a fac-simile of the contemporary manuscript plan (preserved in the
Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris), of which the topographical part
is shown, somewhat reduced, in the annexed fac-simile (Parkman’s
_Frontenac_, p. 285). The rest of the sheet contains the following:—
“Plan de Québec, et de les environs, en la Nouvelle France, Assiegé
par les Anglois, le 16 d’Octobre, 1690, jusqu’au 22 du dit mois qu’ils
sen allerent, apprés avoir este bien battus, par M^r. Le Comte de
Frontenac, gouverneur general du Pays.
“Les noms des habitans et des principaux Endroits de Quebec.
1. Maison Seigneurial de beauport.
2. pierre parent le Perre.
3. Jacque parent le fils.
4. aux R. P. Jesuistes.
5. pierre parent le fils.
6. la vefve de mathieu choset.
7. michel huppé.
8. M^r. de la Durantaye, Conseiller.
9. la vefve de paul chalifou.
10. M^r. de Vitray, Conceiller.
11. François retor.
12. M^r. denis.
13. Estienne lionnois.
14. M^r. Roussel.
15. Jean le normand.
16. Jean landron,
ou est la briqueterie.
17. Joseph rancourt.
18. André coudray.
19. Jean le normand.
20. M^r. de St. Simeon.
21. le petit passage.
22. Le fort St. Louis, ou loge M^r. le comte de frontenac.
23. n^{tre} dame, et le Seminaire.
24. hospice des R. P. Recolletz.
25. les R. P. Jesuistes.
26. les Ursulines.
27. l’hospital.
28. les filles de la Congregation.
29. Mr. de Villeray, premier Conseiller.
30. batterie de huict pieces.
31. Le Cul de Sac, ou les barques, et petits vaisseaux hivernent.
32. platte forme ou est une batterie de 3 p.
33. Place ou est le buste du Roy, pozé sur un pied d’estal, en 1686,
par Mr. de Champigny, Intendant.
34. M^r. de la Chesnays.
35. autre batterie de trois pieces.
36. autre batterie de trois pieces.
37. le Palais ou logent l’Intendant, le greffier du Conseil Souverain,
et ou sont aussy les Prisons.
38. boulangerie a M^r. de la Chesnays.
39. la Maison blance a M^r. de la Chesnay.
40. moulin a M^r. de la Chesnays.
41. moulin au Roy.
42. moulins aux R. P. Jesuistes.
43. Maison a M^r. Talon, autrefois Intendant du Pays.
44. N^{tre}. dame des anges.
45. Vincent poirié.
46. L’Esuesché, a M^r. de St. Vallier.
47. Jardin de M^r. de frontenac.
48. Moulin a M^r. du Pont, ou est une batterie de trois pieces.
49. louis begin.
50. Jacque Sanson.
51. Pesche aux R. P. Jesuistes.
52. pierre Leyzeau.
53. Mathurin choüet, ou est un four a chaux.
54. batterie de trois pieces pour deffendre le passage de la
petitte R^r..
55. Canots, pour la decouverte pendant la nuit.
* * * * *
Par le s^r de Villeneuve ingénieur du Roy.”
Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., no. 243, cites this plan, and, no. 244, refers
to a map of a little different title by Villeneuve, preserved in the
Dépôt des Fortifications des Colonies at Paris. Leclerc, _Bibliotheca
Americana_, no. 2,652, notes another early manuscript copy of this plan
(Harrisse’s no. 243) in a collection of maps of the 18th century, which
he prices at 800 francs. He calls the plan “tres belle carte manuscrite
et inédite,” not aware of the reduced engraving of it issued by Van der
Aa, of which there is a copy in a collection of maps (no. 50) formed by
Frederick North, and now in Harvard College Library.
[707] Chapter iv.
[708] [Benjamin Wadsworth, of Boston, was sent by Massachusetts Bay
to Albany in 1694 as one of the commissioners to treat with the Five
Nations, and his Journal is in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, i. 102-110.—ED.]
[709] [These are particularly described in chap. ix. of the present
volume.—ED.]
[710] [See Note B, following this chapter.—ED.]
[711] [Frontenac’s will is printed in the _Magazine of American
History_, June, 1883, p. 465.—ED.]
[712] Chapter viii.
[713] “M. Bacqueville de la Potherie a décrit le premier, d’une manière
exacte, les établissemens des Français a Québec, à Montréal et aux
Trois-Rivières: il a fait connaître surtout dans un grand détail, et en
jetant, dans sa narration beaucoup d’intérêt, les mœurs, les usages,
les maximes, la forme de gouvernement, la manière de faire la guerre
et de contracter des alliances de la nation Iroquoise, si célèbre dans
cette contrée de l’Amérique-Septentrionale. Ses observations se sont
encore étendues à quelques autres peuplades, telle que la nation des
Abénaquis, etc.”—_Bib. des Voyages._
Charlevoix describes it as containing “undigested and ill-written
material on a good portion of Canadian history.” Cf. Field, _Indian
Bibliography_, no. 66; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 319;
_Brinley Catalogue_, no. 63; Sabin, _Dictionary of Books relating to
America, from its Discovery to the Present Time_, vol. i. no. 2,692;
Stevens, _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 1,313. It usually brings
about $10; a later edition, Paris, 1753, four volumes, is worth a
little less.
[714] [There were two editions in this year; one in three volumes
quarto, and the other in six volumes of small size, with the plates
folded. Cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. iii. p. 520; Carter-Brown, vol.
iii. nos. 762, 763; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 282, who says
that “an almost endless variety exists in the editions and changes
of the parts in Charlevoix’s three volumes.” Heriot published an
abridged translation of Charlevoix in 1804; but the English reader
and the student of Canadian history owes a great deal to the version
and annotations of Dr. Shea, which this scholar printed in New York,
in six sumptuous volumes, in 1866-1872. (Cf. J. R. G. Hassard in
_Catholic World_, xvii. 721.) Charlevoix’s list of authorities with
characterizations is the starting-point of the bibliography of New
France. See Note C, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]
[715] [See the note on the Jesuit Relations, following chap. vi., _sub
anno_ 1659.—ED.]
[716] [Cf. H. J. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 65.—ED.]
[717] [Parkman, _Frontenac_, p. 181, gives the authorities on the
massacre. La Hontan’s _Voyages_; _N. Y. Coll. Doc._, vols. iii., ix.;
Colden’s _Five Nations_, p. 115; Smith’s _New York_, p. 57; Belmont,
_Histoire du Canada_ in Faribault’s _Collection de Mémoires_, 1840;
De la Potherie, _Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale_. Shea says
(_Charlevoix_, iv. 31), “There is little doubt as to the complicity of
the New Yorkers in the Lachine massacre.”—ED.]
[718] Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 94.
[719] An abridged edition was printed at Quebec in 1864. There is a
bibliographical sketch of Garneau in the Abbé Casgrain’s _Œuvres_,
vol. ii., first issued separately in 1866. Cf. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca
Canadensis_, p. 135. Chauveau’s discourse at his grave is in the _Revue
Canadienne_, 1867.
[720] Mr. Alfred Garneau, who has also written a readable paper
entitled “Les Seigneurs de Frontenac,” which was originally published
in the _Revue Canadienne_, 1867, vol. iv. p. 136. The English reader
is unfortunate if he derives his knowledge of the elder Garneau’s
historical work from the English translation by Bell, who in a spirit
of prejudice has taken unwarrantable liberties with his original.
[721] Shea gives a portrait of Ferland (_b._ 1805, _d._ 1864) in his
_Charlevoix_, and it is repeated with a memoir in the _Historical
Magazine_, July, 1865; cf. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 121.
His strictures on Brasseur de Bourbourg’s _Histoire du Canada_ were
published in Paris, in 1853. [Cf. chap. iv. of the present volume.—ED.]
[722] _Old Régime_, p. 61. An account of his studies in Canadian
history appeared at Montreal in 1879, in a memorial volume, _M.
Faillon, Prêtre de St. Sulpice, sa Vie et ses Œuvres_. [See the note
on the _Jesuit Relations_, following chap. vi., _sub anno_ 1642; and
Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 118.—ED.]
[723] The aims of partisanship always incite the detraction of rivals,
and a story which is current illustrates the passions of rivalry, if it
does not record the truth. Faillon’s book is said to have given offence
to the members of the Seminary at Quebec, and to have restored some of
the old recriminating fervor which so long characterized the relations
of the ecclesiastics of Montreal and Quebec. The priests of the
Seminary are even credited with an appeal to the Pope to prevent the
continuance of its publication. Whether this be true or not, historical
scholarship is accounted a gainer in the antidote which the Quebec
ecclesiastics applied, when they commissioned the Abbé Laverdière,
since deceased, to publish his edition of Champlain.
[724] In the Preface to his _Old Régime_, and repeated in his
_Frontenac_, Mr. Parkman, in referring to his conclusions, said:
“Some of the results here reached are of a character which I regret,
since they cannot be agreeable to persons for whom I have a very
cordial regard. The conclusions drawn from the facts may be matter of
opinion; but it will be remembered that the facts themselves can be
overthrown only by overthrowing the evidence on which they rest, or
bringing forward counter evidence of equal or greater strength.” The
chief questioner of Parkman’s views has been the Abbé Casgrain, whose
position is best understood from his _Une Paroisse Canadienne au XVII^e
siècle_, Quebec, 1880. See Poole’s _Index_, p. 973, for reviews of
Parkman’s books.
[725] Mr. Parkman also made it the subject of an article in the
_Atlantic Monthly_, xxxviii. 719.
[726] Sabin, vol. ii. no. 5,000.
[727] See Vol. III. p. 34.
[728] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 516, 517.
[729] There are copies of the 1597 edition in the Carter-Brown and
Harvard College libraries. They are worth from £3 to £4. Copies of the
1598 edition are in the Library of Congress, and in the Murphy, Barlow,
and Carter-Brown Collections. It is usually priced at $8 or $10. This
edition was reissued in 1603 with a new title, and the omissions of
the leaf of “epigramma;” and copies of this date are in the Library of
Congress, the Philadelphia Library, and in the Carter-Brown Collection.
A French edition, including the same maps, appeared at Douay in 1607,
with the text abridged in parts and added to in others. There is a copy
in the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 59) Collection. The maps were
also reproduced, with four others not American, in the 1611 edition
of Douay, of which the Library of Congress, Harvard College, and the
Carter-Brown Collections have copies. The _America, sive novus orbis_
of Metellus, published at Cologne in 1600, has twenty maps, which are
reduced copies with little change from Wytfliet. (Rich, 1832, no. 90;
Sabin, _Dictionary_, xii. 48,170). Harvard College Library has a copy
of Metellus.
[730] Part of this famous map is given on p. 373. See Raemdonck’s
_Mercator_, pp. 114-138, 249. The same map was reproduced on a
different projection by Rumold Mercator in 1587, and by Corneille de
Jode in 1589; and Guillaume Jannsonius imitated it in 1606, and this in
turn was imitated by Kaerius. Girolamo Poro reproduced it at Venice on
a reduced scale in 1596.
German and English writers have disputed over the claim for the
invention of what is known as Mercator’s projection. The facts seem to
be that Mercator conceived the principle, but did not accurately work
out the formula for parallelizing the meridians and for spreading the
parallels of latitude. Mead, on _The Construction of Maps_ (1717),
charged Mercator with having stolen the idea from Edward Wright,
who was the first to publish an engraved map on this system in his
_Certaine Errors of Navigation_, London, 1599. It seems, however, clear
that Wright perfected the formula, and only claimed to have improved,
not to have invented, the projection. Raemdonck (p. 120) gives full
references.
[731] Dr. J. van Raemdonck published _Gérard Mercator, sa Vie et
ses Œuvres_, in 1869; a paper in the nature of a supplement by him,
“Relations commerciales entre Gérard Mercator et Christophe Plautin à
Anvers,” was published in the _Bull. de la Soc. géog. d’Anvers_, iv.
327. There is a succinct account of Mercator by Eliab F. Hall published
in the _Bulletin_ (1878, no. 4) of the American Geographical Society.
Raemdonck (p. 312) has shown that the old belief in the Latinization
of Koopman, or Kaufmann, as the original name of Mercator, is an
error,—his family name having been Cremer, which in Flemish signified
the German Kaufmann and the Latin Mercator. Raemdonck also shows that
Mercator was born in the Pays de Waas, March 5, 1512.
[732] Leclerc, _Bibl. Amer._, no. 2,911 (45 francs).
[733] Cf. I. C. Iselin, in _Historisch-Geographisches Lexicon_, Basel,
1726, 2d part.
[734] Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,882. Lelewel, _Géog. du Moyen Age_,
despaired of setting right the order of the various editions of
_Hondius-Mercator_; but Raemdonck, _Mercator_, p. 260, thinks he has
determined their sequence; and upon Raemdonck we have in part depended
in this account. Raemdonck mentions the copies in European libraries.
The 1607 edition was translated into French by Popellinière, the author
of _Les trois Mondes_; and other French editions were issued in 1613,
1619, 1628, 1630, 1633, 1635. Cf. Quetelet, _Histoire des Sciences,
mathématique et physique chez les Belges_, p. 116.
[735] Known in his vernacular as Pierre van den Bergh. He had married
the sister of Jodocus Hondius.
[736] This had 153 plates, but none touching New France, except the
map of the world. The same, with German text, appeared in 1609. About
twenty editions appeared in various languages; but that of 1627-1628
showed 140 newly engraved maps, of which there were later Dutch (1630)
and Latin (1634) editions. In 1651, this _Atlas minor_ was increased to
two volumes, with 211 maps, having 71 (including five new maps of South
American regions) additional maps to the 140 of the 1627-1628 edition.
Cf. Raemdonck, _Mercator; Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 1,634;
and Sabin, vol. xii. nos. 47,887 and 47,888.
[737] In 1633-39 it had the title, _Atlas; ou, Représentation du
Monde_, in three volumes; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,884.
[738] The English editor was Wye Saltonstall. There are copies in
Harvard College Library and in Mr. Deane’s, and the Carter-Brown
Collection (_Catalogue_, ii. 430; cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. xii.
no. 47,885). The second edition in some copies has Ralph Hall’s very
rare map of Virginia.
[739] There is a fine copy in the Library of the Massachusetts
Historical Society; cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,886.
[740] It is usually priced at from £7 to £10; cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no.
47,883. Raemdonck, _Mercator_, p. 268, says 313 maps, of which twenty
are Mercator’s, and these last were latest used in the editions of
1640(?) and 1664.
[741] Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 222. Lelewel, a Pole, passed a long exile
at Brussels, where he published, in 1852, his _Géog. du Moyen Age_. He
died in Paris in 1862; and the people of Brussels commemorated him by
an inscription on the house in which he lived.
[742] There is also a copy in Harvard College Library.
[743] Cf. Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 222. Covens and Mortier were the
publishers of what is known as the Allard Atlases, published about the
close of the century.
[744] A list of the royal geographers of France will often serve in
fixing the dates of the many undated maps of this period. Such a list
is given from 1560 in the _Bulletin de la Soc. géog. d’Anvers_, i. 477,
and includes—
Nicolas Sanson, in office, 1647-1667.
P. Duval, 1664-1667.
Adrien Sanson, first son of Nicolas, 1667.
Guillaume Sanson, second son, 1667.
Jean B. d’Anville (b. 1697; d. 1782), 1718.
