4.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lithuania:
0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Luxembourg:
9.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macau:
9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
-1.54 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2001 est.)
Madagascar:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malawi:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malaysia:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal
immigrants from other countries in the region
Maldives:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mali:
-0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malta:
2.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Man, Isle of:
5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Marshall Islands:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Martinique:
-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritania:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritius:
-0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mayotte:
10.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mexico:
-2.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Moldova:
-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Monaco:
7.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mongolia:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Montserrat:
123.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Morocco:
-1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mozambique:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Namibia:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nauru:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nepal:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands:
2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles:
-0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Caledonia:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Zealand:
4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nicaragua:
-1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niger:
-0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nigeria:
0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niue:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Norfolk Island:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands:
18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Norway:
2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Oman:
0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pakistan:
-0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Palau:
4.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Panama:
-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Paraguay:
-0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Peru:
-1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Philippines:
-1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Poland:
-0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Portugal:
0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Puerto Rico:
-2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Qatar:
20.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Reunion:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Romania:
-0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Russia:
0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Rwanda:
-1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Helena:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
-10.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Lucia:
-4.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
-4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001
est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
-7.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2001 est.)
Samoa:
-11.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
San Marino:
11.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe:
-3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia:
1.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Senegal:
0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Seychelles:
-6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sierra Leone:
10.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: by the end of 1999 refugees from Sierra Leone are assumed to
be returning
Singapore:
26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovakia:
0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovenia:
2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Solomon Islands:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Somalia:
5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
South Africa:
-1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Spain:
0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka:
-1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sudan:
0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Suriname:
-8.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Svalbard:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Swaziland:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sweden:
0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Switzerland:
1.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Syria:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tajikistan:
-3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tanzania:
-0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Thailand:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Togo:
0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tokelau:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Tonga:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago:
-9.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tunisia:
-0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkey:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan:
-1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands:
13.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001
est.)
Tuvalu:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uganda:
-0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to the UNHCR, by the end of 1999, Uganda was host
to 218,000 refugees from a number of neighboring countries,
including: Sudan 200,600, Rwanda 8,000, and Democratic Republic of
the Congo 8,000
Ukraine:
-0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates:
1.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Kingdom:
1.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United States:
3.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uruguay:
-0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan:
-2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vanuatu:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Venezuela:
-0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vietnam:
-0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Virgin Islands:
0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Wallis and Futuna:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
West Bank:
3.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yemen:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia:
-4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zambia:
-0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zimbabwe:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South
Africa in search of better paid employment
Taiwan:
-0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@People - note
Cuba:
illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to
depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien
smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; some 3,000 Cubans
took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard
interdicted about 35% of these migrants; Cubans also use
non-maritime routes to enter the US; some 2,400 Cubans arrived
overland via the southwest border and direct flights to Miami
======================================================================
@Pipelines
Afghanistan:
petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and
Turkmenistan to Shindand; natural gas 180 km
Albania:
crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64
km (1991)
Algeria:
crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas
2,948 km
Angola:
crude oil 179 km
Argentina:
crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural
gas 9,918 km
Armenia:
natural gas 900 km (1991)
Australia:
crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural
gas 5,600 km
Austria:
crude oil 777 km; natural gas 840 km (1999)
Azerbaijan:
crude oil 1,130 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural
gas 1,240 km
Bahrain:
crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km
Bangladesh:
natural gas 1,250 km
Belarus:
crude oil 1,470 km; refined products 1,100 km; natural gas
1,980 km (1992)
Belgium:
crude oil 161 km; petroleum products 1,167 km; natural gas
3,300 km
Bolivia:
crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas
1,495 km
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992)
Brazil:
crude oil 2,980 km; petroleum products 4,762 km; natural gas
4,246 km (1998)
Brunei:
crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920
km
Bulgaria:
petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,500 km (1999)
Burma:
crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
Canada:
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km
Chile:
crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320
km
China:
crude oil 9,070 km; petroleum products 560 km; natural gas
9,383 km (1998)
Colombia:
crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural
gas 830 km; natural gas liquids 125 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
petroleum products 390 km
Congo, Republic of the:
crude oil 25 km
Costa Rica:
petroleum products 176 km
Croatia:
crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310
km (1992)
Czech Republic:
natural gas 3,550 km (2000)
Denmark:
crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas
700 km
Dominican Republic:
crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km
Ecuador:
crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km
Egypt:
crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas
460 km
Estonia:
natural gas 420 km (1992)
Finland:
natural gas 580 km
France:
crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas
24,746 km
Gabon:
crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km
Georgia:
crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440
km (1992)
Germany:
crude oil 2,500 km (1998)
Ghana:
0 km
Gibraltar:
0 km
Greece:
crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km
Guatemala:
crude oil 275 km
Hungary:
crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
India:
crude oil 3,005 km; petroleum products 2,687 km; natural gas
1,700 km (1995)
Indonesia:
crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural
gas 1,703 km (1989)
Iran:
crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas
4,550 km
Iraq:
crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas
1,360 km
Ireland:
natural gas 7,592 km (transmission 1,158 km; distribution
6,434 km) (2000)
Israel:
crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89
km
Italy:
crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas
19,400 km
Jamaica:
petroleum products 10 km
Japan:
crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800
km
Jordan:
crude oil 209 km; note - may not be in use
Kazakhstan:
crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural
gas 3,480 km (1992)
Kenya:
petroleum products 483 km
Korea, North:
crude oil 37 km; petroleum product 180 km
Korea, South:
petroleum products 455 km; note - additionally, there
is a parallel petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) pipeline being
completed
Kuwait:
crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165
km
Kyrgyzstan:
natural gas 200 km
Laos:
petroleum products 136 km
Latvia:
crude oil 750 km; refined products 780 km; natural gas 560
km (1992)
Lebanon:
crude oil 72 km (none in operation)
Libya:
crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes
liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km
Lithuania:
crude oil, 105 km; natural gas 760 km (1992)
Luxembourg:
petroleum products 48 km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
10 km
Malaysia:
crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
Mexico:
crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural
gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km
Midway Islands:
7.8 km
Moldova:
natural gas 310 km (1992)
Morocco:
crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km (abandoned);
natural gas 241 km
Mozambique:
crude oil 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
note: not operating
Netherlands:
crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural
gas 10,230 km
New Zealand:
petroleum products 160 km; natural gas 1,000 km;
liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 150 km
Nicaragua:
crude oil 56 km
Nigeria:
crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural
gas 500 km
Norway:
refined petroleum products 53 km
Oman:
crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
Pakistan:
crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas
4,044 km (1987)
Panama:
crude oil 130 km (2001)
Peru:
crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Philippines:
petroleum products 357 km
Poland:
crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km; natural gas
17,000 km (1996)
Portugal:
crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km; natural gas 700
km
note: the secondary lines for the natural gas pipeline that will be
300 km long have not yet been built
Qatar:
crude oil 235 km; natural gas 400 km
Romania:
crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural
gas 6,400 km (1992)
Russia:
crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural
gas 140,000 km (June 1993 est.)
Saudi Arabia:
crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural
gas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Slovakia:
petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km
Slovenia:
crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km
Somalia:
crude oil 15 km
South Africa:
crude oil 931 km; petroleum products 1,748 km; natural
gas 322 km
Spain:
crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas
1,666 km
Sri Lanka:
crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)
Sudan:
refined products 815 km
Sweden:
natural gas 84 km
Switzerland:
crude oil 314 km; natural gas 1,506 km
Syria:
crude oil 1,304 km; petroleum products 515 km
Tajikistan:
natural gas 400 km (1992)
Tanzania:
crude oil 982 km
Thailand:
petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Trinidad and Tobago:
crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km;
natural gas 904 km
Tunisia:
crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742
km
Turkey:
crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas
708 km
Turkmenistan:
crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ukraine:
crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum products 4,500 km
(1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)
United Arab Emirates:
crude oil 830 km; natural gas, including
natural gas liquids, 870 km
United Kingdom:
crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km;
petroleum products 2,993 km; natural gas 12,800 km
United States:
petroleum products 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km
(1991)
Uzbekistan:
crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas
810 km (1992)
Venezuela:
crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural
gas 4,010 km
Vietnam:
petroleum products 150 km
Yemen:
crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km
Yugoslavia:
crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas
2,110 km
Zambia:
crude oil 1,724 km
Zimbabwe:
petroleum products 212 km
Taiwan:
petroleum products 3,400 km; natural gas 1,800 km (1999)
======================================================================
@Political parties and leaders
Afghanistan:
Taliban (Religious Students Movement) [Mullah Mohammad
OMAR]; United National Islamic Front for the Salvation of
Afghanistan or UNIFSA [Burhanuddin RABBANI, chairman; Gen. Abdul
Rashid DOSTAM, vice chairman; Ahmad Shah MASOOD, military commander;
Mohammed Yunis QANUNI, spokesman]; note - made up of 13 parties
opposed to the Taliban including Harakat-i-Islami Afghanistan
(Islamic Movement of Afghanistan), Hizb-i-Islami (Islamic Party),
Hizb-i-Wahdat-i-Islami (Islamic Unity Party), Jumaat-i-Islami
Afghanistan (Islamic Afghan Society), Jumbish-i-Milli (National
Front), Mahaz-i-Milli-i-Islami (National Islamic Front)
Albania:
Albanian National Front (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Abaz
ERMENJI]; Albanian Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Albanian
Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albania Workers Party) [Fatos
NANO, chairman]; Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Zef BUSHATI];
Democratic Alliance or PAD [Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD
[Sali BERISHA]; Group of Reformist Democrats [Leonard NDOKA];
Liberal Union Party [Teodor LACO]; note - Teodor LACO of the Liberal
Union Party was leader of the Social Democratic Union of Albania or
PBSD; Movement of Legality Party or PLL [Nderim KUPI]; OMONIA
[Vagjelis DULES]; Party of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQUIRI];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Unity for Human
Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vasil MELO, chairman]
Algeria:
Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman];
Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ
and Dr. Abassi MADANI (imprisoned), Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in
Germany)]; Movement of a Peaceful Society or MSP [Mahfoud NAHNAH,
chairman]; National Liberation Front or FLN [Boualem BENHAMOUDA,
secretary general]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS];
Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary
general]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Lahbib ADAMI];
Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Front
or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exile in
Switzerland)]; Union for Democracy and Liberty [Mouley BOUKHALAFA];
Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a party law banning political parties based on religion was
enacted in March 1997
American Samoa:
Democratic Party [leader NA]; Republican Party
[leader NA]
Andorra:
Liberal Union or UL [Marc Forne MOLNE] (renamed Liberal
Party of Andorra or PLA); National Democratic Group or AND [Ladislau
BARO SOLA]; National Democratic Initiative or IDN [Vincenc MATEU
Zamora]; New Democracy or ND [Jaume BARTOMEU Cassany]; Union of the
People of Ordino (Unio Parroquial d'Ordino) or UPO [Simo DURO Coma]
note: there are two other small parties
Angola:
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria
PEREIRA]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA
[disputed leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union
for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Jonas SAVIMBI],
largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance;
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo
DOS SANTOS] ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party
or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO];
UNITA-Renovada [Eugenio NGOLO "Manuvakola", leader]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992
elections but won few seats and have little influence in the
National Assembly
Anguilla:
Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The
United Front or UF [Osbourne FLEMMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of
the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National
Alliance or ANA
Antigua and Barbuda:
Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant
BIRD]; Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; United
Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three
opposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP,
Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor
Movement or PLM)
Argentina:
Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO]; Front
for a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition)
[Carlos ALVAREZ]; Justicialist Party or PJ [Carlos Saul MENEM]
(Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical Civic Union or
UCR [Raul ALFONSIN]; several provincial parties
Armenia:
Armenia Party [Myasnik ALKHASYAN]; Armenian Communist Party
or ACP [Vladimir DARBINYAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation
("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Christian Democratic
Union or CDU [Azat ARSHAKYN, chairman]; Democratic Liberal Party
[Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman]; Free Armenian's Mission [Ruben
MNATSANIAN, chairman]; Law and Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN,
chairman]; Law-Governed Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; Mission
