LATER ENGLISH COLLECTORS.
In describing the English collections of the eighteenth century we have
the advantage of using the memoranda of William Oldys for the earlier
part of the period. D'Israeli deplored the carelessness which led the
'literary antiquary' to entrust his discoveries and reminiscences to the
fly-leaves of notebooks, to 'parchment budgets,' and paper-bags of
extracts. He expressed especial disappointment at the loss of the
manuscript on London Libraries, with its anecdotes of book-collectors and
remarks on booksellers and the first publishers of catalogues. The book
has come to light since his time, having been discovered among the
important collections bequeathed by Dr. William Hunter to the University
of Glasgow; it was published by Mr. W. J. Thoms about the year 1862 in
_Notes and Queries_, and was afterwards printed by him in a volume
containing a diary and other 'choice notes' by Oldys and an interesting
memoir of his life. 'In his own departments of learning,' says Mr. Thoms,
'Oldys exhausted all the ordinary sources of information,' and adds that
'his copious and characteristic accounts of men and books have endeared
his memory to every lover of English literature.'
Oldys had some special advantages as a collector of old English poetry.
He knew, as no one else at that time knew, the value of the plays and
pamphlets that encumbered the stalls; he had no competitor to fear 'clad
in the invulnerable mail of the purse.' Oldys was born in 1696; he became
involved, while quite a young man, in the disaster of the South Sea
Bubble; and in 1724 he was obliged to leave London for a residence of
some years in Yorkshire. Among the books that he abandoned was the first
of his annotated copies of _Langbaine_, which he found afterwards in the
hands of a miserly fellow, begrudging him even a sight of the notes.
'When I returned,' he writes, 'I understood that my books had been
dispersed; and afterwards, becoming acquainted with Mr. Thomas Coxeter, I
found that he had bought my _Langbaine_ of a bookseller who was a great
collector of plays and poetical books.' His autobiography shows that he
soon restored his literary losses. His patron, Lord Oxford, for whom he
afterwards worked as librarian, was anxious to buy everything that was
rare. 'The Earl,' says Oldys, 'invited me to show him my collections of
manuscripts, historical and political, which had been the Earl of
Clarendon's, my collections of Royal Letters and other papers of State,
together with a very large collection of English heads in sculpture.' Mr.
Thoms quotes a note from the _Langbaine_ to show that Oldys had bought
two hundred volumes 'at the auction of the Earl of Stamford's library at
St. Paul's Coffee-house, where formerly most of the celebrated libraries
were sold.' It was while Oldys was living in Yorkshire, under the
patronage of Lord Malton, that he saw the end of the library of State
Papers collected by Richard Gascoyne the antiquary. The noble owner of
the MSS. had been advised to destroy the papers by a lawyer, Mr. Samuel
Buck of Rotherham, 'who could not read one of those records any more than
his lordship'; but he feared that they might contain legal secrets or
disclose flaws in a title or, as Oldys said, 'that something or other
might be found out one time or other by somebody or other.' Richard
Gascoyne, he adds, possessed a vast and most valuable collection of
deeds, evidences, and ancient records, which after his death, about the
time of the Restoration, came to the family of the first Earl of
Strafford. They were kept in the stone tower at Wentworth Woodhouse until
1728, when Lord Malton 'burnt them all wilfully in one morning.' 'I saw
the lamentable fire,' says Oldys, 'feed upon six or seven great chests
full of the said deeds, some of them as old as the Conquest, and even the
ignorant servants repining.... I did prevail to the preservation of some
few old rolls and public grants and charters, a few extracts of escheats,
and original letters of some eminent persons and pedigrees of others, but
not the hundredth part of much better things that were destroyed.'
One or two extracts from the 'diary and choice notes' will show the
minute attention given by Oldys to everything concerned with books.
Under the date of June 29th, 1737, we read: 'Saw Mr. Ames' old MSS. on
vellum, entitled _Le Romant de la Rose_, which cost forty crowns at Paris
when first written, as appears by the inscription at the end: it had been
Bishop Burnet's book, his arms being pasted in it, and Mr. Rawlinson's,
being mentioned in one of his catalogues; in the same catalogue also is
mentioned Sir William Monson's collection, which Mr. West bought and lent
me before the fatal fire happened at his chambers in the Temple.' Mr.
Thorns adds that Sir William Monson, an Admiral of note in the reign of
James I., formed considerable collections, principally about naval
affairs. Under the date of August 8th, we read of a visit to Strype the
historian. 'Invited by Dr. Harris to his brother's at Homerton, where old
Mr. Strype is still alive, and has the remainder of his once rich
collection of MSS., tracts, etc.' Dr. Knight's letter of a few months'
earlier date was printed by Nichols in his _Literary Anecdotes_. 'I made
a visit to old Father Strype when in town last: he is turned ninety, yet
very brisk, and with only a decay of sight and memory.... He told me that
he had great materials towards the life of the old Lord Burleigh and Mr.
Foxe the martyrologist, which he wished he could have finished, but most
of his papers are in "characters"; his grandson is learning to decipher
them.' Under the dates of September 1st and 7th Oldys records that 'the
Yelverton library is in the possession of the Earl of Sussex, wherein
are many volumes of Sir Francis Walsingham's papers'; and a few days
later, 'Dr. Pepusch offered me any intelligence or assistance from his
ancient collections of music, for a history of that art and its
professors in England; and as to dramatic affairs, he notes that the
Queen's set of Plays had at first been thought too dear; but after Mrs.
Oldfield the actress died, and they were reported to be his collection,
then the Queen would have them at any rate.' When Oldys died his curious
library was purchased by Thomas Davies, and was put up to auction in
1762. The list of printed books comprises many literary treasures which
in our days can hardly be procured, but at that time went for a song.
'The manuscripts were not so many as might be expected from so
indefatigable a writer'; it seems that Oldys had always been too generous
with his gifts and loans.
