl. Indiæ-Batav._,
i. p. 411; Hooker, _Flora of British India_, ii. p. 472.
[1206] Grisebach, _Fl. Brit. W. Indies_, p. 235; Baker, _Fl. of
Mauritius_, p. 115.
[1207] Raddi, _Di Alcune Specie di Pero Indiano_, in 4to, Bologna, 1821,
p. 1.
[1208] Martius, _Syst. Nat. Medicæ Bras._, p. 32; Blume, _Museum
Lugd.-Bat._, i. p. 71; Hasskarl, in _Flora_, 1844, p. 589; Sir J.
Hooker, _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, ii. p 468.
[1209] _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 893.
[1210] Lowe, _Flora of Madeira_, p. 266.
[1211] See Blume, _ibid._; Descourtilz, _Flore Médicale des Antilles_,
ii. p. 20, in which there is a good illustration of the pyriform guava.
Tussac, _Flore des Antilles_, gives a good plate of the round form.
These two latter works furnish interesting details on the use of the
guava, on the vegetation of the species, etc.
[1212] Rumphius, _Amboin_, i. p. 141; Rheede, _Hortus Malabariensis_,
iii. t. 34.
[1213] Bojer, _Hortus Mauritianus_; Baker, _Flora of Mauritius_, p. 112.
[1214] All the floras, and Berg in _Flora Brasiliensis_, vol. xiv. p.
196.
[1215] _Géogr. Bot. Rais._, p. 894.
[1216] Acosta, _Hist. Nat. et Morale des Indes Orient. et Occid._,
French trans., 1598, p. 175.
[1217] Hernandez, _Nova Hispaniæ Thesaurus_, p. 85.
[1218] Piso, _Hist. Brasil._, p. 74; Marcgraf, _ibid._, p. 105.
[1219] The word _gourd_ is also used in English for _Cucurbita maxima_.
This is one of the examples of the confusion in common names and the
greater accuracy of scientific terms.
[1220] Naudin, _Annales des Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xii. p. 91;
Cogniaux, in our _Monog. Phanérog._, iii. p. 417.
[1221] Linnæus, _Species Plantarum_, p. 1434, under _Cucurbita_.
[1222] A. P. de Candolle, _Flora Française_ (1805), vol. iii. p. 692.
[1223] Rheede, _Malabar_, iii. pls. 1, 5; Royle, _Ill. Himal._, p. 218.
[1224] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 719.
[1225] Rumphius, _Amboin_, vol. v. p. 397, t. 144.
[1226] Piddington, _Index_, at the word _Cucurbita lagenaria_; Ad.
Pictet, _Origines Indo-Europ._, edit. 3, vol. i. p. 386.
[1227] Seemann, _Flora Vitiensis_, p. 106.
[1228] Bentham, _Flora Australiensis_, iii. p. 316.
[1229] Described first under the name _Lagenaria idolatrica_. A.
Richard, _Tentamen Fl. Abyss._, i. p. 293, and later, Naudin and
Cogniaux, recognized its identity with _L. vulgaris_.
[1230] Torrey and Gray, _Fl. of N. Amer._, i. p. 543; Grisebach, _Flora
of Brit. W. Ind. Is._, p. 288.
[1231] Bretschneider, letter of the 23rd of August, 1881.
[1232] Tragus, _Stirp._, p. 285; Ruellius, _De Natura Stirpium_, p. 498;
Naudin, _ibid._
[1233] Pliny, _Hist. Plant._, l. 19, c. 5.
[1234] Ibn Alawâm, in E. Meyer, _Geschichte der Botanik_, iii. p. 60;
Ibn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s translation.
[1235] Unger, _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, p. 59; Pickering, _Chronol.
Arrang._, p. 137.
[1236] In 8vo, 1877, p. 17.
[1237] Rauwolf, _Fl. Orient._, p. 125.
[1238] Piso, _Indiæ Utriusque._, etc., edit. 1658, p. 264.
[1239] Marcgraf, _Hist. Nat. Brasiliæ_, 1648, p. 44.
[1240] Naudin, _ibid._; Cogniaux, _Flora Brasil._, fasc. 78, p. 7; and
de Candolle, _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 418.
[1241] Cl. Gay, _Flora Chilena_, ii. p. 403.