Party [Artush PAPOIAN, chairman]; National Democratic Union or NDU
[Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National State Party [Samvel SHAGINIAN];
Pan-Armenian National Movement or PANM [Vano SIRADEGHYAN]; People's
Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republican Party or RPA
[Andranik MARKARYAN]; Shamiram Women's Movement or SWM [Gayane
SARUKHYAN]; Social Democratic (Hnchakian) Party [Ernst SOGOMONYAN];
Stability Group [Vartan AYVAZIAN, chairman]; Union of National
Self-Determination or NSDU [Paruir HAIRIKIAN, chairman]; Unity Bloc
[Stepan DEMIRCHIAN and Andranik MARKARYAN] (a coalition of the
Republican Party and People's Party of Armenia)
Aruba:
Aruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA]; Aruban
Democratic Party or PDA [Leo BERLINSKI]; Aruban Liberal Party or OLA
[Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET];
Aruban People's Party or AVP [Tico CROES]; Electoral Movement Party
or MEP [Nelson ODUBER]; For a Restructured Aruba Now or PARA [leader
NA]; National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro Charro KELLY]
Australia:
Australian Democratic Party [Meg LEES]; Australian Labor
Party [Kim BEAZLEY]; Green Party [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John
Winston HOWARD]; National Party [John ANDERSON]; One Nation Party
[Pauline HANSON]
Austria:
Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL];
Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Susanne RIESS-PASSER]; Social
Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens
Alternative or GA [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]
Azerbaijan:
Alliance for Azerbaijan Party [Abutalyb SAMADOV];
Azerbaijani Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALAL]; Azerbaijani
Independent Democratic Party or AMDP [Leyla YUNUSOVA]; Azerbaijan
Popular Front or APF [Ali KERIMOV, leader of "reform faction";
Mirmahmud FATTAYEV, leader of "traditionalist" faction]; Civic
Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic Union Party
[Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [Ramiz
AHMADOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA-2 [Firudin HASANOV];
Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Enlightenment Party
[Mammadhanifu MUSAYEV]; Democratic Party for Azerbaijan or DPA
[Ilyus ISMAILOV and Rasul QULIYEV, co-chairman]; Democratic World
Party of Azerbaijan [Mamnad ALIZADE]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan
[Lala Shvkat HAJIYEVA]; Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]; National
Congress Party of Azerbaijan [Ihtiyar SHIRIN]; National Movement
Party [Samir JAFAROV]; National Statehood Party [Sabir
TARIVERDIYEV]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party
or NAP [Heydar ALIYEV, chairman]; Party for National Independence of
Azerbaijan or PNIA [Etibar MAMMADOV, chairman]; People's Democratic
Party of Azerbaijan or PDPA [Rafig TURABKHANOGLU]; Social Democratic
Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Zardusht ALIZADE, chairman]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties
Bahamas, The:
Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert Alexander
INGRAHAM]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]
Bahrain:
political parties prohibited
Bangladesh:
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist
Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party
or BNP [Khaleda ZIAur Rahman]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Azizol
HAQ]; Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or
JP [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]
Barbados:
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic
Labor Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]; National Democratic Party or
NDP [Richard HAYNES]
Belarus:
Agrarian Party or AP [Semyon SHARETSKY, chairman];
Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman];
Belarusian Ecological Green Party (merger of Belarusian Ecological
Party and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA]; Belarusian Patriotic
Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH,
chairman]; Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA];
Belarusian Social-Democrat or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman];
Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH,
chairman]; Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV]; Civic
Accord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Stanislav BOGDANKEVICH,
chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH,
chairman]; Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN,
chairman]; Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [Anatoliy
NETYLKIN, chairman]; Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA
[Leanid SECHKA]; Women's Party Nadezhda [Valentina POLEVIKOVA,
chairperson]
Belgium:
AGALEV (Flemish Greens) [Dos GEYSELS]; ECOLO (Francophone
Greens) [no president]; Flemish Christian Democrats or CVP
(Christian People's Party) [Stefaan DE CLERCK, president]; Flemish
Liberal Democrats or VLD [Karel DE GUCHT, president]; Flemish
Socialist Party or SP [Patrick JANSSENS, president]; Francophone
Christian Democrats or PSC (Social Christian Party) [Joelle MILQUET,
president]; Francophone Liberal Reformation Party or PRL [Daniel
DUCARME, president]; Francophone Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI
RUPO, president]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Vlaams Blok
or VB [Frank VANHECKE]; Volksunie or VU [leader vacant]; other minor
parties
Belize:
People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean BARROW, Doug SINGH]
Benin:
African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou
FAGBOHOUN]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Sylvain
Adekpedjou AKINDES]; Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD
and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress or UNSP [Bruno
AMOUSSOU]; Cameleon Alliance or AC [leader NA]; Car-DUNYA [Saka
SALEY]; Communist Party of Benin or PCB [Pascal FANTONDJI, first
secretary]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI];
Front for Renewal and Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia
KINA]; Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA];
Liberal Democrats' Rally for National Reconstruction-Vivoten or
RDL-Vivoten [Severin ADJOVI]; Movement for Citizens' Commitment and
Awakening or MERCI [Severin ADJOVI]; New Generation for the Republic
or NGR [Paul DOSSOU]; Our Common Cause or NCC [Francois Odjo
TANKPINON]; Party Democratique du Benin or PDB [Col. Soule DANKORO];
Rally for Democracy and Pan-Africanism or RDP [Dominique HOYMINOU,
Dr. Giles Auguste MINONTIN]; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB
[Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca
LAFIA]; Union for National Democracy and Solidarity or UDS [Adamou
N'Diaye MAMA]
note: the Coalition of Democratic Forces is an alliance of parties
and organizations supporting President KEREKOU [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]
Bermuda:
National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON];
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Jennifer SMITH]; United Bermuda
Party or UBP [Pamela GORDON]
Bhutan:
no legal parties
Bolivia:
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [leader NA]; Civic
Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Conscience of the
Fatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado]; Free Bolivia
Movement or MBL [Antonio ARANIBAR]; Movement of the Revolutionary
Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN
[Hugo BANZER Suarez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR
[Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA]; New Republican Force or NFR [leader
NA]; Pachacuti Indigenous Movement [Filipe QUISPE]; United Left or
IU [Marcos DOMIC]
note: the ADN, MIR, and UCS comprise the ruling coalition
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC];
Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic Democratic
Party of BiH or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic
Union or HKDU BiH [Ante PASALIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of BiH
or HDZ-BiH [leader vacant]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko
HRSTIC]; Croatian Peasants Party of BiH or HSS-BiH [Ilija SIMIC];
Democratic Action Party or SDA [Alija IZETBEGOVIC]; Democratic
National Alliance or DNS [Dragan KOSTIC]; Democratic Party of
Pensioners or DPS [Alojz KNEZOVIC]; Democratic Party of RS or DSRS
[Dragomir DUMIC]; Democratic Peoples Union or DNZ [Fikret ABDIC];
Democratic Socialist Party or DSP [Nebojsa RADMANOVIC]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croatian Initiative or
NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBH [Haris
SILAJDZIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC];
Party of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK];
Pensioners' Party of FBiH [Husein VOJNIKOVIC]; Pensioners' Party of
SR [Stojan BOGOSAVAC]; Republican Party of BiH or RP [Stjepan
KLJUIC]; Serb Democratic Party or Serb Lands or SDS [Dragan
KALINIC]; Serb National Alliance (Serb People's Alliance) or SNS
[Biljana PLAVSIC]; Social Democratic Party BIH or SDP-BiH [Zlatko
LAGUMDZIJA]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Zivko
RADISIC]
Botswana:
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE]; Botswana
National Front or BNF [Kenneth KOMA]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP
[Michael DINGAKE]; Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu
SETSHWAELO]
note: main parties are: BDP, BNF, BCP; other minor parties joined
forces in 1999 to form the Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM
[Ephraim SETSHWAELO, chairman] but did not capture any parliamentary
seats; the BAM parties are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu
SETSHWAELO], the Botswana Peoples Party, the Independence Freedom
Party [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K.
KWELE]
Brazil:
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Jader BARBALHO,
president]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON];
Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Teotonio VILELA Filno];
Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES, president];
Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; Communist
Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman];
Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Liberal
Front Party or PFL [Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party or
PL [Francisco Teixeira de OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS
[Ciro GOMEZ, president]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU,
president]
British Virgin Islands:
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn
SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United
Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.
O'NEAL]
Brunei:
Brunei Solidarity National Party or PPKB in Malay [Haji Mohd
HATTA bin Haji Zainal Abidin, president]; the PPKB is the only legal
political party in Brunei; it was registered in 1985, but became
largely inactive after 1988, it was revived in 1995 and again in
1998; it has less than 200 registered party members; other parties
include Brunei People's Party or PRB (banned in 1962) and Brunei
National Democratic Party (registered in May 1965, deregistered by
the Brunei Government in 1988)
Bulgaria:
Alliance for National Salvation or ANS (coalition led
mainly by Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF) [Ahmed DOGAN];
Bulgarian Business Bloc or BBB [Georgi GANCHEV]; Bulgarian Socialist
Party or BSP [Georgi PURVANOV, chairman]; Democratic Left or DL
(bloc led by BSP, includes Ecoglasnost Political Club and Bulgarian
Agrarian National Union) [leader NA]; Euro-left [Aleksandur TOMOV];
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or UMRO [Aleksander
KARAKACHNOV]; Kingdom of Bulgaria Federation [leader NA]; Movement
for Rights and Freedom or DPS [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for
Simeon II [Simeon II, former king]; New Civic Party for Bulgaria
[Bogomil BONEV]; People's Union or PU (includes Bulgarian Agrarian
People's Union and Democratic Party) [Anastasiya MOZER]; St.
George's Day [Lyuben DILOV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF (an
alliance of pro-democratic parties) [Ivan KOSTOV]
Burkina Faso:
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and
Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Congress for Democracy and
Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement for Tolerance
and Progress or MTP [Noyabtigungu Congo KABORE]; Party for African
Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party for Democracy and
Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Union of Greens for the
Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]
Burma:
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP
(proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or
SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association
or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG,
general secretary]; and other smaller parties
Burundi:
Two national, mainstream governing parties are: Unity for
National Progress or UPRONA [Luc RUKINGAMA, president]; Burundi
Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]
note: A multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence
NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or
RADDES [Joseph NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA
[Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP
[Mathias HITIMANA]
Cambodia:
Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian
Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM];
Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for
an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or
FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP
(formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]
Cameroon:
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA];
Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];
Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC
[leader NA]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MLJC [Marcel
YONDO]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari
BELLO BOUBA, chairman]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU
NDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations has two sections UPC-N [Ndeh
NTUMAZAH] and UPC-K [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]
Canada:
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Canadian Alliance
[Stockwell DAY]; Liberal Party [Jean CHRETIEN]; New Democratic Party
[Alexa MCDONOUGH]; Progressive Conservative Party [Joe CLARK]
Cape Verde:
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV
[Jose Maria NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change or ADM
[Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president];
Movement for Democracy or MPD [Antonio Gualberto do ROSARIO,
president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico
MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Dr.
Oresimo SILVEIRA, president]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao
ALEM, president]; Union for an Independent Democratic Cape Verde or
UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO, president]
Cayman Islands:
there are no formal political parties but the
following loose groupings act as political organizations; National
Team; Democratic Alliance; Team Cayman
Central African Republic:
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP
[Francois PEHOUA]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC [Andre
KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic
Forum or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD
[Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for Democracy and Development or
MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the Central
African People or MLPC [the party of the president, Ange-Felix
PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA];
People's Union for the Republic or UPR [leader NA]; National Unity
Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD
[Enoch LAKOUE]
Chad:
National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh
KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT,
chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and
the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP
[Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen.
Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]
Chile:
Center-Center Union Party or UCCP [Francisco Javier
ERRAZURIZ]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ricardo HORMAZABAL];
Coalition of Parties for Democracy ("Concertacion") or CPD -
including PDC, PS, PPD, PRSD; Independent Democratic Union or UDI
[Pablo LONGUEIRA]; National Renewal or RN [Alberto CARDEMIL]; Party
for Democracy or PPD [Guido GIRARDI]; Radical Social Democratic
Party or PRSD [Anselmo SULE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ricardo NUNEZ]
China:
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [JIANG Zemin, General
Secretary of the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties
controlled by CCP
Christmas Island:
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
none
Colombia:
Conservative Party or PSC [Ciro RAMIREZ Anzon]; Liberal
Party or PL [Luis Guillermo VELEZ]; Patriotic Union or UP is a legal
political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or
FARC and Colombian Communist Party or PCC [Jaime CAICEDO]; 19 of
April Movement or M-19 [Antonio NAVARRO Wolff]
Comoros:
Front National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in
opposition) [Ahmed Abdallah MOHAMED, Ahmed ABOUBACAR, Soidiki
M'BAPANOZA]; Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND
(party of the government) [Ali Bazi SELIM]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
Democratic Social Christian Party
or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Popular Movement of the Revolution or MPR
[leader NA]; Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA];
Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI
wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans or
UFERI [Kouyoumba MUCHULI Mulembe]
Congo, Republic of the:
the most important of the many parties are
the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of
Convention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT,
Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress,
Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for the
National Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; Association for
Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere
TCHICAYA, president]; Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral
Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social
Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Union of Democratic Forces or
UFD [Sebastian EBAO]
Cook Islands:
Cook Islands People's Party or CIP [Tai CARPENTER];
Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New Alliance
Party or NAP [Norman GEORGE]
Costa Rica:
Agricultural Labor Action or PALA [Carlos Alberto SOLIS
Blanco]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO];
Democratic Force Party or PFD [Jose M. NUNEZ]; Libertarian Movement
Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party
or ANC [Alejandro MADRIGAL]; National Independent Party or PNI
[Jorge GONZALEZ Marten]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter
MUNOZ Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Sonia PICADO];
Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis Manuel CHACON]
note: mainly a two-party system - PUSC and PLN; numerous small
parties share less than 25% of population's support
Cote d'Ivoire:
Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic
Rally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or
FPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE];
Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Henriette DAGRI-DIABATE]; Union for
Democracy and Peace [Gen. Robert GUEI]; over 20 smaller parties
Croatia:
Alliance of Croatian Coast and Mountains Department or PGS
[Luciano SUSANJ]; Croatian Christian Democratic Union or HKDU [Marko
VESELICA]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian
Party of Rights or HSP [Dobroslav PARAGA]; Croatian Peasant Party or
HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC];
Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Drazen BUDISA]; Independent
Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian
Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Liberal Party or LP
[leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]
note: the Social Democratic Party or SDP and the Croatian Social
Liberal Party or HSLS formed a coalition as did the HSS, HNS, LP,
