_Results and Conclusion._
Restless energy, and a religion that taught its followers that death
in combat alone conferred on the happy warrior a title to immortal
glory and a perpetual right to the unbroken joy of battle daily
renewed in Valhalla drove the Viking to war.
Headed off on the south by the vast army and feudal system of
Charlemagne, this energy in war could be exercised, and its religious
aims achieved, solely on the sea, which skill in shipbuilding and in
navigation as well had converted from a barrier into a highway to the
west.
As already stated, over-population in the sterile lands of Norway,
and famine probably increased by immigration from the east and south,
drove its people "at times in piracy and at times in commerce"[1]
forth from the western fjords and The Vik across the North Sea to
the opposite coasts of Scotland, and so to its western lochs and to
Ireland, where they found cattle to slaughter on the nesses, stores of
grain, and other booty.
War, in fact, paid; and, after generations of harrying, many of the
raiders concluded that the western lands in Britain were fairer and
more fertile than their native shores, and desired to settle in the
west.
Finally the feudalism of Charlemagne was imitated by Harald Harfagr in
Norway; and, against that, Norse independence revolted and rebelled.
The true Viking would be no other man's man, and to secure Harald's
feudal power he was driven forth from Norway by an organised navy
manned by those of his countrymen who had agreed to accept King Harald
as feudal overlord and to pay him tribute. Defeated, as we have seen,
at the naval battle of Hafrsfjord in 872, the rebel remnant of the
Vikings found their return to Norway barred; and those of them who
became pirates in Orkney and Shetland and raided Norway as such,
were, in their turn, assailed in these islands by King Harald, and
destroyed. Others of them colonised Ireland, the Hebrides, and the
Faroes; and from all these islands as well as from Scotland and Norway
issued the swarms that settled in Iceland, and afterwards gave us a
code of law, our system of trial by jury, much of our legal procedure,
and, when crossed with Gaelic blood, produced the glorious literature
of the Sagas. But in their exodus, whencesoever they started, what
all alike sought was liberty; which, for them, meant the right to do
exactly as they pleased to others, and freedom from paying "scat" or
dues to a superior lord.
When the Vikings came, they came as worshippers of Thor and Odin and
the old Teutonic gods. To them the Christianity of the Pict was "a
weak effeminate creed." They, therefore, slew its followers, plundered
its shrines, and drove its clergy south from Orkney, from north-east
Caithness and the coasts of Sutherland, and from the seaboard of Ross
and Moray, and for a century and a half Christianity was uprooted
and almost wholly expelled. No jarl before Sigurd Hlodverson was a
Christian, and he was baptized by force, and died fighting for Odin
at Clontarf. With all "the fury of an expiring faith, its last lambent
flickering flame, against a creed that seemed to contradict every
article of the old belief,"[2] wherever they came, they destroyed the
cult and culture of Columba, which it had taken several centuries to
establish in the north and west of Alban.
When the conquerors settled in the land, they enslaved such of its
inhabitants as remained among them for a time, and gave to the best
coastal lands and lower valley farms the Norse names which they still
bear, but they left the heads of the river valleys and the hills
mainly to the Moddan family and their Pictish followers and clansmen,
who held them tenaciously and extended their holdings, as the Norse
became less hostile through inter-marriage, or less strong. Once
settled, the Norse exerted such steady pressure on their southern
Pictish neighbours in Ross and Moray, and kept them so fully occupied
in war or by the constant menace of it from the north, that successive
Scottish kings were in their turn left comparatively free, on their
own northern frontier, from Pictish attacks, and were therefore
enabled to consolidate their own kingdom in the south of Scotland and
to beat the English back to the line of the Tweed. Afterwards they
were able to turn their attention to the consolidation of the mainland
north of the Grampians,[3] by first overcoming the Picts in Moray,
and then the Norse in Cat, and establishing the feudal system and the
Catholic Church.
Worshipping, as the Vikings did, amongst others, the "fair white god
Baldr of golden beauty," and accounting as base-born "hellskins" those
of darker hue, it seems strange that they should so soon have taken
to themselves Celtic wives. But we have seen that they came by sea and
that no Norse women were allowed in Viking ships,[4] and thus it was
Celtic mothers alone that perpetuated the race. They also taught the
children the Gaelic tongue, and, on the mainland in all Sutherland and
Caithness save the north-eastern portions of the latter, Gaelic soon
became again the only spoken language.
But the language was Gaelic with a difference. As already stated, it
contained, especially in connection with the sea, and ships, gear, and
tackle, many old Norse words,[5] and, in the Gaelic of Sutherland, as
in the English of Orkney and Shetland and of Caithness and Moray
the Old Norse roots remain. Nor need we believe that every Magnus or
Sweyn, or Ragnvald was a pure Norseman. For their Celtic mothers often
preferred to give their children Old Norse names.
The Norse place-names,[6] too, have been faithfully preserved by
Gaelic inhabitants, and are still with us; and despite their varying
spellings in documents of title and maps of different dates, these
names generally yield up the secret of their original meanings when
they can be traced back to the earliest charters, especially if they
can be compared with the corresponding Gaelic versions of them in use
at the present time. For Gaelic was ever a trustworthy vehicle of the
original Norse. The Norse place-names too are found in the same spots
on which the remains of brochs exist, that is, on the best land at the
lowest levels which the Picts had already cultivated, and which the
Norse invaders seized. Such names are also found on the eastern coast
as far south as Dingwall, both in Ross and Cromarty. They were never
imposed on the Moray seaboard, which was not permanently held by the
Norse. Freskyn and his descendants saw to that. His fortress at Duffus
checked all raids from their fort at Burghead.
Of outward and visible monuments, save here and there a howe or
grave-mound, the Vikings, unlike their Pictish predecessors, have
left us little or nothing on the mainland. In Iceland the skali[7] or
farm-house of the Norseman was built with some stone and turf below,
and a superstructure of wood which has long ago perished,[8] and but
slight traces of foundations are visible on the surface there. From
the frequent burnings in the Saga we know that such houses were of
highly inflammable materials which would soon perish. The place-name,
"Skaill," remains both in Sutherland and Caithness. But no skilled
antiquary, has as yet laid bare by excavation the secrets of likely
sites of Norse dwellings in these counties, as Mr. A.W. Johnston has
done at The Jarls' Bu at Orphir, in Orkney.[9] And yet, if Drumrabyn
or Dunrabyn, Rafn's Ridge or Broch, be the true derivation of Dunrobin
(and the name is found at a time when as yet no Robin had inhabited
the place) possibly the Norse Lawman Rafn had a house of consequence
there like his Pictish predecessors, if, indeed, he did not inhabit
the Pictish broch whose foundations were found on or under the present
castle's site. There was also a castle of note on the northern shore
of the modern port of Helmsdale, which is probably the castle of
Sorlinc of Mr. Collingwood's _William the Wanderer_, also called
Surclin, both words being a corrupt form, it is suggested, of
Scir-Illigh, the old name of the parish of Kildonan.
In Caithness especially, we have many a Norse castle site, such as
Earl Harold's borg at Thurso, and Lambaborg, the modern Freswick,
which we know to have been inhabited by noted Norsemen, while, in
Sutherland, Borve near Farr, and Seanachaistel on the Farrid Head near
Durness seem to be ideal Viking sites. _Breithivellir_[10] or Brawl
Castle was a known residence of Earl John and later earls, and search
for foundations might well be made on the coasts of Caithness, and
round Tongue and at the mouths of the Naver and of the Borgie and
other rivers, and at or near Unes or Little Ferry, possibly at Skelbo,
(Skail-bo) and in Kildonan at Helmsdale. That the Norsemen used many
of the Pictish brochs as dwelling-places is more than probable, and
is proved by the Sagas in certain instances.[11] At the same time few
articles used distinctively by Norsemen have been found in them.
No stately church like the Cathedral of St. Magnus at Kirkwall, itself
the finest specimen of Norman architecture in Scotland, survives on
the mainland from Viking days; nor, so far as is known, was any such
edifice built there by any Norseman; but the original High Church of
Halkirk, and also the old church of St. Bar at Dornoch, which preceded
and is believed to have occupied a site immediately to the east of St.
Gilbert's later Cathedral, may have been used by the later jarls, and
a few miles south of Halkirk are the foundations of the Spittal of St.
Magnus,[12] part of which, and of St. Peter's Church at Thurso may be
Norse.
Though the towns of Wick and Thurso[13] are frequently mentioned
in the _Orkneyinga Saga_, and earls and jarls stayed at both, no
Sutherland village (if any save Dornoch existed) is named in it; but
the site of modern Golspie (Gol's-by) appears in ancient charters as
Platagall, "the Flat of the Stranger."[14]
If in his outward and visible man the Norseman has all but faded away
in Sutherland, he remains more in evidence in Caithness, in spite of
Celtic mothers and successive waves of Scottish immigration. The high
Norse skull, the tall frame with broad shoulders and narrow hips,[15]
the fair hair and skin, the sea-blue eyes and sound teeth are still
to be seen; and from time to time, amid greatly preponderating Celtic
types, we are startled by coming across some perfect living specimen
of the pure Viking type almost always on or near the coast.
But, if the outward type is rarely seen, its inward qualities remain.
What were those qualities?
The late Professor York Powell summed up the character of the Viking
emigrant folk in his introduction to Mr. Collingwood's _Scandinavian
Britain_, as follows:--
"A sturdy, thrifty, hardworking, law-loving people, fond of good cheer
and strong drink, of shrewd, blunt speech, and a stubborn reticence,
when speech would be useless or foolish; a people clean-living,
faithful to friend and kinsman, truthful, hospitable, liking to make a
fair show, but not vain or boastful; a people with perhaps little
play of fancy or great range of thought, but cool-thinking, resolute,
determined, able to realise the plainer facts of life clearly, and
even deeply."[16]
Blend these qualities with those of the Gael, and what infinite
possibilities appear; for the characteristics of the two races
supplement each other. Fuse them together in proper proportions for
a few generations, the improvident and dreamy with the thrifty and
energetic, the voluble with the reticent, the romantic and humorous
with the truthful and blunt of speech, the fiery and impulsive with
the sober of thought, and how greatly is the type improved in the new
race evolved from the union of both.
Turning from eugenics to more practical matters, it was the brain and
the manual skill of the Viking that invented and perfected our modern
sailing ship. Stripped of its barbaric excrescences at stem and stern,
and of its rows of shields and ornaments, the lines of the Viking ship
of Gokstad[17] found there buried but entire, are the lines of our
herring boats of fifty years ago. Sharp and partly decked at stem and
stern only, like those boats, the Viking ship could live, head to the
waves, even in the roughest sea. It was, too, a living thing, a new
type of vessel handy to row or sail, and far in advance not only of
the early British ship and Pictish coracle[18] but also of the Roman
galley with lines like those of a canal barge, and also far in advance
of the Saxon ship of war or merchandise. The only points of difference
between the older type of herring boat and the Viking ship were the
stepping of the mast further forward and the use of the fixed rudder
in the modern vessel.
