ὡς ἐπισκεψομένῳ δῆθεν τὸν ἄνδρα τὸν ἐν τῇ σελήνῃ, _and a man inside,
sailing through the air, that he might make a rabble of people stare at
him, as one going to pay a visit to the man in the moon_.
ὦ τῆς μωρίας, _O what folly!_
μωρὸς μωρὸν θαυμάζει, _fool admires fool_.
καταβαίνοντα αὐτὸν σφοδρότερος αἰφνιδίως ἁρπάσας ἄνεμος παρήνεγκε εἰς
τὸ κωδωνοστάσιον τοῦ μεγάλου ἱεροῦ τῶν ἐπισκοπικῶν, καὶ ὁ ἀλεκτρυὼν
ὁ ἐν τῷ ἄκρῳ διεκέντησε τὰ ἐντόσθια, _as he was coming down a strong
blast suddenly seized him and drove him on to the steeple of the
cathedral, and the cock on the top of the steeple pierced his bowels_.
ὦ τοῦ δειλαίου, _O the poor wretch!_
ὦ τοῦ ἄφρονος· δίκαια ἔπαθεν· ἀεροβατεῖν δεῖ τὰς ὄρνῑθας τὸν αἰθέρα, οὐ
τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, _O the fool! served him right! birds ought to tread the
air, not men._
ENGLISH AFFINITIES
Mathematics. Homologate. Orchestra. Ode. Agony. Theatre. Acrobat.
Ochlocracy. Sceptic. Ornithology. Fugitive. Hypnotism. Pathology.
Ether.
LESSON XV
THE PARTICLE ἄν
Besides the use of ἄν with the optative in reference to a future
probability, noticed in the last lesson, it is joined in Greek with
the past tenses, the imperfect or aorists, to express what _might_,
_could_, _would_, or _should have taken place_ in past time if
something else had happened, or had not happened, as ἔπραξας ἂν τὸ
δίκαιον εἰ ἔπραξας τοῦτο, _you would have done what is right if you had
done this_.
ἐγώ, εἰ ἔγνων τὸ ἦθός σου, οὐκ ἂν ἔδωκά σοι τὸ ἀργύριον, _if I had
known your character, I would not have given you the money_.
τίνα δὴ ἁμαρτίαν ἡμάρτηκα; _how have I done wrong?_
ἐσπάθησας ἀχρήστως τὰ χρήματα· εἰ γὰρ ἐτύγχανες νοῦν ἔχων, οὐκ ἂν
ἀνήλωσας ἅπαντα εἰς τέρψιν ἐξίτηλον, _you squandered your money
uselessly. If you had had sense, you would not have spent it all on a
fleeting pleasure._
εἰ ἐτύγχανες σοφὸς ὤν, διέσωσας ἂν τι τῶν σήμερον θησαυρῶν εἰς τὴν
χρείαν τῆς αὔριον, _if you had been wise, you would have saved some of
to-day’s treasure for to-morrow’s need_.
μωρὸς ἂν ἦν ὀνειροπολῶν τὴν μέλλουσαν ἡδονήν, τῆς δὲ παρούσης ἁμαρτών,
_I should have been a fool, dreaming of the future and missing the
present pleasure_.
οὕτως λέγοντα ἐλέγχουσί σε οἱ μύρμηκες καὶ αἱ μέλισσαι, _when you speak
thus the ants and the bees confute you_.
εἰ ὁ Βρούσσιος ἔτυχε μὴ νικήσας ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τοῦ Βαννοκβούρνου, τί ἂν
συνέβη; _if Bruce had not gained the victory at Bannockburn, what would
have been the consequence?_
ἐπικρατήσασα ἡ Ἀγγλία ἠφάνισεν ἂν τὸν Σκῶτον ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, _dominant
England would have caused the Scot to disappear from the face of the
earth_.
καὶ τοῦτο θεῖον πάνυ ἂν ἐγένετο εὐτύχημα, _and this would have been a
great piece of good luck_.
ἐνίοις μὲν οὕτως δοκεῖ, ἐνίοις δὲ οὔ, _some think so and some not_.