and IDS, which together defeated the Croatian Democratic Union or
HDZ in the 2000 lower house parliamentary election
Cuba:
only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
first secretary]
Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos
PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];
Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party)
[Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS
(formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [Vassos
LYSSARIDIS]; United Democrats Movement or EDE (formerly Free
Democrats Movement or KED) [George VASSILIOU]; Turkish Cypriot area:
Communal Liberation Party or TKP [Mustafa AKINCI]; Democratic Party
or DP [Salih COSAR]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN];
National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay
SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Izzet IZCAN];
Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]
Czech Republic:
Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's
Party or KDU-CSL [Jan KASAL, chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance or
ODA [Daniel KROUPA, chairman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Vaclav
KLAUS, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM
[Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
or KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National Social Party of
CSNS [Jan SULA, chairman]; Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD
[Milos ZEMAN, chairman]; Democratic Union or DEU [Ratibor MAJZLIK,
chairman]; Freedom Union or US [Karel KUEHNL, chairman]; Quad
Coalition [Cyril SVOBODA, chairman] (includes KDU-CSL, US, ODA,
DEU); Republicans of Miroslav SLADEK or RMS [Miroslav SLADEK,
chairman]
Denmark:
Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian People's
Party [Jann SJURSEN]; Conservative Party (sometimes known as
Conservative People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party
[Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Progress
Party (now named Freedom 2000) [Kim BEHNKE]; Social Democratic Party
[Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN]; Social Liberal Party (sometimes called the
Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Johannes LEBECH, chairman];
Socialist People's Party [Holger K. NIELSEN]; Red-Green Unity List
(bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark,
Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]
Djibouti:
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; People's
Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GELLEH]
Dominica:
Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica
Labor Party or DLP [Pierre CHARLES]; United Workers Party or UWP
[Edison JAMES]
Dominican Republic:
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel
FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hatuey DE
CAMPS]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Joaquin BALAGUER
Ricardo]
Ecuador:
Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];
Democratic Left or ID [Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos]; Ecuadorian
Conservative Party or PCE [Sixto DURAN Ballen]; Independent National
Movement or MIN [leader NA]; Pachakutik-New Country or P-NP [Rafael
PANDAM]; Popular Democracy or DP [Ramiro RIVERA]; Popular Democratic
Movement or MPD [leader NA]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian
ALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz,
director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Jaime NEBOT Saadi,
president]
Egypt:
Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din
DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK, leader] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist
Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP
[No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by government
El Salvador:
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rene AGUILUZ];
Democratic Convergence or CD (includes PSD, MNR, MPSC) [Ruben
ZAMORA, secretary general]; Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ];
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Fabio CASTILLO];
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO, president];
National Action Party or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS, secretary
general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ Zepeda,
president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Walter ARAUJO];
Social Christian Union or USC (formed by the merger of Christian
Social Renewal Party or PRSC and Unity Movement or MU) [Abraham
RODRIGUEZ, president]
Equatorial Guinea:
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS
[Placido Miko ABOGO]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE
(ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progress
of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of
Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP
[Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP
[Victorino Bolekia BONAY, mayor of Malabo]; Union of Independent
Democrats of UDI [Daniel OYONO]
Eritrea:
People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only
party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki, PETROS Solomon];
note - the National Assembly has appointed a committee to draft a
law on political parties
Estonia:
Center Party or K [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman]; Christian
People's Party [Aldo VINKEL]; Coalition Party and Rural Union or KMU
[Andrus OOBEL, chairman]; Estonian Democratic Party (formerly
Estonian Blue Party) [Jaan LAAS]; Estonian Independence Party
[leader NA]; Estonian National Democratic Party or ENDP [leader NA];
Estonian Pensioners and Families Party [Mai TREIAL]; Estonian
Progressive Party [Andra VEIDEMANN]; Estonian Republican Party
[leader NA]; Estonian Social-Democratic Labor Party [Tiit TOOMSALU];
Estonian Rural People's Union (1999 merger of Estonian Country
People's Party and the Estonian Rural Union) [Arvo SIRENDI]; Party
of Consolidation Today [leader NA]; People's Party Moderates (1999
merger of People's Party and Moderates) [Andres TARAND]; Reform
Party or RE [Siim KALLAS, chairman]; Russian Party in Estonia
[Nikolai MASPANOV]; Russian Unity Party [Igor SEDASHEV]; Union of
Pro Patria or Fatherland League (Isamaaliit) [Mart LAAR, chairman];
United People's Party or UPPE [Viktor ANDREJEV, chairman]
Ethiopia:
Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA];
All-Amhara People's Organization or AAPO [KEGNAZ MATCH Neguea
Tibeb]; Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM [TEFERA Walwa];
Bench Madji People's Democratic Organization or BMPDO [leader NA];
Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [leader
NA]; Coalition of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy or
CAFPD [Kifle TIGNEH Abate and BEYENE Petros]; Ethiopian Democratic
Unity Party or EDUP [Lt. Gen. TESFAYE Gebre Kidan]; Ethiopian
National Democratic Party or ENDP [FEKADU Gedamu]; Ethiopian
People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an
alliance of the ANDM, OPDO, and TPLF); Gedeyo People's Revolutionary
Democratic Movement or GPRDF [leader NA]; Gurange Nationalities
Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; Kafa Shaka People's
Democratic Organization or KSPDO [leader NA]; Kembata, Alabaa, and
Tembaro or KAT [leader NA]; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD
Ibsa Gudina]; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO [KUMA
Demeksa]; Sidama People's Democratic Organization or SPDO [leader
NA]; South Omo People's Democratic Movement or SOPDM [leader NA];
Tigrai People's Liberation Front or TPLF [MELES Zenawi]; Walayta,
Gamo, Gofa, Dawro, Konta People's Democratic Organization or WGGPDO
[leader NA]; dozens of small parties
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
none; all independents
Faroe Islands:
Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Home Rule Party [Helena
Dam a NEYSTABO]; People's Party [Oli BRECKMANN]; Republican Party
[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union
Party [Edmund JOENSEN]
Fiji:
Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; Fijian
Nationalist Federation Party or NFP [Singh RAKKA]; Fijian Political
Party or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA];
National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Jai Ram REDDY];
United General Party or UGP [David PICKERING]
Finland:
Center Party or Kesk [Esko AHO]; Finnish Christian Union or
SKL [C. P. Bjarne KALLIS]; Green Union [Satu HASSI]; Leftist
Alliance (Communist) composed of People's Democratic League and
Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Sauli NIINISTO]; Reform Group [Risto
KUISMA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish
People's Party or SFP [Jan-Erik ENESTAM]; True Finns [Timo SOINI]
France:
Citizens Movement or MdC [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT]; French
Communist Party or PCF [Robert HUE]; Independent Ecological Movement
or MEI [Antoine WAECHTER]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previously
Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)
[Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Liberal Democracy or DL (originally Republican
Party or PR) [Alain MADELIN]; Movement for France or MPF [Philippe
DEVILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Rally for the
Republic or RPR [Michelle ALLIOT-MARIE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF (coalition of
UDC, FD, RRRS, PPDF) [Francois BAYROU]; Union of the Center or UDC
[leader NA]
French Guiana:
Guianese Socialist Party or PSG [Antoine KARAM];
Guyana Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Rally for the
Republic or RPR [Roland HO-WEN-SZE]; Socialist Party or PS [Pierre
RIBARDIERE] (may be a subset of PSG); Walwari Committee [Christine
TAUBIRA-DELANON]
French Polynesia:
Centrist Union or UC [leader NA]; Independent
Front for the Liberation of Polynesia (Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar
TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api) [Emile VERNAUDON]; People's
Rally for the Republic (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]
Gabon:
African Forum for Reconstruction or FAR [Leon MBOU-YEMBI];
Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE];
Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge
DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party
[Simplice Nguedet MANZELA, secretary general]; Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE, president]; Gabonese
People's Union or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]; Gabonese Socialist Union
or USG [Serge MBA BEKALE]; National Rally of Woodcutters (Bucherons)
or RNB [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis
Gaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre
EMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver
MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]
Gambia, The:
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction
or APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; National Reconciliation Party or
NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for
Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]
note: in August 1996 the government banned the following from
participation in the elections of 1996: People's Progressive Party
or PPP [former President Dawda K. JAWARA (in exile)], and two
opposition parties - the National Convention Party or NCP [former
Vice President Sheriff DIBBA] and the Gambian People's Party or GPP
[Hassan Musa CAMARA]
Georgia:
Citizen's Union of Georgia or CUG [Eduard SHEVARDNADZE];
Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE,
chairman]; Industry Will Save Georgia or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE];
National Democratic Party or NDP [Irina SARISHVILI-CHANTURIA];
Socialist Party or SPG [Temur GAMTSEMLIDZE]; Union for "Revival"
Party or AGUR [Alsan ABASHIDZE]; United Republican Party or URP
[Nodar NATADZE, chairman]
Germany:
Alliance '90/Greens [Renate KUENAST and Fritz KUHN];
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social
Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or
FDP [Wolfgang GERHARDT, chairman]; note - Wolfgang GERHARDT will
probably be replaced by Guido WESTERWELLE in May 2001; Party of
Democratic Socialism or PDS [Gabi ZIMMER]; Social Democratic Party
or SPD [Gerhard SCHROEDER, chairman]
Ghana:
Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,
chairman]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA];
National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general
secretary]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES];
People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting
chairman]; People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander
ERSKINE]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]
Gibraltar:
Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA];
Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]
Greece:
Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Nikolaos
KONSTANDOPOULOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA];
New Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];
Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Konstandinos SIMITIS]
Greenland:
Akulliit Party [Bjarne KREUTZMANN]; Atassut Party
(Solidarity, a conservative party favoring continuing close
relations with Denmark) [Daniel SKIFTE]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA
(Eskimo Brotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independence
from Denmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup
(Polar Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List,
an independent right-of-center party with no official platform
[leader NA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party
advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy
from Denmark) [Jonathan MOTZFELDT]
Grenada:
Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Herbert PREUDHOMME];
National Democratic Congress or NDC [leader vacant]; New National
Party or NNP [George McGUIRE]
Guadeloupe:
Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Christian
CELESTE]; Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Rally
for the Republic or RPR [Aldo BLAISE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Georges LOUISOR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]
Guam:
Democratic Party (party of the Governor) [leader NA];
Republican Party (controls the legislature) [leader NA]
Guatemala:
Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Jorge Luis
ORTEGA]; Democratic Union or UD [Jose Luis CHEA Urruela]; Green
Party or LOV [Jose ASTURIAS Rudecke]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy
or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary
Unity or URNG [Pablo MONSANTO, also known as Jorge SOTO]; Guatemalan
Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; New Nation Alliance or
ANN [leader NA], which includes the URNG; National Advancement Party
or PAN [Leonel LOPEZ Rodas]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP
[Acisclo VALLADARES Molina]
Guernsey:
none; all independents
Guinea:
Democratic Party of Guinea or PDG-AST [Marcel CROS];
Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [El
Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for Progress or
UNP [Paul Louis FABER]; Party for Unity and Progress or PUP [Lansana
CONTE] - the governing party; Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP
[Siradiou DIALLO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha
CONDE]; Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE,
secretary-general]; Union for the New Republic or UNR [Mamadou Boye
BA]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]
Guinea-Bissau:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau
and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Francisco BENANTE]; Front for the
Liberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY];
Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder Vaz
LOPES]; Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];
International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [Alhaje
Bubacar DJALO, president]; National Union for Democracy and Progress
or UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general]; Party for Democratic
Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS
[Koumba YALLA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president,
Dr. Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Social Democratic Party or
PUSD [Victor Sau'de MARIA]
Guyana:
Alliance for Guyana or AFG (includes Guyana Labor Party or
GLP and Working People's Alliance or WPA [Rupert ROOPNARINE]; Guyana
Action Party or GAP [leader NA]; Guyana Labor Party or GLP [leader
NA]; People's National Congress or PNC [Hugh Desmond HOYTE];
People's Progressive Party or PPP [Janet JAGEN]; Rise, Organize and
Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The United Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR];
Working People's Alliance or WPA [Rupert ROOPARNINE]
Haiti:
Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH
[Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or
RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convergence (opposition coalition composed of
ESPACE, OPL, and MOCHRENA) [Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES, Evans PAUL, Luc
MESADIEU, Victor BENOIT]; Democratic Consultation Group coalition or
ESPACE [Evans PAUL, Victor Benoit] composed of the following
parties: National Congress of Democratic Movements or KONAKOM,
National Progressive Revolutionary Party or PANPRA, Generation 2004,
and Haiti Can; Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH
[Marie-France CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEM [Clark
PARENT]; Lavalas Family or FL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE]; Mobilization
for National Development or MDN [Hubert DE RONCERAY]; Movement for
National Reconstruction or MRN [Rene THEODORE]; Movement for the
Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; Movement
for the Organization of the Country or MOP [Gesner COMEAU and Jean
MOLIERE]; National Front for Change and Democracy or FNCD [Evans
PAUL and Turneb DELPE]; New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or
MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Struggling People's Organization or OPL
[Gerard PIERRE-CHARLES]
Holy See (Vatican City):
none
Honduras:
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Efrain DIAZ
Arrivillaga, president]; Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Marias
FUNES Valladares, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Carlos Roberto
FLORES Facusse, president]; National Innovation and Unity
Party-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban VALLADARES,
president]; National Party of Honduras or PN [Carlos URBIZO,
president]
Hong Kong:
Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood
[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [leader NA];
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong [Jasper TSANG
Yok-sing, chairman]; Democratic Party [Martin LEE Chu-ming,
chairman]; Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; Hong
Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood [leader NA];
Hong Kong Progressive Alliance [Ambrose LAU Hon-chuen]; Liberal
Party [James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]; New Century Forum [NQ
Ching-fai, chairman]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association for
Democracy and People's Livelihood, Citizens Party, Democratic Party,
Frontier Party; pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party, New
Century Forum
Hungary:
Alliance of Free Democrats or SZDSZ [Gabor DEMSZKY];
Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Gyorgy GICZY,
president]; Federation of Young Democrats-Hungarian Civic Party or
FYD-HCP [Laszlo KOVER]; note - used to be Hungarian Civic Party or
FIDESZ; Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian
Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman];
Hungarian Justice and Life Party or MIEP [Istvan CSURKA, chairman];
Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Laszlo KOVACS, chairman];
Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman];
Independent Smallholders or FKGP [Jozsef TORGYAN, president]
Iceland:
Independence Party (conservative) or IP [David ODDSSON];
Left-Green Alliance [Steinsvimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party [Sverrir
HERMANNSSON]; People's Party (Social Democratic Party) or SDP
[Sighvatyr BJORGIVINSSON]; Progressive Party (liberal) or PP
[Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; The Alliance (includes People's Alliance or
PA, Social Democratic Party or SVP, People's Movement, Women's List)
[Ossur SKARPHEDINSSON]; Women's List or WL [Kristin ASTGEIRSDOTTIR]
India:
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C.
Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB [Prem Dutta
PALIWAL (chairman), Chitta BASU (general secretary)]; Asom Gana
Parishad [Prafulla Kumar MAHANTA]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP
[Kanshi RAM]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Bangaru LAXMAN,
president]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party
of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of
India/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Vinod MISHRA]; Congress (I) Party
[Sonia GANDHI, president]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a
regional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National
League [Suliaman SAIT]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA];
Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV, president, I. K. GUJRAL];
Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Marumalarchi Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA];
Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; National
Democratic Alliance, a 16-party alliance including BJP, DMK, Janata
Dal (U), SHS, Shiromani Akali Dal, Telugu Desam, BJD, Rinamool
Congress]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];
Revolutionary Socialist Party or RSP [Tridip CHOWDHURY]; Samajwadi
Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV, president]; Shiromani Akali Dal
[Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila
Congress [G. K. MOOPANAR]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP (a regional
party in Andhra Pradesh) [Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress
[Mamata BANERJEE]
Indonesia:
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza
MAHENDRA, chairman]; Development Unity Party or PPP (federation of
former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]; Federation of
Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANJUNG, general chairman];
Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former Nationalist
and Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO, chairman]; Indonesia
Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,
chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Matori Abdul DJALIL,
chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]
Iran:
the following organizations appeared to have achieved
considerable success at elections to the sixth Majlis in early 2000:
Assembly of the Followers of the Imam's Line, Freethinkers' Front,
Islamic Iran Participation Front, Moderation and Development Party,
Servants of Construction Party, Society of Self-sacrificing Devotees
Iraq:
Ba'th Party [SADDAM Husayn, central party leader]
Ireland:
Democratic Left [Proinsias DE ROSSA]; Fianna Fail [Bertie
AHERN]; Fine Gael [Michael NOONAN]; Green Party [Mary BOWERS]; Labor
Party [Ruairi QUINN]; Progressive Democrats [Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein
[Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party
[Tom FRENCH]
Israel:
Balad or National Democratic Alliance [Amnon LIPKIN-SHAHAK];
Center Party [Yitzhak MORDECHAI]; Democratic Movement [Roman
BRONFMAN]; Gesher [David LEVI]; Hadash [Muhammad BARAKA]; Labor
Party [leader vacant]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; MERETZ [Yossi
SARID]; National Democratic Alliance (Balad) [leader NA]; National
Religious Party [Yitzhak LEVY]; National Union [Rehavam ZEEVI]
(includes Herut, Tekuma, and Moledet); One Israel [leader NA]
(includes Labor, Gesher, and Meimad); One Nation [Amir PERETZ]; Shas
[Eliyahu YISHAI]; Shinui [Tommy LAPID]; United Arab List [Abd
al-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Rabbi Eliezer SHACK,
spiritual leader]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya [Natan SHARANSKY]; Yisra'el
Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]
Italy:
Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] -
Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian Popular
Party, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The
Democrats), Sunflower Alliance (including Green Federation, Italian
Democratic Socialists), Italian Communist Party; Christian
Democratic Center or CDC [Pier Ferdinando CASINI]; Christian
Democratic Union or CDU [Rocco BUTTIGLIONE]; Communist Renewal or RC
[Fausto BERTINOTTI]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Green
Federation [Grazia FRANCESCATO]; House of Liberties (formerly
Freedom Alliance, a center-right coalition) [leader Silvio
BERLUSCONI] - Forza Italian, National Alliance, Christian Democratic
Center, Christian Democratic Union, Northern League; Italian
Communist Party or PdCI [Oliviero DILIBERTO]; Italian Democratic
Socialists [Enrico BOSELLI]; Italian Popular Party [Pierluigi
CASTAGNETTI]; Italian Renewal [Lamberto DINI]; Italian Social
Movement-Tricolored Flame or MSI-FI [Pino RAUTI]; National Alliance
or AN [Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI];
Radical Party (formerly Panella Reformers and Autonomous List)
[Marco PANNELLA]; Southern Tyrols People's Party or SVP (German
speakers) [Siegfried BRUGGER]; Union of Democrats for Europe
[Clemente MASTELLA]; The Democrats [Arturo PARISI]
Jamaica:
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; National
Democratic Movement or NDM [Bruce GOLDING]; People's National Party
or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]
Japan:
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Yukio HATOYAMA, leader,
Naoto KAN, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo
SHII, chairman, Tadaaki ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito
[Takenori KANZAKI, president, Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president, Taku
YAMASAKI, secretary general]; Liberal Party [Ichiro OZAWA,
president, Hirohisa FUJII, secretary general]; New Conservative
Party [Chikage OGI, president, Takeshi NODA, secretary general];
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Takako DOI, chairperson, Sadao
FUCHIGAMI, secretary general]
Jersey:
none; all independents
Jordan:
Al-Umma (Nation) Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary
general]; Arab Land Party [Dr. Muhammad al-'ORAN, secretary
general]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'eed THIYAB,
secretary general]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi
MAJALI, secretary general]
Kazakhstan:
Agrarian Party [Romin MADENOV]; Alash [Soverkazhy
AKATAYEV]; AZAMAT Movement [Petr SVOIK, Murat AUEZOV, and Galym
ABILSIITOV, cochairmen]; Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first
secretary]; Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first
secretary]; Forum of Democratic Forces [Nurbulat MASANOV, Deputy
Chairman of the Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan (RNPK);
Amirzhan KOSANOV, RNPK activist; Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM, Orleu
Movement; cochairmen]; Labor and Worker's Movement [Madel ISMAILOV,
chairman]; Orleu Movement [Seidakhmet KUTTYKADAM]; Otan [Sergei
TERESCHENKO, chairman]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina
SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; People's Congress of Kazakhstan of NKK
[Olzhas SULEIMENOV, chairman]; People's Cooperative Party [Umirzak
SARSENOV]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV];
Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan or RNPK [Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN]
Kenya:
Democratic Party of Kenya or DP [Mwai KIBAKI]; Forum for the
Restoration of Democracy-Asili or FORD-A [Martin SHIKUKU, secretary
general]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K
[Michael Kijana WAMALWA]; Forum for the Restoration of
Democracy-People or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya
African National Union or KANU [President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI]
- the governing party; National Development Party or NDP [Raila
ODINGA, president]; SAFINA [Farah MAALIM, chairman]; Social
Democratic Party or SDP [Dr. Apollo NJONJO, secretary general and
Justus NYANG'AYA, chairman]
Kiribati:
Maneaban Te Mauri Party [Teburoro TITO]; National
Progressive Party [Teatao TEANNAKI]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures
Korea, North:
Chondoist Chongu Party [YU Mi-yong, chairwoman];
Korean Social Democratic Party [KIM Pyong-sik, chairman]; major
party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Chong-il, General
Secretary]
Korea, South:
Grand National Party or GNP [YI Hoe-chang, president];
Millennium Democratic Party or MDP [KIM Dae-jung, president]; United
Liberal Democrats or ULD [KIM Chong-p'il, honorary chairman, KIM
Chong-ho, acting president]
note: on 20 January 2000, the National Congress for New Politics or
NCNP was renamed the Millennium Democratic Party or MDP
Kuwait:
none; formation of political parties is illegal
Kyrgyzstan:
Agrarian Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson S. SYDYKOV];
Agrarian Party of Kyrgyzstan [Arkin ALIYEV]; Ata-Meken Socialist
Party or Fatherland [Onurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Banner National Revival
Party or ASABA [Chaprashty BAZARBAY]; Democratic Movement of
Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar JEKSHEYEV]; Democratic Women's Party of
Kyrgyzstan [T. A. SHAILIYEVA]; Dignity Party [Feliks KULOV]; Erkin
Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party [Tursunbay Bakir UULU];
Justice Party [Chingiz AYTMATOV]; Movement for the People's
Salvation [Jumgalbek AMAMBAYEV]; Mutual Help Movement or Ashar
[Jumagazy USUPOV]; My Country of Action [Almazbek ISMANKULOV];
National Unity Democratic Movement or DDNE [Yury RAZGULYAYEV]; Party
of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Absamat M. MASALIYEV]; Party of
the Veterans of the War in Afghanistan [leader NA]; Peasant Party
[leader NA]; People's Party [Melis ESHIMKANOV]; Poor and Unprotected
People's Party [Daniyar USENOV]; Republican Popular Party of
Kyrgyzstan [J. SHARSHENALIYEV]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [J.
IBRAMOV]; Union of Democratic Forces (composed of Social Democratic
Party of Kyrgyzstan or PSD [J. IBRAMOV], Economic Revival Party, and
Birimdik Party
Laos:
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphandon,
party president]; other parties proscribed
Latvia:
Anticommunist Union or PA [P. MUCENIEKS]; Christian Democrat
Union or LKDS [Talavs JUNDZIS]; Christian People's Party or KTP
[Uldis AUGSTKALNS]; Democratic Party "Saimnieks" or DPS [Ziedonis
CEVERS, chairman]; For Fatherland and Freedom or TB [Maris
GRINBLATS], merged with LNNK; For Human Rights in a United Latvia
[Janis JURKANS], a coalition of the People's Harmony Party or TSP,
the Latvian Socialist Party or LSP, and the Equal Rights Movement;
Green Party or LZP [Olegs BATAREVSKI]; Latvian Liberal Party or LLP
[J. DANOSS]; Latvian National Conservative Party or LNNK [Andrejs
KRASTINS]; Latvian National Democratic Party or LNDP [A. MALINS];
Latvian Social-Democratic Workers Party (Social Democrats) or LSDWU
[Juris BOJARS and Janis ADAMSONS, leaders]; Latvian Unity Party or
LVP [Alberis KAULS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Andrei PANTELEJEVS]; New
Christian Party [Ainars SLESERS]; New Faction [Ingrida UDRE]; "Our
Land" or MZ [M. DAMBEKALNE]; Party of Russian Citizens or LKPP [V.
SOROCHIN, V. IVANOV]; People's Party [Andris SKELE]; Political Union
of Economists or TPA [Edvins KIDE]
Lebanon:
political party activity is organized along largely
sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of
individual political figures and followers motivated by religious,
clan, and economic considerations
Lesotho:
Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; Basotho
National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho
Congress for Democracy or LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; Dr.
Pakalitha MOSISILI, leader] - the governing party; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Charles MOFELI]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP and
Setlamo Alliance [Vincent MALEBO]; Progressive National Party or PNP
[Chief Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla
NKUEBE]
Liberia:
All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Lusinee KAMARA];
Liberian Action Party or LAP [Cletus WOTORSON]; Liberian National
Union or LINU [Henry MONIBA, chairman]; Liberian People's Party or
LPP [Togba-Nah TIPOTEH, chairman]; National Democratic Party of
Liberia or NDPL [Isaac DAKINAH]; National Patriotic Party or NPP
[Charles Ghankay TAYLOR] - governing party; People's Progressive
Party or PPP [Chea CHEAPOO, chairman]; Reformation Alliance Party or
RAP [Henry Boimah FAHNBULLEH, chairman]; True Whig Party or TWP
[Rudolph SHERMAN, chairman]; United People's Party or UPP [Gabriel
Baccus MATTHEWS, chairman]; Unity Party or UP [Charles Clarke]
Libya:
none
Liechtenstein:
Fatherland Union or VU [Dr. Oswald KRANZ];
Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Dr. Ernst WALCH]; The Free List
or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER]
Lithuania:
Christian Democratic Party or LKDP [Zigmas ZINKEVICIUS,
chairman]; Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar
TOMASZEVSKI, chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS
[Vytautas LANDSBERGIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Center Union or LCS
[Kestutis GLAVECKAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Farmer's Party or LUP
[Ramunas KARBAUSKIS, chairman]; Lithuanian Liberal Union [Rolandas
PAKSAS, chairman]; Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [Algirdas
BRAZAUSKAS, chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor
Party or LDDP, the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSPD, and
New Democracy; Modern Christian Democratic Union [Vytautas BOGUSIS,
chairman]; New Union-Social Liberals [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]
Luxembourg:
Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR
[Robert MEHLEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known also
as Christian Social Party or PCS) [Erna HENNICOT-SCHOEPGES];
Democratic Party or DP [Lydie POLFER]; Green Party [Abbes JACOBY and
Felix BRAS]; Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Jean
ASSELBORN]; Marxist and Reformed Communist Party DEI LENK (the Left)
[no formal leadership]; other minor parties
Macau:
the following is a listing of those associations that
participated in the last legislative elections: Associacao de Novo
Macau Democratico or ANMD [leader NA]; Associacao Promotora para a
Economia de Macau or APPEM [leader NA]; Convergencia para o
Desenvolvimento or CODEM [leader NA]; Uniao Geral para o
Desenvolvimento de Macau or UDM [leader NA]; Uniao para o
Desenvolvimento or UPD [leader NA]; Uniao Promotora para o Progresso
or UNIPRO [leader NA]
note: there are no formal political parties, but civic associations
are used instead
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Democratic Alternative
or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Party for Albanians
or DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option or
VMRO-VMRO [Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Risto
GUSTERVO]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI,
president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (former
Communist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of
Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Union of Romanies of
Macedonia or SRM [leader NA]
Madagascar:
Action, Truth, Development, and Harmony or AFFA
[Professor Albert ZAFY]; Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar
or AREMA [leader vacant]; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence
or AKFM/Fanavaozana; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for
National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana
Rally or Fihaonana [Guy RAZANAMASY]; Group of Reflection and Action
for the Development of Madagascar or GRAD/Iloafo; Judged by Your
Work or AVI [Norbert RATSIRAHONANA]; Movement for the Progress of
Madagascar or MFM [Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA]; Renewal of the Social
Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]; Tranobe (Big House) [Ny
Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO]
Malawi:
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA,
president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA,
president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party or
MDP [Kampelo KALUA, president]; National Independence Party; Social
Democratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME, president]; United
Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party
Malaysia:
Alternative Coalition or Barisan Alternatif-BA (includes
the following parties: Party Islam Se-Malaysia or PAS [FADZIL
Mohamad Noor], National Justice Party or NJP [WAN AZIZAH Wan
Ismail], Democratic Action Party or DAP [LIM Kit Siang], and
Malaysian People's Party or PRM [SYED HUSIN]); National Front or NF
(ruling coalition dominated by the United Malays National
Organization or UMNO [MAHATHIR bin Mohammad], includes the following
parties: Malaysian Indian Congress or MIC [S. Samy VELLU], Malaysian
Chinese Association or MCA [LING Liong Sik], Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia
or Gerakan [LIM Keng Yaik], Parti Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB
[Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud], Parti Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat
Bersatu or Akar [PANDIKAR Amin Mulia], Parti Bangsa Dayak Sarawak or
PBDS [Leo MOGGIE], Sarawak United People's Party or SUPP [George
CHAN Hong Nam], Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat],
Sabah Progressive Party or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee], People's
Progressive Party or PPP [M. KAYVEAS], Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or
PBRS [Joseph KURUP], Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Amar James
WONG], Parti Demokratik Sabah or PDS [leader NA], and United Pasok
Momogun Kadazan Organization or UPKO (state level only) [Bernard
DOMPOK]); Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti
Bersekutu [HARRIS Salleh]; State Reform Party of Sarawak or STAR
[PATAU Rubis]
Maldives:
although political parties are not banned, none exist
Mali:
Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, party
chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA
[Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou
Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence,
Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine
TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic
Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy
and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal
or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary
general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally
for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Sudanese
Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE,
secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP
[Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and
Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]
Malta:
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD
[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];
Nationalist Party or PN [Edward FENECH ADAMI]
Man, Isle of:
there is no party system; members sit as independents
Marshall Islands:
traditionally there have been no formally
organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles
factions or interest groups because they do not have party
headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures; the following
two "groupings" have competed in legislative balloting in recent
years - Kabua Party [Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP
[Litokwa TOMEING]
Martinique:
Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred
MARIE-JEANNE]; Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Camille
DARSIERES]; Martinique Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU];
Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF (replaced by Martinique Forces of Progress) [Jean
MAREN]
Mauritania:
Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
Assembly for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA];
Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party)
[President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for
Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National
Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party
for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA];
Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress
Alliance or APP [Mohamed El Hafed Ould ISMAEL]; Popular Social and
Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force
Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MOLOUD]; Union for Progress and Democracy
or UNDD [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]
note: parties legalized by constitution ratified 12 July 1991;
however, politics continue to be tribally based
Mauritius:
Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor
Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement
or MMM [Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Militant
Renaissance or MMR [Dr. Paramhansa NABABSING]; Mauritian Social
Democrat Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant
Socialist Movement or MSM [Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH] - governing party;
Rodrigues Movement or OPR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]
Mayotte:
Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular
Movement or MPM [Younoussa BAMANA]; Mahoran Rally for the Republic
or RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte
or MDM [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of
French Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]
Mexico:
Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];
Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Dulce Maria SAURI
Riancho]; Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge GONZALEZ
Torres]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena];
Party of the Democratic Center or PCD [Manuel CAMACHO Solis]; Party
of the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Amalia GARCIA Medina]; Party of
the Nationalist Society or PSN [Gustavo RIOJAIS Santana]; Social
Alliance Party or PAS [Jose Antonio CALDERON Cardoso]; Workers Party
or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]
Micronesia, Federated States of:
no formal parties
Moldova:
Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Popular Christian
Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Communist Party or PCM
[Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]
Monaco:
National and Democratic Union or UND [leader NA]; National
Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]; Rally for the
Monegasque Family [leader NA]
Mongolia:
Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party)
[Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGAN];
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR];
Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party or MDNSP [B. ERDENEBAT];
Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]
note: the MPRP is the ruling party
Montserrat:
Movement for National Reconstruction or MNR [Percival
Austin BRAMBLE]; National Development Party or NDP [leader NA];
National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; People's
Progressive Alliance or PPA [John A. OSBORNE]
Morocco:
Action Party or PA [Muhammad IDRISS]; Constitutional Union
or UC [leader NA]; Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Thami KHIARI];
Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Issa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Party
for Independence or PDI [Thami EL-OUAZZANI, Said BOUACHRINE];
Istiqlal Party or IP [Abbas El-FASSI]; Labor Party or UT [leader
NA]; National Democratic Party or PND [Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI];
National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally
of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; Organization of Democratic and
Popular Action or OADP [Mohamed BEN SAID ait Idder]; Party of
Progress and Socialism or PPS [Moulay Ismail ALAOUI]; Popular
Constitutional and Democratic Movement or MPCD (has become Party of
Justice and Development or PJD) [Dr. Abdelkarim KHATIB]; Popular
Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Social Democratic Movement or MDS
[Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Abd
ar-Rahman EL-YOUSSOUFI]
Mozambique:
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de
Liberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO,
chairman]; Mozambique National Resistance - Electoral Union
(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana - Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE
[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]
Namibia:
Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic
Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];
Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West Africa
People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam NUJOMA]; United Democratic Front
or UDF [Justus GAROEB]
Nauru:
loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];
Nauru Party (informal) [Bernard DOWIYOGO]
Nepal:
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML
[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party
or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya Bahadur
THAPA, chairman]; Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP [Gajendra
Narayan SINGH, president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP
[Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE, party chair]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija
Prasad KOIRALA, party president, Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary];
Rastriya Jana Morcha [Chitra Bahadur K. C., chairman]; Samyukta
Janmorcha Nepal [Lila Mani POKHAREL, general secretary]
Netherlands:
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Jaap de Hoop
SCHEFFER]; Democrats '66 or D'66 [Tom DE GRAAF]; Labor Party or PvdA
[Wim KOK]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD
[Hans F. DIJKSTAL]; a host of minor parties
Netherlands Antilles:
Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [Miguel
POURIER]; C 93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB
[Jopi ABRAHAM]; Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];
Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];
Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah
WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics or
FAME [Eric LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [Errol
COVA]; National People's Party or PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER];
New Antilles Movement or MAN [Kenneth GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Union
of Bonaire or UPB [Ramon BOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten
or SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.]; People's Party or PAPU [Richard Hodi];
Pro Curacao Party or PPK [Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic Labor
Movement [Steve HASSELL]; Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St.