[1242] Jos. Acosta, French trans., p. 167.
[1243] Pickering, _Chronol. Arrang._, p. 861.
[1244] Pickering, _ibid._
[1245] Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 112.
[1246] P. Brown, _Jamaica_, edit. ii. p. 354.
[1247] Elliott, _Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia_,
ii. p. 663.
[1248] Torrey and Gray, _Flora of N. America_, i. p. 544.
[1249] Asa Gray, in the _American Journal of Science_, 1857, vol. xxiv.
p. 442.
[1250] Trumbull, in _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. vi. p. 69.
[1251] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. vi. p. 5; vol. xii. p.
84.
[1252] _Ibid._, 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 160; vol. xix. p. 180.
[1253] As much as 200 lbs., according to the _Bon Jardinier_, 1850, p.
180.
[1254] Hooker, _Fl. of Trop. Afr._, ii. p. 555.
[1255] Lobel, _Icones_, t. 641. The illustration is reproduced in
Dalechamp’s _Hist._, i. p. 626.
[1256] Clarke, Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 622.
[1257] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1881.
[1258] The list is given by E. Meyer, _Geschichte der Botanik_, iii. p.
401. The Cucurbita of which he speaks must have been the gourd,
_Lagenaria_.
[1259] Piso, _Brazil._, edit. 1658, p. 264; Marcgraf, edit. 1648, p. 44.
[1260] Harris, _American Journal_, 1857, vol. xxiv. p. 441; Trumbull,
_Bull. of Torrey Bot. Club_, 1876, vol. vi. p. 69.
[1261] Asa Gray, _Botany of the Northern States_, edit. 1868, p. 186.
[1262] Darlington, _Flora Cestrica_, 1853, p. 94.
[1263] _Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée_, p. 902.
[1264] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 3rd series, vol. vi. p. 9; Cogniaux, in
de Candolle, _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 546.
[1265] Asa Gray, _Plantæ Lindheimerianæ_, part ii. p. 198.
[1266] Molina, _Hist. Nat. du Chili_, p. 377.
[1267] Cogniaux, in _Monogr. Phanér._ and _Flora Brasil._, fasc. 78, p.
21.
[1268] Cogniaux, _Fl. Bras._ and _Monogr. Phanér._, iii., p. 547.
[1269] See the excellent plate in Wight’s _Icones_, t. 507, under the
erroneous name of _Cucurbita maxima_.
[1270] Cogniaux, in _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 547.
[1271] Miquel, _Sumatra_, under the name _Gymnopetalum_, p. 332.
[1272] Cogniaux, in _Monogr. Phanér._
[1273] _Gardener’s Chronicle_, articles signed “I. H. H.,” 1857, p. 153;
1858, p. 130.
[1274] Cogniaux, _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 485.
[1275] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 171.
[1276] Hooker, in Oliver, _Fl. of Trop. Afr._, ii. p. 546.
[1277] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 267.
[1278] Schumacher and Thonning, _Guineiske Planten._, p. 426.
[1279] Cogniaux, in de Candolle, _Monogr. Phanér._, p. 483.
[1280] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 26, 1881.
[1281] Piddington, _Index_.
[1282] See the copy in Unger’s _Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, fig. 25.
[1283] Galen, _De Alimentis_, l. 2, c. 5.
[1284] See all the Vergilian floras, and Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th
series, vol. xii. p. 111.
[1285] Comes, _Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani_, in 4to, p. 20, in the
_Museo Nation._, vol. iii. pl. 4.
[1286] Habitat in Apulia, Calabria, Sicilia (Linnæus, _Species_, edit.
1763, p. 1435).
[1287] Seringe, in _Prodromus_, iii. p. 301.
[1288] Naudin, _Ann. sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xii. p. 101; Sir J.
Hooker, in Oliver, _Flora of Trop. Afr._, ii. p. 549.
[1289] French trans., p. 56.
[1290] Unger has copied the figures from Lepsius’ work in his memoir
_Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens_, figs. 30, 31, 32.
[1291] _Dictionnaire Français-Berber_, at the word _pastèque_.
[1292] Moris, _Flora Sardoa_.
[1293] Piddington, _Index_.
[1294] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 17.
[1295] Heldreich, _Pflanz. d. Attisch. Ebene._, p. 591; _Nutzpfl.