Among his notices of the London libraries we find an interesting account
of the collection at Lambeth, then housed in the galleries above the
cloisters. 'The oldest of the books were Dudley's, the Earl of Leicester,
which from time to time have been augmented by several Archbishops of
that See. It had a great loss in being deprived of Archbishop Sheldon's
admirable collection of missals, breviaries, primers, etc., relating to
the service of the Church, as also Archbishop Sancroft's.' The books and
MSS. belonging to Sancroft had in part been deposited at Lambeth; but on
his deprivation they were removed to Emmanuel College at Cambridge.
Oldys added that there was another apartment for MSS., 'not only those
belonging to the See, but those of the Lord Carew, who had been Deputy of
Ireland, many of them relating to the state and history of that kingdom.'
Archbishop Tenison had furnished another noble library near St. Martin's
Lane 'with the best modern books in most faculties'; 'there any student
might repair and make what researches he pleased'; and there too were
deposited Sir James Ware's important Irish MSS. and many other portions
of the Clarendon Collection, until offence was taken at their having been
catalogued among the papers of the Archbishop.
In Dulwich College there was another library to which Mr. Cartwright the
actor gave a collection of plays and many excellent pictures; and 'here
comes in,' says Oldys, 'the Queen's purchase of plays, and those by Mr.
Weever the dancing-master, Sir Charles Cotterell, Mr. Coxeter, Lady
Pomfret, and Lady Mary Wortley Montague'; and here we might mention the
sad case of Mr. Warburton the herald, whose forte was to find out
valuable English plays. Shortly before his death in 1759 he discovered
that the cook had used up about fifty of the MSS. for covering pies, and
that among them were 'twelve unpublished pieces by Massinger.' Something
may be said too as to the older collections formed in London for the use
of schools. At Westminster, it has been well said, Dean Williams
'enlarged the boundaries of learning.' According to Hackett, he converted
a waste room into a noble library, modelling it 'into a decent shape,'
and furnishing it with a vast number of learned volumes. The best of them
came from the library of Mr. Baker of Highgate, who throughout a very
long life had been gathering 'the best authors of all sciences in their
best editions.' Dean Colet had endowed St. Paul's School with
philological works in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin; but these were destroyed
in the great fire, together with the whole library of the High Master.
This was Mr. Samuel Cromleholme, who had the best set of neatly-bound
classics in London; 'he was a great lover of his books, and their loss
hastened the end of his life.' The shelves at Merchant Taylors and in the
Mercers' Chapel were almost as well filled as those at St. Paul's; and
Christ's Hospital at that time had a good plain library in the
mathematical school, with globes and instruments, 'and ships with all
their rigging for the instruction of lads designed for the sea.'
In the College of Physicians was a fine collection 'in their own and the
other faculties.' Selden bequeathed to it his 'physical books,' and it
was enriched by a gift of the whole library of Lord Dorchester, 'the
pride and glory of the College.' We can only mention a few of the
libraries described by Oldys. The Jews, he says, had a collection at
Bevis Marks relating to the Talmud and Mischna and their ceremonial
worship: the French Protestants had another at the Savoy, and the Swedes
another at their Church in Trinity Lane. The Baptists owned a great
library in the Barbican. The Quakers had been for some years furnishing a
library with all the works written by the Friends. John Whiting published
the catalogue in 1708; 'and in my opinion,' says our critic, ''tis more
accurately and perfectly drawn up than the Bodleian Library at Oxford is
by Dr. Hyde, for the Quaker does not confound one man with another as the
scholar does.' Francis Bugg, he adds, 'the scribbler against them,' had a
better collection of their writings than any of the brethren; 'but I
think I have read in some of his rhapsodies that he either gave or sold
it to the library at Oxford.'
Charles Earl of Sunderland was the greatest collector of his time. He
bought the whole library of Hadrian Beverland, 'which was very choice of
its kind,' and a great number of Pétau's books as mentioned before; 'no
bookseller,' it was said, 'hath so many editions of the same book as he,
for he hath all, especially of the classics.' Shortly before his death in
1772 he commissioned Mr. Vaillant to buy largely at the sale of Mr.
Freebairn's library. In Clarke's _Repertorium_ we are told how a fine
Virgil was secured: 'and it was noted that when Mr. Vaillant had bought
the printed Virgil at £46 he huzza'd out aloud, and threw up his hat for
joy that he had bought it so cheap.' The great collection was afterwards
taken to Blenheim, and has been dispersed in our time; 'the King of
Denmark proffered the heirs £30,000 for it, and "Queen Zara" would have
inclined them to part with it.' When the Earl of Sunderland died,
Humphrey Wanley saw a good chance for the Harleian. 'I believe some
benefit may accrue to this library, even if his relations will part with
none of the works; I mean by his raising the price of books no higher
now; so that in probability this commodity may fall in the market, and
any gentleman be permitted to buy an uncommon old book for less than
forty or fifty pounds.' If we listen to the Rev. Thomas Baker, the
ejected Fellow who gave 4000 books to St. John's at Cambridge, we shall
hear a complaint against Wanley. Lord Oxford's librarian when he saw a
fine book, even in a public institution, used to say, 'It will be better
in my lord's library.' Baker might have said, 'a plague on both your
houses!' What he wrote was as follows:--'I begin to complain of the men
of quality who lay out so much for books, and give such prices that there
is nothing to be had for poor scholars, whereof I have felt the effects;
when I bid a fair price for an old book, I am answered, "The quality will
give twice as much," and so I have done.'
The Earls of Pembroke were for several generations the patrons of
learning. 'Thomas, the eighth Earl, was contemporary with those
illustrious characters, Sunderland, Harley, and Mead, during the Augustan
age of Britain'; he added a large number of classics and early printed
books to the library at Wilton, and his successor Earl Henry still
further improved it by adding the best works on architecture, on
biographies, and books of numismatics; 'the Earl of Pembroke is stored
with antiquities relating to medals and lives.'