Eustatius Alliance or SEA [Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious Alternative
People's Party or Sapp [Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS
[Benny DEMEI]; Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will
JOHNSTON]; Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald
LAK, Editha WRIGHT]
note: political parties are indigenous to each island
New Caledonia:
Alliance pour la Caledonie [Didier LEROUX];
Developper Ensemble pour Construire l'Avenir or DEPCA [Robert
FROUIN]; Federation des Comites de Coordination des Independantistes
or FCCI [Leopald SOREDIE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK
[Ernest UNE]; Groupe de l'Alliance Multiraciale or GAM [Dany
DALMAYRAE]; Independance et Progres [Alphonse PUJAPUJANE]; Kanak
Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [Rock WAMYTAN]
(includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); La Caledonie Autrement [Denis
MILLIARD]; Loyalty Islands Development Front or FDIL [Cono HAMU];
National Front or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Parti de Liberation Kanak or
PALIKA [Charles WASHETINE]; Rally for Caledonia in the Republic or
RPCR [Jacques LAFLEUR]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [leader NA];
Renouveau [Thierry VALET]; Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS
[Nidoish NAISSELINE]; Union Caledonienne or UC [Bernard LEPEU];
Union Nationale pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; Union
Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM [Andre GOPEA]
New Zealand:
ACT, New Zealand [Richard PREBBLE]; Alliance (a
coalition of the New Labor Party, Democratic Party, New Zealand
Liberal Party, and Mana Motuhake) [Jim ANDERTON]; Green Party
[Jeanette FITZSIMONS and Rod DONALD]; National Party or NP [Jenny
SHIPLEY]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New
Zealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; United New Zealand or UNZ
[Peter DUNNE]
Nicaragua:
Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Dr. Fernando
AGUERO Rocha]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Virgilio GODOY];
Liberal Alliance (ruling alliance including Liberal Constitutional
Party or PLC, New Liberal Party or PALI, Independent Liberal Party
for National Unity or PLIUN, and Central American Unionist Party or
PUCA) [leader NA]; National Conservative Party or PC [Pedro
SOLARZANO, Noel VIDAURRE]; National Project or PRONAL [Benjamin
LANZAS]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo
OSORNO, Roberto RODRIGUEZ]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN
[Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN
[Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS
[Sergio RAMIREZ]; Unity Alliance or AU [Alejandro SERRANO]; Union
Nacional Opositora 96 or UNO-96 [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre]
Niger:
Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid
ALGABID]; Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama
[Mahamane OUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing
Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Mamadou TANDJA, chairman]; Nigerien
Alliance for Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or
ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party for
Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou
ISSOUFOU]; Union of Democratic Patriots and Progressives-Chamoua or
UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU, chairman]
Nigeria:
All People's Party or APP [Alhaji Yusuf ALI]; Alliance for
Democracy or AD [contested between Yusuf MAMMAN and Alhasi Adamu
ABDULKADIR]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Barnabas GEMADE]
Niue:
Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Sani LAKATANI]
Norfolk Island:
none
Northern Mariana Islands:
Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO];
Republican Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]
Norway:
Center Party [Odd Roger ENOKSEN]; Christian People's Party
[Kiell Magne BONDEVIK]; Conservative Party [Jan PETERSEN]; Labor
Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars SPONHEIM]; Progress
Party [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]
Oman:
none
Pakistan:
note: Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dissolved Parliament
following the military takeover of 12 October 1999, however,
political parties have been allowed to operate; Awami National Party
or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group or
BNM/H [Dr. HAYEE Baluch]; Baluch National Party or BNP [Sardar
Akhtar MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI];
Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur
Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan,
Niazi faction or JUP/NI [Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI]; Millat Party
[Farooq LEGHARI]; Milli Yakjheti Council or MYC is an umbrella
organization which includes Jamaat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain
AHMED], Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction or JUI/S [Sami
ul-HAQ], Tehrik-I-Jafria Pakistan or TJP [Allama Sajid NAQVI], and
Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction or JUP/NO [Shah Ahmad
NOORANI]; Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A [Altaf
HUSSAIN]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI];
Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];
Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed AFZAL Khan]; Pakistan Awami
Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional
Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction
or PML/J [Hamid Nasir CHATTHA]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif
faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan National Party or PNP
[Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Benazir BHUTTO];
Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO];
Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently
Palau:
Palau Nationalist Party [Johnson TORIBIONG]; Ta Belau Party
[Kuniwo NAKAMURA]
Panama:
Arnulfista Party or PA [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez];
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ruben AROSEMENA]; Civic Renewal
Party or PRC [Serguei DE LA ROSA]; Democratic Change [Ricardo
MARTINELLI]; Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin
TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party or PLN [Raul ARANGO Gasteazopo];
National Renovation Movement or MORENA [Pedro VALLARINO Cox];
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Ramon MORALES];
Solidarity Party or PS [Samuel LEWIS Galindo]
Papua New Guinea:
National Alliance or NA [Michael SOMARE]; National
Party or NP [Michael MEL]; Papua New Guinea United Party or Pangu
Pati [Chris HAIVETA]; People's Action Party or PAP [Ted DIRO];
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Sir Mekere MORAUTA]; People's
National Congress or PNC [Simon KAUMI]; People's Progress Party or
PPP [Michael NALI]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Alfred KAIABE];
United Party or UP [Rimbiuk PATO]
Paraguay:
Authentic Radical Liberal Party or PLRA [Miguel Abdon
SAGUIER]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Adalina GUITERREZ DE
GALEANO]; Febrerista Revolutionary Party or PRF [Carlos Maria
LJUBETIC]; National Encounter or PEN [Euclides ACEVEDO]; National
Republican Association - Colorado Party [acting president Bader
RACHID LICHI]
Peru:
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Alan GARCIA];
Andean Rebirth [Ciro GALVEZ Herreria]; Avancemos [leader NA];
Democratic Cause [Jorge SANTISTEVAN]; Independent Moralizing Front
or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Solidarity or SN [Luis
CASTANEDA Lossio]; National Unity [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru 2000
[leader NA]; Peru Posible or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Maniquez]; Popular
Action or AP [leader NA]; Popular Agrarian Front of Peru or Frepap
[leader NA]; Popular Solution [Carlos BOLONA Behr]; Project Country
[Mario Antonio ARRUNATEGUI]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE];
Union for Peru or UPP [leader NA]; Vamos Vecinos or VV [Absalon
VASQUEZ]
Philippines:
People Power Coalition or PPC includes: Aksyon
Demokratiko or Democratic Action [Raul ROCO], Lakas-NUCD [Gloria
MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, titular head, Teofisto GUINGONA, party president],
Liberal Party or LP [Florencio ABAD], Probinsiya Muna Development
Initiative or Promdi [Lito OSMENA], and Reporma Party [Renato DE
VILLA]; Puwersa ng Masa (Force of the Masses) includes: Laban Ng
Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or LDP
[Eduardo ANGARA], Laban Ng Masang Pilipino or LAMP (Struggle of the
Filipino Masses) [Joseph ESTRADA], and People's Reform Party or PRP
[Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO]; Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society
Movement) [Imelda MARCOS]; Nacionalista Party [Jose OLIVEROS];
National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO]
Pitcairn Islands:
none
Poland:
Coalition for Poland or KdP [first name unknown GRABOWSKI];
Confederation for an Independent Poland-Patriotic Camp or KPN-OP
(KPN-Fatherland or KPN-O is a small group within the KPN-OP) [Michal
JANISZEWSKI]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD (Social Democracy of
Poland) [Leszek MILLER]; Freedom Union or UW [Bronislaw GEREMEK];
German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Movement
for the Reconstruction of Poland or ROP-PC [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Polish
Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL
[Jaroslaw KALINOWSKI]; Polish Socialist Party or PPS [Piotr
IKONOWICZ]; Solidarity Electoral Action or AWS (includes RS-AWS and
Solidarity) [Marian KRZAKLEWSKI]; Social Movement-Solidarity
Electoral Action or RS-AWS [Jerzy BUZEK]
Portugal:
The Greens or PEV [leader NA]; Popular Party or PP [Paulo
PORTAS]; Portuguese Communist Party/United Democratic Coalition or
PCP/CDU [Carlos CARVALHAS]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS
[Antonio GUTERRES]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [leader vacant];
The Left Bloc [no leader]
Puerto Rico:
National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National
Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party
or PNP [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD [Hector
Luis ACEVEDO]; Puerto Rican Independence Party or PIP [Ruben BERRIOS
Martinez]
Qatar:
none
Reunion:
Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for
the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert
GERARD]
Romania:
Democratic Party or PD [Petre ROMAN]; Democratic Union of
Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party
or PNL [Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS]; Party of Social Democracy in
Romania or PDSR [Adrian NASTASE]; Romania Mare Party (Greater
Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; The Democratic
Convention or CDR [Ion DIACONESCU]
Russia:
Agrarian Party [Mikhail Ivanovich LAPSHIN]; Communist Party
of the Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];
Fatherland-All Russia or OVR [Yuriy Mikhailovich LUZHKOV]; Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich
ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Union of Right Forces [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS,
Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich
NEMTSOV]; Unity [Sergey Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU]; Yabloko Bloc
[Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]
note: some 150 political parties, blocs, and movements registered
with the Justice Ministry as of the 19 December 1998 deadline to be
eligible to participate in the 19 December 1999 Duma elections; of
these, 36 political organizations actually qualified to run slates
of candidates on the Duma party list ballot, 6 parties cleared the
5% threshold to win a proportional share of the 225 party seats in
the Duma, 9 other organizations hold seats in the Duma: Bloc of
Nikolayev and Academician Fedorov, Congress of Russian Communities,
Movement in Support of the Army, Our Home Is Russia, Party of
Pensioners, Power to the People, Russian All-People's Union, Russian
Socialist Party, and Spiritual Heritage; primary political blocs
include pro-market democrats - (Yabloko Bloc and Union of Right
Forces), anti-market and/or ultranationalist (Communist Party of the
Russian Federation and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia)
Rwanda:
Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene
NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Charles NTAKIRUTINKA,
Vincent BIRUTA, Augusin IYAMUREMYE]; Democratic Popular Union of
Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or
MDR [Celestin KABANDA, Emile NTWARABAKIGA, Christian MARARA];
Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL
[Pie MUGABO, Enock KABERA, Prosper MUGIRANEZA]; Rwanda Patriotic
Army or RPA [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander]; Rwanda Patriotic
Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR
[Medard RUTIJANWA]
Saint Helena:
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance
AMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's
Action Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor
Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]
Saint Lucia:
National Freedom Party or NFP [Martinus FRANCOIS];
Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; United Workers
Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
Rassemblement pour la Republique or RPR
[leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS [leader NA]; Union pour la
Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
National Reform Party or NRP [Joel
MIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People's
Progressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party or
PLP [leader NA]; United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS];
Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition
of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National
Unity or MNU)
Samoa:
Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele
Malielegaoi, chairman]; Samoa All People's Party or SAPP [Matatumua
NAIMOAGA]; Samoan National Development Party or SNDP [TAPUA Tamasese
Efi, chairman] (opposition); Samoa National Party [FETU Tiatia,
party secretary]; Samoan Progressive Conservative Party [LEOTA Ituau
Ale]
San Marino:
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in
Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; San Marino Christian Democratic
Party or PDCS [Pier Marino MENICUCCI]; San Marino Popular Alliance
of Democrats or APDS [Mario VENTURINI]; San Marino Progressive
Democratic Party or PPDS [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Socialist
Party or PSS [Augusto CASALI]; Socialists for Reform or SR [Renzo
GIARDI]
Sao Tome and Principe:
Independent Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos
NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social
Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for
Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA]; Democratic Renovation
Party [Armindo GRACA]; other small parties
Saudi Arabia:
none allowed
Senegal:
African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also
known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party
of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or
AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP
(also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic
League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front
for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde
Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party
or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier
DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
Senegalese Democratic Party-Renewal or PDS-R [Serigne Lamine DIOP,
secretary general]; Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal or UDS-R
[Mamadou Puritain FALL]; Socialist Party or PS [President Abdou
DIOUF]; SOPI Coalition (a 40-party coalition led by the PDS)
[Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti
KA]; other small parties
Seychelles:
Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM]; Seychelles
National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [Wavel
RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France
Albert RENE] - the governing party
Sierra Leone:
All People's Congress or APC [Edward Mohammed TURAY,
chairman]; Democratic Centre Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA];
National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH]; National
Republican Party or NRP [Sahr Stephen MAMBU]; National Unity Party
or NUP [Dr. John KARIMU, chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP
[Thaimu BANGURA, chairman]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass
Chernok BUNDU, chairman]; Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP
[Foday SANKOH, chairman]; Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP
[President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National People's
Party or UNPP [John KARIFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting
leader]
Singapore:
People's Action Party or PAP [GOH Chok Tong, secretary
general] - the governing party; Singapore Democratic Party or SDP
[CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong];
Workers' Party or WP [J. B. JEYARETNAM]
Slovakia:
Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY];
Liberal Democratic Union or LDU [Jan BUDAJ]; Movement for a
Democratic Slovakia or HZDS [Vladimir MECIAR]; Party of Civic
Understanding or SOP [Pavol HAMZIK]; Party of the Democratic Left or
SDL [Jozef MIGAS]; Party of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Bela
BUGAR]; Slovak Democratic and Christian Union or SDKU [Mikulas
DZURINDA]; note - this is DZURINDA's new party for 2002 elections;
he remains chairman of a rump and splintering SDK; Slovak Democratic
Coalition or SDK (loose parliamentary club grouping representing
members of the smaller SSDS, SZS, and those committed to run under
SDKU in 2002) [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or SNS [Anna
MALIKOVA]
Slovenia:
Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS
[Janko KUSAR]; Liberal Democratic or LDS [Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman];
New Slovenia or NSI [Andrej BAJUK, chairman]; Slovene National Party
or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC, chairman]; Slovene People's Party or SLS
(Slovenian People's Party or SLS and Slovenian Christian Democrats
or SKD merged in April 2000) [Franc ZAGOZEN, chairman]; Slovene
Youth Party or SMS [leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Slovenia
or SDS [Janez JANSA, chairman]; United List of Social Democrats
(former Communists and allies) or ZLSD [Borut PAHOR, chairman]
Solomon Islands:
there are two main coalitions - Coalition for
National Unity, Reconciliation, and Peace or CNURP and Alliance for
Change; the CNURP took power on 30 June 2000, it comprises members
of the Liberal Party, People's Alliance Party, and the United Party,