Guillaume Delisle (b. 1675; d. 1726), 1718.
Jean de Beaurain (b. 1696; d. 1771; publications, 1741-1756), 1721.
Le Rouge, 1722.
Philip Buache (publications, 1729-1760), d. 1773.
Roussel, 1730.
Hubert Jaillot, 1736.
Bernard Jaillot, 1736.
Robert de Vaugondy (b. 1688; d. 1766), 1760.
A _Géographie universelle, avec Cartes_, was published under Du
Val’s name in Paris in 1682. Another French atlas, A. M. Mallet’s
_Description de l’Univers_, Paris, 1683, in five volumes, contained
683 maps, of which 55 were American; and the century closed with what
was still called Sanson’s _Description de tout l’Univers en plusieurs
Cartes_, 1700, which had six maps on America.
[745] Copy in Boston Public Library (no. 2,311.68), 112 pp., quarto,
without date. Cf. Uricoechea, _Mapoteca Colombiana_, no. 38; one of
the Carter-Brown copies (_Catalogue_, ii. 828) is dated 1657 (as is
the Harvard College copy), and the other, with twelve maps is dated
1662 (_Catalogue_, ii. no. 909). The entire atlas was called _Cartes
générales de toutes Parties du Monde_, Paris, 1658 (Sunderland, vol. v.
no. 11,069).
[746] Some copies are made up as covering the dates 1654 to 1669.
[747] Cf. Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 229. “The progress of geographical
science long continued to be slow,” says Hallam in his _Literature
of Europe_. “If we compare the map of the world in 1651, by Nicolas
Sanson, esteemed on all sides the best geographer of his age, with
one by his son in 1692, the variances will not appear perhaps so
considerable as one might have expected.... The Sanson family did not
take pains enough to improve what their father had executed, though
they might have had material help from the astronomical observations
which were now continually made in different parts of the world.” The
Sanson plates continued to be used in Johannes Luyt’s _Introductio ad
Geographiam_, 1692, and in the _Atlas nouveau par le Sr. Sanson et H.
Jaillot_, published in Paris about the same year.
[748] A list of the American maps published in Holland is given on pp.
113-118 of Paullus’ _Orbis terraqueus in Tabulis descriptus_, published
at Strasburg in 1673.
[749] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, shows how copies of all these
atlases are often extended by additional plates.
[750] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 89.
[751] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 701; Asher’s _Essay_, etc.;
Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. iv. no. 14,548.
[752] Cf. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, nos. 957, etc., and Asher’s
_Essay_.
[753] It is one of the rarest of these _Zee-Atlases_, and is worth £7
to £10; there is a copy in Harvard College Library.
[754] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 1,667, etc.
[755] There is a map of the world in this work which gives much the
same delineation to America.
[756] Cf. the map on the title of the _Beschryvinghe van Guiana_,
Amsterdam, 1605 (given in Muller’s _Books on America_, 1872). The
map in Cespedes’ _Regimiento de Navigacion_, Madrid, 1606, is of
interest as being one of the few early printed Spanish maps. This,
like those in Medina, Gomara, and Herrera, is of a small scale. The
map in so well-known a book as Herrera’s _Descripcion de las Indias_
(1601, repeated in the 1622 edition) is very vaguely drawn for the
northeastern part of America. The map in the _Detectio freti Hudsoni_,
published at Amsterdam in 1613, showed as yet no signs of Champlain’s
discoveries.
[757] It is reproduced as a whole in Tross’s edition of Lescarbot,
Paris, 1866; in Faillon, _Colonie Française en Canada_, i. 85, and in
the _Popham Memorial_.
[758] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., nos. 306, 307.
[759] See chap. viii.
[760] Cf. Bibliographical Note in Vol. III. p. 47.
[761] See a bibliographical note in the present volume, chap. viii.
Copies of the 1630 and 1633 editions are in Harvard College and the
Boston Public Libraries, and in Mr. Deane’s collection.
[762] _Notes_, etc., no. 323. Harrisse also assigns to 1628 a map,
“Novveau Monde,” by Nicolai du Dauphiné, which appeared in the
French translation, 1628, of Medina’s _L’Art de Naviguer_. There is
a mappemonde of Hondius bearing date 1630, and his _America noviter
delineata_ of 1631. Of about the same date is _Den Groote Noord Zee ...
beschreven door Jacob Aertz Colom_, which appeared at Amsterdam, and
shows the North American coast from Smith Sound to Florida. Muller,
_Books on America_, 1877, no. 89, says it is “of the utmost rarity.”
[763] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc. nos. 270, 271.
[764] Harrisse, no. 327. Sanson had already published a map of North
America in 1650 (Harrisse, no. 325). As contemporary maps, reference
may be made to a map of Nicolosius (Harrisse, no. 268); and to one in
Wright’s _Certain Errors in Navigation_. Harrisse (no. 336) refers to
a later map of Sanson (1667), before his son published his revision in
1669.
[765] Similar delineations of these western lakes appear on various
maps of about this time, including those credited to Valck and F. de
Witt, and others marked “P. Schenk, ex.,” and “per Jacobum de Sandrart,
Norimbergæ, B. Homann sculpsit.” Guillaume Sanson embodied the same
representations in his _Amérique septentrionale_ in 1669 (Harrisse, no.
338), and the next year (1670) they again appeared on the map attached
to Blome’s _Description of the World_. Still later they are found in
Jaillot’s _Amérique septentrionale_ (1694); in the map in Campanius’
_Nya Swerige_ (1702), and even so late as 1741 in Van der Aa’s _Galerie
agréable du Monde_.
[766] There were various later editions,—1662, 1674, 1677 (with map
dated 1663).
[767] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., nos. 269, 272, 328; Uricoechea,
_Mapoteca Colombiana_, no. 42, etc.
[768] See the Editorial Note on the _Jesuit Relations_.
[769] Harrisse (no. 197) refers to a manuscript map in the Paris
Archives of 1665, showing the coast from Labrador to Mexico.
[770] Cf. Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Geographica_, no. 2,016.
[771] See chap. vi.
[772] Harrisse, nos. 336, 338, 344, 345, 347, 356, 363, 370; Stevens,
_Bibliotheca geographica_, p. 236.
[773] Harrisse, no. 349.
[774] Harrisse, no. 350.
[775] Harrisse, no. 351.
[776] Harrisse, no. 354.
[777] Ibid., no. 367.
[778] Harrisse, nos. 371, 372.
[779] Harrisse, no. 374.
[780] I am inclined to consider this desire of finding a new and
shorter passage to Cathay a flimsy excuse for premeditated descents
upon the Spanish conquests, and shall give my reasons in the proper
place.
[781] [See Vol. III., chaps. iv. and v.—ED.]
[782] _Wahlebocht_, bay of the foreigners.
[783] [See Vol. III., chap. v.; also, later in the present chapter.—ED.]
[784] [See this Vol., chap. ix.—ED.]
[785] The schout-fiscal was a member of the Council, but had no vote.
He attended the sessions of the Council to give his opinion upon any
financial or judicial question; and, if required, acted as public
prosecutor.
[786] [This was the origin of the New York Historical Society, which
held its first organized meeting in January, 1805, and occupied its
present building for the first time in 1857. (_Historical Magazine_, i.
23, 369; _Public Libraries of the United States_ [1876], i. 924.) It
was at this dedication that Dr. John W. Francis delivered his genial
and anecdotal discourse on _New York in the last Fifty Years_.
Some good supplemental work has been done by the local historical
societies, like the Long Island (_Historical Magazine_, viii. 187),
Ulster County, and Buffalo societies.—ED.]
[787] [Dr. O’Callaghan made the translations from the Dutch and
French, and had the general superintendence. Brodhead prepared the
Introduction, giving the history of the records. Brodhead made his
first report on his work in 1845 (Senate Documents, no. 47, of 1845),
after he had arranged and indexed his eighty volumes, also in an
address before the New York Historical Society, 1844, printed in their
_Proceedings_. This led to the arranging and binding of two hundred
volumes of the domestic archives, which had been in disorder. The
eighty volumes above named were divided thus:—
Sixteen, 1603-1678, obtained in Holland; forty-seven, 1614-1678,
procured in England; seventeen, 1631-1763, secured in Paris. Brodhead’s
_New York_, i. 759; _Westminster Review_, new series, iii. 607.
Asher, _Essay_, p. xlviii, says of Brodhead’s mission: “We must,
however, regret that, tied down by his instructions, he took a somewhat
narrow view of his search, and purposely omitted from his collection
a vast store of documents bearing on the history of the West India
Company.”
The documents as published were divided thus: Vol. i. Holland
documents, 1603-1656. Vol. ii. Ibid., 1657-1678. Vol. iii. London
documents, 1614-1692. Vol. iv. Ibid., 1693-1706. Vol. v. Ibid.,
1707-1733. Vol. vi. Ibid., 1734-1755. Vol. vii. Ibid., 1756-1767. Vol.
viii. Ibid., 1768-1782. Vol. ix. Paris documents, 1631-1744. Vol. x.
Ibid., 1745-1774.
In the Introduction to vol. iii. Mr. Brodhead gives an account of the
condition of the English State-Paper Office in 1843.—ED.]
[788] [The discourse (1847) of C. F. Hoffman on “The Pioneers of New
York,” institutes a comparison with the Pilgrims of Plymouth. Mr.
Fernow’s paper in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, v. 214, discusses the
claims of the Dutch to be considered as having educated people among
them, and the various legislative acts indicating their tolerant spirit
are enumerated in _Historical Magazine_, iii. 312.
See Dr. De Witt’s paper on the origin of the early settlers in _N. Y.
Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1847, p. 72. Various notices of the early families
are scattered through O’Callaghan’s notes to his _New Netherland_,
and embodied in the local histories; but genealogy has never been so
favorite a study in New York as in New England.—ED.]
[789] _N. Y. Coll. MSS._, xxxv. 162.
[790] Governor Ingoldsby to Lords of Trade, July 5, 1709: “I am well
informed that when the Dutch took this place from us, several books of
records of patents and other things were lost.”—_N. Y. Coll. Doc’s_, v.
83.
[791] [_Calendar of Historical MSS. in the Secretary of State’s Office_
(Dutch), 1630-1664, Albany, 1865; and Ibid. (English), 1664-1776,
Albany, 1866. On p. ix of the last is given a list of the papers
and volumes formerly in the offices of the Secretary of State and
Comptroller, now in the State Library. There was also printed at
Albany, in 1864, a _Calendar of the New York Colonial MSS. and Land
Papers_, 1643-1803, in the Secretary of State’s office.—ED.]
[792] See Hakluyt, i. 218.
[793] Hakluyt, _Principall Navigations, etc._, iii. 155, London, 1600.
[794] Kunstmann, _Monumenta Sæcularia_, iii. 2; _Entdeckungsgeschichte
Americas_, Munich, 1859, Atlas, tab. iv.
[795] Peter Martyr, seventh decade, tenth chapter.
[796] Oviedo, _Relacion sumaria de la Historia Natural de las Indias_,
edition of 1526, x. 16. “While sailing westward, much land adjoining
that which is called the Baccalaos [Newfoundland], and situate under
the fortieth and forty-first degrees.”
[797] _Mappa Mundi_ of Diego Ribero, 1529, given by Lelewel,
_Géographie du Moyen Age_; two undated maps by unknown makers, about
1532-1540, in the Munich collection, Kunstmann’s _Atlas_, tab. vi.,
vii.; the globe _Regiones orbis terrarum, quas Euphr. Ulpius descripsit
anno MDXLII._; the map in the _Isolario_, by Benedetto Bordone,
Vinegia, 1547; a map by Baptista Agnese, made in 1554, mentioned by
Abbate D. Placido Zurla in _Sulle Antiche Mappe Idro geografiche
lavorate in Venezia_; map of Vaz Dourado, the original of which, made
in 1571, is in the archives at Lisbon, and a copy made in 1580 at
Munich (Kunstmann, _Atlas_, tab. x.); map in the _Cosmographie_ of Seb.
Munster, Basel, 1574; and others.
[798] François de Belle Forest, Comingeois, _La Cosmographie
Universelle de tout le Monde_, Paris, 1575, ii. 2195.
[799] [The bibliography of the Ptolemies is examined in another part of
this work.—ED.]
[800] Kunstmann, _Atlas_, tab. xii. [A section of Hood’s map is given
in Dr. De Costa’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.] See also Dudley’s _Arcano
del Mare_, 15.^2
[801] _Orbis Terrarum Typus de Integro multis in locis emendatus,
auctore Petro Plancio_, 1594, reproduced in Linschoten’s _Histoire
de la Navigation_, 1638 and 1644. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i.
312; Quaritch (1879), no. 12,186. See also _Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ
Augmentum, Cornelio Wytfliet auctore_, Duaci (Douay), 1603, p. 99.
[802] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 94.
[803] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 51.
[804] [See on the first mention of Hudson River, _Magazine of American
History_, July, 1882, p. 513. It had about twenty names in a century
and a half. Ibid., iv. 404, June, 1880. De Costa, in Hudson’s _Sailing
Directions_, elucidates the claims for the Spanish discovery.—ED.]
[805] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 139.
[806] [Verrazano’s discoveries are followed in chapter i. of the
present volume.—ED.]
[807] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, ii. 80.
[808] [It is often claimed that the map of Lok (see page 40 of Vol.
III.) showing the Western Sea of Verrazano, and published in 1582,
instigated Hudson to make search for it along the shore of New
Netherland. Hudson’s voyage of 1609 is known as his third voyage. (Cf.
a note to Mr Smith’s chapter in Vol. III. on “Explorations to the
Northwest.”) The question of the impelling cause of this voyage is
examined by Bancroft in his _United States_, vol. ii. chap. 15; by H.
C. Murphy in his _Henry Hudson in Holland_, Hague, 1859; and by J. M.
Read, in his _Henry Hudson, his Friends, Relatives, and Early Life_,
Albany, 1866, which last work has an appendix of original sources.
The old narrative of Ivan Bardsen, which it is supposed was used by
Hudson as a guide, is given in Rafn’s _Antiquitates Americanæ_, in
Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_, in the appendix of Asher’s _Hudson_, and the
English of it is given in De Costa’s _Sailing Directions of Hudson_
(reviewed in the _Historical Magazine_, 1870, p. 204), which is
accompanied by a dissertation on the discovery of Hudson River. Cf.
also Major’s Introduction to the _Zeni Voyages_, published by the
Hakluyt Society.
Moulton, in his _New York_, gives a running commentary on Hudson’s
passage up the river. See also the conclusions of Gay in the _Popular
History of the United States_, i. 355. We learn the most of this voyage
from Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_ (also _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1809,
vol. i.), whose third volume contains the accounts by Hudson and his
companions; and in the _Pilgrimage_ there is a chapter on “Hudson’s
Discoveries and Death,” which is mainly a summary of the documents in
the _Pilgrimes_. This is reprinted by Asher in his _Henry Hudson the
Navigator_ (Hakluyt Society), where will also be found, page 45, what
is known as Juet’s Journal, March-November, 1609 (also in Purchas,
iii. 581; Munsell’s _Annals of Albany_, and in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc.