Not only did the Viking brain invent our modern ship, but it was
the Viking spirit that impelled us as a nation to use the ocean as
a highway. The Norseman had discovered America and West Africa many
centuries before Columbus or Vasco di Gama. The Norse colonised[19]
Greenland, Labrador, and possibly even Massachusetts, and it was on a
voyage to Iceland that Jean Cabot heard of America, on whose continent
he was the first modern sailor to land, and it is said that it was
through him that Columbus, after he had discovered the West Indian
Islands, first heard that North America had been proved to be a
continent by Cabot's coasting voyage along its shore from Maine to
Florida. The Vikings, too, taught us the discipline without which no
ship can live through an ocean storm. Their spirit, too, when piracy
had died out, led us into trade; for, as we have seen, the Viking was
no mere pirate, but ever a trader as well.[20] Their sea-fights live
in story, though their traders found no skald or bard, and it is thus
that we hear less of their trading or of their civic or domestic life.
This spirit of theirs, like their blood, is ever with us still. It has
gone into our race, and it keeps coming out in unexpected quarters.
Hidden under Celtic colouring and Highland dress, the Viking warrior
is there in spirit, glorying in battle, though often apparently no
more of a real "Barelegs" by race than was kilted King Magnus. The
Berserk fury and stubborn tenacity of our Highland regiments derive
their origin from the Viking as well as from the Celtic strain.[21]
Our sailors too, had they been Celts, would not readily have left
smooth water. It was Viking not Celtic blood that drove them to the
open sea. It was Viking skill that built the ships, managed them in
storms through Viking discipline, navigated them across the ocean, and
gave us the naval and commercial supremacy which founded and preserves
our empire overseas.
They came to us not only from Norway direct, westwards across the sea.
They came to us also from Normandy northwards through England. The
first swarms of Norsemen had brought with them rapine and disorder.
Later on the Norman came to the north to curb such evils, and to
organise, administer, and rule the land. The Normans succeeded in
this as signally as the Saxon barons, introduced under Saint Margaret,
Malcolm Canmore's Saxon queen, had failed. David I was by education a
Norman knight. At heart he was an ecclesiastic. As Scotland's king,
he was, in theory, owner of Scotland's soil from the Tweed to the
Pentland Firth, and he disposed of it to his feudal barons, mainly
Norman, and to religious foundations on Norman lines, as the Norman
kings of England had done there before him, in order to organise and
consolidate his kingdom; and his successors did the same.
Thus, as Professor Hume Brown puts it--[22]
"Directly and indirectly the Norman conquest influenced Scotland only
less profoundly than England itself. In the case of Scotland it was
less immediate and obtrusive, but in its totality it is a fact of the
first importance in the national history."
It affected Scotland in the latter part of the times which we have
considered right up to John o' Groats. Moray was divided among
Normans and "trustworthy natives," and the scattering of its Pictish
population gave the Mackays to Sutherland, and, largely blended with
the Norse, they still occupy the greater part of it. The Freskyns, as
"trustworthy natives," were introduced into Sutherland, after many
a fight for it, by charter doubtless in Norman form; and Normans won
Caithness in the persons of the earlier Cheynes and Oliphants and St.
Clairs, who, by inter-marriage with the descendants in the female
line of a branch of the Freskyns, possessed themselves not only of the
lands of the family of Moddan but of most of the mainland territories
of the Erlend line, through Johanna of Strathnaver's daughters and
great-grand-daughters.
At a time and in an age when liberty meant licence, the order which
the Norman introduced into the north made more truly for real liberty
and the supremacy of law, than the individual independence which
the Norseman had left his native land to preserve; and though both
feudalism and the blind obedience to authority then enjoined by the
Catholic Church are no longer approved or required, and have long
been rightly discarded, yet they served their purpose in their day,
by evolving from the wild blend of Gaels and Norsemen, which held the
land, a civilised people free from many of the worse, and endowed with
many of the better qualities of either race.
NOTES
_The following abbreviations are used:
H.B. for Hume Brown's History of Scotland.
O.S. for Orkneyinga Saga.
O.P. for Origines Parochiales.
F.B. for Flatey Book.
O. and S. for Tudor's Orkney and Shetland.
B.N. Burnt Njal.
And see List of Authorities (ante) for full titles of Books referred
to. Save where otherwise stated the references to the Sagas
are to the chapters not pages_.
NOTES
CHAPTER I.
[Footnote 1: _Rhind Lectures_ 1883 and 1886, and see _The County of
Caithness_, pp. 273-307.]
[Footnote 2: _Royal Commission 2nd Report, 1911_, and _3rd Report,
1911_; see also Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains of Caithness_,
1866.]
[Footnote 3: _Survivals in Belief among the Celts_, 1911.]
[Footnote 4: _Tacitus, Agricola_ 22-28.]
[Footnote 5: Coille-duine, or Kelyddon-ii.]
[Footnote 6: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 5.]
[Footnote 7: Anderson, _Scotland in Pagan Times_, p. 222. Two plates
of brass found in Craig Carrill Broch. Copper 84%, tin 16%.]
[Footnote 8: See Laing and Huxley's _Prehistoric Remains in
Caithness_, Laing ascribes a much greater antiquity to the _Burgs_,
pp. 60-61. See Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots_, pp. 157-160 as to a
legend of their Scythian origin, and p. xcvi and p. 58.]
[Footnote 9: See Reeves' Life, and see _H.B._, vol. i, pp. 12-15; also
Dr. Joseph Anderson's _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, 1879, p.
139.]
[Footnote 10: _H.B._, vol. i, pp. 10-17.]
CHAPTER II.
[Footnote 1: See MacBain's note at p. 157 of Skene's _Highlanders of
Scotland_.]
[Footnote 2: For the boundaries of Sutherland, see Sir R. Gordon's
_Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. i and 2, and map hereto.]
[Footnote 3: In Ness the subjacent stone is too near the surface to
have ever admitted of the growth of large trees.]
[Footnote 4: Scrope, _Days of Deerstalking_, 3rd edit., pp. 374-377.]
[Footnote 5: Curie's _Inventories of Monuments, &c._, 1911 (Caithness)
1911 (Sutherland), and see his maps. Why are there no brochs in Moray,
Aberdeenshire and the Mearns? Did the Picts come there from the west
and south-west coast after the age of broch-building, driven before
the Scots, first eastward, then north into the Grampians?]
[Footnote 6: For example in Loch Naver.]
[Footnote 7: Anderson's _Scotland in Pagan Times_, pp. 174-259.]
[Footnote 8: See Munro's _Prehistoric Scotland_, p. 356.]
[Footnote 9: Often spelt Mormaor. See Ritson, _Annals of the
Caledonians_, pp. 62-3.]
[Footnote 10: See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_ (Anderson), pp.
141-2.]
[Footnote 11: Despite _The Pictish Nation_, pp. 69 and 401. But see
Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots (Annals of Tighernac_) p. 75, where 150
Pictish ships are said to have been wrecked in 729 A.D.]
[Footnote 12: See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, vol. ii. pp. 65-101.]
[Footnote 13: Worsaae, _The Prehistory of the North_, pp. 184-7.
_Scandinavian Britain_, pp. 34-42.]
[Footnote 14: Viking Society's _Orkney and Shetland Folk_, 1914.]
[Footnote 15: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, p. 105, and ii, p.
469.]
[Footnote 16: Dun-bretan, or the fort of the Britons; Alcluyd, the
rock of the Clyde.]
CHAPTER III.
[Footnote 1: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 22.]
[Footnote 2: _Chron. Hunt._ Skene, _Chron. Picts and Scots_, p. 209.]
[Footnote 3: See also Rhys, _Celtic Britain_, p. 198.]
[Footnote 4: _Flatey Book_, vol. i, ch. 218.]
[Footnote 5: _H.B._, vol. i, p. 27.]
[Footnote 6: Haroldswick in Unst is said to have been called after
King Harald. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 570.]
[Footnote 7: _Ekkjals-bakki_ is clearly Oykel's Bank, the high bank or
[Greek: ochthê hypsêle] of Ptolemy. "Ochill" is the same word. As for
Bakke, see Coldbackie and Hysbackie near Tongue.]
[Footnote 8: _O.S._, ch. 4, 5.]
[Footnote 9: The late Dr. Joass had identified the site of the burial
mound. It is said to be Croc Skardie on the S.E. bank of the River
Evelix, near Sidera. Skardi is a Norse word, and probably means a gap,
or a twin-topped hillock, which it is.]
[Footnote 10: _H.B._, i, p. 28.]
[Footnote 11: See Skene's _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_, pp. 8,
9 and lxxv, and _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i, 339, note.]
[Footnote 2: An able paper on this subject by the late Mr. R.L.
Bremner was read to the Viking Society, and it is hoped may be
printed. But Brunanburgh is usually located south of the Humber, or in
the Wirral in Cheshire. See _Scandinavian Britain_, pp. 131-4 where it
is located on the west coast, and on this coast it probably was.]
[Footnote 13: See _Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. 1 and 2, as to the
"boundaries of Southerland."]
[Footnote 14: _F.B._, vol. i, pp. 221-9. See Trans. of _O.S._,
Hjaltalin and Goudie, App. pp. 203-212. See also _St. Olaf's Saga_, c.
cix. See also generally Vigfusson's _Prolegomena to Sturlunga Saga_,
Introduction, p. xcii, vol. i.]
[Footnote 15: The "scurvy Kalf" and "tree-bearded Thorir."]
[Footnote 16: _O.S._, ch. 6, 7.]
[Footnote 17: _O.S._, ch. 8, on Rinar's Hill. Tudor, _O. and S._, p.
364.]
[Footnote 18: _O.S._, ch. 80. But see _Heimskringla_, Saga Library, i,
96 and _St. Olaf's Saga_, ch. cv and cvii.]
[Footnote 19: See _Blackwood's Magazine_, April 1920; an able and
interesting article intituled _A Branch of the Family_, by J. Storer
Clouston.]
[Footnote 20: _F.B._, ch. 183, 184.]
[Footnote 21: Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 336.]
[Footnote 22: _Torf. Orc._, p. 25, "facile de alieno largientis."]
[Footnote 23: _F.B._, 115. _O.P._, 783. _F.B._, 186. _O.S._, 10, 11.
_O.S._, 8. Skene, _Celtic Scotland_, i, 374-9.]
[Footnote 24: Dalrymple, _Collections_, p. 99.]
[Footnote 25: Viking Society, _Orkney and Shetland Folk_, 1914, p. 5.]
[Footnote 26: _O.P._, (Canisbay), vol. ii, 794, 816.]
[Footnote 27: _O.S._, 11.]