as well as a number of independents; the Alliance for Change,
represents the former government and now is the opposition; in
general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid
coalitions; Group for National Unity and Reconciliation or GNUR
[leader NA]; Liberal Party [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; National Action
Party of Solomon Islands or NAPSI [Francis SAEMALA]; People's
Alliance Party or PAP [George LEPPING]; People's Progressive Party
[Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Labor Party or SILP
[Joses TUHANUKU]; United Party or UP [leader NA]
Somalia:
none
South Africa:
African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth
MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,
president]; Democratic Alliance (formed from the merger of the
Democratic Party or DP and the New National Party or NP) [Anthony
LEON, leader]; Freedom Front or FF [Constand VILJOEN, president];
Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president];
Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; United
Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]
Spain:
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Xabier ARZALLUS Antia];
Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino
RIVERO]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Jordi PUJOL i Soley,
secretary general] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of
Catalonia or CDC [Jordi PUJOL i Soley] and the Democratic Union of
Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Galician
Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Xose Manuel BEIRAS]; Party of Independents
from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular Party or PP
[Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE
[Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of
parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar
LLAMAZARES]
Sri Lanka:
All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [Nalliah GURUPAUAN];
Ceylon Workers Congress or CLDC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist
Party [Raja COLLURE]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or
DUNLF [Srimani ATHULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or
EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation
Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRA]; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or
JVP [Tilvan SILVA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [leader NA];
People's Alliance or PA [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA];
People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D.
SIDDATHAN]; Sihala Urumaya or SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka Freedom
Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim
Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM and Ferial ASHRAFF]; Sri Lanka
Progressive Front or SLPF [leader NA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation
Organization or TELO [SUBRAMANIUM]; Tamil United Liberation Front or
TULF [R. SAMPATHAN]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil
WICKREMASINGHE]; Upcountry People's Front or UPF [P.
CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,
represented in either parliament or provincial councils
Sudan:
the government allows political "associations" under a 1998
law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must
accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using
violence against the regime; approved parties include the National
Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National
Congress [Hassan al-TURABI], and a handful of minor pro-government
parties
Suriname:
Democratic Alternative '91 or DA '91 (a coalition of the
Alternative Forum or AF and Party for Brotherhood and Unity in
Politics or BEP, formed in January 1991) [S. RAMKHELAWAN];
Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP 2000 (coalition of two
parties, Democratic Party and Democrats of the 21st Century) [Jules
WIJDENBOSCH]; Independent Progressive Democratic Alternative or OPDA
[Joginder RAMKHILAWAN]; Millennium Combination or MC (a coalition of
three parties, Democratic Alternative, Party for National Unity and
Solidarity, and National Democratic Party) [leader NA]; National
Democratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; Naya Kadam or NK [leader
NA]; Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN]; Party
of National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]; Pertjaja
Luhur [Paul SOMOHARDJO]; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers'
Union or PALU [Ir Iwan KROLIS]; The New Front or NF (a coalition of
four parties Suriname National Party or NPS, Progressive Reform
Party or VHP, Suriname Labor Party or SPA, and Pertjaja Luhur)
[Ronald R. VENETIAAN]; The Progressive Development Alliance (a
combination of three parties, Renewed Progressive Party or HPP,
Party of the Federation of Land Workers or PVF, and Suriname
Progressive People's Party or PSV) [Harry KISOENSINGH]
Swaziland:
Imbokodvo National Movement or INM [leader NA]; Ngwane
National Libertatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president];
People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU,
president]; Swaziland National Front or SWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE,
president]; Swaziland Progressive Party or SPP [J. J. NQUKU,
president]; Swaziland United Front or SUF [Matsapa SHONGWE, leader]
note: political parties are banned by the constitution promulgated
on 13 October 1978; illegal parties are prohibited from holding
large public gatherings; the organizations listed are political
associations
Sweden:
Center Party [Lennart DALEUS]; Christian Democratic Party
[Alf SVENSSON]; Communist Workers' Party [Rolf HAGEL]; Green Party
[no formal leader but party spokesperson is Briger SCHLAUG]; Left
Party or VP (formerly Communist) [Gudrun SCHYMAN]; Liberal People's
Party [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Bo
LUNDGREN]; New Democracy Party [Vivianne FRANZEN]; Social Democratic
Party [Goran PERSSON]
Switzerland:
Christian Democratic People's Party
(Christichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti
Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Democratico-Cristiano
Popolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra
or PCD) [Adalbert DURRER, president]; Green Party (Grune Partei der
Schweiz or Grune, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito
Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La
Verda) [Ruedi BAUMANN, president]; Radical Free Democratic Party
(Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti
Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD, Partitio Liberal-Radicale
Svizzero or PLR) [Franz STEINEGGER, president]; Social Democratic
Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti
Socialist Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida
Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christiane BRUNNER,
president]; Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP,
Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or
UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president];
and other minor parties
Syria:
National Progressive Front or NPF (includes the Ba'th Party,
ASU, Arab Socialist Party, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party, ASP,
SCP) [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th)
Party (governing party) [Bashar al-ASAD, secretary general of the
party, and chairman of the National Progressive Front after the
death of Hafiz al-ASAD on 10 June 2000]; Arab Socialist Unionist
Movement or ASU [Sami SOUFAN]; Arab Socialist Party [Abd al-Ghani
KANNUT]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Ahmad al-ASAD]; Syrian
Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan KOUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party
or SCP [Yusuf FAYSAL]
Tajikistan:
Congress of People's Unity of Tajikistan [Saiffidin
TURAYEV]; Democratic Party or TDP [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman];
Islamic Rebirth Party [Muhammadsharif HIMMAT-ZODA, chairman]; Lali
Badakhshan Movement [Atobek AMIRBEKOV]; National Movement Party
[Hakim MUHHABATOV]; Party of Justice and Development [Rahmatullo
ZOIROV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali
RAHMONOV]; Rastokhez (Rebirth) Movement [Tohiri ABDUJABBOR];
Socialist Party [Sherali KENJAEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT
[Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Adolatho "Justice" Party [Abdurahmon KARIMOV,
chairman]
Tanzania:
Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI,
chairman]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party)
[Benjamin William MKAPA, chairman]; Civic United Front or CUF [Seif
Sharif HAMAD, secretary-general]; Democratic Party (unregistered)
[Reverend Christopher MTIKLA, leader]; National Convention for
Construction and Reform or NCCR [Kassim MAGUTU, secretary-general];
Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREMA, chairman];
Union for Multiparty Democracy or UMD [leader NA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [John CHEYO, leader]
Thailand:
Democratic Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [CHUAN
Likphai]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP (Seri Tham) [PHINIT
Charusombat]; Mass Party or MP [CHALERM Yoobamrung, SOPHON
Petchsavang]; National Development Party or NDP (Chat Phattana)
[KORN Dabbaransi]; New Aspiration Party or NAP (Khwamwang Mai) [Gen.
CHAWALIT Yongchaiyut]; Phalang Dharma Party or PDP (Phalang Tham)
[CHAIWAT Sinsuwong]; Social Action Party or SAP (Kitsangkhom Party)
[leader vacant]; Solidarity Party or SP (Ekkaphap Party) [CHAIYOT
Sasomsap]; Thai Citizen's Party or TCP (Prachakon Thai) [SAMAK
Sunthonwet]; Thai Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BANHAN
Sinlapa-acha]; Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]
Togo:
Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO];
Coordination des Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH];
Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Leopold GNININVI];
Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR [Zarifou AYEVA]; Patriotic
Pan-African Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]; Rally of the Togolese
People or RPT [President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Union of Forces
for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile), Jeane-Pierre FABRE,
general secretary in Togo]; Union of Independent Liberals or ULI
[Jacques AMOUZO]
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President
EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties
was legalized 12 April 1991
Tokelau:
none
Tonga:
Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman,
Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president]
Trinidad and Tobago:
National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR
[Hochay CHARLES]; People's Empowerment Party or PEP [leader NA];
People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING]; United National
Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]
Tunisia:
Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; Constitutional
Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique)
or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)];
Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Democratic
Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP
[Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU
[Abderrahmane TLILI]
Turkey:
Democratic Left Party or DSP [Bulent ECEVIT]; Motherland
Party or ANAP [Mesut YILMAZ]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP
[Devlet BAHCELI]; True Path Party or DYP [Tansu CILLER]; Virtue
Party or FP [Recai KUTAN]; note - in June 2001, Turkey's
Constitutional Court banned the party; its representatives (except
for two) can stay on in the Grand National Assembly as independents
note: Welfare Party or RP [Necmettin ERBAKAN] was officially
outlawed on 22 February 1998
Turkmenistan:
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat
NIYAZOV]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries
Turks and Caicos Islands:
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek
H. TAYLOR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Washington MISICK];
United Democratic Party or UDP [Wendal SWANN]
Tuvalu:
there are no political parties but members of Parliament
usually align themselves in informal groupings
Uganda:
only one political organization, the National Resistance
Movement or NRM [President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate
unfettered; note - the president maintains that the NRM is not a
political party, but a movement which claims the loyalty of all
Ugandans
note: the new constitution requires the suspension of political
parties while the Movement system is in governanace; of the
political parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring
candidates, the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or
UPC [Milton OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE];
Conservative Party or CP [Joshua S. MAYANJA-NKANGI]; Justice Forum
[Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa
KARUHANGA]
Ukraine:
Communist Party of Ukraine [Petro SYMONENKO]; Fatherland
(Motherland) All Ukrainian Party [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO, chairperson];
Green Party of Ukraine or PZU [Vitaliy KONONOV, chairman]; Hromada
[Pavlo LAZARENKO]; Party of Regional Revival of Ukraine or PRVU
[Volodymyr RYBAK]; Peasant Party of Ukraine or SelPU [Serhiy
DOVHAN]; People's Democratic Party [Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO,
chairman]; People's Movement of Ukraine or Rukh U [Hennadiy
UDOVENKO, chairman]; Progressive Socialist Party [Nataliya
VITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party/Reforms-Congress [Viktor
PYNZENYK]; Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ,
chairman]; Solidarity [leader NA]; Trudova Ukrayina/Working Ukraine
[Igor SHAROV, chairman]; Ukrainian Popular Movement or Rukh K [Yuriy
KOSTENKO, chairman]; United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine
[Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]
note: and numerous smaller parties
United Arab Emirates:
none
United Kingdom:
Conservative and Unionist Party [William HAGUE];
Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY];
Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) Blair]; Liberal Democrats [Charles
KENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Ieuan Wyn JONES]; Scottish
National Party or SNP [John SWINNEY]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland)
[Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern
Ireland) [John HUME]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland)
[David TRIMBLE]
United States:
Democratic Party [Terence McAULIFFE, national
committee chairman]; Republican Party [James S. GILMORE III,
national committee chairman]; several other groups or parties of
minor political significance
Uruguay:
Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE]; National Party or Blanco
[Alberto VOLONTE]; New Sector/Space Coalition or Nuevo Espacio
[Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter in the Broad Front or
Encuentro Progresista [Tabare VAZQUEZ]
Uzbekistan:
Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Anwar
JURABAYEV, first secretary]; Democratic National Rebirth Party
(Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Aziz KAYUMOV, chairman]; Fatherland
Progress Party [Anwar Z. YOLDASHEV]; People's Democratic Party or
NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Abdulkhafiz JALOLOV, first
secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic
Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, first secretary]
Vanuatu:
Melanesian Progressive Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]; National
United Party or NUP [Willie TITONGOA]; Union of Moderate Parties or
UMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanuaaku Party (Our Land Party) or VP [Edward
NATAPEI]; Vanuatu Republican Party [Maxime Carlot KORMAN]
Venezuela:
Brave Peoples Alliance or ABP [leader NA]; Democratic
Action or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fifth Republic Movement or MVR
[leader Luis MIQUILENA]; Homeland for All or PPT [Pablo MEDINA];
Justice First [leader NA]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Felipe
MUJICA]; National Convergence or Convergencia [Dr. Rafael CALDERA
Rodriguez]; Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELASQUEZ]; Social
Christian Party or COPEI [Jose CURIEL]; Venezuela Project or PV
[Henrique SALAS Ronier]
Vietnam:
only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Le Kha
PHIEU, general secretary]
Virgin Islands:
Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]; Independent
Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHON]; Republican Party [Gary
SCROUVE]
Wallis and Futuna:
Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) [leader NA]; Mouvement
des Radicaux de Gauche or MRG [leader NA]; Rally for the Republic or
RPR [Clovis LOGOLOGOFOLAU]; Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]; Union
Populaire Locale or UPL [Falakiko GATA]; Union Pour la Democratie
Francaise or UDF [leader NA]
Yemen:
there are over 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of
the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President
Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh
Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party
[Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik
al-MAKHLAFI]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]
note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a
landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no
longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn
al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had
been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a
loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative
election, but announced that it would participate in Yemen's first
local elections to be held in February 2001; these local elections
aim to decentralize political power and are a key element of the
government's political reform program
Yugoslavia:
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA];
Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC]; Coalition Sandzak
[Rasim JAJIC]; Coalition Sumadija [Branislav KOVACEVIC]; Democratic
Alternative of DA [Nebojsa COVIC]; Democratic Center or DC
[Dragoljub MICUNOVIC]; Democratic Christian Party of Serbia of DHSS
[Vladan BATIC]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim
RUGOVA, president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS [leader
NA]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party of
Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists
of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Movement for a Democratic
Serbia or PDS [Momcilo PERISIC]; New Democracy or ND [Dusan
MIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia [Velimir ILIC and Milan St. PROTIC];
People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's Party