Coll._, i. 317; also cf. ii. 367), with extracts from Lambrechtsen’s
_New Netherland_, who used material not otherwise known, and from De
Laet’s _Nieuwe Wereld_, and in the Appendix a bibliography of the
voyage. De Laet used Hudson’s own journals (April 19, 1607-June 21,
1611), which are not now known and what De Laet gives of the third
voyage is supposed to be Hudson’s own report. Asher, p. 167-172, claims
that the matter given by Van der Donck and not found elsewhere was
fabricated to support the Dutch claim. The controversial papers of
Dawson and Whitehead, in the _Historical Magazine_, 1870, touch many
of the points of Hudson’s explorations. Brodhead’s _New York_ and
O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_ give careful studies of this voyage. The
latest developments, however, did not serve Biddle in his _Cabot_; nor
Belknap in his _American Biography_; nor R. H. Cleveland in Sparks’s
_American Biography_; nor Miller in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1810.
The chief Dutch authority is Emanuel van Meteren, of whose work mention
is made later in the text. (Cf. Asher’s _Hudson_, p. xxv; compare also
a _Collection of Voyages undertaken by the Dutch East India Company_,
London, 1703, p. 71.)—ED.]
[809] See G. M. Asher’s _Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the
Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland_, Amsterdam,
1854-67. The _Vryheden_ of the West India Company, 1630, a sort of
primary charter to the colonists of New Netherland, is given in
English by Dr. O’Callaghan (_New Netherland_, p. 112), and in Dutch in
Wassenaer, _Hist. Verhael_, xviii. 194. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_,
ii. 367, shows an original copy.
[810] Ibid.; also manuscript in the possession of Mr. J. Carson
Brevoort, _Advice to establish a new South Company_, by William
Usselinx, 1636, and _West-Indische Spieghel_ by Athanasius Inga,
of Peru, 1624, probably a work of Usselinx’s. One copy is in Mr.
Brevoort’s library, one in New York State Library, and a third in the
Carter-Brown Collection. See the _Catalogue_ of the latter collection,
ii. no. 296.
[811] [See the following chapter.—ED.]
[812] [This work is now rare; but copies are in the Congressional,
Harvard College, Carter-Brown, Murphy, and Lenox libraries. See Asher’s
_Essay_, pp. 83, 93.—ED.]
[813] Born at Antwerp in 1582; died at Amsterdam, 1649.
[814] Johan de Hulter, one of the earliest settlers of Kingston, N. Y.
His widow married Jeronimus Ebbingh, of Kingston.
[815] _Nieuwe Wereld ofte Beschrijvinghe van West Indien, uijt
veelerhande Schriften ende Aenteekeningen bij een versamelt door
Joannes de Laet_, Leyden, 1625,—“The New World, or Description of West
Indies, from several MSS and notes collected by J. de Laet.” A second
edition in Dutch appeared, with slightly changed title, in 1630; a
third in Latin,—_Novus Orbis, seu Descriptionis Indiæ Occidentalis
Libri xviii._,—was published in 1633; and a fourth in French, entitled
_Histoire du Nouveau Monde, ou Description des Indes Occidentales_,
in 1640. The State Library at Albany, N. Y., has copies of all except
the first, and all are noted in the O’Callaghan and Carter-Brown
_Catalogues_. [A copy of the 1625 edition was priced by Muller in 1872
at ten florins. There is a copy in Charles Deane’s library. The 1630
edition, called “verbetert, vermeerdert, met eenige nieuwe Caerten
verciert,” has fourteen maps, engraved chiefly by Hessel Gerritsz, and
good copies are worth about six to eight guineas. The 1633 edition was
priced by Rich in 1832 at one pound ten shillings, but a good copy of
it will now bring about five guineas. The 1640 edition has appreciated
in the same time from one pound four shillings (Rich, in 1832) to two
guineas. Translations of such parts as pertain to New Netherland are
in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, new series, i. 281, and ii. 373.
Brodhead, in 1841, tried in vain in Holland to find De Laet’s papers.
De Laet’s library was sold April 27, 1650. There is a catalogue of it
noted in the _Huth Catalogue_, ii. 414.—ED.]
[816] _Historie ofte Jaerlijck Verhael van de Verrichtingen van
de Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie sedert haer Begin tot
1636_,—“History or Yearly Account of the Proceedings of the West India
Company, from its beginning to 1636,” anno 1644. Copy in State Library,
Albany. Trömel, no. 198. [For the history of the Dutch West India
Company, see O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_, vol. i. (its charter is
given, p. 399); and a valuable contribution to the subject is also
contained in Asher’s _Essay_, in the sketch of the Company in his
Introduction, p. xiv and in the section on the Company’s history, p.
40, and on the writings of Usselinx, p. 73. He says the best history
of its fortunes is in Netscher’s _Les Hollandais au Brésil_. There
is also much of importance in T. C. de Jonge’s _Geschiedenis van het
Nederlandsch Zeewesen_, 1833-48, six volumes. The flag of the West
India Company is depicted in Valentine’s _New York City Manual_, 1863,
in connection with an abstract of a paper on “The Flags which have
waved over New York City,” by Dr. A. K. Gardner.—ED.]
[817] [The letter of Rasieres, printed in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._,
ii. 339, gives us a notice of the country in 1627.—ED.]
[818] _De Origine Gentium Americanarum_, Paris, 1643.
[819] Bancroft, _History of the United States_, ii. 281: “The voyage
of De Vries was the cradling of a state. That Delaware exists as
a separate commonwealth is due to the colony of De Vries.” Cf.
_Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the Historical Society of
Delaware_, May 31, 1864; J. W. Beekman in the _N.Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._,
1847, p. 86; Delaware Papers, p. 335 of _Calendar of Historical MSS.
in the State Library_ (Dutch) _at Albany_, edited by Dr. O’Callaghan,
1865, and _N. Y. Col. Docs._ vol. xii., 1877.—ED.
[820] _Korte Historiael ende Journaels Aenteyckeninge van verscheyden
Voyagien in de vier Teelen des Wereldts Ronde, door David Pietersen
de Vries_, Alkmaar, 1655,—“Short History and Notes of a Journal kept
during Several Voyages by D. P. de Vries.”
[Illustration]
[This extremely rare book was first used by Brodhead (i. 381, note). It
should have a portrait by Cornelius Visscher, which has been reproduced
in Amsterdam by photolithography. Mr. Lenox paid $300 for the copy
noted in Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,615. There are also
copies in the Carter-Brown (ii. 803) and Murphy collections, and one
was sold in the Brinley sale, no. 2,717; cf. Asher, no. 336; Trömel,
no. 279; Muller (1872), no. 1,109, and (1877) no. 3,414, 240 florins,
not quite perfect; Huth, ii. 424; O’Callaghan, no. 778. Extracts from
the book were translated in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 243; and all
the parts relating to America by H. C. Murphy, in Ibid., iii. 9; and
this translation, with an Introduction, was privately reprinted by Mr.
Lenox (250 copies), in 1853.]
[821] Title of the lowest grade of nobility in Holland.
[822] Hon. Jer. Johnson, in the preface to his translation of Van
der Donck (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1841), says “Van Rensselaer had
arrived five years before Van der Donck.” This is an error. Kilian van
Rensselaer, the first patroon, was never in America; and when by his
death, 1646, the title to Rensselaerswyck devolved upon his infant son
Johannes, the child’s paternal uncle, Johann Baptist van Rensselaer,
undertook the personal management of the colony, but did not arrive
in America as the first representative here of the family until 1651.
O’Callaghan, in _History of New Netherland_, ii. 550, states that Van
der Donck was not allowed to practise law in New Netherland, because
“the directors could not see what advantage his pleadings before the
courts would have, as there were already lawyers in New Netherland,”
etc. This is also an error. See _N. Y. Coll. MSS._, xi. 86, where the
application is refused “because they doubted whether there were any
other lawyers who could act or plead against him.” Van der Donck was
here from 1641 to 1655, when he died.
[823] _Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, whegens de Ghelegentheydt,
Vruchtbaerheydt en Soberen Staet deszelfs_, In’s Gravens Hage,
1650,—“Account of New Netherland, its situation, fertility, and the
state thereof.”
[See O’Callaghan, ii. 90, 111; Brodhead, i. 506; Asher, no. 5; Brinley,
ii. 2715; Huth, iii. 1031; Muller, 1877, p. 196, for 140 florins;
Harrassowitz, cat. no. 61, book no. 87, for 125 marks; _Carter-Brown
Catalogue_, ii. 698. Brodhead found in Holland the copy now in the
New York Historical Society’s library. Mr. H. C. Murphy translated it
for 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, ii. 251, with an Introduction, and this,
with Murphy’s translation of _Breeden Raedt_, was in 1854 privately
reprinted, 125 copies, by Mr. Lenox, with a fac-simile of the map of
the Hudson from the _Zee-Atlas_ of Goos. See an extract from this map
given on a later page.—ED.]
[824] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 430.
[825] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 422.
[826] _Beschrijvinge van Nieuw Nederlant, ghelijck het tegenwoordigh
in staet is, etc., door Adrian van der Donck, beyder Rechten Doctoor,
die tegenwoordigh noch in Nieuw Nederlant is_, Amsterdam, 1655; second
edition, 1656,—“Description of New Netherland as it now is, etc., by A.
van der Donck, Doctor of Laws, who is still in New Netherland.”
[This work is perhaps the rarest and now the most costly of the
early books on New York. Stevens (_Historical Collection_, nos. 200,
1,395) says, “Copies for the last forty years have usually sold for
£12 to £21.” It is priced in Muller (1872 edition, nos. 1,079-81,
1877 edition, nos. 955, 956), 150 florins; in Leclerc (no. 866), 200
francs. Field (_Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,592) gives some reasons
for supposing there was a third edition in 1656. (Cf. Asher, no. 7;
Brinley, ii. 2,718; Carter-Brown, ii. 801, with supplement, no. 811;
also no. 814; O’Callaghan, no. 2,315; Sabin, v. 482; Huth, v. 1514;
Trömel, nos. 280, 281.) There is a view of New Amsterdam in the first
edition which is not in the second. O’Callaghan, _New Netherland_, ii.
551, has a note on Van der Donck’s life and family. His book has been
translated by General Jeremiah Johnson in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._,
1841; see also second series, i. 125.—ED.]
[827] _Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the
American Colonies in 1679-1680_, by Jasper Dankers and P. Sluyter,
published from MSS. in his possession by Hon. Henry C. Murphy, in
_Collections_ of Long Island Historical Society, vol. i., 1867. See
further on the Dankers and Sluyter Journal, the notes appended to Mr.
John Austin Stevens’s chapter on “The English in New York,” in Vol. III.
[828] The hill below Albany, N. Y., on which the fort was built
in 1618, is called by the Indians _Tawalsontha, Tawassgunshee,
Tawajonshe_, “a heap of dead men’s bones.” _Tas de jonchets_ would
be the French for the same expression. Another place near Albany was
called _Semegonce_, the place to sow; still another, _Negogance_,
the place to trade; while _semer_ and _négoce_ (_negocio_) are the
corresponding French words.
[829] _Een kort Ontwerp van de Mahakvase Indianen, haer landt, tale,
statuere, dracht, godes-dienst ende magistrature. Aldus beschreven ende
nu kortelijck den 26 Augusti 1644 opgezonden uijt Nieuw Nederlant_,
Alkmaar, no date. It was published in Holland without his consent in
1651. Translated in Hazard’s _State-Papers_, i. 517 _et seq._, and
by J. R. Brodhead in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, iii. 137. [Muller,
_Catalogue_ (1872), no. 1,089, says but one copy of this tract is
known, which is among the Meulman pamphlets in the library of the
university at Gand.—ED.] For a biography of Megapolensis, see _Manual
of the Reformed Church in America_, third edition, p. 378. Megapolensis
says in one of his letters (_Documents relating to the History of New
York_, xiii. 423), that in his youth _he renounced popery_; he could,
therefore, hardly have been the son of a minister, as stated in the
_Manual_.
[The general _Indian Bibliography_ of T. W. Field must be held to
indicate the sources of information regarding the condition of the
natives at the time of the Dutch occupation. Bolton, in his _West
Chester County_ (1848), endeavors by a map to place the Indian tribes
as they occupied the territory bordering the southern parts of the
Hudson. Dunlap, _New York_, i. 20, gives a map showing the territory
of the Five Nations. Dr. O’Callaghan translated in 1863 a paper in the
State archives, entitled _A Brief and True Narration of the Hostile
Conduct of the Barbarous Natives towards the Dutch Nation_, dated
1655, and gave the Indian treaty of 1645 in an appendix. Fifty copies
only were printed (Field, no. 1,147). Judge Egbert Benson published in
1817, 1825, and in the _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, vol. vii., an essay on the
Dutch and Indian names, of which a copy, with his manuscript additions,
exists in Harvard College Library.
The most important of the works of the last century is Cadwallader
Colden’s _History of the Five Nations_, originally printed at New York
in 1727. The second and third editions were printed in London, and the
English editors gave additions without distinguishing them. The best
issue is the fourth, printed in New York in 1866, exactly following
the 1727 one, and enriched with notes by John G. Shea, who gives also
its bibliographical history. (Field, no. 341.) The first place among
recent books on this confederacy must be assigned to Lewis H. Morgan’s
_League of the Iroquois_. (Field, no. 1,091.) There is more or less
illustrative of the early state of the Indians in Ketchum’s _Buffalo_
(1864), for the Five Nations, as described in Field, no. 824; in
Benton’s _Herkimer County_ (1856), for the Upper Mohawk tribes. See
also J. V. H. Clark’s _Onondaga_ (1849), praised by Field, no. 323; A.
W. Holden’s _Queensbury_ (1874), for those of the northern parts; and
in E. M. Ruttenber’s _Indian Tribes of Hudson River_ (1872). Field, no.
1,334.—ED.]
[830] [Published in English, with a biography of the writer, by Mr.
J. Gilmary Shea in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, iii. 161, and separately,
at Mr. Lenox’s expense, in 1862 as _Novum Belgium, an Account of New
Netherland in 1643-1644_; and also in French, _Description de Nieuw
Netherland, et Notice sur René Goupil_, etc.; cf. also _Doc. Hist. of
N. Y._, iv. 15. Jogues was in New Netherland from August, 1642, to
November, 1643. His Memoir is dated “Des 3 Riviéres en la nouvelle
France, 3 Augusti, 1646,” and the original manuscript is preserved in
the Hôtel Dieu at Quebec. Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 781.
Mr. Shea speaks of this “as the only account by a foreigner of that
time,” not then being aware of the letter written eighteen years
earlier by the Rev. Jonas Michaelius, the first Reformed minister in
New Netherland. This manuscript, dated Aug. 11, 1628, “from the island
Manhattans,” was priced in Muller’s 1877 _Catalogue_, no. 2,121, at 375
florins. H. C. Murphy printed an English version of it privately at the
Hague in 1858; also in O’Callaghan’s _Doc. Hist. of N. Y._, vol. ii.
It had originally appeared in the _Kerkhistorisch Archief_, Amsterdam,
1858. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 339. Muller issued a fac-simile
of it in 1876, accompanied by the Dutch transcript and Murphy’s
version, giving it a preface, and printing only a hundred copies.
Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 2,122, and 1872, no. 1,053,
where the original is said to be in the library of Dr. Bodel Nyenhuis
at Leyden, who had bought it at the historian Koning’s sale in 1833.