[Footnote 28: _B.N._, c. 85.]
[Footnote 29: _O.S._, 12. _F.B._, 187. The _F.B._ makes the scene of
this battle Skitten Moor.]
[Footnote 30: _F.B._, 187.]
[Footnote 31: _Thorgisl_, I, 4. (_Orig. Islandicae_, ii, p. 635.) In
_The Old Statistical Account_ (Tongue) there is a tradition of such a
fight on Eilean nan Gall at the entrance to the Bay of Tongue, then in
Caithness.]
[Footnote 32: p. 23.]
[Footnote 33: See Sir Wm. Fraser's _Book of Sutherland_, and Pedigree
in Appendix. There is a Craig Amlaiph (Olaf) above Torboll and
Cambusmore (both in Cat) near the Mound in Sudrland. There were no
Thanes of the De Moravia line in Sutherland.]
[Footnote 34: See _The Pictish Nation and Church_, pp. 129-32, and
341.]
[Footnote 35: See _Darratha-liod_, published by the Viking Club,
1910.]
[Footnote 36: _Burnt Njal_, c. 151.]
[Footnote 37: Iceland accepted Christianity by a vote of its Thing in
1000 A.D. "Blood" often fell in Iceland; after a volcanic eruption,
rain was tinged with red.]
[Footnote 38: Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 20.]
[Footnote 39: Rods used for dividing and pressing downwards.]
[Footnote 40: See _Scandinavian Britain_ (Collingwood), p. 256-7,
where Mr. Gilbert Goudie's _Antiquities of Shetland_ is referred to.]
CHAPTER IV.
[Footnote 1: _Reg. Morav._, p. xxiv, and _Charter_ No. 264, p. 342.]
[Footnote 2: Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, pp. 4-7.]
[Footnote 3: Some authorities hold that Macbeth was the son of a
sister of Malcolm. His property was probably in Ross and Cromarty. See
also Rhys' _Celtic Britain_, p. 196.]
[Footnote 4: Skuli was first Earl of Caithness, which then included
Sutherland, see _ante_, but he was Norse.]
[Footnote 5: _O.S._, 16.]
[Footnote 6: Trithing--the same word as Riding in Yorkshire,
one-third. See _Scot. Hist. Review_, Oct. 1918. J. Storer Clouston.
Ulfreksfirth is Larne Bay.]
[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 17, 18.]
[Footnote 8: _O.S._, 20, 21, and _St. Olaf's Saga_, cix.]
[Footnote 9: _O.S._, 22.]
[Footnote 10: _O.S._, 22. See _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, vol. ii, pp.
180-3, 195 and notes.]
[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 22. Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. 15 and note
22. The Standing Stane was removed to Altyre about 1820. See Romilly
Allen, _Early Christian Monuments of Scotland_, p. 136, "removed from
the College field at the village of Roseisle."]
[Footnote 12: _O.S._, 22.]
[Footnote 13: _O.S._, 22, 23.]
[Footnote 14: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, p. 116 and note, 116
and 117.]
[Footnote 15: _O.S._, 23, 24, 25, 26. _St. Olaf's Saga_, c. cviii,
ccxlv.]
[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 27. These raids are unknown to English
historians.]
[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 30.]
[Footnote 18: _O.S._, 31.]
[Footnote 19: _O.S._, 33, 34. See Tudor's _Orkney and Shetland_, p.
356. "Roland's Geo" is at the N. end of Papa Stronsay.]
[Footnote 20: "Christ Church" in the Sagas denotes a Cathedral
Church.]
[Footnote 21: _O.S._, 37. See _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_
(Skene), p. 78.]
[Footnote 22: _O.S._, 13-39.]
[Footnote 23: Pope, _Torf._ (Trans.), p. 62 note. See _Genealogie of
the Earles_, p. 135.]
CHAPTER V.
[Footnote 1: _Short Magnus Saga_, I. _O.S._, 37.]
[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 38.]
[Footnote 3: See _Orkney and Shetland Folk_ (Viking Society, 1914),
A.W. Johnston's note, p. 35. See Dunbar's _Scottish Kings_, p. 7.]
[Footnote 4: See _Dalrymple's Collections_ (1705), p. 153 for the date
of Malcolm's marriage with St. Margaret, p. 157, where he puts the
marriage in 1070, after three years' courtship. See also pp. 163 and
164. Sir Archibald Dunbar puts Ingibjorg's marriage in 1059, as stated
above, and if Thorfinn was an Earl from his birth in 1008, he would
have been 50 years earl in 1058. As a king's grandson he might well
have been an earl from his birth.]
[Footnote 5: Rolls Edition _O.S._, p. 45, c. 30. She must have died
before 1068 when Malcolm Canmore married Margaret, daughter of Edward
Atheling, sister of Edgar Atheling. Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p.
27. Was Ingibjorg's marriage within the prohibited degrees, and so
dissolved? See also Henderson, _Norse Influence, &c._, p. 25-26,
which is not correct. Earl Orm married Sigrid, d. of Finn Arneson not
Ingibjorg. See Table ix, _Saga Library_, vol. 6, Earls of Ladir, and
Table xi.]
[Footnote 6: The _O.S._ mentions only Duncan. The other sons seem
doubtful. But see Dunbar, _Scottish Kings_, p. 31 and notes, and p.
38.]
[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 40.]
[Footnote 8: As to the Bishop, see _Orkney and Shetland Records_,
pp. 3-8; and as to their quarrels, see _O.S._, 40.; _Magnus Saga
the Longer_, 6 and 8. For St. Magnus, see Pinkerton's _Lives of
the Scottish Saints_, revised by W.M. Metcalfe (Paisley, Alexander
Gardner, 1889), p. xlii, and pp. 213-266.]
[Footnote 9: So called because he wore the kilt, in its original form,
not the philabeg.]
[Footnote 10: _Magnus Saga_, 10, 11 and 20. The story of this time
is confused and difficult. _Torfaeus_, trans., p. 85 and _Torfaeus
Orcades_, c. xviii. From c. 20 of _Magnus Saga the Longer_ it is clear
that Hakon in 1112 took Paul's share of Caithness also and Magnus took
Erlend's share, and that they divided that earldom and lands.]
[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 45.]
[Footnote 12: _Magnus Saga the Longer_, c. 10 to 28. _O.S._, c. 46 to
55. There is little doubt but that Magnus was the Scottish candidate
for Caithness, and Hakon the Norse favourite, and Hakon had to conquer
Cat.]
[Footnote 13: Who was Dufnjal? What does "_firnari en broethrungr_"
mean? Who was Duncan the Earl? Possibly the Norse expression
means half first cousin, and if Dufnjal was Earl Duncan's son, the
relationship was through Malcolm III, and Dufnjal was a son of King
Duncan II, called "Duncan the Earl," of whom, however, the _O.S._
and _Longer Magnus Saga_ say nothing in this connection. But see
Henderson, _Norse Influence, &c._, p. 26 contra.]
[Footnote 14: Paplay, Thora's home, was probably in Firth Parish in
mainland, near Finstown. _Short Magnus Saga_, c. 18, not "twenty," but
twenty-one years after his death. See _O.S._, c. 60. But vide Tudor
_O. and S._, pp. 251-2 and 348. See also Anderson's Introduction, p.
xc, to Hjaltalin and Goudie's _O.S. contra._]
[Footnote 15: _Viking Club Miscellany_, vol. i, pp. 43-65 (J.
Stefansson), but the authorship is disputed.]
[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 47]
[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 48. Both Hakon and Magnus were about five-sixths
Norse.]
[Footnote 18: _O.S._, c. 55; _Magnus Saga_, 30.]
[Footnote 19: _O.S._, 56.]
[Footnote 20: See _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 1 and 23 (p. 14); Lawrie,
_Scot. Charters_, pp. 100, 179; Viking Club, _Caithness and Sutherland
Records_, p. 18, the note to which seems correct. "The Earl" was
Ragnvald, who ruled as Harold's guardian at this time, in Caithness
also. Durnach is now Dornoch.]
[Footnote 21: _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 24 (p. 14). Supposed to be the
Huchterhinche of St. Gilbert's Charter to the Cathedral of Durnach.
_Sutherland Book_, iii, p. 4.]
[Footnote 22: Dunbar, _Scot. Kings_, pp. 51, 60, 61, 63. The name is
spelt "Fretheskin" also.]
[Footnote 23: Possibly 1120.]
[Footnote 24: See _History and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall_ by the
Rev. J. Primrose (1898).]
[Footnote 25: _Family of Kilravoch_, p. 61. Robertson, _Early Kings_,
ii, 497, note.]
[Footnote 26: See _Familie of Innes_ (Spalding Club), pp. 2. 51, 52.]
[Footnote 27: _Sutherland Book_, vol. I, p. 7, and see map of Cat.]
[Footnote 28: See Pedigree in Appendix. _Reg. Morav._, c. 99, p. 114.
Freskyn I was his _attavus_, or great-great-grandfather.]
[Footnote 29: _Reg. Morav._ p. 139, ch. 126.]
CHAPTER VI.
[Footnote 1: _O.S._, 57, 58.]
[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 56, 57.]
[Footnote 3: _O.S._, 58.]
[Footnote 4: _O.S._, 58.]
[Footnote 5: Pope, _Torfaeus_ (trans.), note p. 133.]
[Footnote 6: Can she have inhabited the Broch at Feranach, which had
six chambers in the thickness of the wall, (Curle's _Inventory_,
No. 314), or is the site of her homestead (probably of wood) now
undiscoverable? She was burnt in her homestead, not in her residence.
The Saga account points to a site on the west bank of the river.]
[Footnote 7: _O.S._, 58.]
[Footnote 8: _O.S._, 59.]
[Footnote 9: _O.S._, 61, 62, 63, 65, c.f. the modern phrase "a young
hopeful."]
[Footnote 10: _O.S._, 66.]
[Footnote 11: _O.S._, 68.]
[Footnote 12: _O.S._, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73-80.]
[Footnote 13: See Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, pp. 35 and 375.]
[Footnote 14: See note to Hjaltalin and Goudie _O.S._, p. 107, where
Atjokl's-bakki is suggested as an emendation, and also p. 115.]
[Footnote 15: Maiming made a Northman impossible.]
[Footnote 16: _O.S._, 81.]
[Footnote 17: _O.S._, 81.]
[Footnote 18: _O.S._, 82.]
[Footnote 19: Guides would be easily got from Elgin. For the MacHeths,
constantly fled to the wilds of Cat for refuge, before, in 1210 or
later, they settled there, getting land in Durness after 1263.]
[Footnote 20: i.e. The Minch. It is said that he was the ancestor of
the Macaulays of the Lewis, but Macaulay means son of Olaf, not of
Olvir.]
[Footnote 21: _O.S._, 88. Earl Waltheof must have been a neighbour of
Freskyn in Moray.]