τί ἂν συνέβη, εἰ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ τοῦ Φιλίππου οὐκ ἐνίκησε τὴν ἐν
Ἀρβήλοις νίκην; _what would have been the consequence if Alexander, the
son of Philip, had not gained the battle of Arbela?_
διετέλει ἂν ὁ Πέρσης δεσπόζων τῆς ἀνατολῆς, καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐκήρυσσον τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον οἱ ἀπόστολοι Ἑλληνιστί· εἰσήγαγε γὰρ ὁ τοῦ Φιλίππου υἱὸς
τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν παιδείαν εἰς ὅλην τὴν ἀνατολήν, _the Persian would
have continued lording it over the East, and the Apostles would not
have preached the gospel in Greek; for it was the son of Philip that
introduced Greek learning into all the East_.
λαμπαδηφόρος δήπου τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς σοφίας ὁ μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, καὶ
προάγγελος τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, _Alexander the Great truly was the
torch-bearer of Greek wisdom and the harbinger of the gospel_.
ἀληθέστατα λέγεις, _very true_.
καὶ ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τῆς ἄγαν ὑπηρετικῆς ταύτης προσθήκης εἰρήσθω. χαῖρε,
_and now enough of this very serviceable particle ἄν. Adieu!_
ENGLISH AFFINITIES
Ethics. Terpsichore. Ephemeral. Treasure. Alexander. Despot. Anatolia.
Evangel. Angel. Scheme. Geography. Apostle. Pedagogue.
LESSON XVI
THE PASSIVE VOICE
expressing not what a man does to another person or thing by the
putting forth of his active force, but what he suffers from the active
force of another, has its characteristic form in Greek as follows—
_Present_
Indicative—
πείθ-ομαι, -ῃ, -εται, _I, thou, he is_ } _persuaded_.
-όμεθα, -εσθε, -ονται, _we, you, they are_ }
Subjunctive, with the long vowel as in the active voice—
πείθ-ωμαι -ῃ -ηται
-ώμεθα -ησθε -ωνται
and optative with οι—
πειθ-οίμην -οιο -οιτο
-οίμεθα -οισθε -οιντο
_Imperfect_
ἐπειθόμην ἐπείθου ἐπείθετο
ἐπειθόμεθα ἐπείθεσθε ἐπείθοντο
_Future_
πεισθ-ήσομαι -ήσῃ -ήσεται
-ησόμεθα -ήσεσθε -ήσονται
_First Aorist_
ἐπείσθ-ην -ης -η
-ημεν -ητε -ησαν
Optative—
singular, πεισθ-είην -είης -είη
plural, -εῖμεν -εῖτε -εῖεν
In the perfect as in the active voice the reduplication takes place, as—
πέπεισμαι πέπεισαι πέπεισται
πεπείσμεθα πέπεισθε πεπεισμένοι εἰσίν
Certain verbs have a second aorist, as στέλλω, _I send_, not ἐστάλθην
but ἐστάλην, _I was sent_; and pure verbs have the characteristic
contraction of the vowel into a diphthong, as φιλούμεθα for φιλεόμεθα;
but these variations are best learned by practice.
ἐστάλησαν οἱ ἀπόστολοι κηρύξοντες τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, καὶ ἐκήρυξαν δεινῶς,
_the Apostles were sent to preach the gospel, and they preached it with
power_.
ὅτε οἱ ἀπόστολοι ἐκήρυξαν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἐν ταῖς Ἀθήναις, ὀλίγοι
ἐπείσθησαν, _when the Apostles preached the gospel in Athens, few were
persuaded_.
ὁ κακοῦργος ἐκεῖνος ἐπήνεγκέ μοι βιαίαν πληγὴν τῇ βακτηρίᾳ καὶ τὸ νῶτόν
μοι ἐτραυματίσθη χαλεπῶς, _that bad fellow struck me a heavy blow with
his cudgel, and my back was severely wounded_.
εἶτα δὲ τί συνέβη; _then what happened?_
τῶν τοξοτῶν τις τῶν φυλασσόντων τὴν πόλιν ἥρπασεν αὐτόν, καὶ εὐθὺς
ἐνεβλήθη εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον, _one of the policemen who keep the peace
of the city laid hold of him, and he was forthwith cast into prison_.