Griechenl._, p. 50.
[1296] Langkavel, _Bot. der Spät. Griechen_.
[1297] Forskal, _Flora Ægypto-Arabica._, part i. p. 34.
[1298] Nemnich, _Polyg. Lexic._, i. p. 1309.
[1299] Piddington, _Index_; Pickering, _Chronol. Arrang._, p. 72.
[1300] Heldreich, _Nutzpfl._, etc., p. 50.
[1301] “_Sativa planta et tractu temporis quasi nativa facta_” (Piso,
edit. 1658, p. 233).
[1302] Naudin, in _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xi. p. 31.
[1303] Wildenow, _Species_, iv. p. 615.
[1304] Piddington, _Index_.
[1305] _Bot. Mag._, pl. 6206.
[1306] Cogniaux, in de Candolle, _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 499.
[1307] Bretschneider, letters of Aug. 23 and 26, 1881.
[1308] Theophrastus, _Hist._, lib. 7, cap. 4; Lenz, _Bot. der Alten_, p.
492.
[1309] Heldreich, _Nutzpfl. Griechen._, p. 50.
[1310] Nemnich, _Polygl. Lex._, i. p. 1306.
[1311] Nemnich, _ibid._
[1312] Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 76.
[1313] Rosenmüller, _Biblische Alterth._, i. p. 97; Hamilton, _Bot. de
la Bible_, p. 34.
[1314] Descourtilz, _Fl. Méd. des Antilles_, v. pl. 329; Hooker, _Bot.
Mag._, t. 5817; Cogniaux, in _Fl. Brasil._, fasc. 78, pl. 2.
[1315] Browne, _Jamaica_, edit. 2, p. 353.
[1316] Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W. India Is._, p. 288.
[1317] Cogniaux, _ubi supra_.
[1318] _Guanerva-oba_, in Piso, _Brasil._, edit. 1658, p. 264; Marcgraf,
edit. 1648, p. 44, without illustration, calls it _Cucumis sylvestris
Brasiliæ_.
[1319] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. ii. p. 12.
[1320] Darlington, _Agric. Bot._, p. 58.
[1321] _Cucurbita Pepo_ of Loureiro and Roxburgh.
[1322] Clarke, in _Fl. of Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 616.
[1323] Cogniaux, in de Candolle, _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 513.
[1324] Thunberg, _Fl. Jap._, p. 322; Franchet and Savatier, _Enum. Pl.
Jap._, i. p. 173.
[1325] Hasskarl, _Catal. Horti. Bogor. Alter._, p. 190; Miquel, _Flora
Indo-Batav._
[1326] Mueller, _Fragm._, vi. p. 186; Forster, _Prodr._ (no
description); Seemann, _Jour. of Bot._, ii. p. 50.
[1327] Nadeaud, _Plan. Usu. des Taitiens, Enum. des Pl. Indig. à Taiti_.
[1328] Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 26, 1881.
[1329] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xii. p. 121.
[1330] Cogniaux, _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 458.
[1331] Rheede, _Hort. Malab._, viii. p. 15, t. 8; Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._,
iii. p. 714, as _L. clavata_; Kurz, _Contrib._, ii. p. 100; Thwaites,
_Enum._
[1332] Mueller, _Fragmenta_, iii. p. 107; Bentham, _Fl. Austr._, iii. p.
317, under names which Naudin and Cogniaux regard as synonyms of _L.
cylindrica_.
[1333] Hooker, in Oliver, _Fl. of Trop. Afr._, ii. p. 530.
[1334] Schweinfurth and Ascheron, _Aufzählung_, p. 268.
[1335] Forskal, _Fl. Ægypt._, p. 75.
[1336] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xii. p. 122; Cogniaux,
in de Candolle, _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 459.
[1337] Linnæus, _Species_, p. 1436, as _Cucumis acutangulus_.
[1338] Rheede, _Hort. Malab._, viii. p. 13, t. 7.
[1339] Thwaites, _Enum. Ceylan_, p. 126; Kurz, _Contrib._, ii. p. 101;
Loureiro, _Fl. Cochin._, p. 727.
[1340] Rumphius, _Amboin_, v. p. 408, t. 149.
[1341] Clarke, in _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 614.
