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THE BOOK OF ANTELOPES.
INTRODUCTION.
The Authors of the present work have no intention of offering to their
readers a complete scientific treatise on the Mammals of the Family
_Bovidæ_ or on any section of it. Their main object is to furnish
descriptive letterpress for the beautiful series of lithographic plates
drawn some twenty years ago under the supervision of the late Sir
VICTOR BROOKE, making thereto such necessary modifications
and additions as the progress of science demands. This letterpress,
however, will contain a full synonymy of all the species of Antelopes
recognized as valid, whether here figured or not, together with
such descriptions as will facilitate their identification, and all
particulars concerning their habits and distribution that have been
recorded by Naturalists and Sportsmen up to the present time.
As regards the Nomenclature and Systematic Arrangement to be employed
in the present work, we think it sufficient to follow those adopted by
Sir William Flower and Mr. Lydekker in their standard work on Mammals,
with a few slight modifications. These authors have divided the Family
_Bovidæ_, to which the Antelopes pertain, into nine different
groups, called sections, which are denominated as follows:--
1. Alcelaphine Section.
2. Cephalophine Section.
3. Cervicaprine Section.
4. Antilopine Section.
5. Hippotragine Section.
6. Tragelaphine Section.
7. Rupicaprine Section.
8. Caprine Section.
9. Bovine Section.
The Antelopes, commonly so called, belong to the first six of these
sections, and will form the subject of the present work, the last three
sections, which contain the Mountain-Antelopes, Sheep, and Oxen, being
excluded.
It is further considered to be more convenient to regard the sections
of Messrs. Flower and Lydekker as subfamilies, and to give them the
usual termination employed for such groups. Thus, after dividing the
“Cephalophine Section” into two portions, which it seems desirable to
do, we shall have altogether seven subfamilies of _Bovidæ_ to be
treated of, viz.:--
I. BUBALIDINÆ, comprising the Hartebeests and Gnus.
II. CEPHALOPHINÆ, comprising the Duykers and Four-horned
Antelopes.
III. NEOTRAGINÆ, comprising the Dwarf Antelopes, Oribis,
Klipspringers, and Dik-diks.
IV. CERVICAPRINÆ, comprising the Waterbucks, Reedbucks, and
their allies.
V. ANTILOPINÆ, comprising the typical Antelopes and Gazelles.
VI. HIPPOTRAGINÆ, comprising the Sable and Roan Antelopes and
the various species of Gemsbuck.
VII. TRAGELAPHINÆ, comprising the Nylghai, Bushbucks, Kudus, and
Elands.
SUBFAMILY I. _BUBALIDINÆ._
_General Characters._--Size large. Muzzle naked. A small
anteorbital gland[2] present. Nostrils large, valvular, the lower lids
covered with short bristly hairs. Tail long and tufted. False hoofs
large. No knee-brushes. Mammæ 2 or 4.
Skull without supraorbital pits or lachrymal vacuities, but with
shallow lachrymal pits. Upper molar teeth tall and very narrow.
Horns present in both sexes, those of the female merely rather more
slender than those of the male; always of medium length, that is,
approximately, of the length of the head.
_Range of Subfamily._ Whole of Africa, including the Arabian Subregion.
The Subfamily _Bubalidinæ_ is readily divisible into three genera,
as follows:--
1. BUBALIS, the true Hartebeests, with abnormally long faces and
doubly-curved horns;
2. DAMALISCUS, the Bonteboks and their allies, with normal faces
and simply-curved horns; and
3. CONNOCHÆTES, the Gnus: remarkable animals with tufted faces,
maned necks, expanded muzzles, and doubly-curved horns.
GENUS I. BUBALIS.
Type.
_Bubalis_, =Licht.= Mag. nat. Freund. Berl.
vi. p. 154 (1814) B. BUSELAPHUS.
_Alcelaphus_, =Blainv.= Bull. Soc. Philom.
1816, p. 75 B. BUSELAPHUS.
_Damalis_ (gen.) and _Acronotus_ (subgen.),
=H. Sm.= Griff. Cuv. An. K. iv. pp. 343 & 345
(1827) B. BUSELAPHUS.
_Bubalus_, =Og.= P. Z. S. 1836, p. 139 B. BUSELAPHUS.
Size large and general form clumsy, with the withers considerably
higher than the rump; head long and narrow; muzzle moist, naked, and
rather broad; nostrils close together, lined with stiff hairs; neck
not maned; suborbital glands small, tufted in some species, but not in
others; hoofs small; tail reaching below the hocks, moderately haired,
generally with a compressed crest along the dorsal surface of its
terminal half; mammæ two.
Colour uniform brown or rufous, with or without black patches on the
head, shoulders, hips, and feet.
Skull elongated; the frontal bones produced upwards and backwards into
a long bony support for the horns, the occiput being entirely hidden
in the upper view of the skull; parietals small, compressed behind
the frontal horn-pedicle, facing nearly horizontally backwards. Small
interorbital perforations present; lachrymal pits present but shallow.
Molars very tall and narrow, and without supplementary lobes in the
upper jaw.
Horns present in both sexes, those of the female as long, but not so
thick, as those of the male, placed close together at their bases;
doubly curved, first rising outwards or backwards, then curved forwards
and upwards, and then bent abruptly backwards and upwards at their tips.
_Range of the Genus._ Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
This genus, containing the Hartebeests, is a very natural and
well-defined one, and is curiously shown to be so by the fact that, so
far as is as yet known, the ranges of the different species nowhere
overlap each other, whilst almost every part of the range of the genus
possesses its single representative species.
The members of the genus fall into four rather definite groups, as
follows:--
A. Frontal horn-pedicle short; horns forming a V when viewed in
front 1, 2. _B. buselaphus_, _B. major_.
B. Horn-pedicle moderate; horns forming an inverted bracket.
3, 4, 5. _B. tora_, _B. swaynei_, _B. cokei_.
C. Horn-pedicle extremely elongated; horns forming a V when viewed
in front 6, 7. _B. caama_, _B. jacksoni_.
D. Horn-pedicle very short and broad; horns much curved inwards
towards each other before the final backward turn.
8. _B. lichtensteini_.
[Illustration:
_Smit lith._ _Hanhart imp._
The Bubal.
BUBALIS BUSELAPHUS.
_Published by R. H. Porter._]
1. THE BUBAL.
BUBALIS BUSELAPHUS (PALL.).
[PLATE I.]
_Buselaphus_, =Gesner=, Hist. Anim., Quadr. p. 121 (1520).
_Le Bubale_, =Buff.= Hist. Nat. xii. p. 294, pls. xxxvii.
(skeleton) and xxxviii. fig. 1 (skull and horns) (1764).
_Antilope buselaphus_, =Pall.= Misc. Zool. p. 7 (1766).