[Footnote 22: _O.S._, 86.]
[Footnote 23: _O.S._, 89. Ragnvald's verses are collected in _Corpus
Poet Boreale_, vol. ii, pp. 276-7. See Tudor, _O. and S._ p., 471.]
[Footnote 24: Whence the English expression "bound" for a destination
by sea, i.e. "equipped," which is also a Norse word which has nothing
to do with the Latin "equus" a horse.]
[Footnote 25: _O.S._, 91. Bilbao=the sea-borg on the River Nervion,
not Narbonne, see Rolls Ed., p. 163, note, and _Introduction_, p.
lix.]
[Footnote 26: _O.S._, 89-99.]
[Footnote 27: _O.S._, 99 and 100.]
[Footnote 28: He was grandson of Hacon Paulson, a grandson of
Thorfinn, and he was also a grandson of Helga, Moddan's daughter.]
[Footnote 29: _O.S._, 100.]
[Footnote 30: See Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 344.]
[Footnote 31: _O.S._, 101. Who this Erlend the Young was is unknown,
but he can hardly have been Jarl Erlend Haraldson, Margret's nephew.
Dasent, Rolls Edit., trans., p. xi. Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 445.]
[Footnote 32: _O.S._, 102. Ingigerd would thus be born not later than
1136. She is possibly the "Ingigerthr, of women the most beautiful" in
the Runes of Maeshowe.]
[Footnote 33: _O.S._, 102, not "from Beruvik," but "from the bridal"
(brudkaupi) probably.]
[Footnote 34: This may be another headland. Brimsness is suggested.
_O.P._, ii, 801, contra.]
[Footnote 35: _O.S._, 103, 104.]
[Footnote 36: _O.S._, 105. See as to Ellar-holm (Helliar-holm) Tudor,
_O. and S._, 283.]
[Footnote 37: _O.S._, 110, 111.]
[Footnote 38: _O.S._, 111.]
[Footnote 39: Curle, _Early Mon. Suthd._, p. 108 No. 316; and note
that the horns of the elk or reindeer have been found in Sutherland.
See _Proceedings of Scot. Antiq._, viii, p. 186; and ix, p. 324.]
[Footnote 40: Thorsdale is the valley of the Thurso River. Calfdale is
the Calder Valley.]
[Footnote 41: Force; possibly Forsie, or some waterfall said to be
near Achavarn on Loch Calder at the S.E. end of it. Halvard is in the
_Flatey Book_ called Hoskúld. _O.P._, ii, 761, at a ruin of a castle,
Tulloch-hoogie.]
[Footnote 42: _O.S._, 112, 113. "Ergin" is the plural of airidh,
airidhean or "sheilings."]
[Footnote 43: _Torfaeus._ Lib. 1, c. 36, _sub. fin._, with Papal
authority (_sed quaere_).]
[Footnote 44: Ingibiorg or Elin possibly married Gilchrist, Earl of
Angus, as his second wife. But as to this the Sagas are silent.]
[Footnote 45: _O.S._, 113. See _O.S._, Dasent trans., p. 225. _Hakon
Saga_, 169, Rolls edition.]
CHAPTER VII.
[Footnote 1: _O.S._, 114. There is a Mac William Earl of Caithness on
record in 1129. _Seats Peerage_ (Paul).]
[Footnote 2: _O.S._, 81. _O.S._, Dasent trans., p. 225.]
[Footnote 3: _O.S._, 115-118.]
[Footnote 4: _Torf. Orc._, p. 153. He declined to come and fetch her.]
[Footnote 5: _O.S. Addenda_, p. 225. Rolls edition, trans.]
[Footnote 6: _Sverri Saga_, 90-93.]
[Footnote 7: _Scottish Peerage_, vol. viii, p. 318 sqq.]
[Footnote 8: Quoted by Nisbet, _Heraldry_, App. p. 183, and
_Dalrymple's Collections_, 1705, pp. 66-7 "quas terras pater suus
Friskin tenuit tempore regis David." Felix, Bishop of Moray, who is a
witness to it, was appointed in 1162 and died not later than 1171. As
to David's visit to Duffus, see _Chron. Mailros_, 74.]
[Footnote 9: Shaw's _Moray_, Edit. 1775, p. 75, "several sons." _Reg.
Morav._ p. 10, and Nos. 12, 13, 19. See _Records of the Monastery of
Kinloss_, p. 112 and _Reg. Morav._, p. 456 "W. filius Frisekin. Hugo
filius ejus." Lohworuora--see Lawrie, _Early Scottish Charters_, pp.
185-6 and 429-30.]
[Footnote 10: See _Lawrie Annals_, p. 389 and _Chron. Mailros_,
p, 113. See _Records of Kinloss_, p. 113, "Andreas filius Willelmi
Fresekin."]
[Footnote 11: _Reg. Morav._, No. 1 charter of Skelbo to Gilbert. Hugo
grants it "Testibus Willielmo fratre meo, Andrea fratre meo." See also
_Reg. Morav._, p. 43, No. 40, rector of St. Peter's, Duffus, and No.
119, p. 131.]
[Footnote 12: Shaw's _Moray_, edit. 1775, p. 75, and note ante, and p.
407, No. xxviii, "Willelmi filii Willelmi filii Freskini."]
[Footnote 13: Paul, _Scot. Peerage_ (Sutherland), quotes Reg. Mag.
Sigil. Augt. 1452.]
[Footnote 14: See _Robertson's Index_, p. xix. _O.P._, ii, p. 543.]
[Footnote 15: _O.P._ II, ii, 655. _Acta Parl. Scot._, 1, p. 606,
_Robertson's Index_, p. xxiv.]
[Footnote 16: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 1. It may have been
hoped that Gilbert would succeed the maimed Bishop John, _Reg. Morav._
p. xxxiii, note.]
[Footnote 17: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 2. The tenure was thus
by Scottish service of these lands, and so also of Sutherland itself.
It was no grant for religious or charitable purposes.]
[Footnote 18: _Reg. Morav._ xxxv, a late marginal note.]
[Footnote 19: Lawrie, _Early Scot. Charters_, pp. 185 and 430, note,
which puts the date at 1147-1150. Children, however, did witness
charters, and Hugo attests last.]
[Footnote 20: _O.P._, ii, 486. _Reg. Morav._, xxxv, note q. Nos. 259,
215, 216; and _O.P._ ii, 482; and as to Freskin's succession, see No.
99 _Reg. Morav._, p. 113.]
[Footnote 21: _Reg. Morav._ xiii, and No. 211.]
[Footnote 22: See _Early Pedigree of the Freskyns_ at the end of this
book. See _Reg. Morav._, p. 89 (No. 80) and p. 133 (No. 121).]
[Footnote 23: This may have happened a year earlier.]
[Footnote 24: Skene, _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i, p. 470, quotes _Will.
Newburgh Chron._, b. 1, c. xxiv. Malcolm was personated by Wemund the
monk of Furness. See Note pp. 48-9 of _Viking Society's Year Book_,
vol. iv, 1911-2.]
[Footnote 25: Fordun, _Annals 4._ Mackay, _Book of Mackay_, p. 24.]
[Footnote 26: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. i, pp. 360-1. As to the
name Macheth and Macbeth, see _Scottish Hist. Rev._ 1920-1. We believe
the names to be distinct, not identical, Mackay being the son of Aedh,
in Gaelic MacAoidh.]
[Footnote 27: Shaw's _Moray_, edit. 1775, p. 391, No. xiv. Innes says
Berowald was no Fleming.]
[Footnote 28: See _Viking Club's Year Book_, iv, 1911-12, notes pp.
18-20.]
[Footnote 29: _O.S._ III. This may be a translation of Loch Glendhu.]
[Footnote 30: _F.B._, Addenda to _O.S._, trans. Dasent, Rolls edit.]
[Footnote 31: Charter of St. Gilbert's Cathedral. _Sutherland Book_,
vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. _Robertson's Index_, p. 16. _Reg. Dunfermelyn_,
7. See _O.P._ ii, p. 598. _Dalrymple's Collections_, p. 248.]
[Footnote 32: _Sverri's Saga_ (Sephton, pp. 114 to 117), c. 90-93.]
[Footnote 33: _O.P._, 11, ii, pp. 598 and 735. _Lib. Eccles. de Scon_,
p. 37, No. 58. Viking Club, _Caithness and Sutherland Records_, p. 2.
(_Chron. Mailros_), _Lawrie's Annals_, p. 257. A penny per house for
Peter's Pence was paid in his lifetime, _Viking Club Records_, p. 3,
4; _O.P._ says (p. 598) before 1181.]
[Footnote 34: _The Sutherland Book_ quotes this opinion, vol. 1, p.
9, and Lord Hailes had special knowledge, see _Annals of Scotland_
(Hailes), vol. 1, p. 148, anno 1222.]
[Footnote 35: _O.P. Preface_, p. xxi, and pp. 458 and 529; and 413-4.]
[Footnote 36: _Scottish Kings_, Dunbar, p, 80.]
[Footnote 37: _Lib. Pluscard_, xxxvi, 1197-8. _Chron. Mailros_, 1197.]
[Footnote 38: If it were true, as his son Hakon had died in 1171, it
would prove the death of Henry of Ross, Harold's eldest son by his
first marriage, before 1196. The grandsons would be sons of Harold's
daughter.]
[Footnote 39: _O.S._ (Dasent trans.), p. 225. _Torfaeus Orcades_, i,
c. 38.]
[Footnote 40: _O.S._ (Rolls Ed.), pp. 226-231. It was nearer, and
close to Thurso.]
[Footnote 41: See _Hoveden Chron._, vol. iv, pp. 10-12, and _Scottish
Annals from English Chroniclers_, pp. 316-8. (Alan O. Anderson.)]
[Footnote 42: _O.P._ ii, 803.]
[Footnote 43: Dalharrold afterwards belonged to Johanna of
Strathnaver. _Reg. Morav._, p. 139, No. 126. Pope, _Torfaeus_, trans.,
Note p. 169. This battle is also said to have been fought by William
the Lion himself, not by Reginald Gudrodson.]
[Footnote 44: Only three are named, but six are afterwards referred
to. For Pope Innocent's letter see _O. and S. Records_, vol. 1, p.
25.]
[Footnote 45: _O.S._, Dasent, Rolls edit., pp. 228-30. It is not
clear that the bishop lived till 1213. See _Two Ancient Records of the
Bishopric_, Bannatyne Club, pp. 6 and 7.]
[Footnote 46: He was there when Bishop Adam was murdered in that
year.]
[Footnote 47: This is a very large number and hardly credible. It was
not 6000. Can Eystein be the Island Stone, the Man of the Ord?]
[Footnote 48: Bain, _Calendar of Documents_, Nos. 321 and 324.]
[Footnote 49: _O.S._, Rolls edit., p. 230.]