[1342] Bojer, _Hort. Maurit._
[1343] Schweinfurth and Ascherson, _Aufzählung_, p. 268.
[1344] Bretschneider, _Study and Value_, etc., p. 17.
[1345] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 190.
[1346] Rumphius, _Amboin_, v. pl. 148.
[1347] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. India Isl._, p. 286.
[1348] Browne, _Jamaica_, p. 355.
[1349] Jacquin, _Stirp. Amer. Hist._, p. 259.
[1350] Naudin, _Ann. Sc. Nat._, 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 205.
[1351] In _Monogr. Phanér._, iii. p. 902.
[1352] Seemann, _Bot. of Herald_, p. 128.
[1353] Sagot, _Journal de la Soc. d’Hortic. de France_, 1872.
[1354] Cogniaux, _Fl. Brasil_, fasc. 78.
[1355] Sagot, _ibid._
[1356] Webb and Berthelot, _Phytog. Canar._, sect. 1, p. 208.
[1357] Hernandez, _Theo. Novæ Hisp._, p. 78.
[1358] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 150.
[1359] Chapman, _Flora of Southern States_, p. 144.
[1360] The _cactos_ of the Greeks was quite a different plant.
[1361] Steinheil, in Boissier, _Voyage Bot. en Espagne_, i. p. 25.
[1362] Webb and Berthelot, _Phytog. Canar._, vol. iii. sect. 1, p. 208
[1363] Robson, quoted in _English Botany_, pl. 2057.
[1364] Nyman, _Conspectus Fl. Europeæ_, p. 266; Boissier, _Fl. Or._, ii.
p. 815.
[1365] Munby, _Catal._, edit. 2, p. 15.
[1366] Ball, _Spicilegium Fl. Maroc._, p. 449.
[1367] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 194; Boissier, _ubi supra_.
[1368] Clarke, in Hooker’s _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 410.
[1369] Phillips, _Account of Fruits_, p. 174.
[1370] Moore and More, _Contrib. to the Cybele Hybernica_, p. 113.
[1371] Davies, _Welsh Botanology_, p. 24.
[1372] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, ii. p. 199.
[1373] Torrey and Gray, _Fl. N. Amer._, i. p. 150.
[1374] Dodoneus, p. 748.
[1375] Watson, _Cybele Brit._
[1376] Brebisson, _Flore de Normandie_, p. 99.
[1377] Phillips, _Account of Fruits_, p. 136.
[1378] Gerard, _Herbal_, p. 1143.
[1379] That of _currant_ is a later introduction, given from the
resemblance to the grapes of Corinth (Phillips, _ibid._).
[1380] Legonidec, _Diction. Celto-Breton_.
[1381] Moritzi, _Dict. Inédit des Noms Vulgaires_.
[1382] Linnæus, _Flora Suecica_, n. 197.
[1383] Watson, _Compend. Cybele_, i. p. 177; Fries, _Summa Veg. Scand._,
p. 39; Nyman, _Conspect. Fl. Europ._, p. 266.
[1384] Boissier, _Fl. Or._, ii. p. 815.
[1385] Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, p. 200; Maximowicz, _Primitiæ Fl. Amur._,
p. 119; Clarke, in Hooker, _Fl. Brit. Ind._, ii. p. 411.
[1386] Boreau, _Flore du Centre de la France_, edit. 3, p. 262.
[1387] Bauhin, _Hist. Plant._, ii. p. 99.
[1388] This name _Cassis_ is curious. Littré says that it seems to have
been introduced late into the language, and that he does not know its
origin. I have not met with it in botanical works earlier than the
middle of the seventeenth century. My manuscript collection of common
names, among more than forty names for this species in different
languages or dialects has not one which resembles it. Buchoz, in his
_Dictionnaire des Plantes, 1770_, i. p. 289, calls the plant the
_Cassis_ or _Cassetier des Poitevins_. The old French name was
_Poivrier_ or _groseillier noir_. Larousse’s dictionary says that good
liqueurs were made at Cassis in Provence. Can this be the origin of the
name?
[1389] Aitchison, _Catalogue_, p. 86.
[1390] Lowe, _Man. Fl. of Madeira_, ii. p. 20; Webb and Berthelot,
_Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Géog. Bot._, p. 48; Ball, _Spicil. Fl.