δίκαια ἔπαθεν, _served him right_.
κατὰ φύσιν τοῦτο· πάντες ὅσοι ἄνομοι καὶ βίαιοι δικαίως ἐμβληθήσονται
εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον· οὐ γὰρ ἄνθρωποι οἱ τοιοῦτοι ἀλλὰ συγγενεῖς τῶν
τίγρεων, _quite natural; all lawless and violent persons will naturally
be cast into prison; for such persons are not men, but related to
tigers_.
οἴμοι πέπληγμαι, πόθεν ἡ πληγή; _woe’s me, I am struck! whence came the
blow?_
ὁ γνώριμός μου ὁ Ἰωάννης Καμερὼν παίζων τὴν κορύνην ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ
ἔπληξε πλαγίως τὴν σφαῖραν, ἥπερ παρετράπη εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν σου, _my
acquaintance John Cameron, playing at golf on the links, struck his
ball obliquely and it was driven against your head_.
οἴμοι—μοι—ὀτοτοτοτοῖ, _O woe’s me, woe!_
ὦ τοῦ ταλαιπώρου, _O poor fellow._
τί χρὴ πρᾶξαι; _what must we do?_
φέρε εἰς τὸ νοσοκομεῖον, καὶ κάλεσον τὸν ἰατρόν· ἔχει γὰρ κίνδῡνον
τὸ πρᾶγμα, _take him to the infirmary and call the doctor; it is a
dangerous business_.
αὐτίκα μάλα· κληθήσεται, _instantly; he shall be called_.
ENGLISH AFFINITIES
Oligarchy. Plague. Toxicology. Phylacteries. Tiger. Sphere. Nosology.
Call. Physic.
LESSON XVII
THE MIDDLE VOICE
The middle voice, or, as it might more significantly be called, the
reflexive or the subjective voice, is a form of the verb where the
action does not pass on from the agent to an outward object, but comes
back on him, or in some loose way is looked on as done for his benefit,
or affecting himself specially. Thus it is in the main identical with
what in Latin grammar used to be called neuter verbs, only it is
subject to not a few nice shades of personal reference, which leads to
its apparent confusion with the active voice, and to various anomalous
usages which can only be learned by practice. It is, of course, in
strictness more nearly allied to the passive than to the active voice;
for in both these voices, as distinguished from the active, the force
of the verb is either altogether spent on the agent, or is in some
way passively or emotionally or intentionally connected with him.
This intimate relationship leads to a similarity of form in the two
voices, the present and imperfect middle being in fact identical with
the same tenses in the passive voice, and the other tenses, in their
characteristic changes, more allied to the passive than to the active.
_Future Indicative_
λύσομαι λύσῃ λύσεται
λυσόμεθα λύσεσθε λύσονται
_First Aorist_
ἐλυσάμην ἐλύσω ἐλύσατο
ἐλυσάμεθα ἐλύσασθε ἐλύσαντο
οὐ τῶν τυχόντων κατέλαβέ με ἔχειν διδασκάλους τῆς σοφίας, τὰ νῦν
δὲ δικαίως αὐτὸς σοφίζομαι, _I had the good luck to have no common
teachers of wisdom, but now with good reason I profess wisdom for
myself_.
ἐδεξάμην τὴν βίβλον ἣν σὺ ἐδέξω παρὰ τοῦ ἀνεψιοῦ, καὶ ἀναγνώσομαι αὐτὴν
πάσῃ σπουδῇ, _I received the book which you got from your cousin, and I
will read it carefully_.
οὗτος ὁ νεανίας τρέχει δεινῶς· βλάψεται, _this young man runs
furiously; he will hurt himself_.
οὐ φοβοῦμαι, _I am not afraid_.
ἀσφαλὴς ἐστὶ τοῖς ποσίν, _he is a steady-footed fellow_.
οὗτος ὁ νεανίας ταλαιπώρως κυπτάζει εἰς τὰς βίβλους· τρίψεται
ὑπερτρυφῶν ἐν τῇ ἀναγνώσει, _this young man stoops miserably down into
his books; he will wear himself away, stuffing himself with reading_.