[Footnote 50: _Sverri Saga_, 118, 119, 125.]
[Footnote 51: _Lord Hailes' Addional Case of Elizabeth, claimant of
the Earldom of Sutherland_, p. 8, and see Robertson, _Early Kings_,
vol. ii, p. 446; App. N. esp. p. 494.]
[Footnote 52: One of the Gordons of Garty in Sutherland.]
CHAPTER VIII.
[Footnote 1: See Peter Clauson Undal's Translation of the lost Inga
Saga, _O.S._, Dasent's trans., Rolls ed., pp. 234-6, from which David
and John appear as joint earls in Orkney and Shetland also, on payment
of a large sum, only after King Sverri's death.]
[Footnote 2: _O.S._, Rolls edit., p. 231.]
[Footnote 3: _Scotichronicon_, VIII, clxxvi.]
[Footnote 4: _Fordun Gesta Annal._, xxviii, _Lawrie Annals_, p. 397,
"circa festum S. Petri ad vincula", i.e., Augt. 1. 1214. There is no
evidence whatever that her name was Matilda.]
[Footnote 5: _Chron. Mailros_, p. 114; _Lawrie_, p. 395.]
[Footnote 6: _Hakon Saga_, c. 20.]
[Footnote 7: Do. c. 45.]
[Footnote 8: _Flatey Book_; Rolls edit., _O.S._ p. 232.
_Breithivellir_ means Broadfield.]
[Footnote 9: At Skinnet first; then, in 1239, at Dornoch even more
worthily and in state.]
[Footnote 10: _Flatey Book_; Rolls edit. _O.S._, p. 232.]
[Footnote 11: _Province of Cat_, p. 73; see _Wyntoun Chron._, vii, c.
9.]
[Footnote 12: See _Robertson's Index_, p. xxv.]
[Footnote 13: See _Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers_, Alan O.
Anderson, pp. 336-7, where the _Chronicle of Melrose_, 139, (1222) is
quoted, Lib. Pluscard, vii, 9.]
[Footnote 14: _Wyntoun Chron._ vii, c. 9.]
[Footnote 15: _Hakon Saga_, c. 86.]
[Footnote 16: Do. c. 101. The Iceland Annals prove Harald's drowning.]
[Footnote 17: _Hakon Saga_, c. 162, 165 and 167.]
[Footnote 18: Snaekollr means Snowball. Being largely of Norse blood,
he was probably a fair Viking.]
[Footnote 19: _Hakon Saga_, 169.]
[Footnote 20: See Tudor's _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 344 and p. 53, and
_Hakon Saga_, 169-171.]
[Footnote 21: _Hakon Saga_, 173.]
[Footnote 22: Not _gydinga. Flatey Book_, iii, p. 528; _Torf. Orc._,
ii, p. 163.]
[Footnote 23: Pope, _Torfaeus_ (trans.), p. 184, note.]
[Footnote 24: No. 126.]
CHAPTER IX.
[Footnote 1: One daughter married Olaf, who was killed at Floruvagr in
battle in 1194, see _O.S._, Rolls edit., pp. 230-1 (trans.) Dasent.]
[Footnote 2: Notably in Paul's _Scottish Peerage_ sub _Angus_ and
_Caithness_.]
[Footnote 3: Ancestor of the Ogilvies, Earls of Airlie.]
[Footnote 4: _Scots Peerage_ (Cokayne & Gibbs), sub _Angus_ and
_Caithness_. Dalrymple, _Collections_, p. 220.]
[Footnote 5: _Reg. Aberbrothoc_, pp. 163 and 262, 1227, Jan. 16,
"Magno filio comitis de Anegus."]
[Footnote 6: Robertson, _Early Kings_, vol. ii, p. 23 (note), who
quotes _Reg. Dunfermelyn_, No. 80, _Reg. Morav._ 110; _Lib. Holyrood_,
58, in support.]
[Footnote 7: Shaw, _Moray_, 1775, p. 387, No. iv.]
[Footnote 8: i.e., Malcolm's.]
[Footnote 9: Surely an error for "Gilchrist."]
[Footnote 10: See _Dalrymple's Collections_, 1705, pp. lxxiii-iv,
where "North Caithness" is distinguished from Sutherland
conjecturally. Probably, however, it was distinguished rather from the
southern part of modern Caithness, viz. Latheron and Wick parishes.]
[Footnote 11: This was William de Federeth II, son of Christian, not
her husband of the same name.]
[Footnote 12: This was Sir Reginald Cheyne III.]
[Footnote 13: "Gilchrist" not "Gillebride" all through this
quotation.]
[Footnote 14: Gilchrist, however, died in 1204.]
[Footnote 15: Not, we think, of Erlend, but of Paul. But South
Caithness probably belonged to the Erlend share, i.e., Latheron and
Wick parishes.]
[Footnote 16: _Sutherland Book_, vol. 1, p. 12, note.]
[Footnote 17: _Robertson's Index_, p. 62.]
[Footnote 18: _Reg. Morav._, p. 341. _O.P._, vol. ii, 709.]
[Footnote 19: Can the Mallard or Mallart be _Abhainn na mala airde_,
"the river of the high brow"? Another interpretation, _Abhain na
malairte_, "river of the excambion" has been suggested.]
[Footnote 20: Achness--_Ach-an-eas_ or the field of the waterfall, old
Gaelic _Achanedes_.]
[Footnote 21: Marriages, however, of persons of unsuitable ages were
freely made in these old times.]
[Footnote 22: Norse jarldoms were not given to females, but the
jarldom of Orkney was, failing sons, given to the sons of daughters of
preceding jarls, such as Ragnvald, son of Gunnhild, and Harald Ungi,
son of Jarl Ragnvald's daughter.]
[Footnote 23: _Reg. Morav._, 215, 216; _O.P._, vol. ii, p. 486.]
[Footnote 24: _O.P._, ii, p. 482. Euphamia or Eufemia is a Ross family
name for centuries. _Reg. Morav._, p. 333.]
[Footnote 25: _Bain_, vol. 1, year 1258-9.]
[Footnote 26: _St. Andrew's_, pp. 346 and 347; and for the charter see
_Reg. Morav._, p. 138.]
[Footnote 27: _Reg. Morav._, p. xxxvi. We do not lay stress upon this
argument from the endowment of _two_ chaplains; but it may import that
Freskin died a violent death, unshriven.]
[Footnote 28: We can, however, trace many parts of "Lord" Chen's
lands. For they are called the lands of "Lord" Chen in the
descriptions in later charters quoted in _Origines Parochiales_, vol.
ii, pp. 745 Reay, 749 Thurso, 760 Halkirk, 764 Latheron, 774 Wick,
787-8 Olrig, 790 Dunnet, and 814 Canisbay. His lands in all these
parishes were of considerable extent. They included probably the whole
modern estate of Langwell and most of the parish of Latheron, and
Wick up to Keiss Bay and beyond Ackergill and Riess. In Watten they
comprised Lynegar, Dunn, Bilbster, and others: in Halkirk Parish,
Sibster, Leurary, Gerston, Baillecaik, Scots Calder, North Calder, and
Banniskirk; in Reay Parish, Lybster, Borrowstoun, Forss, and part of
Skaill and Brawlbin: in Thurso, Clairdon, Murkle, Sordale, Amster,
Ormelie and the Thurso fishings; in Dunnet Parish, Rattar, Haland,
Hollandmaik, Corsbach, Ham, and Swiney; while in Canisbay Parish,
Brabstermyre, Duncansby, and Sleiklie belonged to Lord Chen. But
neither "Lord" Chen nor Johanna ever owned Brawl, the principal seat
of the Earls of Caithness; and the Earls of the Angus line had
the rest, mainly in Canisbay, Bower, and the northern part of Wick
parishes. Johanna did not own any of the Chen lands in the Earldom of
South Caithness, which Reginald Chen III acquired after 1340, i.e. the
parishes of Latheron and Wick. She probably owned the old parish of
Far and Halkirk but not Latheron, though this is erroneously implied
in the text.]
CHAPTER X.
[Footnote 1: _Reg. Morav._, pp. 88, 89, 99, 101, 333. Knighted 1215,
was earl in 1226, founded the Abbey of Fearn before 1230, died about
1251.]
[Footnote 2: _Robertson's Index_, p. xxi.]
[Footnote 3: _Hakon Saga_, 245 and 307.]
[Footnote 4: _Genealogie of the Earles_, p. 30, and _Sutherland Book_,
vol. ii, p. 3 No. 4; _O.P._, ii, 647 note. This is not the Cross now
standing. See Macfarlane, _Geog. Collections_, vol. ii, pp. 450 and
467, where it is called Ri-crois. The story that Dornoch took its
name from the slaying of this Chief with the leg of a horse is quite
unfounded, for the name Durnach appears in a charter about a hundred
years earlier, and has nothing to do with a "horse's hoof." Its
derivation and meaning are alike obscure. Chalmers, _Caledonia_, v, p.
192, gives to Dornock in Dumfriesshire the derivation "Dur-nochd" or
the "bare" or "naked water." Its situation is like that of Dornoch,
with a wide expanse of tidal sands.]
[Footnote 5: _Sutherland Book_, vol. iii, p. 3, No. 4. See also _Two
Ancient Records of Caithness_, Bannatyne Club. The bishop himself was
a Canon.]
[Footnote 6: _Genealogie of the Earles_, pp. 6 and 31; _O.P._, ii,
601.]
[Footnote 7: _Liber Eccles. de Scon_, p. 45, No. 73. Viking Club,
_Sutherland and Caithness Records_, No. 8, pp. 12 and 13.]
[Footnote 8: _O.P._, ii, p. 603. As regards the marriage of Iye Mor
Mackay to the daughter of Walter de Baltroddi (Bishop), see _Book of
Mackay_, p. 37.]
[Footnote 9: _Hakon Saga_, 312, 314.]
[Footnote 10: Do. 317.]
[Footnote 11: _Sutherland Book_, vol. 1, p. 15. _Genealogie of the
Earls_, p. 33.]
[Footnote 12: _Hakon Saga_, 319.]
[Footnote 13: _Hakon Saga_, 318. As to the hostages and their expenses
see _Compot. Camer._ 1-31. From additions to _Hakon's Saga_, Rolls
edition, it appears that Caithness was also fined and an army sent
there by the king of Scotland with a view to the conquest of Orkney.]
[Footnote 14: _Hakon Saga_, 319. The calculation was made by Sir David
Brewster.]
[Footnote 15: Also called Port Droman. Possibly Hals-eyar-vik =
neck-island-bay.]
[Footnote 16: _Hakon Saga_, 318.]
[Footnote 17: _Hakon Saga_, 327.]
[Footnote 18: There is a tradition that Hakon slaughtered cattle on
Lechvuaies, a rock in Loch Erriboll.]