Lord Somers had the rare pieces in law and English history which have
been published in a well-known series of tracts. Lord Carbury loved
mystical divinity; the Earl of Kent was all for pedigrees and
visitations; the Earl of Kinnoul made large collections in mathematics
and civil law; and Lord Coleraine followed Bishop Kennett in forming 'a
library of lives.'
Richard Smith was remembered as having started in the pursuit of Caxtons
in the days of Charles II.; the taste was despised when Oldys wrote, but
it eventually grew into a mania. 'For a person of an inferior rank we
never had a collector more successful. No day passed over his head in
which he did not visit Moorfields and Little Britain or St. Paul's
Churchyard, and for many years together he suffered nothing to escape him
that was rare and remarkable.'
Mr. John Bridges of Lincoln's Inn was another 'notorious book-collector.'
When his books were sold in 1726 the prices ran so high that the world
suspected a conspiracy on the part of the executors. Humphrey Wanley was
disappointed in his commissions, and called it a roguish sale; of the
vendors he remarked 'their very looks, according to what I am told, dart
out harping-irons.' Tom Hearne went to Mr. Bridges' chambers to see the
sale, and descanted upon the fine condition of the lots: 'I was told of a
gentleman of All Souls that gave a commission of eight shillings for an
Homer, but it went for six guineas; people are in love with good binding
rather than good reading.' Some of the entries in the catalogue are of
great interest. The first edition of Homer, printed at Florence in 1488
on large paper, went for about a quarter of the price of an Aldine Livy.
Lord Oxford secured a 'Lucian' in uncial characters, and a splendid
Missal illuminated for Henry VII. There was a large-paper 'Politian' in
two volumes, very carelessly described as 'finely bound by Grolier and
his friends'; but the best of all was the MS. Horace, with an exquisite
portrait of the poet, 'from the library of Matthias Corvinus, King of
Hungary.'
Dr. Mead was a collector of the same kind. All that was beautiful came
naturally to this great man, of whom it was said that he lived 'in the
full sunshine of human existence.' He was the owner of a very fine
library, which he had 'picked up at Rome.' He had a great number of
early-printed classics, which fetched high prices at his sale in 1754;
his French books, according to Dibdin, and all his works upon the fine
arts 'were of the first rarity and value,' and were sumptuously bound.
His chief literary distinction rests on his edition of De Thou's
'History' in seven folio volumes. He had received a large legacy from a
brother, and spent it in the publication of a work 'from which nothing
of exterior pomp and beauty should be wanting'; the ink and paper were
procured from Holland; and Carte the historian was sent to France 'to
rummage for MSS. of Thuanus.'
Oldys has a few notes upon curious collections which he thought might be
diverting to a 'satirical genius.' A certain Templar, he says, had a good
library of astrology, witchcraft, and magic. Mr Britton, the small-coal
man, had an excellent set of chemical books,'and a great parcel of music
books, many of them pricked with his own hand.' The famous Dryden, and
Mr. Congreve after him, had collected old ballads and penny story-books.
The melancholy Burton, and Dr. Richard Rawlinson, and the learned Thomas
Hearne, had all been as bad in their way. Mr. Secretary Pepys gave a
great library to Magdalen College at Cambridge: but among the folios
peeped out little black-letter ballads and 'penny merriments, penny
witticisms, penny compliments, and penny godlinesses.' 'Mr. Robert
Samber,' says Oldys, 'must need turn virtuoso too, and have his
collection: which was of all the printed tobacco-papers he could anywhere
light on.'
For 'curiosity or dotage' none could beat Mr. Thomas Rawlinson, whose
vast collections were dispersed in seventeen or eighteen auctions before
the final sale in 1733. Mr. Heber in the present century is a modern
example of the same kind. 'A book is a book,' he said: and he bought all
that came in his way, by cart-loads and ship-loads, and in whole
libraries, on which in some cases he never cast his eyes. The most
zealous lovers of books have smiled at his duplicates, quadruplicates,
and multiplied specimens of a single edition.
Thomas Rawlinson, for all his continual sales, blocked himself out of
house and home by his purchases: his set of chambers at Gray's Inn was so
completely filled with books that his bed had to be moved into the
passage. Some thought that he was the 'Tom Folio' of Addison's
caricature, in which it was assumed that the study of bibliography was
only fit for a 'learned idiot.' Hearne defended his friend from the
charge of pedantry, and declared that the mistake could only be made by a
'shallow buffoon.'
Rawlinson had a miserly craving after good books. If he had twenty copies
of a work he would always open his purse for 'a different edition, a
fairer copy, a larger paper.' His covetousness increased as the mass of
his library was multiplied: and as he lived, said Oldys, so he died,
among dust and cobwebs, 'in his bundles, piles, and bulwarks of paper.'
Upon Dr. Mead's death his place in the book-world was taken by Dr.
Anthony Askew, who travelled far and wide in search of rare editions and
large-paper copies. In describing the sale of his books in 1775 Dibdin
almost lost himself in ecstasies over the magnificent folios, and the
shining duodecimos 'printed on vellum and embossed with knobs of gold.'
It has been said that with this sale commenced the new era in
bibliography, during which such fabulous prices were given for fine
editions of the classics; but the date should perhaps be carried back to
Dr. Mead's time. Some credit for the new development should also be
ascribed to Joseph Smith, who collected early-printed books and classics
at Venice, while acting as English consul. His first library was
purchased by George III. in 1762, and now forms the best part of the
'King's Library' at the British Museum. His later acquisitions were sold
in 1773 by public auction in London. Among other classical libraries of
an old-fashioned kind we should notice the Osterley Park collection, only
recently dispersed, which was formed by Bryan Fairfax; it was purchased
_en bloc_ in 1756 by Mr. Francis Child, and passed from him to the family
of the Earl of Jersey.