“Mr. Koning probably found it in the archives.” The letter is addressed
to Adr. Smoutius, minister in Amsterdam. _Historical Magazine_, ii.
191.—ED.]
[831] _Beschrijvinghe van Virginia, Nieuw Nederlant, Nieuw Englant,
etc._, Amsterdam, 1651,—“Description of Virginia, New Netherland, New
England,” etc. With a map and engravings.
[The book, being cheap at the time, was widely circulated, and most
copies have disappeared, as is usual with such books. (Brodhead, i.
527.) Muller, 1877, nos. 312 and 2,265, prices it at 225 florins. (Cf.
Asher, no. 6; Brinley, ii. 2,716; Trömel, no. 258; O’Callaghan, ii. 90,
111; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 721.).—ED.]
[832] _Verheerlickte Nederlant door d’ Herstelde Zee-Vaart; klaerlijck
voorgestelt, ontdeckt en angewesen door manier van’tsamen-Sprekinge
van een Boer, ofte Landt man, een Burger ofte Stee-man, een Schipper
ofte Zeeman, etc._, 1659,—“Netherland glorified by the Restoration of
Commerce; clearly represented, discovered, and shown by Manner of a
Dialogue, etc., 1659.”
[833] Mr. Asher, in his _Bibliographical Essay_, says that because
the author alludes to Van der Donck as Verdonck, it is less probable
that he had been in New Netherland. I do not see why a misspelling of
a name should weaken an assertion made by Mr. Asher himself to the
contrary,—if that can be called misspelling which is in reality an
abbreviation in the old Dutch MS.
[834] _Het waere Onderscheyt tusschen koude en warme Landen, aengewesen
in de Nootsakelijckheden die daer vereyscht worden, etc., door O. K._
In’s Graven Hage, 1659,—“The True Difference between Cold and Warm
countries, demonstrated by the Requirements necessary,” etc. A German
edition appeared at Leipzig in 1672, under the title “_Otto Keyen’s
kurtzen Entwurff von Neu Niederland und Guajana_,” long considered
an original work. A copy of this edition is in the State Library at
Albany. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no. 12, and Carter-Brown, ii. 1,081.
[835] _Kort Verhael van Nieuw Nederlants Gelegentheit, Deughden,
Natuerlijcke Voorrechten en bijzondere bequaemheyt ter bevolkingh.
Mitsgaders eenige Requesten, Vertooghen, etc., gepresenteert aen de
E. E. Heeren Burgermeesters dezer Stede_, 1662,—“Short Account of New
Netherland’s Situation, Good Qualities, Natural Advantages, and Special
Fitness for Populating, together with some Petitions, Representations,
etc., submitted to the Noble, Worshipful Lord Mayors of this City,
1662.”
[The book is very scarce. “I have found only three copies in twenty
years,” said Muller in 1872, “and sold my last at two hundred florins.”
He also refers to the further development of the writer’s liberal and
economical ideas in _Vrije Politijke Stellingen_, Amsterdam, 1665.
Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,111; Brodhead, _New York_,
i. 699; Trömel, no. 312; Asher’s _Essay_, no. 13; Carter-Brown, ii.
926.—ED.]
[836] These two parties were originally divided on theological
questions; Gomar’s followers adhering to the religious doctrines of
the Established Church and its principles of ecclesiastical polity,
while Arminius (Harmansen), professor at Leyden, taught, among other
doctrines then considered heretical, the supremacy of the civil
authorities in clerical matters. Oldenbarnevelt, believing that the
Prince of Orange intended to make himself King of Holland, although
indifferent in religious matters, took the part of the Arminians,
because he saw in them a powerful ally, and turned the theological
controversy into a political question.
[837] O’Callaghan, _History of New Netherland_, ii. 547.
[838] _Bibliographical Essay_, p. 16.
[839] O’Callaghan, _History of New Netherland_, ii. 465.
[840] _De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld; of Beschrijving van America en’t
Zuyd Land, vervaetende d’ Oorsprong der Americaener en Zuidlanders,
gedenkwaerdige togten derwaerts, etc., beschreeven door Arnoldus
Montanus_, Amsterdam, 1671,—“The New World, or Description of America
and the South Land; containing the Origin of the Americans and South
Landers, Remarkable Voyages thither,” etc. A German edition of 1673,
_Die Unbekante neue Welt, oder Beschreibung des Weltteils America und
des Südlandes, etc._, is ascribed by the translator to Dr. O. Dapper,
who, however, only published it with other works of his collection.
[See Asher’s _Essay_, nos. 14, 15, and the note to Mr. Stevens’s
chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]
[841] _Edward Melton’s Zee en Land Reizen door verscheide Gewesten der
Werelds. Edward Melton’s, Engelsch Edelmans, Zeldzame en Gedenkwaardige
Zee en Land Reizen, etc._, Amsterdam, 1681, reprinted in 1702,—“Edward
Melton’s Travels by Sea and Land through Different Parts of the World.”
“Edward Melton, an English Nobleman’s Curious and Memorable Travels by
Sea and Land,” etc. A part of this book was further reprinted in 1705
as _Aenmerkenswaardige en Zeldzame West-Indische Zee en Land Reizen,
door een Voornam Engelsche Heer, E. M., en andere_,—“Remarkable and
Strange West Indian Travels by Sea and Land by a Noble Englishman, E.
M., and Others.” [Asher, _Essay_, p. xliv and nos. 16, 17, 18, points
out the clumsy, unoriginal character of Melton’s tardy information. The
O’Callaghan copy (no. 1,522) had the rare Lolonois portrait. See the
note to Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]
[842] _Beschrijvinghe van Oost en West Indien. Beschrijvinge van
eenige voorname Kusten in Oost en West Indien als Zuerinam, Nieuw
Nederlant, etc., door verscheidene Leefhebbers gedaen_, Leeuwarden,
1716,—“Description of East and West India.” “Description of some
Notable Coasts in East and West India, as Surinam, New Netherland,
etc., by Several Amateurs.” The description of New Netherland is a
reprint of three chapters in Melton.
_Algemeene Wereldt Beschrijving door A. P. De la Croix_, Amsterdam,
1705. _Algemeene Weereld Beschrijving nae de rechte verdeeling der
Landschappen, Plaetsen, etc., in ’t Fransch beschreeven door den
Heer A. Pher. De la Croix, Aerdryks Beschrijver des Konings van
Frankryk_,—“General Description of the World,” by A. P. De la Croix.
“General Description of the World according to the Correct Division of
Countries, places, etc.,” written in French by A. Pher. De la Croix,
Geographer to the King of France.
[843] Born at Antwerp, 1535; as grandson of Willem Ortels, of Augsburg,
and first cousin of the historian Abraham Ortelius, his taste for
historical studies seems to have been inherited.
[844] Originally published in Latin at Amsterdam, 1597. Van Meteren
translated the work into Flemish, and published it in 1599; then
continued it in the same language up to 1612, in which shape it was
republished after his death at Arnhem in 1614. French editions of the
work appeared in 1618 and 1670, and a German one at Frankfort in 1669.
[845] A native of Huisdem, in Holland, at one time teacher in the Latin
School at Haarlem. After having studied medicine and been admitted to
practice, he employed his leisure hours in collecting material for
a historical work, which he published under the title, _Historisch
Verhael al der ghedenckweerdichste Geschiedenissen, die hier en daer in
Europa, etc., voorgevallen syn_,—“Historical Account of all the most
Remarkable Events in Europe, etc.” Part of it appeared under the name
of his friend, Dr. Barend Lampe, of Amsterdam.
[This work, covering the years 1621-1632, was first brought to light by
Brodhead (_New York_, i. 46), who has given an abstract of it in 2 _N.
Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 355. (Cf. _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 27.) It
contains the earliest reports on New Netherland printed at Amsterdam.
It is described in Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,745, and was
first noticed by Asher, _Essay_, no. 330; Carter-Brown, ii. 276.—ED.]
[846] He says: “Alsoo de Staeten van de Vereenigde Nederlandsche
Provintien door de 12 jaerighe Trefves, die nu (1621) een eijndt nam,
in West Indien te trafiqueeren uijtgeslooten waeren, soo ist, dat
sij bevindende door het jus gentium, dat de Zeevaert een ijeder vrij
staet, gedestineert hebben een Companie op te rechten om op de Landen
te negotieeren, die de Coningh van Spaengien besit,”—“As the States of
the United Provinces have been excluded from trading to the West Indies
by the truce of twelve years now expiring, upon finding that by the
law of nations the navigation is open to everybody, they have resolved
to organize a company for trade to the countries owned by the King of
Spain.”
[847] Lieuwe van Aitzema, son of the Burgomaster of Dockum, born
1600, and himself in high official position, died 1669. Michaud,
_Bibliographie Universelle_, says: “Ce qui donne une si haute
importance à l’ouvrage d’A. c’est cette foule d’actes originaux,
...dont il a fait usage et qu’il a su tirer des archives et des dépôts
les plus secrets [not always by quite proper means].” Wiquefort, in his
_Ambassadeur_, criticises Aitzema sharply: “Elle [l’histoire d’A.] peut
servir comme d’inventaire à ceux qui n’ont point d’accès aux archives
d’État, mais ce que l’auteur a ajouté ne vaut pas la gazette. Il n’a
point de style, son langage est barbare, et tout l’ouvrage n’est qu’un
chaos.” However, he deserves our gratitude for throwing light upon
the events of his time, and for giving us trustworthy and abundant
information.
[848] _Affairs of State and War in and concerning the United
Netherlands_, 1621-1669; _The Re-instated Lion_, 1650. The first
edition of Saken, etc., appeared during the years 1657 to 1671; a
second edition, containing the _Herstelde Leeuw_, 1669-1672. The work
was continued by Lambert Sylvius or Van den Bosch up to 1697.
[Illustration]
[849] _Broad_ [wholesome] _Advice to the United Netherland Provinces
... composed and given from divers ... documents by J. A. G. W. C._
[Its authorship is assigned to Cornelis Melyn by Brodhead, _New York_,
1. 509, and by Henry C. Murphy, who translates it in 2 _N. Y. Hist.
Soc. Coll._ iii. 237, and says it affords some facts not known from
other sources. Extracts were reprinted in translation by F. W. Cowan at
Amsterdam in 1850, and again in the _Documentary History of New York_,
iv. 65. Brodhead censures this translation. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no.
334, who first gave it the prominence it deserves, and disbelieves in
Melyn’s authorship, and goes into a long examination of the question.
It is priced at from £20 to £40. Stevens’s _Hist. Coll._ i. 1,525;
Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vii. 112; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 664;
Brinley, no. 2,714.—ED.]
[850] _N. Y. Coll. Doc._ i. 16, and _N. Y. Coll. MSS._
[851] _N. Y. Coll. MSS._
[852] He was born 1709, and died 1773. Cf. Asher’s _Bibliographical
Essay_.
[853] _Vaderlandsche Historie_, ix. 227. “Resolved, that by carrying
the war over to America the Spaniards be attacked there, where their
weakest point was, but whence they drew most of their revenues. That a
great part of America reaching thence to both poles was unknown (not
undiscovered).”
[854] The full title of the twelfth part is: _Zwölfte Schiffart, oder
kurze Beschreibung der Newen Schiffart gegen Nord-osten über die
Amerikanischen Inseln, von einem Englander, Henry Hudson, erfunden_.
Oppenheim, 1627.
[855] _West und Ost-Indischer Lustgart, Eygentliche Erzaehlung wann vnd
von wem die Newe Welt erfunden, besaegelt vnd eingenomen worden, vnd
was sich Denckwuerdiges darbey zugetragen._ Koeln, 1618.
_Newe vnd warhaffte Relation von deme was sich in den West vnd Ost
Indien vonder Zeit an zugetragen, dass sich die Navigationes der
Holleandischen vnd Engländischen Companien daselbsthin angefangen
abzuscheiden._ Muenchen, 1619 (by Nicolai Elend).
[856] _Philippi Cluverii Introductio in Universam Geographiam._ Leyden,
1629. The edition of 1697 was published with notes by Hekel, Reiske,
and Bunon.
[857] The same Johann Ludwig Gottfriedt published in 1655 _Newe Welt
vnd Amerikanische Historien_. A later German geographer of America
was Hans Just Winckelmann, whose _Der Amerikanischen neuen Welt
Beschreibung_, Oldenburg, 1664, I have not seen. Nor have I seen any
works of French contemporary writers, as Pierre Davity, _Description
générale de l’Amérique, 3^{me} partie du monde, avec tous ses empires,
royaumes_, etc., Paris, 1643, 2d edition, 1660; M. C. Chaulmer, _Le
Nouveau Monde, ou l’Amérique chrétienne_, Paris, 1659. [The last is in
Harvard College Library; but without present interest.—ED.]
[858] _A Brief Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New England,
and of Sundry Accidents therein occurring, from the year 1607 to this
present 1622._
[859] To Purchas: see 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._ vol. i.
[860] _N. Y. Coll. Doc._ iii. 17.
[861] _A Description of the Province of New Albion and a Direction for
Adventurers with small Stock to get two for one and good Land freely;
and for Gentlemen and all Servants, Laborers, and Artificers to live
plentifully, etc. Printed in the year 1648 by Beauchamp Plantagenet,
of Belvil in New-Albion._ [Reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii. See
documents in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Pub. Fund_, ii. 213; and Professor G. B.
Keen’s note on Plowden’s Grant in Vol. III.—ED.]
[862] _N. Y. Col. Doc._ iii. 6 _et seq._
[863] [Cf. on this alleged Argal incursion, Palfrey’s _New
England_, i. 235, and George Folsom in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i.
332. Brodhead, i. 140, 754, doubts it.—ED.]
[864] See the patent in Hazard, _State-Papers_, i. 160. Doubts have been
raised whether such a grant was ever made, or if made, whether it was
ever acted upon by Sir Edmund; but the statement of Van der Donck in his
_Vertoogh van Nieuw Nederland_ should dispose of such doubts forever.
When Sir Edmund came to New Netherland he was poor and in debt, without
friends to help him; and seeing that the Dutch had a fort and soldiers,
it was quite a matter of course that he returned to Virginia, saying he
would not quarrel with the Dutch.—ED.
[865] Vol. iv. part i.
[866] _A Short Discovery of the Coast and Continent of America, from
the Equinoctial Northward, by William Castle (Castell), Minister of the
Gospel at Courtenhall, Northamptonshire, England_, 1644; reprinted in
_Collection of Voyages and Travels, and compiled from the Library of
the late Earl of Oxford_, 1745. It states very oddly that, “Near the
great North River the Dutch have built a castle ... for their more free
trading with many of Florida, who usually come down the River Canada,
and so by land to them,—a plain proof Canada is not far remote.”
The mouth of Delaware Bay is according to Castle under 41° north
latitude. [Extracts are printed in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, iii. 231. The
book itself is in Harvard College Library; also in the _O’Callaghan
Catalogue_, no. 561.—ED.]