[Footnote 19: _Hakon Saga_, 328-331. Goafiord--Eilean Hoan at the
entrance to Loch Erriboll still retains the name.]
[Footnote 20: See Tudor, _Orkney and Shetland_, p. 307. What happened
to Earl Magnus III, who in July 1263 had been obliged to join his
overlord, King Hakon, and sail with him from Bergen? The Orkneymen
were far from Norway, but dangerously close to Scotland. Their jarl
had large possessions in Caithness, which he feared to lose if he made
war on the Scottish king. Magnus therefore "stayed behind" in Orkney,
and never went to Largs, but probably went to the Scottish king.
Caithness first suffered from levies of cattle and provisions at the
hands of Hakon, and afterwards from fines levied and hostages taken
by the Scottish King, who sent an army, no doubt under the Chens and
Federeths and others, to threaten Orkney and hold Caithness and levy
the fine. Dugald, king of the Sudreys, intercepted the fine, and
disappeared. Orkney had a Norse garrison, and the Scottish army never
went to Orkney, Magnus was reconciled to Alexander III, and after
the Treaty of Perth, in 1267, was reconciled also to King Magnus of
Norway, on terms that he should hold Orkney of him and his successors,
but that Shetland should remain a direct appanage of the Norse Crown,
as it had been ever since Harold Maddadson's punishment in 1195. (See
Munch's _History of Norway_; and _Torfaeus Orcades_, p. 172; and _King
Magnus Saga_, Rolls edition of _Hakon's Saga_, pp. 374-7).]
CHAPTER XI.
[Footnote 1: _Scandinavian Britain_, p. 62. To Orkney and Shetland
they came mainly from the fjords north of Bergen.]
[Footnote 2: _Oxford Essays_, 1858, p. 165, Dasent, an admirable
account of the Norsemen in Iceland.]
[Footnote 3: _Hume Brown, History_, ante.]
[Footnote 4: _Scandinavian Britain_, p. 35.]
[Footnote 5: See _Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland_ (Henderson),
_passim_; and _Sutherland and the Reay Country_, (Rev. Adam Gunn),
chapter on "Language," p. 172.]
[Footnote 6: Viking Club, _Old Lore Miscell._, vol. ii, 213; vol. iii,
14, 182, 234.]
[Footnote 7: See _Burnt Njal_, (Dasent) for a plan and elevation of a
Skali. Skelpick may be Skaill-beg, or Little Hall.]
[Footnote 8: _Ruins of Saga-time_ (in Iceland) by Thorsteinn
Erlingson, David Nutt (1899).]
[Footnote 9: See his _Essay_ with plans in the _Saga Book of the
Viking Club_, vol. iii, pp. 174-216.]
[Footnote 10: i.e. Broadfield; see _O.S._, Rolls edition, p. 232,
formerly Brathwell.]
[Footnote 11: Mousa in Shetland was twice so used, by two honeymoon
pairs. See Tudor, _O. and S._, p. 481.]
[Footnote 12: _O.P._, vol. ii, 758.]
[Footnote 13: _O.S._, 84, 100 and 22; 58, 78, 100, 101, 102, 113, and
pp. 226, 227, 228, in Rolls edition. Hjalmundal is the strath, not the
village of Helmsdale.]
[Footnote 14: We find in Latheron in Caithness "Golsary" the shieling
of Gol. Platagall, see _O.P._, ii, p. 680.]
[Footnote 15: The bodily form often follows that of fathers of a fair
race, it is said.]
[Footnote 16: See p. 21.]
[Footnote 17: Frontispiece to vol. 1 of Du Chaillu's _Viking Age_.]
[Footnote 18: See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, Dr. Joseph
Anderson's _Rhind Lectures_ in 1879, pp. 141-2; _Scandinavian
Britain_, p. 29.]
[Footnote 19: _Saga of Erik the Red_ and _St. Olaf's Saga_. See _Orig.
Islandicae_, vol. ii, Bk. v, pp. 588-756 "Explorers."]
[Footnote 20: Yet see the Romance of _Guillaume le Roi_, Chroniques
Anglo-Normandes, vol. iii, Francisque Michel.]
[Footnote 21: As witness the Seaforths (Sæ-fjorthr) of the 51st
Division in France.]
[Footnote 22: Vol. 1, p. 45. See also Burton's _History of Scotland_,
vol. i, chapter xi, and vol. ii, pp. 14 and 15.]
APPENDIX.
EARLY PEDIGREE OF THE FRESKYNS.
FRESKYN I
of Strabrock and Duffus, b. about 1100, was granted Duffus about 1130;
entertained David I in 1150 there; died between 1166 and 1171.
|
.--------------------+--------------------.
| |
(1)William MacFrisgyn, Grantee of (2)Hugo Fresechin witnessed the
Strabrock, Duffus, &c., "_quas Charter of Lohworuora Church
terras pater suus Friskin tenuit (Borthwick) to Herbert, Bishop
tempore regis David_," 1165-1171. of Glasgow before 1152, (_Hug.
Witnessed Charter of Innes to filio Fresechin_).
Berowald the Fleming about 1160.
|
.--+-------------------------------+----------------------.
| | |
(1)Hugo Freskyn of Sutherland, (2)William filius Willelmi filii (3)Andrew,
father was William, son Freskin, who calls Hugo his parson
of Freskin, died before 1214. lord and brother, was Lord of
| of Petty, Bracholie, Boharm Duffus.
| and Artildol: d. before 1226.
| |
| +---------------------.
+------------------------------------+------------. |
| | | |
(1)William _dominus (2)Walter de Moravia (3)Andrew, Bishop Walter de
Sutherlandiae, b. ? d. before 20th of Moray. Moravia de
filius et heres March 1248, of Duffus Petty,
quondam Hugonis_, buried there guardian
cr. first Earl with his father of King
after 1237, died Hugo 'beatus,' m. Alexander
1248. | Euphamia, d. of Ferchar III and
| Macintagart, his
| Earl of Ross, circa Queen,
| 1224. | 1255
| | |
William, 2nd Earl Freskinus II, who had a "proavus et Walter dominus
of Sutherland, attavus" in Moray and was _nepos_ de Bothwell,
1248-1307. (grandson) Hugonis, m. Lady Johanna m.d. of John
| of Strathnaver. He was born (?) Cumyn, d. circa
| about 1225, Lord of Duffus by 1248, 1294. |
| d. 1262-3 (Ch. 99 _Reg. Morav._) |
| | .------+--.
.--+----------. .---+----------. | |
| | | | | |
William, Kenneth, (1)Mary of (2)Christian, William, Andrew.
Third Fourth Duffus, William d.s.p. |
Earl of Earl of m. Federeth I. |
Sutherland, Sutherland, Reginald | |
1307-1327. 1327-1333, fell Chen II. | |
+--at Halidon Hill. | .----------+ .-----------.---+
| .----------+ | | |
| | | | |
| Reginald Chen III William de Sir Andrew John of
| "Morar na Shein" Federeth II Bothwell, Abercairney.
| had half Caithness, granted one Wardane of
| one quarter by quarter of Scotland,
| grant. | Caithness d. 1338.
| | to Reginald
| | Chen III.
| |
.------+-------. +----.------------------.
| | | |
William Nicolas m. Mary Marjory
Fifth Earl of of | of m. 1 Sir John
Sutherland, Torboll | Duffus Douglas
1333. | m. 2 Sir John
| | Keith of
| Whence the Inverugie
| Duffus Family |
| and Peerage. |
(For rest of (For rest of pedigree |
pedigree see see Sutherland book.) |
Sutherland Book.) Andrew Keith
of Inverugie.
NOTE.--William MacFrisgyn is said by Shaw in his History of
Moray, 1775 edit., p. 75, to have had several sons, viz.:--Hugo of
Sutherland, (2) Sir John (whence the Atholl family), (3) William of
Petty, (4) Sir John of Moray (whence Abercairney), (5) Andrew, Bishop
of Moray, (6) Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness, and (7) Richard of Culbin:
_sed quaere_.
INDEX.
Aberbrothock.
Aberdeen;
bishopric;
invaded.
Aberdeenshire;
why no brochs?
Achavarn.
Achness.
Acre.
Adam, earl of Angus.
Adam, bishop of Caithness;
buried.
Adamnan.
Aethelfrith.
Afreka, dau. of earl of Fife, m. Earl Harold Maddadson, their children;
divorced by Harold.
Agricola, Tacitus.
Alane, thane of Sutherland.
Alban;
its provinces;
common language;
ravaged by Irish Danes;
wars of kings of A. against Northmen;
Moray stretched across A.;
Caithness.
Alcluyd (Dunbarton).
Alexander I.
Alexander II cr. Wm. Freskyn earl of Sutherland;
punished burners of Bishop Adam;
confiscated half Caithness;
grant of earldom of south Caithness to Magnus, earl of Angus;
Magnus II, or Malcolm witness to charter;
succession to throne;
revolt of Donald Ban MacWilliam;
Argyll conquered;
Caithness subdued (1222);
rebellions in Moray and Galloway;
embassy to Norway;
open letter for Scone;
died.
Alexander III;
m. Margaret, dau. of Henry III;
his only child, Margaret;
embassy to Norway;
conquered Isle of Man and Hebrides.
Altyre, Standing Stane of Duffus removed to.
America, Norsemen discovered;
heard of by Jean Cabot in Iceland.
Amlaiph (Olaf) Craig.
Anderson, Alan O.;
_Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers_.
Anderson, Joseph, 11;
O.S. trans.;
_Scotland in Pagan Times_, q.v.;
_Scotland in Early Christian Times_, q.v.
Andres Nicholas' son.
Andres, son of Sweyn.
Andrew, Bishop of Caithness, had grant of Hoctor Common;
Culdean monk;
abbot of Dunkeld;
died at Dunfermline;
a witness.
Andrews, St., bishopric founded;
Roger, bishop of.
Anglo-Normandes, Chroniques, (F. Michel).
Angus, earls of (see also under names),
Gillebride;
Adam, son of Gillebride;
Gilchrist, son of Gillebride, and father of Magnus II, earl of Orkney
and Caith.,
Duncan, son of Gilchrist;
Malcolm, earl of Caithness and Angus;
Matilda, countess of, dau. of Malcolm;
Gilbert d'Umphraville, earl of A., husband of Matilda,
Gilbert d'Umphraville, son of Matilda.
Pedigree.
Angus, son of Gillebride, earl of Angus.
Anlaf, or Olaf, earl in C.
Applecross, in Ross, lay abbots.
Archibald, bishop of Moray.
Ardovyr (Gael., upper water), identified as Loch Coire and Mallard River,
i.e., "Abhain 'a Mhail Aird" of Ord. Map, part of Johanna's estate in
Strathnaver.
Argyll;
St. Columba landed from Ulster;
Scots king;
Dalriadic territory;
known as Airergaithel;
Galgaels;
Somerled of;
conquered by king Alexr.