Maroc._, p. 565.
[1391] Cosson, _Bull. Soc. Bot. France_, iv. p. 107, and vii. p. 31;
Grisebach, _Spicil. Fl. Rumelicæ_, ii. p. 71; Steven, _Verzeich. der
Taurisch. Halbins._, p. 248; Ledebour, _Fl. Ross._, p. 38.
[1392] _Bulletin_, iv. p. 107.
[1393] Rosenmüller, _Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth._, vol. iv. p. 258;
Hamilton, _Bot. de la Bible_, p. 80, where the passages are indicated.
[1394] Fr. Lenormand, _Manuel de l’Hist. Auc. de l’Orient._, 1869, vol.
i. p. 31.
[1395] Fick, _Wörterbuch_, Piddington, _Index_, only mentions one Hindu
name, _julpai_.
[1396] Herodotus, _Hist._, bk. i. c. 193.
[1397] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 36.
[1398] Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., p. 569; Forskal, _Plant. Egypt._, p.
49.
[1399] Boissier, _ibid._; Steven, _ibid._
[1400] Unger, _Die Pflanz. der Alten. Ægypt_, p. 45.
[1401] De Candolle, _Physiol. Végét._, p. 696; Pleyte, quoted by Braun
and Ascherson, _Sitzber. Naturfor. Ges._, May 15, 1877.
[1402] Hehn, _Kulturpflanzen_, edit. 3, p. 88, line 9.
[1403] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, lib. iv. c. 3.
[1404] Kralik, _Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr._, iv. p. 108.
[1405] _Beiträge zur Fl. Æthiopiens_, p. 281.
[1406] Balansa, _Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr._, iv. p. 107.
[1407] Moris, _Fl. Sard._, iii. p. 9; Bertoloni, _Fl. Ital._, i. p. 46.
[1408] Pliny, _Hist._, lib. xv. cap. 1.
[1409] Duveyrier, _Les Touaregs du Nord_ (1864), p. 179.
[1410] Munby, _Flore de l’Algerie_, p. 2; Debeaux, _Catal. Boghar_, p.
68.
[1411] Boissier, _Voyage Bot. en Espagne_, edit. I, vol. ii. p. 407.
[1412] Willkomm and Lange, _Prod. Fl. Hispan._, ii. p. 672.
[1413] Webb and Berthelot, _Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Géog. Bot._, pp.
47, 48.
[1414] Webb and Berthelot, _ibid._, _Ethnographie_, p 188.
[1415] Seemann, _Bot. of the Herald._, p. 166.
[1416] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Isl._, p. 398.
[1417] Sloane, _Jamaica_, ii. p. 170; Jacquin, _Amer._, p. 52.
[1418] _Flora Brasil._, vol. vii. p. 88.
[1419] See the synonyms in the _Flora Brasiliensis_, vol. vii. p. 66.
[1420] Sagot, _Journ. Soc. d’Hortic. de France_, 1872, p. 347.
[1421] Blanco, _Fl. de Filipinas_, under the name _Achras lucuma_.
[1422] _Nova Genera_, iii. p. 240.
[1423] Dampier and Lussan, in Sloane’s _Jamaica_, ii. p. 172; Seemann,
_Botany of the Herald._, p. 166.
[1424] Jacquin, _Amer._, p. 59; Humboldt and Bonpland, _Nova Genera_,
iii. p. 239.
[1425] Grisebach, _Flora of Brit. W. Ind._, p. 399.
[1426] Sloane, _ubi supra_.
[1427] Dunal, _Hist. des Solanum_, p. 209.
[1428] Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., i. p. 116.
[1429] Rauwolf, _Flora Orient._, ed. Groningue, p. 26.
[1430] _Dict. Fr.-Berbère_, published by the French Government.
[1431] Thonning, under the name _S. edule_; Hooker, _Niger Flora_, p.
473.
[1432] _Trans. of Linn. Soc._, xvii. p. 48; Baker, _Fl. of Maurit._, p.
215.
[1433] Bretschneider, _On the Study and Value_, etc., p. 17.
[1434] Forster, _De Plantis Escul. Insul._, etc.
[1435] Piddington, _Index_.
[1436] Piddington, at the word _Capsicum_.
[1437] Nemnich, _Lexicon_, gives twelve French and eight German names.