[867] _Journal of the Transactions and Occurrences in Massachusetts and
other N. E. Colonies from 1630-44._ Edited by Noah Webster, Hartford,
1790; and _History of New England, from the Original MSS. and Notes
of John Winthrop_; with Notes by James Savage, Boston, 1825. [These
two titles represent the same book, the later edition being much the
superior. See Vol. III. O’Callaghan (_New Netherland_, i. 274) says,
“The statements of the New England writers in general on matters
occurring in New Netherland, must be received, for obvious reasons,
with extreme caution;” and he disputes the usual assertion of the New
England writers, that Roger Williams was instrumental in preserving
the peace between the Dutch and the Indians on Long Island. (_New
Netherland_, i. 276.) For the diplomacy that passed between the New
Plymouth people and the Dutch in 1627, see 2 _New York Historical
Collections_, i. 355; cf. Bradford’s _New Plymouth_, pp. 223, 233.—ED.]
[868] _Cosmographie in Four Books, containing the Chorographie and
Historie of the whole World_, London, 1657, by Peter Heylin, D.D.,
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, Rector of Hemmingford and Houghton,
and Prebendary of Westminster, “in his younger days an excellent
poet, in his elder a better historian” (_Athenæ Oxonienses_). From
the preface to the latter it appears that the _Cosmographie_ was an
amplification or enlarged edition of a _Microcosmus_, published in
1622, by the same author, who during his lifetime wrote and published
about forty works of a theological, educational, or political
character. (Sabin, _Dictionary_, viii. 260; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_,
1086-87.) There were other editions of various dates, for which see
Bohn’s _Lowndes_, p. 1059.
[869] _Account of two Voyages to New England_, London, 1675, reprinted
in 3 _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., iii_. John Josselyn was the son of Sir
Thomas Josselyn and brother of Henry, one of the commissioners to
organize the government of Maine under its first charter. Henry settled
finally in Plymouth Colony. [See further on Josselyn and his books in
Vol. III.—ED.]
[870] _Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the
American Colonies in 1679-1680_. [Cf. notes to Mr. Stevens’s chapter
in Vol. III. The Labadist P. Schluter was in New Netherland in 1682,
and his journal was printed from the original manuscript by Mr. H. C.
Murphy, for the Bradford Club, in 1867.—ED.]
[871] [Cf. “Indian traditions of the first arrival of the Dutch in New
Netherland,” in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.—ED.]
[872] John Thurloe, born 1616, died 1668, was the son of the Rev.
Thomas Thurloe, Rector of Abbots Roding, Essex. Through the protection
of Oliver St. John, solicitor-general under Charles I., he easily
obtained appointments and promotions in the official circles. His
collection of papers was published by Dr. Birch in 1742.
[873] Ferdinando Gorges, _A briefe Narration of the original
undertakings of the Advancement of Plantations in America_, London,
1658; and _America painted to the Life_, London, 1658, 2d ed., 1659.
Sir Ferdinando Gorges was the patentee of Maine. [See chap. ix. of Vol.
III.—ED.]
Samuel Clarke, _A Geographical Description of all the Countries in the
known World_, London, 1657.
_A Book of the Continuation of Foreign Passages; That is, the Peace
between this Commonwealth and the Netherlands_, 1654, London, 1656,
printed by M. S. for Thomas Jenner.
Richard Blome, _Isles and Territories belonging to his Majestie in
America_, 1673, and _The present State of his Majesties Isles and
Territories in America_, 1687.
Daniel Denton, _A Brief Description of New York, formerly New
Netherland_, London, 1670. [See the notes to chap. x. of Vol. III.—ED.]
[874] William Smith, Jr. was born in New York city in June, 1728; he
graduated at Yale College in 1745; was appointed clerk of the Court
of Chancery in 1748, and admitted to the Bar in 1750. Through the
influence of his father, then attorney-general of the province, the
revision of the provincial laws was intrusted to him and his law
partner, William Livingston. In 1757 he published his _History of New
York_. The breaking out of the Revolution found him a member of the
council and a faithful adherent of the Crown. After some tribulation,
he was allowed to proceed to New York city, whence he finally went to
England, and thence to Canada, where he died as chief-justice in 1793.
[Cf. the estimate of Smith in Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]
[875] _Kort Beschrijving van de Ontdekking ende de navolgende
Geschiedenis der Nieuwen Nederlande door N. C. Lambrechtsen op
Ritthem, Chevalier, etc., Groot Pensionarius van Zealand_, Middelburg,
1818,—“A Short Description of the Discovery and Subsequent History
of New Netherland, a Colony in America of the Republic of the United
Netherlands.” [There is a translation in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._ i. 75.
See Sabin, _Dictionary_, x. 38,745.—ED.]
[876] _History of the State of New York, including its Aboriginal and
Colonial Annals_, by John V. N. Yates, Secretary of State, and Jos. W.
Moulton, New York, 1824. [This work is almost entirely Moulton’s. A
second part was published in 1826, when the work was stopped for want
of patronage. It covers 1609-1632. Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, nos.
1,104, 1,704.—ED.] _The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of
the State of New York_, by James Macauley, 1829,—rather a chorography
with copious topographical additions, a compilation of dry facts. _The
History of the State of New York, from the first Discovery to the
Present Time_, by F. S. Eastman, 1833, devotes only ten small octavo
pages to the Dutch period. _History of the New Netherlands, Province of
New York, and State of New York_, by Wm. Dunlap, 1839. [See Stevens’s
chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]
[877] Dunlap, for instance, lets Schenectady be planted shortly after
Fort Orange, in 1614, and considers the remnants of foundations found
in Trinity Church-yard to indicate the location of the first Dutch fort
on Manhattan Island, while they must have been the remnants of the
city wall, running from the East River, along the present Wall Street,
through Trinity Church-yard to the North River,—hence the name of Wall
Street.
[878] Anniversary Discourse before New York Historical Society, 1828,
in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i.
[879] Dr. Edmund Bailey O’Callaghan was born at Mallow, near Cork,
Ireland, in 1797. After studying medicine in his native country and in
Paris, he came to Canada in 1823, where he soon took an active part in
politics on the patriots’ side. He was compelled to fly to the United
States, and settled at Albany in 1837. Here he worked diligently in the
field of American history, with results most gratifying to the student,
until 1870, when he removed to New York, where he died in 1880.
[Dr. O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_ is divided thus: Book i.,
1492-1621; ii., 1621-1638; iii., 1639-1647. He also printed a few
copies of the _Register of New Netherland_, 1626-1674, giving the names
of the pioneers. John G. Shea printed an account of O’Callaghan in the
_Magazine of American History_, v. 77. The _Catalogue_ of his library,
sold in New York December, 1882, represents a collection rich in works
in the fields of his special studies.—ED.]
[880] [Cf. Mr. Stevens’s estimate of Brodhead in Vol. III.—ED.]
[881] [One of the most interesting of such is _The Anthology of New
Netherland_, by Henry C. Murphy, published (125 copies) by the Bradford
Club in 1865, which includes, with enlargements, Mr. Murphy’s privately
printed _Jakob Steendam, a Memoir of the First Poet in New Netherland_,
The Hague, 1861. Steendam was the minister of the Protestant Church in
New Amsterdam. Muller, _Catalogue_ (1872), nos. 1,092 _et seq._; (1877)
nos. 3,063 _et seq._, notes several of Steendam’s publications. Cf.
_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 862, 898.—ED.]
[882] “Illa in terram suis lintribus, quas canoas vocant exuderunt,”
says Peter Martyr.
[883] _The Pompey Stone: a Paper read before the Oneida Historical
Society_, by Dr. H. A. Homes State Librarian, Albany, 1881.
[884] [It is no. 2,390 in the _Catalogue_.—ED.]
[885] [Fac-similes of it are also given in Valentine’s _Manual_, 1858;
in _Pennsylvania Archives_, second series, vol. v. Muller, _Books on
America_, iii. 143, and _Catalogue_ of 1877, no. 3,484, describe the
only other copy known. It is a colored map, and extends from Panama to
Labrador.—ED.]
[886] [O’Callaghan, i. 433, gives a list of settlers in
Rensselaerswyck, 1630-1646. (Cf. Munsell’s _Albany_, ii. 13, and the
map of 1763 in _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 552, and Weise’s _Troy_,
1876.) In 1839 Mr. D. D. Barnard appended a sketch of the Manor of
Rensselaerswyck to his discourse on the life of Stephen Van Rensselaer.
Much credit is due to Mr. Joel Munsell for his efforts to increase
interest in the study of American affairs, and particularly for his
labors upon the history of Albany and its neighborhood. He died in
1880. (Cf. _Historical Magazine_, x. 44; xv. 139, 270; _N. E. Hist.
and Geneal. Reg._, 1880, p. 239.) He gives an account of his method
and results in issuing historical monographs in small editions, in
_Historical Magazine_, February, 1869, p. 139. His _Annals of Albany_
appeared in ten volumes, from 1850 to 1859 (pp. 27-36 of vol. i. were
never printed); his _Collections on the History of Albany_, four
volumes, 1865-1871. See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal._ Reg., 1868, p. 104.
He published in 1869 J. Pearson’s _Early Records of Albany and the
Colony of Rensselaerswyck_, 1656-1675, translated from the Dutch, with
notes; and Wm. Barnes’s _Early History of Albany_, 1609-1686, was
privately printed by him in 1864, with a map of Albany, 1695. On the
early Dutch history of this region, see also General Egbert L. Viele’s
“Knickerbockers of New York two centuries ago,” in _Harper’s Monthly_,
December, 1876; a paper on the Van Rensselaers in _Scribner’s Monthly_,
vi. 651; and some landmarks noticed in B. J. Lossing’s _Hudson River_,
p. 124, etc.—ED.]
[887] [It is given in fac-simile in the Lenox edition (1862) of
Jogues’s _Novum Belgium_, edited by Shea, who also gave it in his
edition, 1865, of the tract, _The Commodities of the Iland called
Manati ore long Ile_. Cf. Asher’s List, no. 3; Armstrong’s _Essay on
Fort Nassau_, p. 7. Copies more or less faithful of De Laet’s map
appeared in Janssonius and Hondius’s _Atlas_ of 1638, and in the _Novus
Atlas_ of Johannes Janssonius, Amsterdam, 1658; again in 1695, with
the imprint of Valk and Schenk; and earlier, in 1651, reduced and not
closely copied, but with some new details, in the _Beschrijvinghe van
Virginia_, etc.; and of this last a photo-lithographic fac-simile was
made at Amsterdam a few years ago.—ED.]
[888] [This map belongs to Robert Dudley’s _Della Arcano del Mare_,
Firenze, 1647, i. 57, of which there was a second edition, corrected
and enlarged, in 1661. The 1647 edition is very rare, and the only copy
known to me in America is in Harvard College Library. The author of
the note on the map in the _Documents relative to the Colonial History
of New York_, vol. i., where a fac-simile of it is given, did not seem
to be aware of its origin. The Rev. E. E. Hale, in the _Amer. Antiq.
Soc. Proc._, October, 1873, describes some of the original drawings for
Dudley’s maps preserved in the Royal Library at Munich, and says the
engraver has omitted some of the names given in the drawing. (_Memorial
History of Boston_, i. 59.) The map of New Netherland differs from
other maps of its time, and is not noticed by Asher. Lucini says that
he was at work for twelve years on the plates, in an obscure village
of Tuscany. The work is usually priced at £20 or £25. Quaritch’s
_Catalogue_, 321, no. 11,971. Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_, 2,747
(150 francs.)—ED.]
[889] [Cf. the notes to Dr. De Costa’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]
[890] [It is not easy to discriminate between these editions, as copies
are often made up of various dates; but I have observed these dates:
1642, 1645, 1647, 1649, 1650, 1655, 1658, etc. The Dutch inscriptions
on these earlier maps of New Netherland are quite different from those
on the Latin later ones.—ED.]
[891] [Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 5,714; Baudet’s _Leven en Werken van
W. J. Blaeu_, Utrecht, 1871, pp. 76, 114.—ED.]
[892] [Cf. a dissertation on his work in Clément’s _Bibliothèque
curieuse_, iv. 287.—ED.]
[893] [From 1659 to 1672 it was issued with Spanish text, ten volumes,
but not including the American parts; in 1662 to 1665, with Latin text,
eleven volumes, the last devoted to America, usually with twenty-three
maps; in 1663, in French, twelve volumes; in 1664 to 1665 in Dutch,
but somewhat abridged. (Cf. Asher’s _List_, Muller’s _Catalogue_,
Armstrong’s _Fort Nassau_, p. 7, on the map of 1645 particularly.)
Muller says of this final edition: “The part treating of America may be
regarded as the first atlas of what is now the United States, in the
same sense as Wytfliet may be called the first special atlas of America
in general.” He afterwards added a _Theatrum Urbium_. The younger Blaeu
also issued, in 1648, an immense map of the world in two hemispheres,
twenty-one sheets. (Hallam’s _Literature of the Middle Ages_, iv, 48;
Muller’s _Catalogue_, 1877, no. 346).—ED.]
[894] [It was based on Mercator’s plates, which were bought in 1604 by
his father-in-law, Iodocus Hondius, an engraver, who was born in 1546;
worked in London, where he learned the Wright-Mercator projection,
and later published maps in Amsterdam, including the new edition of
Mercator, adding new plates, and died in 1611. But subsequent editions
(1617-1635), etc., of the atlas were known as Mercator’s and Hondius’s.
Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 5014.—ED.]
[895] Quaritch’s _Catalogue_, 259, nos. 19 and 20.
[896] [The same Jansson map of New Netherland is reproduced in his
_Atlas Contractus_ of 1666. Some editions of Jansson’s _Novus Atlas_
have the same text as Blaeu’s, with the maps, of course, different from
Blaeu’s.—ED.]
[897] [This map is given in Vol. III.—ED.]
[898] See _New York Colonial Documents_, xii. 183.
[899] [_List of the Maps and Charts of New Netherland_, Amsterdam,
1855, and usually bound with his _Bibliographical Essay_.—ED.]
[900] [Cf. notes to Mr. Stevens’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]
[901] Cf. Brodhead, _New York_, i. 621. Muller priced a copy at forty
florins. _Catalogue_ (1877), no. 2,271.
[902] [See Mr Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III. The New Netherland map (of
which a section is given herewith) is reproduced in Mr. Asher’s _List_,
with a tabulated list of names as they appear on this and the other
early maps. Van der Aa issued a map called “Nouvelle Hollande,” giving
the coast from the Penobscot to the Chesapeake.—ED.]
[903] [A phototype of it is herewith given. Other fac-similes of
this map are in O’Callaghan’ _New Netherland_, ii. 312; _Banquet of
the Saint Nicholas Society_, in 1852; Valentine’s _Manual_, 1852,
and his _City of New York_; 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.;
Munsell’s _Albany_; Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, ii.
249; Dunlap’s _New York_, i. 84; and _Pennsylvania Archives_ (second
series), v. 233.
Modern eclectic maps, showing the Dutch claims and possessions, may be
seen in Brodhead’s _New York_ (according to the charters of 1614 and
1621); in Bancroft’s _United States_, ii. 297; in Ridpath’s _United
States_ (showing the various European colonies in 1655); and in Lamb’s
_New York_, i. 218 (the same).—ED.]
[904] Mr. Muller pays a warm tribute to Asher and his _Essay_ in his
_Catalogue_ (1872), no. 1,052. “I always believed this book,” he says,
“to be a striking example of what intuition and discernment, combined
with great zeal, can do.” (Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xxxvi.)