Arnfinn Thorfinnson, earl, m. Ragnhild, Eric's dau.
Arnkell Torf-Einarson, earl, slain in England.
Artildol.
Asgrim's Ergin, now Assary.
Asleif, mother of Sweyn.
Asleifarvik (now Old-shore, also called Port Droman).
Assynt;
included in Creich (q.v.);
Store Point.
Athelstan.
Atholl (Atjokl);
Ath-Fodla, a Pictish province;
Picts absorbed by Scots;
earls of;
Sweyn Asleifarson visits;
earl Paul died;
bishop John.
Atholl, earls of;
Maddad, m. Margret dau. of Hakon;
earl of A., in 1236, burned to death;
earls descended from Freskyn.
Aud the deeply wise, in Caith., settled in Iceland.
Audhild, dau. of Thorleif, mistress of Sigurd Slembi-diakn;
m. Eric Streita;
her son, Eric Stagbrellir;
Johanna of Strathnaver, a connection.
Audna, or Edna, dau. of Kiarval, m. Hlodver, jarl.
Backies, Norse derivation.
Bakke, in place-names.
Baltroddi, Walter de, bishop of C.
Bard, next of kin of Ulf the Bad, Orkney.
Barelegs, nickname of king Magnus, because he wore the kilt.
Barr, St., of Dornoch;
his Fair in Dornoch;
old church of St. Barr;
site.
Barth, or Bard, Helgi's son, and St. Barr.
Beauly, estate of Bissets.
Beauly Firth;
site of Redcastle on.
Ben-y-griams.
Bergen, St. Ragnvald returned to, from Grimsby;
John, earl of Caithness, present at;
earl John left his son as hostage;
king Hakon buried in Christchurch;
k. Hakon and earl Magnus III sailed from.
Berowald the Fleming (Innes q.v.), had grant in Moray.
Berridale conveyed by Malise II, earl, to Reginald More, afterwards acquired
by Chens.
Beruvik, misreading of.
Berwick, North, raided by Sweyn.
Bethoc, eld. dau. of Malcolm II, m. Crinan;
grandmother of earl Moddan.
Bilbao, Spain;
Nervion.
Birrenswark, near Ecclefechan, was Brunanburg.
Birsay, Orkney, earl Thorfinn's Hall;
cathedral built by Thorfinn;
but replaced by St. Magnus' Cathedral.
Bisset, a Norman family;
at Beauly.
Bjarni, bishop of Orkney, probable author of _Orkneyinga Saga_;
his parents;
relative of Sweyn;
at Bergen.
Blood-eagle.
Blood-rain in Iceland.
Blundus, Gaufrid, burgess of Inverness.
Boar, wild, in Cat.
Boece.
Boreale, Corpus Poeticum.
Borrobol.
Borve, rock-castle.
Bothgowanan, or Pitgavenny.
Bothwell, family of, descended from Freskyn.
Bothwell, Sir Andrew of.
Boun, whence Eng. bound, i.e., equipped.
Bracholy.
Brawl, formerly Brathwell (Breithivellir), Castle;
deriv.
Breithifjorthr, i.e., Broad-firth, Moray Firth.
Bressay Sound.
Brewster, Sir David.
Brian Borumha, king of Ireland.
Brichan, Jas.;
_Orig. Paroch. Scot._.
Bricius, bishop.
Brochs, or Pictish towers;
Roman relics found in;
date, number, distribution, rise, construction, &c.;
Norse place-names near brochs;
at Dunrobin;
used by Norse as dwellings;
Craig Carrill, Roman tablets found;
Skene on origin of;
at Feranach.
Broethrungr, firnari en, first cousin once removed.
Broxburn, (Strabrock).
Brunanburgh, site.
Brusi Sigurdson, earl.
Buchan, earl of.
Burghead, Turfness of Saga;
Norse raids from B. checked by Duffus.
Burnt Njal, Saga of;
transl. by Sir G.W. Dasent.
Cabot, Jean, in Iceland.
Cailleach (Carline) Stone in Kyleakin.
Cait, or Cat, Pictish province of, (now Caithness and Sutherland, q.v.),
in three parts, (1) Ness, (2) Strathnavern, and (3) Sudrland;
description of land;
unsuitable for trees in Ness;
west uninhabited in Viking times;
deer, etc., abounded;
Athelstan's naval demonstration;
held by earls of Orkney;
Duncan the maormor;
Picts and Norse;
map;
Pictish clergy driven from north-east by Norse;
land and people on arrival of Norse.
Cat, maormors of;
Duncan, or Dungall;
Moldan or Moddan.
Caithness (Ness), part of the ancient province of Cat, q.v.;
Norse occupied fertile parts;
ancient monuments;
writing;
_Orkneyinga Saga_ only record before 12th cent.;
earlier notices and later records;
earldom claimed by Sigurd Hlodverson;
Skuli Thorfinnson cr. earl;
C. people in Iceland;
sea battle between Ulf and Helgi;
Moddan, earl of C.;
his expedition to;
Norse earls;
Thorfinn returns to, after Scottish conquests;
"king of Catanesse," in "William the Wanderer";
St. Magnus;
seized by earl Hakon;
earl Magnus favoured in;
earldom conferred on Ragnvald Gudrodson;
much of owned by Moddan's family;
Norse steadily lost hold on C.;
Norse driven outward and eastward;
bishopric founded;
bishop Andrew;
Norse earls;
family of Freskyn de Moravia;
earldom of David I;
robberies by Sweyn;
Malcolm IV granted half earldom to Erlend Haraldson;
red deer and reindeer hunting;
rebellions;
bishop's litigation with earls of Sutherland;
Innes family;
earldom held of Scottish crown;
diocese and cathedral;
bishop Andrew;
first conquest by King William;
subdued by King William;
earl Ragnvald's half conferred on Harald Ungi;
earl Harold slew earl Harald Ungi;
Caithness given to Ragnvald Gudrodson;
who defeated earl Harold at Dalharrold;
Ragnvald's stewards left in charge, their fate;
the lawman;
Ragnvald bought earldom;
extent of earl Harold's earldom;
Scottish policy in the north;
old Norse earldom broken up;
services of Freskyn family;
extent of earldom of earl David;
the burning of bishop Adam;
thingstead and lawman;
the earldom;
succession to earldom;
subjected by king Alexr. II, 1222;
king Hakon's fine;
escaped attack by Hakon;
Scottish subjection of Norse;
Norse adopted Gaelic;
Norse place-names;
Norse type still in evidence;
Normans, Cheynes, Oliphants and St. Clairs;
inheritance of Erlend lands by Normans;
inhabitants a blend of Gael and Norse.
Caithness, church in;
bishopric founded;
cathedral at Halkirk,
at Dornoch;
bishop's palace at Thurso;
constitution of diocese;
records;
bishops: Andrew;
John;
Adam;
Gilbert;
William;
Walter de Baltroddi.
Caithness, earldom of;
in the 14th cent. a moiety in the Angus earls and the Chen family;
South Caithness granted to earl Magnus II;
Brawl, a capital residence of the earls in C.;
devolution of earldom and tribal owners;
North and South divisions;
hostages taken by Scotland after Largs;
paid a fine to king Hakon.
Caithness, earls of;
Thorfinn Sigurdson, first Scottish earl;
Skuli cr. earl by Scots king;
Moddan cr. earl by Scots king;
Crichton and Sinclair earls;
earl's office descended to females;
Norse and tribal land-owners;
Scottish policy in regard to succession in C.
Caithness and Sutherland Records, Viking Society.
Caithness, Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of.
Caithness, Prehistoric Remains of, (S. Laing and T.H. Huxley).
Calder, Loch.
Calder Valley, Calfdale of Saga.
Caledonia, (G. Chalmers).
Caledonians, Annals of the, (Ritson).
Caledonians inhabited the Grampians;
Romans failed to conquer;
Roman wars effected union of;
St. Ninian, Christian mission, through Roman influence.
Cantyre.
Carham; victory of Malcolm II.
Cat, Province of, (Angus Mackay).
Ce, the province Keith, or Mar.
Celtic Britain, (Rhys).
Celtic Scotland, (W.F. Skene);
on succession to Caithness;
Sir W. Fraser's criticism.
Celts, non-seafaring;
Norse influence;
Gall-gaels;
influence of Norse on Gaelic, and of Gael on Norse;
"P" and "Q" Celts;
kilted warriors of Norse extraction.
Celts, Survival of Beliefs among the, (George Henderson).
Chen, or Cheyne, family in Caithness;
descendants of Johanna of Strathnaver;
family lands.
Chen II, Reginald;
signatory of National Bond with Wales;
father of Reginald Chen III;
m. Mary, dau. of Freskin and Johanna of Strathnaver, got one-fourth of
Caithness;
had regrant of Strathnaver lands;
Kerrow-na-Shein.
Chen III, Reginald, known as "Morar na Shein," acquired Berridale in south
Caithness from Malise II;
owned a moiety of earldom of Caith., lived in parish of Halkirk;
grandson of Johanna;
Kerrow-na-Shein;
his estate;
acquired south Caithness lands after 1340;
acquired Christian (Freskyn's) fourth;
lands.
Christ Church, Norse name for a cathedral.
Christ Church, Bergen;
king Hakon buried.
Christ's Kirk, Birsay;
burial of St. Magnus.
Christian I, king of Norway;
mortgaged Orkney and Shetland to Scotland.
Christiania Fjord, or the Vik.
Church;
Pictish, Columban and Catholic;
Norse influence.
Clairdon, near Thurso;
earl Harald Ungi defeated;
where Lifolf Baldpate fell.
Clibreck (Clibr'), part of Johanna's estate.
Clon, in Ross, granted by earl of Ross to Walter de Moravia.
Clontarf, the battle of.
Clouston, J. Storer;
_A Branch of the Family_;
Orkney trithing.
Clyne.
Cobbie Row, ruins of the castle of Kolbein Hruga, in Wyre.
Coire, Loch;
lands probably held by Moddan family.
Coire-na-fearn, (Cornefern) Strathnavern;
part of Johanna's estate.
Collingwood, W.G., on Thorfinn as "king of Catanesse.";
see _Scandinavian Britain_, transl. _William the Wanderer_.
Columba, St.;
Adamnan's Life of;
mission to Picts, settlement in Iona;
clergy removed to Dunkeld;
relics removed;
patron saint of Scot and Pict;
his cult and culture destroyed by Norse.
Columban settlements of hermits and missionaries;
Columban church;
replaced by Catholic.
Columbus;
discovered America long after Norsemen.
Comyn, Alexr.;
see Buchan, earl of.
Comyn, John, m. Matilda heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus.
Comyn, Walter;
earl of Menteith.
Constantine I;
viking raids.
Constantine II;
Norse seize C. and S.
Constantine III;
Danish attacks.
Constantinople (Micklegarth).