Topham Beauclerc housed his thirty thousand volumes, as Walpole declared,
in a building that reached halfway from London to Highgate; his
collection was in two parts, of which the first was mainly classical, and
the other was very rich in English antiquities and history. In 1783 was
sold almost the last of the encyclopædic collections which used to fill
the position now occupied by great public libraries. Mr. Crofts possessed
a treasury of Greek and Roman learning; he was especially rich in
philology, in Italian literature, in travels, in Scandinavian affairs;
'under the shortest heads, some one or more rare articles occur, but in
the copious classes literary curiosity is gratified, is highly feasted.'
Dr. Johnson's books were dispersed in a four-days' sale in 1785. A copy
of the interesting catalogue has lately been reprinted by The Club. The
most valuable specimen, as a mere curiosity, would be the folio with
which he beat the bookseller, but we suppose that very little on the
whole was obtained for the 662 lots of learned volumes that had sprawled
over his dusty floor. The Doctor had but little sympathy with the
fashions that were beginning to prevail. He laughs in the _Rambler_ at
'Cantilenus' with his first edition of _The Children in the Wood_, and
the antiquary who despaired of obtaining one missing Gazette till it was
sent to him 'wrapped round a parcel of tobacco.' 'Hirsutus,' we are
told,'very carefully amassed all the English books that were printed in
the black character'; the fortunate virtuoso had 'long since completed
his Caxton, and wanted but two volumes of a perfect Pynson.' In our own
day we can hardly realise the idea of such riches; but the 'Rambler'
scouted the notion of slighting or valuing a book because it was printed
in the Roman or Gothic type. John Ratcliffe of Bermondsey was one of
these 'black-letter dogs.' He had some advantages of birth and position;
for, being a chandler and grocer, he could buy these old volumes by
weight in the course of his trade. He died in 1776, the master of a whole
'galaxy of Caxtons'; his library is said to have held the essence of
poetry, romance and history; it was more precious in flavour to the new
_dilettanti_ than the copious English stores of James West, the judicious
President of the Royal Society; it was far more refined than the 'omnium
gatherum' scattered in 1788 on Major Pearson's death, or Dr. Farmer's
ragged regiments of old plays and frowsy ballads, and square-faced
broadsides 'bought for thrice their weight in gold.'
M. Paris de Meyzieux was the owner of a splendid library. Dibdin has
described his third sale, held in London during 1791, when the
bibliomaniacs, it was said, used to cool themselves down with ice before
they could face such excitement. Of himself he confessed that when he had
seen the illuminations of Nicolas Jany, the snow-white 'Petrarch,' the
'Virgil' on vellum, life had no more to offer: 'after having seen only
these three books I hope to descend to my obscure grave in perfect peace
and happiness.' The _Livre d'Heures_ printed for Francis I., which had
belonged to the Duc de la Vallière, was bought by Sir Mark Sykes, and
became one of his principal treasures at Sledmere.
Mr. Robert Heathcote had a most elegant library, in which might be seen
the tallest Elzevirs and several Aldine classics 'in the chaste costume
of Grolier.' It is said that the books passed lightly into his hands 'in
a convivial moment,' much to their former owner's regret. About the year
1807 they passed into the miscellaneous crowd of Mr. Dent's books; and
twenty years afterwards the whole collection was dispersed at a low
price, when the book-mania was giving way for a time to an affection for
cheap and useful literature.
The fever was still high in 1810 when Mr. Heath's plain classics were
snatched up at very extravagant terms. Colonel Stanley's library was
typical of the taste of the day. His selection comprised rare Spanish and
Italian poetry, novels and romances, 'De Bry's voyages complete, fine
classics, and a singular set of _facetiæ_.' It was sold in 1813, a few
weeks after the dispersal of Mr. John Hunter's very similar collection.
This was immediately followed by an auction of Mr. Gosset's books, which
lasted for twenty-three days: they seem to have chiefly consisted of
divinity and curious works on philology. Mr. John Towneley's library was
sold a few months afterwards. Mr. Towneley was the owner of a fine
'Pontifical' of Innocent IV., and a missal by Giulio Clovio from the
Farnese palace; his celebrated MS., known as the 'Towneley Iliad,' was
bought by Dr. Charles Burney, and passed with the rest of his books to
the British Museum. In 1816 Mr. Michael Wodhull died, after
half-a-century spent in the steady collection of good books in the
auctions of London and Paris: the recent sale of his library has made all
the world familiar with his well-selected volumes, bound in russia by his
faithful Roger Payne, and annotated on their fly-leaves with valuable
memoranda of book-lore. We shall not repeat the story of Mr. Beckford's
triumphant career, of the glories of Fonthill or the later splendours of
the Hamilton Palace collection. We should note his purchase of Gibbon's
books 'in order to have something to read on passing through Lausanne.'
'I shut myself up,' said Mr. Beckford, 'for six weeks from early in the
morning till night, only now and then taking a ride; the people thought
me mad; I read myself nearly blind.' Beckford never saw the books again
'after once turning hermit there.' He gave them to his physician, Dr.
Scholl, and they were sold by auction in 1833; most of them were
scattered about the world, but some are said to be still preserved at
Lausanne in the public library.
This period was marked by the rivalry between bibliophiles of high rank
and great wealth, whose Homeric contests have been worthily described by
Dibdin in his history of the Bibliomania. A note in one of the Althorp
Caxtons records a more amicable arrangement. The book belonged to Mr.
George Mason, at whose sale it was bought by the Duke of Roxburghe: 'The
Duke and I had agreed not to oppose one another at the sale, but after
the book was bought, to toss up who should win it, when I lost it; I
bought it at the Roxburghe sale on the 17th of June, 1812, for £215 5s.'