μὴ χαλέπαινε· βαθμηδὸν ἀκμάζει πάντα. τὰ μικρότατα σπέρματα, ἀρξάμενα
ἀπὸ τοῦ ἠρινοῦ χρόνου, πρὸ τῆς ὀπώρας γενήσεται φυτὰ μεγάλα, _do not
repine. All things grow ripe by degrees. The smallest seeds beginning
with the spring by harvest time will become large plants._
οὑτοσὶ πλήρεσιν ἀνάγεται τοῖς ἱστίοις, ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐχ ἡττησόμεθα, _this
fellow sails out with full sails, but we shall not fall behind_.
σήμερον λαμπρῷ χρώμεθα τῷ οὐρανῷ, _to-day we have fine weather_.
αὔριον δὲ ὕσει ὁ θεός, _but it will rain to-morrow_.
ὤ, τάλᾱς ἐγώ· οὐδὲν διαγίγνεται μένον ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ τῷ κατὰ τὴν
Καληδονίαν, _alas, alas! there is no continuity or permanence of
weather in Scotland_.
ἀληθῆ λέγεις· μόνον τὸ τῶν Καληδονίων ἦθος σεμνύνεται ἐπὶ τῷ ἄγαν
σταθερῷ καὶ ἀμεταβόλῳ· κρατερὸν τὸ Καληδόνιον ἦθος ὡς ὁ γρανιτόλιθος,
ὁ ἐν Ἀβερδονίᾳ, _true; only the character of the Scots boasts of
steadiness and permanence. The Scottish character is strong as the
Aberdeen granite._
χάριν οἶδα τῷ Θεῷ· αὐτὸς ἀλαζονεύομαι τῆσδε τῆς ἐπιμόνου κράσεως οὐ
σπανίως μεταλαμβάνεσθαι, _thank God! myself boast that I have a fair
share of this persistent temperament_.
δικαίως γε· ἐγγυᾶται τὴν κατόρθωσιν ἡ ἐπιμονή. ἔρρωσο, _and with good
reason; perseverance is the pledge of success. Farewell_.
ENGLISH AFFINITIES
Didactic. Sophist. Study. New. Early. Vernal. Chronology. Grace.
Hypertrophy. Idiosyncrasy. Orthography. Acme. Phytology.
LESSON XVIII
PARTICIPLES
The Greek participle has a large range of idiomatic and significant
usages, which can only be learned by reading. For a start, however,
it may be enough to say that the participle follows the leading
verb of the sentence in many cases where both Latin and English use
the infinitive, and that when joined with the definite article the
participle performs the function of a relative clause in a less formal
style; as if in English, instead of _the man who used such language_
is not a gentleman, we should say _the man the having used_, which
no doubt sounds very clumsy, because we require an auxiliary verb to
express the past participle, but in Greek ὁ ταῦτα λέξας is manifestly
neater and more succinct than ὃς ταῦτα ἔλεξε.
οὐκ ἀνέχομαι οὕτω διαβαλλόμενος, _I cannot stand to be slandered in
this way_.
ἀμέλει· ἀμέλει· οἶδα τὸ ἀνθρωπάριον· χαίρει ἀεὶ βλασφημῶν κατὰ τῶν
κρεισσόνων, _never mind; never mind; I know the creature; it is his
delight always to be speaking ill of men better than himself_.
ποία τις ἦν ἡ βλασφημία; _what was he slandering about?_
ἐτύγχανον ἐγὼ ἐπαινῶν τινὰ τῶν δυνατῶν, ἄνδρα πλούσιον καὶ εὔφρονα καὶ
σώφρονα ἐν Μαγκεστρίῳ· ὁ δὲ εὐθὺς ἤρξατο διαβάλλων ὁλοσχερῶς ἅπᾱσαν
τήν τε ἀριστοκρατίαν καὶ πλουτοκρατίαν τὴν ἐν τῇ πόλει, _I happened to
be praising a gentleman of the influential classes in Manchester, rich
and good and sensible, and forthwith he began to denounce in a sweeping
style all the plutocracy and the aristocracy of the country_.