Coracles, Pictish boats.
Cortachy, advowson of.
Craig Carrill Broch;
Roman tablets found.
Crakaig, crooked bay, now drained.
Creich, owned by Hugo Freskyn;
including Assynt;
granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert while archdeacon of Moray.
Crinan, Abthane of Dunkeld, m. Bethoc, dau. of Malcolm II.
Croc Skardie;
(?) Sigurd's Howe.
Cromarty;
northern Suter of;
Norse place-names;
Macbeth's property.
Cruithne and his seven sons.
Curle, A.O.;
early monuments of Caith. and Sutherland.
Cyderhall, see Sigurd's Howe.
Dale, Dalar or Dalr, C.;
earl Skuli slain;
home of Moddan.
Dalharrold, on River Naver;
belonged to Johanna.
Dalriadic kingdom.
Dalrymple's Collections, on divorce;
on earl Magnus II.
Damsey;
earl Erlend killed.
Danes;
Irish Danes.
Darratha-Liod.
Dasent, Sir G.W.;
transl. _Orkneyinga Saga_, q.v.;
_Oxford Essays_, q.v.;
_Saga of Burnt Njal_, q.v.
David I, king of Scotland;
church organisation;
earldom of Caithness held of him;
his tutor John, bishop of Glasgow;
visited by Sweyn Asleifarson;
introduced feudal barons and charters;
at Duffus Castle;
by education a Norman knight.
David II.
David Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;
did not have earl Ragnvald's share of Caith. earldom;
succeeded to a reduced territory;
sole earl of Orkney;
joint earl with earl John;
death.
Dawey (Dalvey).
Death in bed, a reproach among Norse.
Deer;
earls Ragnvald and Harald hunted red deer and reindeer in
Caithness;
red deer abounded in Cat.
Deerness, Mull of;
sea-fight between Thorfinn and Duncan I;
king Hakon's fleet passed.
Deerstalking, days of, Scrope.
De Moravia, see under Freskyn.
Dingwall;
southern limit of Norse.
Dirlot, or Dilred, in Strathmore, C.
Dolfin, son of Maldred.
Dollar;
Scots defeated by Danes.
Donada, dau. of Malcolm II, m. Finnleac.
Donald, supposed son of Malcolm III.
Donald Bane, claimant to Scottish crown.
Donald Ban MacWilliam;
claimant of Scottish crown;
his son Guthred slain;
descended from Ingibjorg, widow of Thorfinn and Malcolm Canmore.
Dornoch (Durnach);
supposed dedication of Cathedral;
monks to be protected;
owned by Hugo Freskyn;
in earldom of Caithness;
cathedral of St. Barr;
excluded from earldom of earl David;
part granted by Hugo Freskyn to Gilbert;
Embo near D., Norse defeated;
existed in Norse times;
Durnach;
cathedral lands;
bishop Adam buried in;
traditional origin of name.
Dornock, Dumfriesshire, deriv.
Dorruthar.
Dougal of the Isles, in Orkney;
joined Hakon's expedition.
Douglas, family of.
Dovyr, tofftys de;
part of Johanna's estate;
from Gael. for water, identified as River and Loch Naver.
Draughts;
played by St. Ragnvald.
Dublin;
Sweyn killed at.
Dufeyra.
Duffus;
near Burghead or Turfness;
castle built by Freskyn de Moravia;
estates owned by Hugo Freskyn;
Freskyn, lord of;
estate succeeded to by Walter Freskyn;
church;
William MacFrisgyn second lord of;
chapel of St. Lawrence;
Freskyn's fortress checked Norse raids;
king David's visit;
rector of St. Peter's.
Dufnjal.
Dugald, king of Sudreys;
intercepted the Scotch fine on C.
D'Umphraville, Gilbert--earl of Angus;
m. Matilda, countess of Angus.
D'Umphraville, Gilbert--earl of Angus;
son of Matilda.
Dunadd.
Dunbar, Sir Archibald; _Scottish Kings_, q.v.
Dunbarton, Dun-bretan, fort of the Britons.
Duncan I;
parentage;
Karl Hundason;
at North Berwick;
defeated by earl Thorfinn off Deerness;
and at Turfness;
his death and age;
created Moddan, his sister's son, earl of Caithness.
Duncan II, king of Scotland;
son of Malcolm and Ingibjorg.
Duncan, earl;
father of Dufnjal.
Duncan, earl of Angus.
Duncan, maormor of Duncansby;
m. Groa;
his dau. Grelaud.
Duncan, earl of Fife;
dau. Afreka m. Harald Maddadson.
Duncansby or Dungallsby.
Dundas, Sir David.
Dunfermelyn, Reg.
Dunfermline;
Bishop Andrew a Culdean monk of.
Dungal's Noep, C.;
battle.
Dunkeld;
clergy of Iona removed to, eccl. capital for Scots and Picts;
capital of southern Picts;
bishopric founded;
Andrew, bishop of Caith., abbot of.
Dunnet Head.
Dunrobin;
glen;
charter room;
Robert, legendary 2nd earl of Sutherland, founder (?);
MS. of Constitution of diocese;
Norse derivation.
Dunskaith, Castle of.
Dunstable, Annals of.
Durness (Dyrness);
clan Mackay;
in old earldom of Caithness;
Asleifarvik, anchorage of Hakon's fleet;
raided by Norse in retreat from Largs;
Seanachaistel, chaistel;
MacHeth settlement.
Egilsay;
martyrdom of St. Magnus;
bishop John from Athole visited.
Einar Oily-tongue;
slew Havard jarl.
Eindridi;
wrecked off Shetland;
sailed with earl Ragnvald to the East;
his treachery;
and desertion.
Ekkjal, Norse name of Oykel.
Ekkjals-bakki;
southern limit of conquest of earl Sigurd I;
indentification disputed;
earl Paul's journey to Athole;
in Sweyn's track to burn Frakark;
Atjokl's bakki.
Eclipse of sun in Orkney, Augt. 5th, 1263.
Eddirdovir, castle of, at Redcastle.
Eddrachilles.
Edgar, claimant to Scottish crown.
Einar Sigurdson, earl;
his slaughter.
Elgin;
cathedral, built by Andrew, bishop of Moray;
records;
Johanna granted lands in Strathnaver for the cathedral;
constitution of diocese based on Lincoln;
guides for Sweyn.
Elin, dau. of Eric Stagbrellir;
at home near Loch Naver;
she, or sister, m. Gilchrist, earl of Angus, and was mother of
Magnus II, earl of Caithness.
Elk;
abounded in Cat;
horns found.
Ellarholm.
Ellwick (Ellidarvik).
Embo, near Dornoch;
Norse defeated and their "prince" slain, to whom the Ri-Crois erected.
Erde-houses, of Pictish times.
Erg (Gaelic, airigh), a sheiling, Norse, setr;
pl. ergin, sheilings, in Asgrim's Ergin.
Eric bloody-axe.
Erik the Red, Saga of.
Eric Stagbrellir, son of Audhild, brought up in Kildonan by Frakark;
sole male survivor of Moddan line;
m. Ingigerd, dau. of earl St. Ragnvald, united the Erlend and Moddan
estates;
tried to reconcile earls Ragnvald and Harold;
probably got earl Ottar's lands on the death of earl Erlend;
viking raid to Hebrides and Scilly Isles;
his son Harald Ungi made earl of Orkney and Caithness (excluding
Sutherland);
his son, Ragnvald;
line represented by Snaekoll Gunni's son.
Eric Streita;
husband of Audhild, dau. of Thorleif.
Erlend Haraldson, earl of Orkney and Caith.;
heir of earl Ottar;
granted half earldom of Caith.;
granted half earldom of Orkney;
supported by Sweyn;
in Shetland;
slain;
last of male line of Thorfinn Sigurdson;
nearest heir, Ragnvald Gudrodson, king of Man;
grandson of Hakon Paulson;
not Erlend Ungi.
Erlend Torf-Einarson, earl;
slain in England.
Erlend Thorfinnson;
joint earl of Orkney and Caith. with his brother Paul;
at battle of Stamford Bridge;
banished to Norway where he died;
his descendants;
his line of heirs;
Scottish policy as to succession;
Snaekoll Gunni's son, chief of line;
Skene's theory;
the converse theory that Magnus of Angus m. the nameless dau. of earl
John, through whom he got the title, and Paul's lands;
his share of earldom of Caithness;
inherited by Johanna of Strathnaver;
his line (excepting Harald Ungi) excluded from Orkney during rule
of earl Harold, David and John;
succession to Erlend lands in C.
Erlend Ungi;
eloped with Margret, mother of earl Harold Maddadson, to Mousa Broch;
reconciled to earl Harold, with whom he went to Norway;
not earl Erlend.
Erling Erlendson;
in Norwegian expedition to Wales;
probably killed in Ireland.
Erling Ivar's son;
in Hakon's expedition;
in raid on Dyrnes.
Erlingson, Thorsteinn;
_Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland_, (Viking Society, extra series).
Ermengarde, queen.
Erriboll, Loch;
the Goafiord, or Hoanfiord, Hakon's fleet in;
Lochvuaies.
Euphemia, wife of Walter Freskin de Moravia of Duffus, dau. of
Ferchar Mac-in-Tagart, earl of Ross.
Evelix, River;
Eystein, king of Norway;
seized earl Harold Maddadson;
invaded Aberdeen.
Eysteinsdal, or Ousedale, near the Ord of Caithness;
to which king William marched against earl Harold
Eyvind Urarhorn.
Fair Isle;
Faroes;
Picts.
Farr;
old parish was Johanna's estate in Strathnaver;
Borve Castle.
Federeth I (Fedrett), William de;
m. Christian, dau. of Freskin and Johanna, and got one fourth of
Caithness;
Caithness lands.
Federeth II, William de;
son of W.F. and Christian Freskin, sold his fourth of C. to Sir
Reginald Chen III.
Felix, bishop of Moray;
witness.
Feranach, Broch at;
Frakark's residence (?).
Fernebuchlyn.
Feudalism;
introduced into Scotland by Alexander I and David I.
Fib (Fife).
Fidach (Moray).
Fife;
conquests by earl Thorfinn.
Finleac or Finlay MacRuari, maormor of Moray;
fought earl Sigurd at Skidamyre;
m. dau. of Malcolm II.
Finn Arnason, father of Ingibjorg;
and of Sigrid.
Firth par., Orkney;
Paplay, Thora's residence.
Flandrensis, not applied to Freskin de Moravia.
Flatey Book;
Thorstein the Red;
earls of Orkney;
story of Barth;
continuation of _Orkneyinga Saga_;
earl Ragnvald's half of Caith. earldom;
extent of Harold's later earldom;
battle of Skitten.
Fleet, Loch;
no longer reaches to Pittentrail.
Floruvoe, Floruvagr;
battle in 1135;
battle in 1194.