The Duke was chiefly interested in old English literature, Italian
poetry, and romances of the Round Table; but we are told that shortly
before his death he was 'in full pursuit of a collection of our dramatic
authors.' It was at his sale that the Valdarfer Boccaccio was purchased
by Lord Blandford, afterwards Duke of Marlborough, for £2260, a sum which
at that time had never been reached as the price of a single volume. It
passed into the great collection at White Knights, which then contained,
in addition to some of the rarest English books, the 'Bedford Missal,'
another missal given by Queen Louise to Marguerite d'Angoulême, and a
volume of prayers from the hand of the caligrapher Nicolas Jany. On the
17th of June, 1819, the White Knights library was sold on behalf of the
owner's creditors; and the 'Boccaccio' found a safe home at Althorp,
where George, Earl Spencer, had by fortunate purchases, by zeal in the
pursuit of books, and by the aid of an accomplished librarian, formed
that matchless collection which Renouard justly described as 'the finest
private library in Europe.'
INDEX.
Ælfric, Archbishop, 26.
Agricola, Rudolf, 87.
Aicardo, Paul, 176.
Aidan, 13, 17.
Albisse, 144.
Alexander ab Alexandro, 80.
Alfred, King, 25.
Allatius, Leo, 91.
Alphonso, Naples, 79.
Amboise, Cardinal de, 100.
Ancillon, David, 189.
Anne, Queen, 120, 121.
Anne of Austria, 108.
Anne of Brittany, 79.
Anselm, 27.
Apellicon, 3.
Arcanati, Galeazzo, 164.
Aretino, Carlo, 66.
Aretino, Leonardo, 59, 63, 65.
Argonne, Bonaventure d', 147, 148.
Aristotle, 3, 23, 33, 37, 57.
Arius, Montanus, 165.
Arundel, Archbishop, 56.
Arundel, Henry, Lord, 116.
Arundel, Thomas, Earl of, 85.
Ascham, Roger, 114.
Ashmole, Elias, 135, 136.
Askew, Anthony, Dr., 214.
Asser, 25.
Attavante, 83, 85.
Attalus, 2.
Aubrey, John, 135.
Augustus, 4.
Augustus of Brunswick, 85.
Aumale, Duc d', 105.
Aungerville (_see_ Bury, Richard de).
Aurispa, John, 66, 70.
Aquinas, Thomas, 70.
Bacon, Francis, 114.
Bacon, Roger, 30, 129.
Bagford, John, 120-122.
Bagni, 183.
Baillet, Adrian, 188, 189.
Baker (of Highgate), 207.
Baker, Rev. Thomas, 210.
Bale, Bishop, 57.
Ballesdens, Jean, 148, 149.
Baluze, Étienne, 188.
Barberini, Cardinal, 183.
Barocci, Francesco, 117, 131.
Baron, Hyacinthe, 194, 198.
Barré, M., 194.
Bashkirtseff, Marie, 157.
Basingstoke, John, 34.
Beauclerc, Topham, 215.
Becatelli, Antonio, 79.
Beckford, Wm., 156, 218, 219.
Bede, 21, 22, 131.
Bedford, John, Duke of, 56, 59, 60, 220.
Bentley, Dr., 118, 119.
Bernard, Dr., 137, 138.
Berri, Jean Duc de, 94, 103.
Berry, Duchesse de, 109.
Berryer, M., 189.
Bessarion, Cardinal, 52, 71.
Béthune, Hippolyte de, 94, 162.
Beza, Theodore, 123.
Bignon, Jérome, 179.
Bigot, Jean, 148, 152.
Bigot, Robert, 152.
Bigot, Louis, 152.
Bill, John, 125, 126.
Biscop, Benedict, 20, 21.
Blanche, Queen, 60.
Blandford, Lord, 219.
Boccaccio, 49, 63, 64.
Bodley, Lawrence, 127.
Bodley, Sir Thomas, 115, 116, 123-128.
Boethius, 7, 12.
Boisot, Abbé, 192, 194.
Bongars, Jacques, 160, 161.
Boniface, St., 22, 23.
Booker, John, 136.
Borromeo, Frederic, 177, 183.
Bouchet, Henri, 191, 192.
Bouhier, Étienne de, 192.
Bouhier, Jean de, 193.
Bouhier, President, 193, 197.
Bourbon, Charles de, 103.
Brassicanus, 84.
Bretonvilliers, 191.
Bridges, John, 211, 212.
Bridget, St., 13, 15.
Bristol, Earl of, 130.
Britton, Thomas, 213.
Brochard, Professor, 196.
Browne, Sir Thomas, 7.
Bruges, Jean de, 94.
Bruges, Louis de, 93-94.
Bruges, _See_ La Gruthuyse.
Bucer, Martin, 112.
Buchanan, George, 115.
Budæus, 82, 98-100, 140, 146, 147.
Buffon, 200.
Buonaparte, Pauline, 109.
Burgh, Elizabeth de, 54.
Burnet, Bishop, 205.
Burney, Dr. Charles, 218.
Burton, Robert, 126, 213.
Bury, Richard de, 28-29, 32-40, 53-58.
Busbec, Angere, 84.
Busch, Hermann, 87-89.
Cæsar, Julius, 2, 4.
Cæsar, Sir Julius, 136, 137.
Calcavi, 188.
Camden, William, 117, 127.
Canonici, Matheo, 133.
Capranica, Angelo, 81.
Capranica, Domenico, 81.
Carbury, Lord, 211.
Carew, Lord, 207.
Cartwright (the actor), 207.
Casaubon, Méric, 124.
Casaubon, Isaac, 169, 170, 177, 179.
Charron de Ménars, 173, 174, 199.
Chartraire de Bourbonne, 194.
Chevalier, Étienne, 101.
Chevalier, Nicolas, 102.
Chifflet, Jules, 192.
Child, Francis, 215.
Christina of Pisa, 60.
Christina (Queen of Sweden), 94, 149, 154, 159, 162, 187.
Chrysoloras, 50, 63, 66.
Cino da Pistoia, 41.
Cassiodorus, 12, 23.
Caxton, William, 93, 95, 97.