Asher’s book may be supplemented by P. A. Tiele’s _Bibliotheek van
Nederlandsche pamfletten_, 1858-1861, based on Muller’s collection,
which gives 9,668 Dutch pamphlets published 1482-1702, adding to
Asher’s enumeration many others relating to America; and again the
Dutch-American student will find further help from J. K. van der Wulf’s
_Catalogus van de Tractaten in de bibliotheek van Isaac Meulman_,
Amsterdam, 1866-1868, three vols.,—a privately printed book in a
collection now in the library of the University of Gand. (Muller’s
_Catalogue_ [1872], nos. 108, 114; [1877] nos. 3,202, 3,566.) These two
works show 19,077 pamphlets published in the United Provinces from 1500
to 1713.
[905] It consists of Part I. (1872), books, nos. 1-2,339. Part II.
(1875), supplement of books, nos. 2,340-3,534. Part III. _a._ (1874)
portraits, nos. 1-1,280; _b._ (1874) autographs, nos. 1-1,508; _c._
(1874) plates, nos. 1-1,855; _d._ (1875) atlases and maps, nos.
1-2,288. Many of the larger notes in this catalogue were not repeated
in the consolidated _Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets, Atlases, Maps,
Plates, and Autographs relating to North and South America_, nos.
1-3,695, which Mr. Muller issued in 1877. In the preface of his 1872
_Catalogue_ Mr. Muller speaks of his American collection, which formed
the basis of Mr. Asher’s _Essay_; this collection he sold in 1858
to Brockhaus, and another was sold in 1866 to Henry Stevens,—all of
which, as well as later acquisitions, formed the foundation of his
_Catalogue_. “Since I began my present business,” says Mr. Muller in
1872, “now more than thirty years ago, my firm conviction has been that
the antiquarian bookseller can largely serve science, bibliography,
or literary history especially, without forgetting his own profit....
An antiquarian bookseller who is not himself a student, or at least
desirous of furthering science by the aid of his connections, will
hardly be as successful as he might be in another less scientific
calling. Experience has amply shown me that this opinion, merely a
loose impression when I first started in business, was correct.” Mr.
Muller was born in Amsterdam, July 22, 1817, and was early apprenticed
to his uncle, a bookseller of that town, and in 1843 he became a
bookseller on his own account, and identified himself thereafter with
bibliography. His pupil and friend, Otto Harrassowitz, printed a memoir
of Muller in the German _Börsenblatt_, no. 48; and there is also a
sketch with an engraved portrait in _Trübner’s Literary Record_, new
series, vol. ii. (1881) no. 1. He died Jan. 6, 1881.
[906] Of his tract on the Stadthuys and the views of that building, see
Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.
[907] See the preceding chapter.
[908] In a letter of the 27th of April, of that year, Gustavus also
commended the project to the Swedish Lutheran bishops, “the rather,”
says Geijer, “that the Company was to labor for the conversion of
the heathen.” Some popular verses of the day are cited by the same
historian, attributing the solicitation of the clergy to invest their
funds in the venture to motives not so pious.
[909] Portraits of Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstjerna, copied
from originals in Sweden, are owned by the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania.
[910] According to Campanius, the Swedish Government likewise obtained,
through Johan Oxenstjerna, ambassador to King Charles I. of England,
in 1634, the renunciation in their favor of all pretensions of the
English to the territory afterward known as New Sweden, based on the
right of first discovery,—a statement “confirmed by von Stiernman,”
says Acrelius, “out of the official documents, the article of cession
being preserved in the royal archives before the burning of the palace”
of Stockholm in 1697. Sprinchorn recently searched the archives of
Sweden for official testimony on the subject without avail, although he
“met with the declaration of Campanius in more than one contemporaneous
instrument.” The succeeding passage in Campanius, relating to the
claims of the Hollanders, has been grossly mistranslated by Du Ponceau
(misleading Reynolds, the translator of Acrelius), even to the
mentioning of a treaty confirming the purchase of the Dutch title by
the Swedes, regarding which nothing whatever appears in the original.
[911] See the preceding chapter.
[912] This letter is as follows:—
Whereas many kingdoms and countries prosper by means of navigation, and
parts of the West Indies have gradually been occupied by the English,
French, and Dutch, it seems to me that the Crown of Sweden ought not
to forbear to make also its name known in foreign lands; and therefore
I, the undersigned, desire to tender my services to the same, to
undertake, on a small scale, what, by God’s grace, should in a short
time result in something great.
In the first place, I have proposed to Mr. Peter Spiring to make a
voyage to the Virginias, New Netherland, and other regions adjacent,
certain places well known to me, with a very good climate, which might
be named Nova Suedia.
For this expedition there would be required a ship of 60, 70, or 100
läster [120, 140, or 200 tons], armed with twelve guns, and sufficient
ammunition.
For the cargo, 10,000 or 12,000 gulden would be needed, to be expended
in hatchets, axes, kettles, blankets, and other merchandise.
A crew of twenty or twenty-five men would be wanted, with provisions
for twelve months, which would cost about 3,400 gulden.
In case the Crown of Sweden would provide the ship with ammunition,
with twelve soldiers, to garrison and hold the places, and likewise
furnish a bark or yacht, for facilitating trade, the whole [additional]
expense might come to about 1,600 gulden,—one half of which I myself
will guarantee, Mr. Spiring assuming the other half, either on his own
account or for the Crown, the same to be paid at once, in cash.
As to the time of sailing, the sooner we start the better; for,
although trade does not begin till spring, by being on the spot in
season, we can get on friendly terms with the savages, and induce them
to collect as many furs as possible during the winter, and may hope to
buy 4,500 or 6,000 beaver skins, thus acquiring a large capital from so
small a commencement, and the ability to undertake more hereafter.
The Crown of Sweden might favor the beginners of this new enterprise
with a charter, prohibiting all other persons from sailing from Sweden
within the limits of _Terra Nova_ and Florida for the space of twenty
years, on pain of confiscation of ship and cargo. And as it often
happens that French or Portuguese vessels are met with on the ocean,
authority should likewise be granted to capture such ships, and bring
them as lawful prizes to Sweden. Also, it should be conceded that all
goods of the Company for the first ten years be free of duty both
coming in and going out.
And, as the said land is suited for growing tobacco and various kinds
of grain, it would be well to take along proper persons to cultivate
these, who might at the same time be employed as garrison.
In addition, the advantages to be derived from the enterprise in course
of time by the Crown of Sweden could be indicated orally by me, if I
were called to Sweden to give a more detailed account of everything.
However, that shall be as the gentlemen of the Government see fit.
This is designed briefly to serve your Excellency as a memorandum. I
trust your Excellency will write an early answer from Sweden to my
known friend [Blommaert?], whether the work will be undertaken, so that
no time be lost, and others anticipate an enterprise which should bring
so great profit to the Crown of Sweden.
Herewith wishing your Excellency _bon voyage_, I remain
Your Excellency’s faithful servant,
PIETER MINUIT.
AMSTERDAM, June 15, 1636. [Illustration]
[913] Compare documents printed by Sprinchorn with an examination of
Mr. Lamberton by Governor Printz, at Fort Christina, July 10, 1643, in
the Royal Archives at Stockholm. Acrelius, misinterpreting a statement
in Lewis Evans’s _Analysis of a General Map of the Middle British
Colonies in America_ (Philadelphia, 1755), bounds New Sweden on the
west by the Susquehanna River.
[914] A portrait of Queen Christina is owned by the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania.
[915] Either this expedition or the preceding one under Minuit was
accompanied by the Rev. Reorus Torkillus, a Swedish Lutheran clergyman,
of Öster-Götland. Ten other companions of Minuit or Hollender are
mentioned in a foot-note to the writer’s translation of Professor
Odhner’s “Kolonien Nya Sveriges Grundläggning,” in the _Pennsylvania
Magazine of History_, iii. 402, among whom Anders Svenson Bonde, Anders
Larsson Daalbo, Peter Gunnarson Rambo, and Sven Gunnarson are the best
known in the subsequent history of the colony.
[916] It is only spoken of once in documents still preserved to
us,—namely, in the Instructions to Governor Printz, Aug. 15, 1642.
Bogardt himself is also referred to as “one Bagot,” in Beauchamp
Plantagenet’s _Description of New Albion_.
[917] The names of forty-two persons who took part in this expedition
are given in a note of the writer in the _Pennsylvania Magazine of
History_, iii. 462, _et seq._,—the most conspicuous of these being
Lieutenant Måns Kling, a Swedish Lutheran clergyman called “Herr
Christopher,” Gustaf Strahl (a young nobleman), Carl Janson (for many
years Printz’s book-keeper), Olof Person Stille, and Peter Larsson Cock
(afterward civil officers under the Dutch and English).
[918] The name given on Lindström’s map to the Cape Cornelius of
Visscher’s and other Dutch maps, which apply the name of Hinlopen to
the “false cape,” twelve miles farther south, at the mouth of Rehoboth
Bay. It corresponds with the present Cape Henlopen.
[919] Twenty-three of these are mentioned in a foot-note to the
writer’s translation of Odhner’s work before referred to, _Pennsylvania
Magazine of History_, iii. 409; the most prominent of whom are Sergeant
Gregorius van Dyck, Elias Gyllengren, Jacob Svenson, and Jöran Kyn
Snöhvit.
[920] That at the Schuylkill, or a stronghold which superseded it,
is mentioned in a report of the Dutch Commissary Hudde as situated
“on a very convenient island at the edge of the Kil,” identified by
Dr. George Smith as Province or State Island, at the mouth of the
Schuylkill, which river, says Hudde, “can be controlled by it.”
[921] [See Professor Keen’s paper on New Albion in Vol. III.—ED.]
[922] It may be proper to note that the Governor himself does not seem
at first to have been satisfied with the sincerity of the aborigines,
and, in keeping with his former profession of arms, even appeals in his
report of 1644 to the authorities in Sweden for a couple of hundred
soldiers to drive the savages from the Delaware, arguing also that the
Dutch and English would be more likely to respect rights acquired from
the natives not merely by purchase, but also by the sword.
[923] This vessel alone is named in Printz’s reports of 1644 and 1647.
In a communication, however, of Queen Christina to the Admiralty,
of the 12th of August, 1645, and in her Majesty’s letter to Captain
Berendt Hermanson, of the 8th of the preceding May, preserved in the
registry of the Admiralty in the naval archives of Sweden, the “Kalmar
Nyckel” is mentioned, with the “Fama,” as having made “the voyage
to Virginia” under the commander named. On her return this ship met
with detention in Holland similar to that incurred by the “Fama,” but
finally arrived in Sweden with 53,100 pounds of tobacco. So large a
cargo certainly was not raised in New Sweden (which place, probably,
was not visited by the vessel), and may have been purchased in the
English Virginia. For a comment on such practices see an extract from
a letter from Directors of the Dutch West India Company in Holland to
Director-General Stuyvesant, dated Jan. 27, 1649, a translation of
which is printed in _Documents relating to the Colonial History of the
State of New York_, xii. 47, 48.
[924] Only five male emigrants who came out on this expedition,
beside Papegåja, were living in the colony March 1, 1648; namely, a
barber-surgeon, a gunner, two common soldiers, and a young lad.
[925] Printed at Stockholm in 1696, under the title of _Lutheri
Catechismus, Öfwersatt på American-Virginiske Språket_, followed by
a _Vocabularium Barbaro-Virgineorum_, reproduced by the author’s
grandson in his _Kort Beskrifning om Nya Sverige_. A copy of it is
in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Concerning
it, see particularly Acrelius’s _Beskrifning_, p. 423. [Cf. _Brinley
Catalogue_, nos. 5,698-99; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, x. 42,726;
_O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 1,427; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. no.
1,498; and Muller, _Books on America_ (1872). no. 1,562, where errors
of Brunet and Leclerc are pointed out.—ED.]
[926] Campanius, to be sure, mentions “Korsholm” as a distinct fort,
but he does so in terms which show that he is citing Lindström,
who speaks of it as on territory granted to Sven Schute, embracing
“Passajungh, Kinsessingh, Mockorhuttingh, and the land on both sides
of the Schylekijl to the river” Delaware, and makes no reference to a
“Fort Skörkil.” The statements with regard to the latter were probably
drawn from the manuscripts of his grandfather. It did not occur to him,
I suppose, that the places might be identical. “Gripsholm” is the name
incorrectly given for “Korsholm” by N. J. Visscher and later Dutch
cartographers.
[927] At “Chinsessingh” (the Indian name of the land west of the
Schuylkill), says Campanius,—“the New Fort,” so called, which “was
no fort, but a good log-house, built of strong hickory, two stories
high, and affording sufficient protection against the Indians.” If the
interpretation usually given to the dates of Hudde’s report already
cited be correct, both Wasa and Mölndal were occupied by Printz
before November, 1645. The latter post was at a “place called by the
Indians Kakarikonck” or “Karakung,” near where the present road from
Philadelphia to Darby crosses Cobb’s Creek.
[928] The expression used in Oxenstjerna’s reply to Printz’s Report
referred to in the next sentence. Printzdorp, on the west side of the
river Delaware, south of Upland, was doubtless granted to Printz in
accordance with this petition.
[929] The only one residing in New Sweden March 1, 1648, was the
Reverend Lars Carlson Lock. Sprinchorn also mentions another Swedish
Lutheran clergyman, “Israel Fluviander,—Printz’s sister’s son,” who
probably died or returned home in the spring.
[930] Corresponding, of course, to July 27, O. S. The materials of this
narrative being almost entirely derived from Swedish sources, the dates
have not been altered from the Julian calendar, which was still used
in Sweden. The news referred to in the text was brought by Augustine
Herman, who had dealings with Governor Printz upon the Delaware, and
for some account of whom see the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_,
iv. 100 _et seq._
[931] Something over two hundred tons.
[932] A certified copy of Amundson’s patent, with the REGIS REGNIQUE
CANCELLARIÆ SIGILLUM of the period attached to it, is in the library
of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. In view of conflicting
interests of the West India Company, adverse claims of other colonists,
and the opposition of an Indian proprietor of Passajung, Rising
declined to sanction the occupation of these tracts without further
orders from Sweden.
[933] So Governor Rising. According to a Dutchman who took part in
the expedition, the “force consisted of three hundred and seventeen
soldiers, besides a company of sailors.”
[934] Anders Bengtson is the only one whose name has been preserved to
us.
[935] The dread expressed in letters from the Directors of the Dutch
West India Company to Director-General Stuyvesant, dated Oct. 16 and
30, 1663 (_Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 445-46), lest an expedition,
which had sailed from Sweden under Admiral Hendrick Gerritsen Zeehelm,
was designed to subvert their dominion over the South River, is not
justified, says Sprinchorn, by evidence of the existence of any plan to
recover the colony, at that time, by force of arms.
[936] _Manifest und Vertragbrieff, der Australischen Companey im
Königreich Schweden auffgerichtet. Im Jahr MDCXXIV._ 4to, 12 unnumbered
pp. The only copy known to the writer is in the library of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The document itself is reproduced
in the _Auszführlicher Bericht über den Manifest_. A fac-simile of the
title is given herewith.
[937] _Fullmagt för Wellam Usselinx at inrätta et Gen. Handels Comp.
til Asien, Afr., Amer. och Terra Magell. Dat. Stockh. d. 21 Dec. 1624._
Cited by Acrelius. It has been translated into English in _Doc. Col.
Hist. N. Y._, vol. xii. pp. 1 and 2.