φαίνεται διάβολος ὤν, καὶ ὡς ἀληθῶς συγγενὴς τοῦ Κακοδαίμονος, τοῦ
Διαβόλου, _he appears to be a calumniator, and a cousin-german of the
evil Spirit, the Devil_.
καὶ διετέλει ἐπηρεάζων, ὡς ἐμοῦ παρασίτου ὄντος καὶ ἀκολούθου
τῆς βδελυκτῆς τῶν ὀλιγαρχῶν αἱρέσεως· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τὰ τοιαῦτα
λοιδορήματα ἐποίησε τυπωθῆναι ἐν ταῖς ἐφημερίσι, _and he went on to
use insolent language, saying_ (or _implying_) _that I was a parasite
and a flunkey of the detestable faction of the oligarchs; and in
addition to all this he got this insulting language printed in the
newspapers_.
τοὺς τοιούτους ἀνθρώπους ἐχρῆν μαστίξαι· ὅμως, τὸ πρότερον λεχθέν,
ἀμέλει. δηλός ἐστι νικήσας τὴν ὀργὴν ὁ λέγων ἀμέλει, _such ill-tongued
rascals should have been flogged; but, as I said before, never mind. It
is plain that the man who says ἀμέλει has conquered his passion._
δυνατὰ λέγεις· ὅμως σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ τὴν τῶν Κυαικέρων ἀπάθειαν οὐκ
ἐπαγγελλόμενος, _possibly; but I am conscious that I do not profess the
apathy of the Quaker_.
ἀμέλει· ἀμέλει· τρὶς νῑκηφόρος ὁ νῑκήσας τὴν ὀργήν. βραχεῖα μανία ἡ
ὀργή, _never mind; never mind; he is three times conqueror who has
conquered his passion. Anger is a brief madness._
ENGLISH AFFINITIES
Devil. Blasphemy. Dynamics. Dynasty. Plutocracy. Aristocracy.
Cacodemon. Parasite. Heresy. Oligarchy. Type. Ephemeral. Apathy.
Maniac.
APPENDIX I
ELEMENTARY HINTS ON ETYMOLOGY
(1) In borrowed words, especially when the borrowing language, as
English, does not deal largely in sounding terminations, it is a common
practice to let the termination drop, either altogether or partly, and
leave only the simple root, as from λαμπάδα, _lamp_; from δημοκρατία,
_democracy_; from κακοφωνία, _cacophony_, and other such feminines,
as _theology_, _philology_, where the α is dropped, and the accent
transferred to the antepenultimate after the favourite English fashion,
while the German, more faithful to the Greek, preserves the accented
ι, and marks the presence of the α by an _e_, as in _Theologié_,
_Philologié_.
(2) As the Greek element in the English language often comes to us not
directly from the Greek, but indirectly through the Latin of the Middle
Ages, it sometimes happens that we find a pure Greek word with a Latin
termination attached to it naturalised in English, as in _cathédral_,
from καθέδρα, and in _ephemeral_, from ἐφήμερος. In this example
the termination _al_, so common in Latin, takes the place of the
Greek ος, with the same adjectival force; but in not a few cases, as
_optical_, _ethical_, _clinical_, _political_, the _al_ is an unmeaning
superfluity, as the adjectival character of the word is already fixed
by the Greek termination κος, as in κλινικός from κλίνη. In verbs the
termination _ate_ is pure Latin, but appears sometimes barbarously
appended to a pure Greek verb, as _homologate_, from ὁμολογῶ.
(3) It is a general rule in etymology that cognate letters, that is,
letters pronounced by the same organs, or a similar modification of the
vocal organs, easily pass into one another; thus σ and τ being both
dental, τ a pure dental, and σ a sibilant dental, and δ being only the
blunt form of τ, these three letters pass into one another, as in Attic
πράττω for πράσσω, and ῥόδον, English _rose_. So in German _das_ for
English _that_. In like manner, λ and ρ being both liquids, λείριον
becomes _lily_, and the Latin _Tibur_ becomes the Italian _Tivoli_, by
the interchange of the labials and of the liquids.