Ceolfrid of Jarrow, 21.
Chamillard, Madame de, 195.
Charles I., 112, 122, 152.
Charles II., 122, 133.
Charles V. (of France), 59, 60, 94.
Charles V. (Emperor), 192.
Charles VII. (of France), 101, 102.
Charles VIII. (of France), 79, 100.
Charles IX. (of France), 106, 107.
Charles the Bold, 95, 96.
Charles the Great, 20, 23.
Charles of Orléans, 102.
Clarendon, Earl of, 203, 207.
Clavell, Walter, 134.
Clement, VII., Pope, 69.
Clement, XII., Pope, 181.
Clénard, Nicolas, 167.
Cleopatra, 2.
Cobham, Bishop, 55.
Cobham, Lord, 97.
Coelius, 77.
Colbert, 148, 187, 188.
Coleraine, Lord, 211.
Colet, Dean, 208.
Columba, St., 13, 15-17, 130.
Columbus, Christopher, 168.
Columbus, Ferdinand, 166-168.
Condé, Princesse de, 105.
Congreve, 213.
Consentius, 10, 11.
Costa, Solomon da, 133.
Cotton, Sir John, 118.
Cotton, Sir Robert, 18, 113, 117, 118, 129, 178.
Cotton, Sir Thomas, 118.
Courteney, Richard, 56.
Cox, Captain, 115.
Coxeter, Thomas, 203, 207.
Cracherode, Clayton, 153.
Cranmer, Archbishop, 112, 113.
Crofts, Thomas, 215.
Cromleholme, Samuel, 208.
Cujacius, 160.
Cuthbert, St., 18.
Daniel, Bishop, 22.
Dee, Dr., 114, 130, 136.
Dent, John, 217.
Descordes, Jean, 184.
Des Essars, Antoine, 60.
Desportes, Philippe, 102.
D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, 120.
Diane de Poitiers, 104, 106.
Digby, Sir Kenelm, 128-30.
Dodsworth, Roger, 134-35.
Domitian, 4.
Dorchester, Lord, 208.
Douce, Francis, 133-34.
Dryden, 213.
Du Barry, 109, 199.
Dubois, Simeon, 184.
Dudley, Robert (Leicester), 114, 206.
Du Fay, Charles, 148, 196, 197.
Dugdale, Sir William, 135.
Dunstan, St., 25, 128.
Du Puy, Charles, 171, 172.
Du Puy, Jacques, 171, 173.
Du Puy, Pierre, 171, 173.
Dury, John, 116.
Eadburga, Abbess, 22.
Edward VI., 112.
Egbert of York, 23.
Elisabeth, Madame, 109.
Elizabeth, Queen, 112, 113.
Ellesmere, Lord, 136.
Erasmus, 71, 80, 87, 89, 90, 98, 99, 140.
Essex, Lord, 127.
Estienne, Henri, 89, 90, 169, 193.
Estrées, Duc d', 194.
Estrées, Gabrielle d', 106.
Eusebius, 6.
Evelyn, John, 85, 190.
Fairfax, Bryan, 215.
Fairfax, Lord, 116, 117, 134, 135.
Falconnet, Dr., 194.
Farmer, Dr., 217.
Farnese, Cardinal, 159.
Fauchet, Claude, 162.
Faure, Antoine, 151.
Ferrar, Nicholas, 121, 122.
Finnen, St., 16.
Firmin-Didot, 101, 156.
Fisher, Bishop, 111, 112.
Fitz-Ralph, Archbishop of Armagh, 31.
Fléchier, Esprit, 150.
Fleming, Robert, 97.
Fletewode, W., 136.
Folkes, Martin, 134.
Fontius, 83.
Foucault, Nicolas, 198.
Francis, St., 30, 31.
Francis, I., 163, 217.
Francis, II., 106, 107.
Freebairn, 209.
Fugger, Raimond, 90.
Fugger, Ulric, 90, 91, 185.
Gaffarel, Jacques, 182.
Gafori, Franc, 143, 144.
Gaignat, 93, 153, 194.
Gale, Thomas, 134.
Gascoigne, Dr., 34, 128, 130.
Gascoyne, Richard, 204.
Gascq de la Lande, 198.
Gasparus, Achilles, 91.
George of Trebisond, 71, 72.
Germanus, St., 11.
Gibbon, 218, 219.
Gilles, Pierre, 104.
Giraldi, Cinthio, 77.
Giraldi, Lilio, 77.
Girardot de Préfond, Paul, 194, 198.
Gloucester, Humphrey Duke of, 56-59, 124.
Gosset, 218.
Gouffier, Arthur, 102, 103.
Gouffier, Charles, 103.
Gough, Richard, 133, 134.
Granvelle, Cardinal de, 192.
Gray, William, 97.
Grenville, Thomas, 153.
Grolier, Étienne, 136, 146.
Grolier, Jean, 56, 100, 103, 106, 139, 162, 175, 196, 198, 201, 217.
Grostête, 30, 33, 34, 128, 129.
Guillard, Charlotte, 102.
Guinguené, Pierre-Louis, 200.
Guy Earl of Warwick, 54.
Guy de Rocheford, 96.
Guyon de Sardières, 106.
Hackett, Bishop, 123, 208.
Hale, Sir Matthew, 137.
Harley, Edward, 119, 203, 210, 212.
Harley, Robert, 119-122.
Harley, Gabriel, 114.
Hearne, Thomas, 134, 211-214.
Heath, Benjamin, 218.
Heathcote, Robert, 217.
Heber, Richard, 213.
Heinsius, Daniel, 89, 180.
Henri II., 104, 105, 109.
Henri III., 107.
Henri IV., 107.
Henry IV. (England), 56.
Henry V. (England), 56.
Henry VII. (England), 111, 112.
Henry VIII. (England), 111.
Henry, Prince, 116.
Hohendorf, Baron, 148.