_Sw. Rikes Gen. Handels Compagnies Contract, dirigerat til Asiam,
Africam och Magellaniam, samt desz Conditiones_, etc. _Stockh. år
1625_. Cited by Acrelius.—_Der Reiche Schweden Genera. Compagnies
Handlungs Contract, Dirigiret naher Asiam, Africam, Americam, vnd
Magellanicam. Samt dessen Conditionen vnnd Wilköhren. Mit Kön. May.
zu Schweden, vnsers Aller-gnedigsten Königs vnd Herrn gnediger
Bewilligung, auch hierauff ertheilten Privilegien, in öffentlichen
Druck publiciret. Stockholm, 1625._ 4to, title, and 7 unnumbered pages.
A copy is in the Carter-Brown Library. Translated into English in _Doc.
Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 2 _et seq._
_Uthförligh Förklaring öfwer Handels Contractet angåendes thet Södre
Compagniet uthi Konungarijket i Swerighe. Stält igenom Wilhelm
Usselinx, Och nu aff thet Nederländske Språket uthsatt på Swenska, aff
Erico Schrodero. Tryckt i Stockholm, aff Ignatio Meurer, Åhr 1626,
4to._ —_Auszführlicher Bericht über den Manifest; oder Vertrag-Brieff
der Australischen oder Süder Compagney im Königreich Schweden. Durch
Wilhelm Usselinx. Ausz dem Niederländischen in die Hochdeutsche Sprache
übergesetzt. Stockholm, Gedruckt durch Christoffer Reusner_. _Anno_
MDCXXVI. 4to. The German version contains Usselinx’s interesting
“voorrede” to the Netherlanders, dated at Stockholm, Oct. 17, 1625, in
the original Dutch (not given in the Swedish edition), reprinted in
the Dutch _Octroy ofte Privilegie_, and reproduced in the corrected
_Auszführlicher Bericht_ of the _Argonautica Gustaviana_. Cf. Muller’s
_Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,143, for a comparison of the Swedish
edition and the _Dutch Octroy ofte Privilegie_. The only copies of
these books known to the writer are in the Library of Congress.
_Octroy eller Privilegier, som then Stormägtigste Högborne Furste och
Herre, Herr Gustaf Adolph, Sweriges, Göthes och Wendes Konung_, etc.
_Det Swenska nysz uprättade Södra Compagniet nädigst hafwer bebrefwat.
Dat. Stockholm d. 14 Junii, 1626._ Cited by Acrelius.—_Octroy und
Privilegium so der Allerdurchläuchtigste Groszmächtigste Fürst und
Herr, Herr Gustavus Adolphus, der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden König,
Grosz-Fürst in Finnland. Hertzog zu Ehesten und Carelen, Herr zu
Ingermanland, etc. Der im Königreich Schweden jüngsthin auffgerichteten
Süder-Compagnie allergnädigst gegeben und verliehen. Stockholm,
gedruckt bey Ignatio Meurern. Im Jahr 1626._ Reprinted in Johannes
Marquardus’s _Tractatus Politico-Juridicus de Jure Mercatorum et
Commerciorum Singulari_, vol. ii. pp. 545-52, Frankfort, 1662. An
English translation is given in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 7 _et
seq._
_Octroy ofte Privilegie soo by den alderdoorluchtigsten Grootmachtigen
Vorst ende Heer Heer Gustaeff Adolph, der Sweden Gothen ende Wenden
Koningh, Grootvorst in Finland, Hertogh tot Ehesten ende Carelen,
Heer tot Ingermanland, etc., aen de nieuw opgerichte Zuyder Compagnie
in’t Koningrijck Sweden onlangs genadigst gegeben ende verleend is,
Mitsgaders een naerder Bericht over’t selve Octroy ende Verdragh-brief
door Willem Usselincx. In’s Gravenhage, By Aert Meuris, Boeckverkooper
in de Papestraat in den Bybel, anno 1627. 4to._ Besides the _Octroy_ it
comprises a Dutch version of Usselinx’s _Uthförligh Förklaring_. Cf.
Asher’s _Essay_, no. 41 and pp. 82, 83.
_Kurtzer Extract der vornemsten Haupt-Puncten, so biszher
weitläufftig und gründlich erwiesen, und nochmals, jedermänniglich,
unwiedersprechlich für Augen gestellet sollen werden. In Sachen der
neuen Süder-Compagnie. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn bey Christoph Krausen,
Anno 1633. Mens. Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii.
541-42.
_Instruction oder Anleitung: Welcher Gestalt die Einzeichnung zu der
neuen Süder-Compagnie, durch Schweden und nunmehr auch Teutschland
zubefördern, und an die Hand zunehmen; derselben auch mit ehestem ein
Anfang zumachen. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn bey Christoph Krausen. 1633.
Mense Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 542-45.
_Ampliatio oder Erweiterung des Privilegii so der Allerdurchläuchtigste
Groszmächtigste Fürst und Herr, Herr Gustavus Adolphus, der Schweden,
Gothen und Wenden König; Grosz-Fürst in Finnland, Hertzog zu Ehesten
und Carelen, Herr zu Ingermannland, etc. Der neuen Australischen
oder Süder-Compagnie durch Schweden und nunmehr auch Teutschland,
allergnädigst ertheilet und verliehen. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn, bey
Christoph Krausen. Im Jahr 1633. Mense Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s
_Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 552-55.
_Argonautica Gustaviana, das ist: Nothwendige Nach-Richt von der Neuen
Seefahrt und Kauffhandlung, so von dem Weilandt Allerdurchleuchtigsten
Groszmächtigsten und Siegreichesten Fürsten unnd Herrn, Herrn Gustavo
Adolpho Magno; ... durch anrichtung einer General Handel-Compagnie ...
vor wenig Jahren zu stifften angefangen: anjetzo aber der Teutschen
Evangelischen Nation ... zu unermesslichem Nutz und Frommen ...
mitgetheilet worden.... Gedruckt zu Franckfurt am Mayn, bey Caspar
Rödteln, im Jahr Christi 1633. Mense Junio._ Folio. It comprises:
a _Patent oder öffentlich Auszschreiben wegen dieses Vorhabens_,
signed by Axel Oxenstjerna, June 26, 1633 (3 pp.); an _Extract
etlicher vornehmen Haubtpuncten_ (2 pp.); the _Octroy und Privilegium_
of Gustavus Adolphus (8 pp.); the _Ampliatio_ (4 pp.); _Formular
desz Manifest_, reproducing with slight variations the _Manifest_,
and Usselinx’s _Auszführlicher Bericht, in Niderländischen Sprach
gestellet, vor diesem bereit in eyl in Teutsch übergesetzt, anitzo aber
nach dem Niderländischen mit allem fleisz übersehen, an vielen Orten
nach Notturfft verbessert und mit Summarischen Marginalien bezeichnet_
(56 pp.); and, finally, Usselinx’s appeal to the Germans, entitled
_Mercurius Germaniæ_, with the _Instruction_, and some _Nothwendige
Beylagen_ (51 pp.). It has been reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_,
vol. ii. pp. 373-540. Cf. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no.
1,136; (1877) no. 179; and a note in the preceding chapter.
_Ampliation oder Erweiterung von dem Octroij und Privilegio, der newen
Süyder-Handels Compagnia, durch Last und Befehl von die Deputirten
der löblichen Confæderirten Herren Ständen, der vier Ober-Cräysen
zu Franckfurth, anzustellen verordnet, den 12 December, Anno 1634.
Gedruckt zu Hamburg, durch Heinrich Werner, im Jahr Christi 1635._ A
copy is bound with that of the _Argonautica Gustaviana_ in the Harvard
College Library.
[938] _Printed in the Year 1648._ For the full title and some
particulars concerning this book see paper on “New Albion,” in Vol. III.
[939] _Breeden-Raedt aende Vereenichde Nederlandsche Provintien,
Gelreland, Holland, Zeeland, Wtrecht, Vriesland, Over-Yssel,
Groeningen, Gemaeckt ende Gestalt uyt diverse ware en waerachtige
memorien. Door I. A. G. W. C. Tot Antwerpen, ghedruct by Francoys van
Duynen, Boeckverkooper by de Beurs in Erasmus, 1649._ Translated into
English by Henry C. Murphy in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._,[P3: missing.
inserted] second series, vol. iii. part i. pp. 237 _at seq._ (New York,
1857). See preceding chapter.
[940] _Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, Weghens de Gheleghentheydt,
Vruchtbaerheydt, en Soberen Staet deszelfs. In’s Graven-Hage. Ghedruckt
by Michiel Stael, Bouckverkooper woonende op’t Buyten Hof, tegen-over
de Gevange-Poort_, 1650, 4to, 49 pp. A translation of it, with
explanatory notes (one of which relates to the date of the arrival
of the Swedes on the Delaware, citing Hawley’s letter to Windebanke,
and correcting Arfwedson’s misapprehension of Biörck), by Henry C.
Murphy, is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. ii.
pp. 251 _et seq._ (New York, 1849); and one of an authenticated copy
of the original document appears in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, vol. i.
pp. 271 _et seq._ Authors also frequently cite the _Beschryvinghe van
Virginia_, _Nieuw Nederlandt_, etc. (_’t Amsterdam, by Joost Hartgers_,
1651, 4to), a compilation from the _Vertoogh_ and other publications.
See preceding chapter.
[941] _Beschrijvinghe van Nieuvv-Nederlant ... Beschreven door Adriaen
van der Donck.... ’t Amsteldam...._ 1655, 4to. The same: _Den tweeden
Druck. Met een pertinent Kaertje van’t zelve Landt verciert en van veel
druckfouten gesuyvert. ’t Aemsteldam...._ 1656. 4to. A translation of
the second edition, by the Hon. Jeremiah Johnson, is given in _N. Y.
Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 125 _et seq._ (New York,
1841). See preceding chapter.
[942] Upsala, 1654 and 1662, 8vo. Frankfort and Leipsic, 1676, 4to.
[943] In his _Korte historiael ende journaels aenteyckeninge van
verscheyden voyagiens in de vier deelen des Wereldts-Ronde, ... t’
Hoorn...._ 1655 (4to, 192 pp.). A translation of the voyages to
America, by Henry C. Murphy, appears in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._,
second series, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 1 _et seq._ The version in _N. Y.
Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 243 _et seq._, by Dr. G.
Troost, from the Du Simitière MSS. in the Philadelphia Library, does
not include the visit of De Vries to Printz, an imperfect account of
which is given by the translator, which has been not less imperfectly
followed by several later writers. See preceding chapter.
[944] _Saken van Staat en Oorlogh, in, ende omtrent de Vereenigde
Nederlanden_, 1621-1669. The Hague, 1657-1671, 15 vols., 4to;
1669-1672, 7 vols., folio.
[945] _Antwoordt van de Hog. Mo. Heeren Staten Generael deser
vereenighde Nederlanden, Gegeven den 15 Augusti 1664, op twee distincte
memorien, ende pretensien van de Heer Appelboom, Resident van den
Konich van Sweden, De eene overgelevert aen haer Ho. Mo. voorsz. Tot
Uytrecht, By Pieter Dercksz. Anno 1664._ 4to.
[946] _Kort Beskrifning om Provincien Nya Swerige uti America, som nu
förtjden af the Engelske kallas Pensylvania. Af lärde och trowärdige
Mäns skrifter och berättelser ihopaletad och sammanstrefwen, samt
med åthskillige Figure utzirad af Thomas Campanius Holm. Stockholm,
Tryckt uti Kongl. Boktr. hos Sal. Wankijfs Änkia med egen bekostnad,
af J. H. Werner. Åhr_ MDCCII. 4to, xx + 192 pp. An ornamental
titlepage bears the legend: _Novæ Sveciæ seu Pensylvaniæ in America
Descriptio_. The work is dedicated to King Charles XII. of Sweden, and
is divided into four books, the first of these treating of America in
general, the second of New Sweden, and the third of the Indians in
New Sweden, and the fourth consisting of a vocabulary and collection
of phrases and some discourses in the dialect of the same savages,
with Addenda concerning the Minquas and their language, and certain
rare and remarkable things in America. It is embellished with numerous
illustrations besides those mentioned in the text; among them being
maps of America and of Virginia, New England, New Holland, and New
Sweden, and one of New Sweden taken from Nicholas Visscher, the two
latter being given in this chapter, and pictures of an Indian fort and
Indian canoes. An extract from a translation of it is given in _N.
Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. ii. pp. 343 _et seq._ (New York, 1814).
An annotated translation of the whole work, by Peter S. Du Ponceau,
LL.D., reproducing Lindström’s and Visscher’s maps of New Sweden, and
the representations of Trinity Fort, the siege of Christina Fort, and
the Indian fort, above referred to, was published in _Memoirs of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 1 _et seq._
(Philadelphia, 1834). The work is rare. Copies are to be found in the
Philadelphia Library, in the libraries of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania, Harvard College and Congress, and in the Carter-Brown
collection. It is priced in recent catalogues as high as £15 or £16.
Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,043-44; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, iii.
10,202; Muller (1872), no. 1,138; (1875), no. 2,845; (1877), no. 570;
80 Dutch florins; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 233; _Menzies
Catalogue_, no. 327; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 467. Few copies
have all the illustrations. Muller errs in making the author the son,
instead of the grandson, of the Rev. Johan Campanius Holm.
[947] One of the most noteworthy of these is the assertion that the
Swedes settled on the Delaware as early as 1631. This is reiterated
by Cronholm and Sprengel, and in Smith’s _New Jersey_, Proud’s
_Pennsylvania_, Holmes’s _Annals_, etc., and even in a note _in loco_
of Du Ponceau himself.
[948] _Dissertatio Gradualis de Svionum in America Colonia, quam, ex
consensu Ampl. Senatus Philosoph. in Inclita Academia Upsaliensi,
Præside viro amplissimo M. Petro Elvio, Mathem. Prof. Reg. et Ord.,
publice ventilandam subjicit Johannes Dan. Swedberg, Dalekarlus, in
Audit. Gustav. Maj. ad diem_ xxiii. _Junii Anni_ MDCCIX. _Upsaliæ, ex
officina Werneriana._ Small 8vo, vi + 32 pp. A copy is in the library
of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_,
no. 3,099; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,141; (1877), no.
3,137. A copy has been recently priced at 50 marks.
[949] Bishop Svedberg’s interest in the posterity of the old colonists
of New Sweden is well evinced in his _America Illuminata_ (Skara, 1732,
small 8vo, 163 pp. + Indices), copies of which are in the libraries
of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and of Harvard College. Cf.
_Brinley Catalogue_, ii. 3,100; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no.
1,140. Well-bound copies have been recently priced at £10. See also
_Vita Jesperi Swedberg, Episcopi Scarensis_, an academical dissertation
by Carolus Johannes Knos, vestrogothus (Upsala, 1787), a copy of which
is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, as well
as a portrait of the bishop, signed “H. C. Fehlingk delin. Joh. Chr.
Böcklin Aug. Vind. sc. Lipsiæ.”
[950] _Brieven geschreven ende gewisselt tusschen der Herr Johan de
Witt, Raedt-Pensionaris, etc., ende de Gevolmachtigden van den Staedt
der Vereenigde Nederlanden, so in Vranckryck, Engelandt, Sweden,
Danemarcken, Poolen, etc._, 1652-1659. The Hague, 1723-1725, 6 vols.,
4to.