(4) The termination _s_ in the names of many of the sciences, as
_optics_, _acoustics_, _mechanics_, is simply the sign of the plural
in English, put for ά the neuter plural in Greek, as in τὰ πολιτικά,
_things belonging to the state_; τὰ ὀπτικά, _things belonging to
vision_, which, however, the Greeks often express by ἡ ὀπτική in the
nominative singular feminine, with τέχνη, _art_, or θεωρία, _theory_,
understood.
(5) The termination _ise_ or _ize_, so common in English, generally
though not always with an active signification, as in _advertise_,
_solemnise_, is the ίζω of Greek, as in σοφίζω, _I make wise_, with
σοφίζομαι, in the middle voice, _I profess myself wise_. The word
σοφιστής from this verb, in English _sophist_, is the person who makes
this profession, as in _baptist_, _theorist_, _atheist_, and other
pure Greek words for an agent, with only the loss of the termination
ής; sometimes in a hybrid way _ist_ is added to a Latin root, as in
_deist_, etymologically but not colloquially identical with _theist_.
(6) Sometimes not only is the terminational syllable cut off, but the
initial also, either wholly or in part; so ἐπίσκοπος, with the change
of π into the kindred labial β, becomes _bishop_.
(7) When two consonants of different kinship come together, one of
them, specially that not belonging to the root, disappears, as from
λάπτω, _lap_; from τύπτω, τύπος, _type_.
(8) The aspirate _h_, in Greek _spiritus asper_, has a close affinity
with the sibilant _s_; so for ἕξ we have in Latin _sex_, in English
_six_; ὗς for _sow_; ἕδος, _sedes_, _seat_.
(9) When a word in Latin or Greek commences with a _p_, by aspiration
it becomes _f_ in English and the Teutonic languages; thus for πῦρ we
have _fire_, for ποδ-_foot_, for πατήρ, _father_, etc.
(10) The English _w_ is closely connected with the vowels, as appears
from _water_ and _ooater_; hence it disappears in Greek altogether,
or is represented by a breathing, as in οἶνος, _wine_; ὕδωρ, _water_;
ὑετός, _wet_.
(11) In some adjectives the Latin _an_, like _al_, is superfluously
appended to the Greek termination in κός, as _rhetorician_, from
ῥητορικός.
(12) The Greek κ, as in κύων, and _cornu_ in Latin, appears in the
Teutonic languages as _h_, so _hound_, _horn_; κολώνη, _collis_, _hill_.
(13) The letter _m_ at the end of an English word curtailed from
Greek signifies the thing done, the product of the verb, as ποίημα,
_poem_, the thing made, a poem, from ποιέω, _I make_; so _baptism_ from
βαπτίζω, and _chrism_ from χρίω, _I anoint_, and other _isms_.
(14) Finally, as at least two-thirds of the technical words used in our
scientific nomenclature, and not a few even outside of the range, are
of Greek extraction, the student would act wisely if at starting he
were to make a list of all such terms in familiar use, with their Greek
form and Greek analysis in an opposite column; as—
_theology_ θεολογία
(θεός, _God_; λόγος, _discourse_)
He will thus find that he knows already some two or three hundred Greek
words in a slightly disguised English form.
APPENDIX II
VOCABULARIES
In accordance with the principle set forth in the preface, these
vocabularies, containing the names of the most familiar objects, are to
be taken with him as a _vade mecum_ wherever the student goes. He must
in no wise be content with the lazy habit of recognising a word only in
a passive recipient style when he meets with it in a book, but he must
stamp it directly on every object that comes in his way, and repeat
it frequently without the intervention of the mother tongue, till he
uses it as familiarly as a workman handles his tools. The language will
thus become his familiar friend, not, as in the mere bookish method,
an occasional visitor. Of course, such a catalogue of words is not
intended to be exhaustive; but the learner, after training himself to
the habit of thinking and speaking in the foreign idiom, may supply the
deficiency by consulting any good English-Greek dictionary, such as
Arnold and Browne’s, London 1856, and for modern Greek, where that may
be necessary, Lascarides’s English-Greek dictionary, London 1882. From
these sources also, and from his own reading, which must in no wise be
neglected, he will be able to pick out appropriate verbs with which he
may put the Hellenised objects around him, so to speak, into motion,
and hold a conversation with a fellow-student trained to the colloquial
method, or with himself, solus cum solo, if he can find no partner in
his colloquial exercise.