Holkot, Robert, 35.
Hoym, Count d', 148, 194, 197.
Hunter, John, 218.
Hunter, William, 202.
Huntingdon, Robert, 131.
Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego, 166.
Hutten, Ulric von, 89.
Inguimbert, Don Malachi d', 181.
James I., 115-116, 126, 136.
James, Dr. Thomas, 125-127.
Jekyll, Sir Joseph, 134.
Jerome, St., 6, 14, 102.
Jersey, Earl of, 215.
Joanna II. (Naples), 79, 109.
John, Duke of Burgundy, 95.
John, King (France), 59.
John, Precentor, 22.
John of Ravenna, 49
Johnson, Samuel, 119, 215, 216.
Jonson, Ben, 114.
Jovian, 7.
Julian, Emperor, 6, 7.
Julius II., Pope, 139.
Juvenal des Ursins, 101.
Kennett, Bishop, 211.
Kinnoul, Earl of, 211.
Labé, Louise, 102.
Lambert de Thorigny, 194.
La Gruthuyse, Louis de, 93, 94.
Lami, Giovanni, 73.
Lamoignon, Chrétien de, 188, 189.
Lamoignon, G. de, 148, 187, 188.
Lanfranc, 27.
Langarad, 16.
Lange, Rudolf, 87.
Lascaris, Constantine, 81.
Lascaris, John, 81, 82, 104.
Laud, Archbishop, 129, 131.
Lauwrin, Mark, 142, 144.
La Vallière, Duc de, 61, 83, 94, 106, 153, 191, 194, 217.
Le Blond, Abbé, 201.
Lebrixa, Antonio, 166.
Leland, John, 34.
Le Neve, Peter, 120, 121.
Leo X., Pope, 69, 72, 81, 82, 89, 104.
Leo, the Philosopher, 9.
Leofric, Bishop, 26, 128.
Leoni, Pompeo, 164.
Leontio Pilato, 49, 50.
Le Tellier, Archbishop, 150, 151.
Ligorio, Piero, 77.
Lilly, William, 136.
Lipsius, Justus, 162, 180.
Loche, Gilles de, 132.
Loménie, Antoine de, 184.
Louis (of Hungary), 83, 85.
Louis IX., 151.
Louis XI., 62, 101.
Louis XII., 94, 177, 193.
Louis XIII., 183, 184.
Louis XIV., 94.
Louis XV., 109, 188.
Louis XVI., 173.
Louis-Philippe, 105.
Louise de Loraine, 107.
Louise de Savoie, 103, 220.
Lucian, 5, 170.
Lucullus, 4.
Lulla, Bishop, 22.
Lumley, Lord, 116, 127.
Macarthy, Count, 141, 153, 155, 194, 199.
Magliabecchi, Antonio, 74, 75.
Maintenon, Madame de, 195.
Maioli, Thomas, 141, 144.
Malton, Lord, 204.
Mansion, Colard, 93, 95.
Mansard, Francis, 162.
Margaret of Austria, 96.
Margaret of Burgundy, 95.
Marguerite d'Angoulême, 103, 220.
Marguerite de Valois, 108, 109.
Marie Antoinette, 109.
Marie Leczinska, Queen, 108, 109.
Mary of Austria, 85, 96.
Mary of Burgundy, 96.
Mary, Queen of Scots, 106, 107.
Marucelli, 73.
Mason, George, 219.
Matthias Corvinus, 82-86, 212.
Mazarin, Cardinal, 162, 183-187.
Mazenta, 163, 164.
Mead, Dr., 210, 212, 214.
Médici, Catherine de, 104-106, 108.
Médici, Cosmo de', 63, 66, 68, 104.
Médici, Lorenzo de', 67, 68, 82, 83, 97.
Médici, Marie de, 134.
Médici, Pietro de', 68.
Melanchthon, Philip, 90.
Melzi, Francesco, 163.
Mérard de St. Just, 199.
Mercatellis, Rafael de, 92, 93.
Mesmes, Guillaume, 151.
Mesmes, Henri, 184, 151.
Mesmes, Henri, junior, 151, 162, 179, 183.
Mesmes, Jean Antoine, 152.
Mesmes, Louis-Emeric, 152.
Mirabeau, Honoré de, 200.
Mirandula, Pico della, 68, 71, 73, 88.
Monson, Sir William, 205.
Montacute, Lord, 127.
Montaigne, 156.
Moore, John (Bishop), 122, 123.
Morata, Olympia, 77, 78.
More, Sir Thomas, 98.
Naudé, Gabriel, 182, 187.
Negri, Stefano, 142, 143.
Neleus, 3.
Nevinson, Dr., 113.
Newton, John de, 54.
Niccoli, Niccolo, 66, 68.
Nicholas V. (Pope), 69, 70.
Norfolk, Duke of, 85.
Nuñez, Ferdinand, 166, 185.
O'Donnell, David, 17.
O'Donnell, Sir Neal, 17.
Oldys, William, 86, 119, 121, 122, 202, 214.
Oppenheimer, David, 133.
Orsini, Fulvio, 158, 160, 172.
Osorio, Jerome, 127.
Palladius, 14.
Pamphilus, 6.
Paris de Meyzieux, 217.
Parker, Archbishop, 19, 113, 120, 128.
Pars, Jacques de, 101.
Patrick, St., 13-15, 130.
Paullus, Æmilius, 4.
Pearson, Major, 217.
Peiresc, Nicolas, 132, 161, 177-182.
Pembroke, Henry, Earl of, 211.
Pembroke, Thomas, Earl of, 210.
Pembroke, William, Earl of, 131.
Pepusch, John, 206.
Pepys, Samuel, 133, 213.
Pétau, Alexander, 162, 186.
Pétau, Paul, 148, 158, 161, 162, 209.
Peters, Hugh, 116, 131.
Petrarch, 35, 36, 41-63, 76, 80, 166.