[1438] Piso, p. 107; Marcgraf, p. 39.
[1439] Descourtilz, _Flore Médicale des Antilles_, vi. pl. 423.
[1440] Fingerhuth, _Monographia Gen. Capsici_, p. 12; Sendtner, in
_Flora Brasil._, vol. x. p. 147.
[1441] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. Wall, ii. p. 260; edit. 1832, ii. p.
574.
[1442] Blume, _Bijdr._, ii. p. 704.
[1443] Sendtner, in _Fl. Bras._, x. p. 143.
[1444] Alph. de Candolle, _Prodr._, xiii. part 1, p. 26.
[1445] Roxburgh, _Fl. Ind._, edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 565; Piddington,
_Index_.
[1446] Rumphius, _Amboin_, v. p. 416.
[1447] _Mala Peruviana, Pomi del Peru_, in Bauhin’s _Hist._, iii. p.
621.
[1448] Hughes, _Barbados_, p. 148.
[1449] Humboldt, _Espagne_, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 472.
[1450] _Fl. Brasil._, vol. x. p. 126.
[1451] The proportions of the calyx and the corolla are the same as
those of the cultivated tomato, but they are different in the allied
species _S. Humboldtii_, of which the fruit is also eaten, according to
Humboldt, who found it wild in Venezuela.
[1452] Ruiz and Pavon, _Flor. Peruv._, ii. p. 37.
[1453] Spruce, n. 4143, in Boissier’s herbarium.
[1454] Asa Gray, _Bot. of Califor._, i. p. 538.
[1455] Baker, _Fl. of Maurit._, p. 216.
[1456] Clusius, _Historia_, p. 2.
[1457] For instance in Madeira, according to Grisebach, _Fl. of Brit. W.
Ind._, p. 280; in Mauritius, the Seychelles and Rodriguez, according to
Baker, _Flora of Mauritius_, p. 290.
[1458] It is not in Rumphius.
[1459] Aublet, _Guyane_, i. p. 364.
[1460] Meissner, in de Candolle, _Prodromus_, vol. xv. part 1, p. 52;
and _Flora Brasil._, vol. v. p. 158. For Mexico, Hernandez, p. 89; for
Venezuela and Para, Nees, _Laurineæ_, p. 129; for Eastern Peru, Pœppig,
_Exsicc._, seen by Meissner.
[1461] P. Browne, _Jamaica_, p. 214; Jacquin, _Obs._, i. p. 38.
[1462] Acosta, _Hist. Nat. des Indes._, edit. 1598, p. 176.
[1463] Laet, _Hist. Nouv. Monde_, i. pp. 325, 341.
[1464] See the fine plates in Tussac’s _Flore des Antilles_, iii. p. 45,
pls. 10 and 11. The papaw belongs to the small family of the
_Papayaceæ_, fused by some botanists into the _Passifloræ_, and by
others into the _Bixaceæ_.
[1465] R. Brown, _Bot. of Congo_, p. 52; A. de Candolle, _Géogr. Bot.
Rais._, p. 917.
[1466] Sagot, _Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France_, 1872.
[1467] Rumphius, _Amboin_, i. p. 147.
[1468] Sloane, _Jamaica_, p. 165.
[1469] Loureiro, _Fl. Coch._, p. 772.
[1470] Marcgraf, _Brasil._, p. 103, and Piso, p. 159, for Brazil;
Ximenes in Marcgraf and Hernandez, _Thesaurus_, p. 99, for Mexico; and
the last for St. Domingo and Mexico.
[1471] Clusius, _Curæ Posteriores_, pp. 79, 80.
[1472] Martius, _Beitr. z. Ethnogr._, ii. p. 418.
[1473] P. Browne, _Jamaica_, edit. 2, p. 360. The first edition is of
1756.
[1474] The passage of Oviedo is translated into English by Correa de
Mello and Spruce, in their paper on the _Proceedings of the Linnæan
Society_, x. p. 1.
[1475] De Candolle, _Prodr._, xv. part 1, p. 414.
[1476] Boissier, _Fl. Orient._, iv. p. 1154; Brandis, _Forest Flora of
India_, p. 418; Webb and Berthelot, _Hist. Nat. des Canaries,
Botanique_, iii. p. 257.