I. MAN AND HIS BELONGINGS
(1) THE BODY
Appetite, ὄρεξις, -εως, ἡ.
Arm, βραχίων, -ονος, ὁ.
Bandy-legged, βλαισός, -ή, -όν.
Blind, τυφλός, -ή, -όν.
Bosom, στῆθος, -εος, τό.
Bowels, τὰ ἔντερα.
Boy, παῖς, παιδός, ὁ.
Bread, ἄρτος, ὁ.
Breakfast, ἄριστον, τό.
Breast, στέρνον, τό.
Breath, πνεῦμα, -ατος, τό.
Butter, βούτῡρον, τό.
Button up, to, κομβοῦμαι.
Cake, πέμμα, -ατος, τό.
Choke, trans., πνίγω, -ξω.
Cough, βήξ, -χός, ὁ or ἡ.
Creep, to, ἑρπύζω.
Dessert, τραγήματα, τά.
Digested, easily, εὐκατέργαστος, -ον.
Digestion, κατεργασία, ἡ.
Dinner, δεῖπνον, τό.
Disease, νόσος, ἡ.
Drink, πόμα, -ατος, τό.
Drink, to, πίνω.
Dyspepsia, δυσπεψία, ἡ.
Ear, οὖς, ὠτός, τό.
Eat, to, ἐσθίω.
Elbow, ἀγκών, -ῶνος, ὁ.
Erect, ὀρθός, -ή, -όν.
Excrement, τὰ περισσώματα.
Eye, ὀφθαλμός, -οῦ, ὁ.
Face, πρόσωπον, τό.
Fat, παχύς, -εῖα, -ύ.
Fever, πυρετός, ὁ.
Food, βρῶμα, -ατος, τό.
Foot, πούς, ποδός, ὁ.
Forehead, μέτωπον, τό.
Gout, ποδάγρα, ἡ.
Gums, οὖλα, τά.
Hair, θρίξ, τριχός, ἡ.
Head, κεφαλή, ἡ.
Health, ὑγίεια, ἡ.
Heel, πτέρνα, -ης, ἡ.
to kick with the heel, λακτίζω.
Hungry, to be, πεινάω.
Hungry, to be very, λῑμώττω.
Inflammation, φλέγμα, -ατος, τό.
Jaw, γνάθος, ἡ.
Knee, γόνυ, -ατος, τό.
Lament, to, πενθέω.
Laugh, to, γελάω.
Leg, σκέλος, -εος, τό.
Limp, to, χωλεύω.
Lip, χεῖλος, -εος, τό.
Lungs, πνεύμων, -ονος, ὁ.
Meagre, ἰσχνός, -ή, -όν.
Mouth, στόμα, -ατος, τό.
Muscle, μῦς, μυός, ὁ.
Nail, ὄνυξ, -υχος, ὁ.
Neck, τράχηλος, ὁ.
Nose, ῥίς, -ῑνός, ἡ.
to turn up the nose, μυκτηρίζω.
to blow the nose, ἀπομύσσομαι.
Pain, ὀδύνη, -ης, ἡ.
Palsy, παράλυσις, -εως, ἡ.
Paunchy, φύσκων, -ωνος, or γάστρων, -ωνος, ὁ.
Pleasure, ἡδονή, -ῆς, ἡ.
Porridge, πόλτος, -ου, ὁ.
Pudding, φυστή, -ῆς, ἡ.
Rheumatism, ῥευματισμός, -οῦ, ὁ.
Run, to, τρέχω.
Scab, or itch, ψώρα, -ας, ἡ.
Scratch, to, κνήθω.
Shoulder, ὦμος, -ου, ὁ.
Sinew, νεῦρον, τό.
Skin, δέρμα, -ατος, τό.
Snore, to, ῥέγχω.
Spittle, πτύσμα, -ατος, τό.
Stomach, γαστήρ, -τρός, ἡ.
Stoop, to, κύπτω.
Sugar, σάκχαρον, τό.
Supine, ὕπτιος, -α, -ον.
Swallow, to, καταβροχθίζω.