Philelpho, 66, 67, 70, 142.
Philip II. (of Spain), 82, 164.
Philippe le Bon (Burgundy), 92, 95.
Philippe le Hardi (Burgundy), 94, 95.
Photius, 8, 9, 74.
Pichon, Jérôme, 103.
Pignoria Antonio, 76.
Pinelli, Gian-Vincenzio, 175-178.
Pinelli, Maffeo, 177.
Pirckheimer, 85-87.
Pithou, François, 151.
Pithou, Pierre, 148, 170, 186.
Poggio, 63-67, 72, 73, 79, 80, 175.
Politian, 68, 71, 97.
Pollio Asinius, 4, 146.
Polydore Vergil, 165.
Pompadour, Madame de, 109, 199.
Postel, Guillaume, 1, 104.
Prynne, 120.
Ptolemy (Philadelphia), 3, 46.
Rabelais, 142, 200.
Rameses, 2.
Ranconnet, 106, 107.
Rantzau, Marshal, 154, 155, 185.
Rasse de Neux, 144.
Ratcliffe, John, 216.
Rawlinson, Richard, 127, 133, 134, 175, 213.
Rawlinson, Thomas, 205, 213, 214.
René of Anjou, 79.
Renée, Princesse, 77, 177.
Renouard, Antoine, 156, 200, 201, 220.
Repington, Philip, 56.
Reuchlin, Johann, 88-90.
Rhenanus, Beatus, 87, 142.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 149, 171, 182.
Rigault, Nicolas, 179.
Rivers, Anthony, Lord, 97.
Rivers, Richard, Lord, 127.
Robertet, Florimond, 102.
Rodolph II., Emperor, 84.
Roe, Sir Thomas, 131.
Rohan, Cardinal de, 145, 174.
Ronsard, Pierre, 102.
Rothelin (Charles d'Orléans), 191, 197, 198.
Roxburghe, Duke of, 219.
Saint André, Jean de, 162.
Saint Vallier, Comte de, 105.
Salutati, 68.
Sambucus, Dr., 84, 145, 146.
Sammonicus Serenus, 46.
Sancroft, Archbishop, 206.
Sartines, Gabriel de, 194.
Savile, Sir Henry, 127, 179.
Savonarola, 68, 73.
Saye, Lord, 97.
Scaliger, Joseph, 71, 99, 132, 161, 169, 177, 178.
Séguier, Charles, 149.
Séguier, Pierre, 149, 179.
Seillière, Baron, 156.
Seignelaye, Marquis de, 188.
Selden, 116, 131-133, 137, 208.
Seneca, 5, 7.
Shakespeare, 114.
Sheldon, Archbishop, 206.
Sherington, Walter, 97.
Shrewsbury, 59.
Sidonius Apollinaris, 11.
Silvestri, Eurialo, 144.
Sixtus V., 70.
Sixtus of Sienna, 76.
Smith, Joseph, 215.
Smith, Richard, 211.
Soltikoff, Prince, 101.
Soubise, Prince de, 141, 148, 174.
Spelman, Sir Henry, 117.
Spencer, George, Earl, 220.
Spenser, 114.
Stafford, Marquis of, 136.
Stanley, Colonel, 218.
Stillingfleet, Bishop, 120.
Stowe, 120.
Strozzi, Marshal, 73, 104.
Strype, 205.
Sulla, 3.
Sunderland, Earl of, 209, 210.
Sussex, Earl of, 205.
Sykes, Sir Mark, 217.
Tenison, Archbishop, 207.
Theodore of Gaza, 71, 72.
Theodore of Tarsus, 18, 21.
Thomason, George, 123.
Thou, Abbé de, 173.
Thou, François de, 173.
Thou, Jacques-Auguste de, 105, 108, 109, 120, 145, 146, 148,
169-174, 177-179, 185, 212-213.
Thou, Jacques-Auguste de (junior), 173, 174.
Thyard, Pontus de, 193.
Tiptoft, John, 97.
Toletus, Cardinal, 160.
Tomasini, Giacomo, 52, 183.
Tory, Geoffroy, 145.
Tournon, Cardinal de, 186.
Towneley, John, 218.
Trajan, 4.
Tyrannion, 3.
Urbino, Elizabeth d', 81.
Urbino, Federigo d', 80.
Urbino, Francesco d', 81.
Urbino, Guidubaldo d', 80, 81.
Urbino, Leonora d', 134.
Urfé, Claude d', 94.
Urfé, Honors d', 94.
Usher, 117.
Van Hulthem, 94.
Vasée, Jean, 167.
Vendôme, Duchesse de, 107.
Vérard, Antoine, 111, 193.
Vic, Dominique, 147.
Vic, Méric de, 147.
Vinci, Leonardo da, 106, 162-164.
Vorstius, 115.
Wake, Archbishop, 134.
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 206.
Wanley, Humphrey, 120, 210, 211.
Ware, Sir James, 207.
Webb, Philip Carteret, 136.
West, James, 216.
Wentmore, Abbot, 54.
Whethamstede, Abbot, 59.
Whittington, Sir Richard, 31.
Wilfrid, St., 21, 22.
Williams, Dean, 208.
Wodhull, Michael, 218.
Wood, Anthony, 118, 128, 135.
Ximènes, Cardinal, 121, 165, 184.
Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to Her Majesty, at the Edinburgh
University Press.
Transcriber's Notes:
Obvious punctuation and printing errors have been repaired.
See the HTML edition of this text for the complete list of corrections.
Accented characters have been made consistent to assist searching via
the index:
Medici -> Médici
Francois -> François
Ximenes -> Ximènes
Etienne -> Étienne
Orleans -> Orléans
Derome -> Derôme
Merard -> Mérard
Meric -> Méric
Hyphenation has been left as printed - inconsistencies are:
shiploads, ship-loads
birthplace, birth-place
heirloom, heir-loom
lifetime, life-time
bookshops, book-shops