[951] ﬣוֹﬣיּ ﬤשׁﬦ _Dissertatio Gradualis, de Plantatione Ecclesiæ Svecanæ
in America, quam, suffragrante Ampl. Senatu Philosoph. in Regio
Upsal. Athenæo, Præside Viro Amplissimo atque Celeberrimo Mag. Andrea
Brörwall, Eth. et Polit. Prof. Reg. et Ord., in Audit. Gust. Maj. d.
14 Jun. An. MDCCXXXI., examinandam modeste sistit Tobias E. Biörck,
Americano-Dalekarlus. Upsaliæ, Literis Wernerianis._ 4to, viii + 34
pp. Embellished with an original folding copperplate map, engraved by
Jonas Silfverling, Upsala, 1731, entitled _Delineatio Pennsilvaniæ
et Cæesareæ Nov. Occident seu West N. Iersey in America_, indicating
many of the settlements of the descendants of the old colonists of
New Sweden. A copy is in the library of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania. Cf. _Historical Magazine_, art. iii., April, 1873, by J.
R. Bartlett; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,137, where it is
claimed that it is the first work on New Sweden written by a native,
and published in Sweden. A copy has been recently priced at 50 marks.
[952] Author of _Kort Berettelse om then Swenska Kyrkios närwarande
Tilstånd i America, samt oförgripeliga tankar om thesz widare
förkofring.... Tryckt i Norkiöping, Anno 1725_ (4to, 24 pp.). The
book contains no new information about the early history of the
Swedish colony on the Delaware. A copy of it is in the library of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
[953] Publication passed August 11, 1742. A copy is in the library of
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
[954] _Ifrån år 1523 in til närvarande tid. Uppå Hans Kongl. Maj:
ts nådigesta befallning gjord._ Forsta del, Stockholm, 1747; andra
del, ibid., 1750; tredje del, ibid., 1753; fjerde del, ibid., 1760;
femte del, ibid., 1766; sjette del, ibid., 1775. In the same author’s
_Matrickel öfwer Sweriges Rikes Ridderskap och Adel_, 1754, p. 350,
occurs a notice of Johan Printz, stating that after his return from New
Sweden he was made a General, and in 1658 Governor of Jönköping. It is
added: “He was born in the parsonage of Bottneryd, and died in 1663,
without sons, the family thus ending with him in the male line.” As
to these points compare, however, Prof. Dr. Ernst Heinrich Kneschke’s
_Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexicon_, vii. pp. 253-54 (Leipsic,
1867), art. “Printz, Printz v. Buchan,” which speaks of Governor Printz
as belonging to a Lutheran branch of an old Austrian noble family that
emigrated to Holstein soon after the Reformation, and finally settled
in East Prussia. According to this authority he had a son Johann
Friedrich, who became a Major-General in the army of the Electorate
of Brandenburg, and was ennobled in 1661 under the name of Printz von
Buchan, whose descendants still live in Germany. In mitigation of the
blame attached by Stiernman to Printz for the surrender of Chemnitz,
see Puffendorf _in loco_.
[955] _Ex Archivo Palmskiöldiano nunc primum in lucem edita. Præeside
Olavo Celsio. Upsaliæ_, MDCCL. (Academical dissertations.)
[956] Stockholm, 1753-1761, 3 vols., 8vo. In German, Göttingen,
1754-64; and in English, Warrington and London, 1770-1771, 2d ed. 1772.
Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ix. 382. Kalm’s _Tankar med Guds Wälsegnande
Nåd och Wederbörandes Tilstånd om Nyttan som kunnat tilfalla wårt kjära
Fädernesland af des Nybygge i America ferdom Nya Swerige kalladt_
(Aboæ, 1754, 4to) gives a short account of the fertility and the chief
natural products of the territory on the Delaware, nearly the same as
the fuller one in the author’s _Resa_.
[957] London, 1757. See Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.
[958] _Beskrifning om de Swenska Församlingars Forna och Närwarande
Tilstånd, uti det så kallade Nya Swerige, sedan Nya Nederland, men nu
för tiden Pensylvanien, samt nästliggande Orter wid Alfwen De la Ware,
Wäst-Yersey och New-Castle County uti Norra America; Utgifwen af Israel
Acrelius, För detta Probst öfwer de Swenska Församlingar i America och
Kyrkoherde uti Christina, men nu Probst och Kyrkoherde uti Fellingsbro.
Stockholm, Tryckt hos Harberg et Hesselberg, 1759._ 4to, xx+ 534 pp.
The work is dedicated to Queen Louisa Ulrica of Sweden. A translation
of portions of the book, by the Rev. Nicholas Collin, D.D., is given
in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 401 _et seq._
A translation of the whole of it, by the Rev. William M. Reynolds,
D.D., with numerous additional notes, was published in _Memoirs of
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. xi. (Philadelphia,
1874). The latter is accompanied by a portrait of the author, engraved
from a copy in oils by Christian Schuessele (in the library of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania) from a picture sent to this country
by Acrelius, now the property of Trinity Church, Wilmington, Del.; as
well as by a map of New Sweden, engraved from a copy (belonging to
the same Historical Society) of the original of Engineer Lindström,
still preserved in Sweden. There are copies in the libraries of
Harvard College and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and in the
Carter-Brown collection. (Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, i. 133; _Brinley
Catalogue_, ii. 3,030; Muller’s _Books on America_ [1872], no. 1,134;
also _Catalogue of Paintings_, etc., belonging to the Hist. Soc. of
Penn., no. 59. Priced recently at £7 7_s._) Acrelius died in 1800.
[959] In _Svenska patriotiska Sällskapets Handlingar_, Stockholm, 1770.
[960] London, 1772.
[961] The later edition of James Savage, under the title _History of
New England_ (Boston, 1825-1826), contains also the continuation of the
_Journal_, with additional matter on the Swedes. See preceding chapter,
and Vol. III.
[962] Very carefully reprinted in _Records of the Colony of New
Plymouth_, vols. ix. and x. (Boston, 1859.)
[963] Hamburg, 1799. The author’s treatment of the subject in his
histories of New Jersey and Pennsylvania in the same work, vols. iii.
and vi. (Hamburg, 1796 and 1803), is not so full. Ebeling’s library,
now in Harvard College Library, shows several of the rarest of the
early books on New Sweden.
[964] In _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vols. v. and vi.
(Boston, 1815). Reprinted in 1848. For an estimate of Hubbard see Vol.
III.
[965] _De Colonia Nova Svecia in Americam Borealem Deducta Historiola.
Quam, venia ampl. Fac. Phil. Upsal., Præside Mag. Erico Gust. Geijer,
Historiar. Prof Reg. et Ord.... P. P. Auctor Carolus David Arfwedson,
Vestrogothus. In Audit. Gust. die xix. Nov. MDCCCXXV. H. A. M S.
Upsaliæ. Excudebant Regiæ Academiæ Typographi._ 4to, iv + 34 pp. Copies
are in the libraries of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and of
Harvard College. Cf. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,135;
Brinley, ii. 3,031.
[966] A translation of this, by the late Hon. George P. Marsh, is given
in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 443 _et seq._
[967] A translation of it is inserted in Du Ponceau’s translation of
Campanius, already mentioned, p. 109 _et seq._
[968] _In History of the State of New York_, part ii., New York, 1826.
[969] _Sketches of the Primitive Settlements on the River Delaware.
A Discourse delivered before the Society for the Commemoration of
the Landing of William Penn, on the 24th of October, 1827. By James
N. Barker. Published by request of the Society. Philadelphia, 1827._
8vo, 62 pp. Extracts from it are given in Samuel Hazard’s _Register of
Pennsylvania_, vol. i. p. 179 _et seq._ (Philadelphia, 1828.)
[970] Philadelphia, 1829 and 1830.
[971] Philadelphia, 1835, 12mo, 180 pp.; 2d ed. 1858, 12mo, 179 pp.,
omitting the charter of the Swedish churches.
[972] Örebro, 1832-1836.
[973] Vol. ii., Boston, 1837.
[974] Baltimore, 1837. Cf. Mr. Brantley’s chapter in Vol. III.
[975] Vol. i. p. 9. Dover, 1838.
[976] Page 428 _et seq._ New York, 1841.
[977] Paris, 8vo, 29 pp. A Swedish translation of it, bearing the
title of _Underrättelse om den Fordna Svenska Kolonien i Norra Amerika
kallad Nya Sverige, “med Anmärkningar och Tillägg af Öfversättaren_,”
was printed at Stockholm in 1844 (8vo, title + 41 pp.). The author’s
treatment of his theme so closely resembles Bancroft’s, that we infer
that he followed the American historian without acknowledgment.
[978] Wilmington, 1846, 8vo, xii + 312 pp. Among its illustrations are
a reproduction of the representation of the siege of Fort Christina
in Du Ponceau’s _Campanius_, and an original “Map of the Original
Settlements on the Delaware by the Dutch and Swedes.”
[979] New York, 1846-1848. It reproduces Van der Donck’s map of New
Netherland. See the preceding chapter.
[980] Stockholm, 1848.
[981] Philadelphia, 1850.
[982] Albany, 1850. See the preceding chapter.
[983] Albany, 1851.
[984] Reappearing among “The Jogues Papers,” translated by John Gilmary
Shea, in _New York Historical Society Collections_, second series, iii.
215, _et seq._ See the preceding chapter.
[985] Newark, N. J., 1853.
[986] On the date of the building of Fort Nassau, see O’Callaghan’s
_New Netherland_, i. 100. On maps, see note on Lindström’s Map.
[987] Boston, 1853.
[988] Albany, 1853.
[989] New York, 1853-1871. See the preceding chapter; and Mr.
Stevens’s, in Vol. III.
[990] Stockholm, 1855-1856.
[991] Albany, 1856-1858.
[992] Hartford, 1857-1858.
[993] Published at Amsterdam. A translation of the letters referred to,
by the Hon. Henry C. Murphy, appears in the _Historical Magazine_, ii.
257 _et seq._ (New York, 1858).
[994] In _Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol.
vii., Philadelphia, 1860. The frontispiece consists of an engraving
of a mural tablet in St. Paul’s Church, Chester, Pa., in memory of
Ann Keen, daughter of Jöran Kyn, of Upland, and her husband James
Sandelands, one of the provincial councillors of Pennsylvania appointed
by Deputy-Governor William Markham in 1681,—the oldest tombstone extant
on the Delaware.
[995] Philadelphia, 1862.
[996] Stockholm, 1865. The matter referred to in the text has been
translated by the writer of this essay for the _Pennsylvania Magazine
of History_, vol. vii.
[997] _A Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the Dutch Books and
Pamphlets relating to New Netherland, and to the Dutch West India
Company and to its possessions in Brazil, Angola, etc., as also on the
Maps, Charts, etc., of New Netherland, with fac-similes of the map of
New Netherland by N. J. Visscher and of the three existing views of New
Amsterdam. Compiled from the Dutch public and private libraries, and
from the collection of Mr. Frederik Muller in Amsterdam, G. M. Asher,
LL.D., Privat-Docent of Roman law in the University of Heidelberg.
Amsterdam, Frederik Muller, 1854-1867._ See the preceding chapter.
[998] With regard to Usselinx, Asher refers to Berg van Dussen
Muilkerk’s work on New Netherland, written in 1851, Captain P. N.
Netscher’s _Les Hollandais au Brésil_ (La Haye, 1853), and the
histories of Dutch political economy by Professor O. van Rees and
Professor E. Laspeyres. The last of these books, entitled _Geschichte
der volkswirthschaftlichen Anschauungen der Niederländer_, is also
cited by Professor Odhner.
[999] Philadelphia, 1870.
[1000] Stockholm, 1857-1872.
[1001] Pages 42 _et seq._ Boston, 1874.
[1002] Printz’s letter is not in reply to this of Winthrop (as Mr.
Kidder supposes), but to another (dated April 22, 1644) mentioned
by Sprinchorn. It is written in Latin, a language necessarily used
by the Swedish Governor in such correspondence, though he felt his
incompetence for the task, saying in his report of the same month that
“for the last twenty-seven years he had handled muskets and pistols
oftener than Cicero and Tacitus.” He therefore desired his superiors to
send him a Latin secretary, and, repeating his request in his Report of
1647, hopes that that person might render aid in administering justice
and solving intricate problems of law, which occasionally arose,
besides relieving him from the embarrassment of appearing in court in
certain cases as both plaintiff and judge.
[1003] Harrisburg, 1876; 2d ed., 1880.
[1004] Stockholm, 1876. A few copies of the article were printed
separately (8vo, 39 pp.) A translation of it, with notes, containing
lists of colonists who emigrated to New Sweden in the first four
Swedish expeditions, and other information, by the writer of this
essay, is given in the _Pennsylvania Magazine_, vol. iii. p. 269 _et
seq._, p. 395 _et seq._, and p. 462 _et seq._ (Philadelphia, 1879.)
For further information concerning Peter Spiring (ennobled in 1636,
under the name of Silfvercron till Norsholm), particularly mentioned
by Odhner, see the latter’s _Sveriges deltagande i Westfaliska
fredskongressen_, p. 46; and for additional references to Samuel
Blommaert, also spoken of by the author, see _Doc. Col. Hist. N.Y._,
vols. i. and xii.
[1005] Albany, 1877.
[1006] Harrisburg, 1877. The frontispiece consists of a portrait of
Queen Christina of Sweden, from the same original as that which appears
on the writer’s map of New Sweden, accompanying this chapter. It
reproduces Van der Donck’s map of New Netherland.
[1007] Harrisburg, 1878.
[1008] Also printed separately, the titlepage describing it as
_Akademisk Afhandling, som med vederbörligt tillstånd för erhållande af
Filosofisk Doktorsgrad vid Lunds Universitet till offentlig granskning
framställes af Carl K. S. Sprinchorn, Filosofie Licentiat, Sk.
(Stockholm, 1878, P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Kongl. Boktryckare_. 8vo, 102
pp.) A translation of it has been made, by the writer of this essay,
for publication by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
[1009] Philadelphia, 1878, _et seq. ann._
[1010] Philadelphia, 1880.
[1011] Published by the Historical Society of Delaware, Wilmington,
1881. (8vo, 27 pp.) The paper was read before that Society Dec. 10,
1874, and should be supplemented and corrected in some particulars from
the essays afterward written by Professor Odhner and Doctor Sprinchorn.
Concerning Minuit, see also a paper by Friedrich Kapp, entitled “Peter
Minnewit aus Wesel,” in Von Sybel’s _Historische Zeitschrift_, xv. 225
_et seq._, and the preceding chapter.
[1012] Pages 55-78. Stockholm, 1882. The author, who is librarian of
the Royal Library at Stockholm, gives a brief list of books referring
to New Sweden, embracing, besides others spoken of in the text,
_Svenska Familj-Journalen_, 1870 (reprinted by the writer, C. G.
Starbäck, in _Historiska Bilder_, Stockholm, 1871), and _Förr och Nu_,
1871.
[1013] Philadelphia, 1882. The original of the second document
mentioned is in the Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
[1014] Most of these are cited by Odhner and Sprinchorn, with
indication of the places where they are now deposited.
[1015] Referred to in the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, vol. v.
pp. 468-69.
[1016] For very kind aid the writer is especially indebted to Professor
C. T. Odhner, of Lund.
* * * * * *
Transcriber’s note:
—Obvious errors were corrected.