Sweetmeats, νώγαλα, τά.
Tall, μακρός, -ά, -όν.
Thigh, μηρός, -οῦ, ὁ.
Thin, λεπτός, -ή, -όν.
Throat, λαιμός, -οῦ, ὁ.
Thumb, ἀντίχειρ, -ειρος, ὁ.
Toe, δάκτυλος, -ου, ὁ.
Tooth, ὀδούς, -όντος, ὁ.
Vinegar, ὄξος, -εος, τό.
Vomit, to, ἐμέω.
Walk, to, περιπατῶ.
Wash, to, νίζω, fut. νίψω.
Water, ὕδωρ, -ατος, τό.
Windpipe, λάρυγζ, -υγγος, ὁ.
Wine, οἶνος, ὁ.
(2) DRESS
Belt, ζωστήρ, -ῆρος, ὁ.
Bonnet, πῑλίδιον, -ου, τό.
Boots, κόθορνος, -ου, ὁ.
Bracelet, ψέλλιον, τό.
Breeches, ἀναξυρίδες, -ων, αἱ.
Buckle, περόνη, -ης, ἡ.
Clothes, ἐσθής, -ῆτος, ἡ.
Coat, ἱμάτιον, τό.
Cosmetic, φάρμακον, τό.
Curl, βόστρυχος, ὁ.
Dress, σκευή, -ῆς, ἡ.
Dress, to, ἐνδύομαι, ἀμφιβάλλομαι.
Garter, περισκελίς, -ίδος, ἡ.
Glove, χειρίς, -ίδος, ἡ.
Gown, a lady’s, πέπλος, ὁ.
Greatcoat, περιβόλαιον, -ου, τό.
Hat, πέτασος, -ου, ὁ.
Necklace, περιδέραιον, τό.
Plaid, χλαμύς, -ύδος, ἡ.
Shirt, χιτών, -ῶνος, ὁ.
Shoe, ὑπόδημα, -ατος, τό.
Shoe-tie, ἱμάς, -άντος, ὁ.
Slippers, βλαυτίον, τό.
Stick, βακτηρία, ἡ.
Umbrella, σκιάδειον, τό.
Undress, to, ἀποδύομαι.
Veil, καλύπτρα, ἡ.
(3) CHARACTER AND CONDUCT
Bashful, to be, δυσωποῦμαι.
Benevolence, φιλοφροσύνη, ἡ.
Braggadocio, ἀλαζών, -όνος, ὁ.
Brave, ἀνδρεῖος, -α, -ον.
Careless, ῥᾴθῡμος, -ον.
Cautious, εὐλαβής, -ές.
Clever, εὐμαθής, -ές.
Cowardly, δειλός, -ή, -όν.
Cunning, ποικίλος, -η, -ον.
Dandy, καλλωπιστής, -οῦ, ὁ.
Diligent, φιλόπονος, -ον.
Foolish, ἠλίθιος, -α, -ον.
Gambler, κυβευτής, -οῦ, ὁ.
Gentle, πρᾶος, -εῖα, -ον.
Handsome, εὐειδής, -ές.
Haughty, to be, βρενθύομαι.
High-minded, μεγαλόφρων, -ονος.
Lazy, νωθρός, -ά, -όν.
Learned, πολυμαθής, -ές.
Parsimonious, φειδωλός, -ή, -όν.
Prig, κομψοπρεπής, ὁ.
Prudent, φρόνιμος, -η, -ον.
Rash, προπετής, -ές.
Religious, εὐσεβής, -ές.
Rude, ἀγροικός, -ή, -όν.
Sensible, νουνεχής, -ές.
Shameless, ἀναιδής, -ές.
Snort, to, βριμάομαι.
Squander, to, σπαθάω.
Superstitious, δεισιδαίμων, -ον.
Swindler, φέναξ, -ᾱκος, ὁ.
Thrifty, φειδωλός, -ή, -όν.
Ugly, αἰσχρός, -ά, -όν.
Vain, κενόδοξος, -ον.
Well-mannered, κόσμιος, -α, -ον.
Worship, to, προσκυνέω.
II. THE HOUSE AND ITS BELONGINGS