or SNS [leader NA]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ];
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC, president]; Serbian
Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) [Slobodan
MILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC]; Socialist People's Party of
Montenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL
[Ljubisa RISTIC]
Zambia:
Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Akashambatwa LEWANIKA]; Labor Party
or LP [Chibiza MFUNI]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger
CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Democratic Process or MDP [Chama
CHAKOM BOKA]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Frederick
CHILUBA]; National Party or NP [Daniel LISULO]; Republican Party or
RP [Ben MWILA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline Konie];
United National Independence Party or UNIP [Tilyenji KAUNDA]; United
Party for National Development or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]; Zambia
Democratic Congress or Zadeco [Eden JERRY, acting head]
Zimbabwe:
Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI];
Popular Democratic Front or PDF [Austin CHAKAODZA]; United Parties
[Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or
ZANU-Ndonga [Ndabaningi SITHOLE]; Zimbabwe African National
Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert MUGABE]; Zimbabwe Unity
Movement or ZUM [Edgar TEKERE]
Taiwan:
Chinese New Party or CNP [HAU Lang-bin]; Democratic
Progressive Party or DPP [Frank HSIEH, chairman]; Kuomintang or KMT
(Nationalist Party) [LIEN Chan, chairman]; New Party or NP [LI
Ching-hwa]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG, chairman]; other
minor parties
======================================================================
@Political pressure groups and leaders
Afghanistan:
Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Australia, US, and
elsewhere have organized politically; Mellat (Social Democratic
Party) [leader NA]; Peshawar, Pakistan-based groups such as the
Coordination Council for National Unity and Understanding in
Afghanistan or CUNUA [Ishaq GAILANI]; tribal elders represent
traditional Pashtun leadership; Writers Union of Free Afghanistan or
WUFA [A. Rasul AMIN]
Albania:
NA
Algeria:
NA
American Samoa:
NA
Andorra:
NA
Angola:
Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC
[N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE]
note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed
struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province
Anguilla:
NA
Antigua and Barbuda:
Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William
ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]
Argentina:
Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA);
Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine
Rural Society (large landowners' association); business
organizations; General Confederation of Labor or CGT
(Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated
labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students
Armenia:
NA
Aruba:
NA
Australia:
Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor
Party splinter group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear
Disarmament Party splinter group)
Austria:
Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist) or
OeGB; Federal Economic Chamber; OeVP-oriented League of Austrian
Industrialists or VOeI; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief
lay organization, Catholic Action; three composite leagues of the
Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, and
farmers
Azerbaijan:
Sadval, Lezgin movement; self-proclaimed Armenian
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic; Talysh independence movement
Bahamas, The:
NA
Bahrain:
Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically 1994-97,
demanding the return of an elected National Assembly and an end to
unemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic
fundamentalist groups are active
Bangladesh:
NA
Barbados:
Barbados Workers Union [Leroy TROTMAN]; Clement Payne
Labor Union [David COMMISSIONG]; People's Progressive Movement [Eric
SEALY]; Worker's Party of Barbados [Dr. George BELLE]
Belarus:
NA
Belgium:
Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian
Industries; numerous other associations representing bankers,
manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical
professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests
of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi
and groups representing immigrants
Belize:
Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR
[Diane HAYLOCK]; United Worker's Front
Benin:
NA
Bermuda:
Bermuda Industrial Union or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; Bermuda
Public Services Association or BPSA [Betty CHRISTOPHER]
Bhutan:
Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading
militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United
Front for Democracy (exiled)
Bolivia:
Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
NA
Botswana:
NA
Brazil:
left wing of the Catholic Church, Landless Worker's
Movement, and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are
critical of government's social and economic policies
British Virgin Islands:
NA
Brunei:
NA
Bulgaria:
agrarian movement; Bulgarian Democratic Center;
Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB;
Democratic Alliance for the Republic or DAR; New Union for Democracy
or NUD; Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, and
national interest groups with various agendas
Burkina Faso:
Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB;
Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or HBDHP; Group of 14 February;
National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB; National
Organization of Free Unions or ONSL; watchdog/political action
groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities
Burma:
All Burma Student Democratic Front or ABSDF; Kachin
Independence Army or KIA; Karen National Union or KNU; National
Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB [Dr. SEIN WIN]
consists of individuals legitimately elected to the People's
Assembly but not recognized by the military regime; the group fled
to a border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form
a parallel government; several Shan factions; United Wa State Army
or UWSA
Burundi:
Loosely organized Tutsi militias, often affiliated with
Tutsi extremist parties
Cambodia:
NA
Cameroon:
Cameroon Anglophone Movement or CAM [Vishe FAI, secretary
general]; Southern Cameroon National Council [Nfor Ngala NFOR,
acting]
Canada:
NA
Cape Verde:
NA
Cayman Islands:
NA
Central African Republic:
NA
Chad:
NA
Chile:
revitalized university student federations at all major
universities; Roman Catholic Church; United Labor Central or CUT
includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor
confederations
China:
no substantial political opposition groups exist, although
the government has identified the Falungong sect and the China
Democracy Party as potential rivals
Christmas Island:
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
none
Colombia:
two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia - National
Liberation Army or ELN and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or
FARC; largest paramilitary group is United Self-Defense Groups of
Colombia or AUC
Comoros:
NA
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
NA
Congo, Republic of the:
Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC;
General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC;
Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of Congolese
Socialist Youth or UJSC
Cook Islands:
NA
Costa Rica:
Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD
(Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated
Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican
Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party
affiliate); Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National
Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association
of Educators or ANDE; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert
Brown]
Cote d'Ivoire:
NA
Croatia:
NA
Cuba:
NA
Cyprus:
Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West);
Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of
Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor
Federation or PEO (Communist controlled)
Czech Republic:
Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions
[Richard FALBR]
Denmark:
NA
Djibouti:
Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy or FRUD
and affiliates; Movement for Unity and Democracy or MUD
Dominica:
Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)
Dominican Republic:
Collective of Popular Organizations or COP
Ecuador:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or
CONAIE [Antonio VARGAS]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F.
Napoleon SANTOS]; Popular Front or FP [Luis VILLACIS]
Egypt:
despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties,
the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's
potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated
limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two
terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its
influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in
practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are
officially sanctioned
El Salvador:
labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of El
Salvador or SIES; Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar
Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS; National
Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS; National Union of
Salvadoran Workers or UNTS; Port Industry Union of El Salvador or
SIPES; Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or
USEPOC; Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS; Workers Union of
Electrical Corporation or STCEL; business organizations - National
Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP; Salvadoran Assembly
Industry Association or ASIC; Salvadoran Industrial Association or
ASI
Equatorial Guinea:
NA
Eritrea:
Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ; Eritrean Liberation Front or
ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Eritrean Liberation Front-Revolutionary
Council or ELF-RC [Ahmed NASSER]; Eritrean Liberation Front-United
Organization or ELF-UO [Mohammed Said NAWD]
Estonia:
NA
Ethiopia:
Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition; numerous
small, ethnically based groups have formed since the defeat of the
former MENGISTU regime in 1991, including several Islamic militant
groups
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
none
Faroe Islands:
NA
Fiji:
NA
Finland:
Communist Workers Party [Timo LAHDENMAKI]; Constitutional
Rightist Party; Finnish Communist Party-Unity [Yrjo HAKANEN];
Finnish Pensioners Party
France:
Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du
Travail) or CGT, nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); independent
labor union or Force Ouvriere, 1 million members (est.); independent
white-collar union or Confederation Generale des Cadres, 340,000
members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil
National du Patronat Francais) or CNPF or Patronat;
Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique
du Travail) or CFDT, about 800,000 members (est.)
French Guiana:
NA
French Polynesia:
NA
Gabon:
NA
Gambia, The:
NA
Georgia:
Georgian refugees from Abkhazia (Abkhaz faction in Georgian
Parliament); separatist elements in the breakaway region of
Abkhazia; supporters of the late ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDYA
remain a source of opposition
Germany:
employers' organizations; expellee, refugee, trade unions,
and veterans groups
Ghana:
NA
Gibraltar:
Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives
Organization; Housewives Association
Greece:
NA
Greenland:
NA
Grenada:
NA
Guadeloupe:
Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or
KLPG; General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G; General
Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG; Movement for Independent
Guadeloupe or MPGI
Guam:
NA
Guatemala:
Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO; Alliance Against
Impunity or AAI; Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC; Coordinating
Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial
Associations or CACIF; Mutual Support Group or GAM
Guernsey:
none
Guinea:
NA
Guinea-Bissau:
NA
Guyana:
Civil Liberties Action Committee or CLAC; Guyana Council of
Indian Organizations or GCIO; Rise, Organize and Rebuild or ROAR
[Ravi DEV]; Trades Union Congress or TUC
note: the GCIO and the CLAC are small and active but not well
organized
Haiti:
Autonomous Haitian Workers or CATH; Confederation of Haitian
Workers or CTH; Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS; National
Popular Assembly or APN; Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP; Popular
Organizations Gathering Power or PROP; Roman Catholic Church
Holy See (Vatican City):
none (exclusive of influence exercised by
church officers)
Honduras:
Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or
CODEH; Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH; Coordinating
Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP; General Workers
Confederation or CGT; Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or
COHEP; National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH;
National Union of Campesinos or UNC; Popular Bloc or BP; United
Federation of Honduran Workers or FUTH
Hong Kong:
Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Chinese
Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of Trade
Unions (pro-democracy) [LAU Chin-shek, president; LEE Cheuk-yan,
general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Federation
of Trade Unions (pro-China) [LEE Chark-tim, president]; Hong Kong
Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China
[Szeto WAH, chairman]; Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council
(pro-Taiwan); Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Hong Kong
Professional Teachers' Union [CHEUNG Man-kwong, president]; Liberal
Democratic Federation [HU Fa-kuang, chairman]
Hungary:
NA
Iceland:
NA
India:
numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations,
including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater
communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties
Hurriyat Conference
Indonesia:
NA
Iran:
active student groups include the pro-reform "Organization for
Strengthening Unity" and "the Union of Islamic Student Societies';
groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e
Hizballah, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students
Following the Line of the Imam, and the Islamic Coalition
Association; opposition groups include the Liberation Movement of
Iran and the Nation of Iran party; armed political groups that have
been almost completely repressed by the government include
Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic
Party of Iranian Kurdistan; the Society for the Defense of Freedom
Iraq:
any formal political activity must be sanctioned by the
government; opposition to regime from Kurdish groups and southern
Shi'a dissidents
Ireland:
NA
Israel:
Gush Emunim, Israeli nationalists advocating Jewish
settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now supports
territorial concessions in the West Bank and is critical of
government's Lebanon policy
Italy:
Italian manufacturers and merchants associations
(Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm groups
(Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura); Roman Catholic Church; three
major trade union confederations (Confederazione Generale Italiana
del Lavoro or CGIL [Sergio COFFERATI] which is left wing,
Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Sergio
D'ANTONI] which is Catholic centrist, and Unione Italiana del Lavoro
or UIL [Pietro LARIZZA] which is lay centrist)
Jamaica:
New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black
religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)
Japan:
NA
Jersey:
none
Jordan:
Council of Professional Association Presidents [Ahmad
al-QADIRI, chairman]; Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF,
president]; Muslim Brotherhood [Abd-al-Majid DHUNAYBAT, secretary
general]
Kazakhstan:
Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights
[Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]
Kenya:
human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations;
National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition
of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha
KIBWANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK
[Mutava MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches;
Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur
al-BUSAIDY, chairman]
Kiribati:
NA
Korea, North:
NA
Korea, South:
Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean
Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National
Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans'
Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic
Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations;
National Federation of Student Associations
Kuwait:
several political groups act as de facto parties: Bedouins,
merchants, Sunni and Shi'a activists, and secular leftists and
nationalists
Kyrgyzstan:
Council of Free Trade Unions; Kyrgyz Committee on Human
Rights [Ramazan DYRYIDAYEV]; National Unity Democratic Movement;
Union of Entrepreneurs
Laos:
noncommunist political groups proscribed; most opposition
leaders fled the country in 1975
Latvia:
NA
Lebanon:
NA
Lesotho:
NA
Liberia:
NA
Libya:
various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible
memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some
Islamic elements
Liechtenstein:
NA
Lithuania:
NA
Luxembourg:
ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector
trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural
producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union
representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of
Commerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL
(federation of industrialists); LCGP (center-right trade union);
OGBL (center-left trade union)
Macau:
Catholic Church [Domingos LAM, bishop]; Macau Society of
Tourism and Entertainment or STDM [Stanley HO, managing director];
Union for Democracy Development [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong, leader]
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
NA
Madagascar:
Federalist Movement; National Council of Christian
Churches or FFKM
Malawi:
NA
Malaysia:
NA
Maldives:
none
Mali:
Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement
and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA
Malta:
NA
Man, Isle of:
none
Marshall Islands:
NA
Martinique:
Association for the Protection of Martinique's Heritage
(ecologist) [Garcin MALSA]; Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC;
Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM [Marc PULVAR]; Frantz
Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants; Proletarian Action
Group or GAP; Socialist Revolution Group or GRS [Philippe
PIERRE-CHARLES]
Mauritania:
Arab nationalists; Ba'athists; General Confederation of
Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary
general]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM
[Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM
[Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]
Mauritius:
various labor unions
Mayotte:
NA
Mexico:
Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or
COPARMEX; Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN;
Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM; Confederation of National
Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO; Coordinator for Foreign Trade
Business Organizations or COECE; Federation of Unions Providing
Goods and Services or FESEBES; National Chamber of Transformation
Industries or CANACINTRA; National Peasant Confederation or CNC;
National Union of Workers or UNT; Regional Confederation of Mexican
Workers or CROM; Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants
or CROC; Roman Catholic Church
Moldova:
NA
Monaco:
NA
Mongolia:
NA
Montserrat:
NA
Morocco:
Association of Popular Trade Unions or ADP [leader NA];
Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI]; Democratic
National Trade Union or USND [leader NA]; Democratic Trade Union or
SD [leader NA]; General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM
[Abderrazzak AFILAL]; Labor Union Commissions or CS [leader NA];
Moroccan National Workers Union or UNMT [leader NA]; Moroccan Union
of Workers or UTM [Mahjoub BENSEDIQ]; Party of Shura and Istiqla
[Abdelwaheb MAASH]
Mozambique:
NA
Namibia:
NA
Nauru:
NA
Nepal:
Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency; numerous small,
left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, radical
Nepalese antimonarchist groups
Netherlands:
Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement
(comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant
trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers
Associations; Interchurch Peace Council or IKV; large multinational
firms; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises
Netherlands Antilles:
NA
New Caledonia:
NA
New Zealand:
NA
Nicaragua:
National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella
group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or
ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs
Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National
Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of
Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG,
Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of
Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an
umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including -
Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of
Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor
or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan
Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior
Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of
business groups
Niger:
NA
Nigeria:
NA
Niue:
NA
Norfolk Island:
none
Northern Mariana Islands:
NA
Norway:
NA
Oman:
none
Pakistan:
military remains important political force; ulema
(clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also
influential
Palau:
NA
Panama:
Chamber of Commerce; National Civic Crusade; National
Council of Organized Workers or CONATO; National Union of
Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS); National Council of
Private Enterprise or CONEP; Panamanian Association of Business
Executives or APEDE; Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP;
Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP
Papua New Guinea:
NA
Paraguay:
Ahorristas Estafados or AE; National Workers Central or
CNT; Paraguayan Workers Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church;
Unitary Workers Central or CUT
Peru:
leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN
Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac
Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned),
Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]
Philippines:
NA
Pitcairn Islands:
none
Poland:
All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union); Roman
Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union)
Portugal:
NA
Puerto Rico:
Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN; Armed
Forces of Popular Resistance; Boricua Popular Army (also known as
the Macheteros); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution
Qatar:
none
Reunion:
NA
Romania:
various human rights and professional associations
Russia:
NA
Rwanda:
IBUKA - association of genocide survivors
Saint Helena:
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
NA
Saint Lucia:
NA
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
NA
Samoa:
NA
San Marino:
NA
Sao Tome and Principe:
NA
Saudi Arabia:
none
Senegal:
labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers
Seychelles:
Roman Catholic Church; trade unions
Sierra Leone:
Trade Unions and Student Unions
Singapore:
NA
Slovakia:
Association of Employers of Slovakia; Association of Towns
and Villages or ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; Metal
Workers Unions or KOVO and METALURG
Slovenia:
NA
Solomon Islands:
NA
Somalia:
numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for
power
South Africa:
Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU
[Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary]; South African Communist Party
or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary]; South African National
Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national
president]; note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the
ANC
Spain:
business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; Euskal
Herritarok or EH [Herri BATASUNA]; free labor unions (authorized in
April 1977); on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty
or ETA and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group or
GRAPO use terrorism to oppose the government; Opus Dei; Socialist
General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers
Syndical Union or USO; university students; Workers Confederation or
CC.OO
Sri Lanka:
Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam or LTTE (insurgent group fighting for a separate state);
radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement
Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups
Sudan:
National Congress Party [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR] (front for the
National Islamic Front or NIF); Popular National Congress [Hassan
al-TURABI]; Umma [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Democratic Unionist Party
[Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI]; National Democratic Alliance
[Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI, chairman]; Sudan People's Liberation
Army [Dr. John GARANG]
Suriname:
General Liberation and Development Party or ABOP [Ronnie
BRUNSWIJK]; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement [Leendert ADAMS];
Tucayana Amazonica [Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO]; Union for
Liberation and Democracy [Kofi AFONGPONG]
Swaziland:
NA
Sweden:
NA
Switzerland:
NA
Syria:
conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood (operates
in exile in Jordan and Yemen); non-Ba'th parties have little
effective political influence
Tajikistan:
NA
Tanzania:
NA
Thailand:
NA
Togo:
NA
Tokelau:
none
Tonga:
Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA]
Trinidad and Tobago:
Jamaat Al Musilmeen [Abu BAKR]
Tunisia:
the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance),
is outlawed
Turkey:
Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK
[Ridvan BUDAK]; Independent Industrialists and Businessmen's
Association or MUSIAD [Erol YARAR]; Moral Rights Workers Union or
Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's
Association or TUSIAD [Muharrem KAYHAN]; Turkish Confederation of
Employers' Unions or TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of
Labor or Turk-Is [Bayram MERAL]; Turkish Union of Chambers of
Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [Fuat MIRAS]
Turkmenistan:
NA
Turks and Caicos Islands:
NA
Tuvalu:
none
Uganda:
NA
Ukraine:
NA
United Arab Emirates:
NA
United Kingdom:
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of
British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress
United States:
NA
Uruguay:
NA
Uzbekistan:
Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim PULAT, chairman];
Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned
9 December 1992; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Abdumanob
PULAT, chairman]; Independent Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan
[Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]
Vanuatu:
NA
Venezuela:
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS
groups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor
organization dominated by the Democratic Action)
Vietnam:
none
Virgin Islands:
NA
Wallis and Futuna:
NA
Western Sahara:
none
Yemen:
NA
Yugoslavia:
Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [leader
RAMUSH]; Group of 17 Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA];
National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit
GASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance Movement [leader NA]; Political
Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; The
People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [leader NA]
Zambia:
NA
Zimbabwe:
National Constitutional Assembly or NCA
Taiwan:
Taiwan independence movement, various business and
environmental groups
note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within
the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political
liberalization and the increased representation of opposition
parties in Taiwan's legislature have opened public debate on the
island's national identity; a broad popular consensus has developed
that Taiwan currently enjoys de facto independence and - whatever
the ultimate outcome regarding reunification or independence - that
Taiwan's people must have the deciding voice; advocates of Taiwan
independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually
reunify with mainland China; goals of the Taiwan independence
movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and
entering the UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence
include the World United Formosans for Independence and the
Organization for Taiwan Nation Building
======================================================================
@Population
Afghanistan:
26,813,057 (July 2001 est.)
Albania:
3,510,484 (July 2001 est.)
Algeria:
31,736,053 (July 2001 est.)
American Samoa:
67,084 (July 2001 est.)
Andorra:
67,627 (July 2001 est.)
Angola:
10,366,031 (July 2001 est.)
Anguilla:
12,132 (July 2001 est.)
Antarctica:
no indigenous inhabitants, but there are seasonally
staffed research stations
note: approximately 29 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic
Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) and year-round
research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans; the
population of persons doing and supporting science on the continent
and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the
region covered by the Antarctic Treaty) varies from approximately
4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000
personnel including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard
research are present in the waters of the treaty region; Summer
(January) population - 3,687 total; Argentina 302, Australia 201,
Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Bulgaria 16, Chile 352, China 70, Finland 11,
France 100, Germany 51, India 60, Italy 106, Japan 136, South Korea
14, Netherlands 10, NZ 60, Norway 40, Peru 28, Poland 70, Russia
254, South Africa 80, Spain 43, Sweden 20, UK 192, US 1,378
(1998-99); Winter (July) population - 964 total; Argentina 165,
Australia 75, Brazil 12, Chile 129, China 33, France 33, Germany 9,
India 25, Japan 40, South Korea 14, NZ 10, Poland 20, Russia 102,
South Africa 10, UK 39, US 248 (1998-99); year-round stations - 42
total; Argentina 6, Australia 4, Brazil 1, Chile 4, China 2, Finland
1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ
1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 6, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Ukraine 1,
UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 1 (1998-99); Summer-only stations - 32 total;
Argentina 3, Australia 4, Bulgaria 1, Chile 7, Germany 1, India 1,
Japan 3, NZ 1, Peru 1, Russia 3, Sweden 2, UK 5 (1998-99); in
addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous
occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary
facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research (July 2001
est.)
Antigua and Barbuda:
66,970 (July 2001 est.)
Argentina:
37,384,816 (July 2001 est.)
Armenia:
3,336,100 (July 2001 est.)
Aruba:
70,007 (July 2001 est.)
Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there are only seasonal caretakers (July 2001 est.)
Australia:
19,357,594 (July 2001 est.)
Austria:
8,150,835 (July 2001 est.)
Azerbaijan:
7,771,092 (July 2001 est.)
Bahamas, The:
297,852
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Bahrain:
645,361
note: includes 228,424 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)
Baker Island:
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and
remnants of structures from early settlement are located near the
middle of the west coast; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife
Service (July 2001 est.)
Bangladesh:
131,269,860 (July 2001 est.)
Barbados:
275,330 (July 2001 est.)
Bassas da India:
uninhabited (July 2001 est.)
Belarus:
10,350,194 (July 2001 est.)
Belgium:
10,258,762 (July 2001 est.)
Belize:
256,062 (July 2001 est.)
Benin:
6,590,782
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Bermuda:
63,503 (July 2001 est.)
Bhutan:
2,049,412 (July 2001 est.)
note: other estimates range as low as 800,000
Bolivia:
8,300,463 (July 2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
3,922,205
note: all data dealing with population are subject to considerable
error because of the dislocations caused by military action and
ethnic cleansing (July 2001 est.)
Botswana:
1,586,119
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Bouvet Island:
uninhabited (July 2001 est.)
Brazil:
174,468,575
note: Brazil took an intercensal count in August 1996 which
reported a population of 157,079,573; that figure was about 5% lower
than projections by the US Census Bureau, which is close to the
implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for
this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess
mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth
rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex
than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
British Indian Ocean Territory:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in
the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois,
were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles around the time of
the construction of UK-US military facilities; in 1995, there were
approximately 1,700 UK and US military personnel and 1,500 civilian
contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia
British Virgin Islands:
20,812 (July 2001 est.)
Brunei:
343,653 (July 2001 est.)
Bulgaria:
7,707,495 (July 2001 est.)
Burkina Faso:
12,272,289
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Burma:
41,994,678
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Burundi:
6,223,897
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Cambodia:
12,491,501
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Cameroon:
15,803,220
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Canada:
31,592,805 (July 2001 est.)
Cape Verde:
405,163 (July 2001 est.)
Cayman Islands:
35,527 (July 2001 est.)
Central African Republic:
3,576,884
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Chad:
8,707,078 (July 2001 est.)
Chile:
15,328,467 (July 2001 est.)
China:
1,273,111,290 (July 2001 est.)
Christmas Island:
2,771 (July 2001 est.)
Clipperton Island:
uninhabited (July 2001 est.)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
633 (July 2001 est.)
Colombia:
40,349,388 (July 2001 est.)
Comoros:
596,202 (July 2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
53,624,718
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Congo, Republic of the:
2,894,336
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Cook Islands:
20,611 (July 2001 est.)
Coral Sea Islands:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a staff of three to four at the meteorological
station (July 2001 est.)
Costa Rica:
3,773,057 (July 2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire:
16,393,221
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Croatia:
4,334,142 (July 2001 est.)
Cuba:
11,184,023 (July 2001 est.)
Cyprus:
762,887 (July 2001 est.)
Czech Republic:
10,264,212 (July 2001 est.)
Denmark:
5,352,815 (July 2001 est.)
Djibouti:
460,700 (July 2001 est.)
Dominica:
70,786 (July 2001 est.)
Dominican Republic:
8,581,477 (July 2001 est.)
Ecuador:
13,183,978 (July 2001 est.)
Egypt:
69,536,644 (July 2001 est.)
El Salvador:
6,237,662 (July 2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea:
486,060 (July 2001 est.)
Eritrea:
4,298,269 (July 2001 est.)
Estonia:
1,423,316 (July 2001 est.)
Ethiopia:
65,891,874
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Europa Island:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
2,895 (July 2001 est.)
Faroe Islands:
45,661 (July 2001 est.)
Fiji:
844,330 (July 2001 est.)
Finland:
5,175,783 (July 2001 est.)
France:
59,551,227 (July 2001 est.)
French Guiana:
177,562 (July 2001 est.)
French Polynesia:
253,506 (July 2001 est.)
French Southern and Antarctic Lands:
no indigenous inhabitants (July
2001 est.)
note: in 1997, there were about 100 researchers whose numbers vary
from winter (July) to summer (January)
Gabon:
1,221,175
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Gambia, The:
1,411,205 (July 2001 est.)
Gaza Strip:
1,178,119 (July 2001 est.)
note: in addition, there are some 6,900 Israeli settlers in the
Gaza Strip (August 2000 est.)
Georgia:
4,989,285 (July 2001 est.)
Germany:
83,029,536 (July 2001 est.)
Ghana:
19,894,014
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Gibraltar:
27,649 (July 2001 est.)
Glorioso Islands:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)
Greece:
10,623,835 (July 2001 est.)
Greenland:
56,352 (July 2001 est.)
Grenada:
89,227 (July 2001 est.)
Guadeloupe:
431,170 (July 2001 est.)
Guam:
157,557 (July 2001 est.)
Guatemala:
12,974,361 (July 2001 est.)
Guernsey:
64,342 (July 2001 est.)
Guinea:
7,613,870 (July 2001 est.)
Guinea-Bissau:
1,315,822 (July 2001 est.)
Guyana:
697,181
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Haiti:
6,964,549
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Heard Island and McDonald Islands:
uninhabited (July 2001 est.)
Holy See (Vatican City):
890 (July 2001 est.)
Honduras:
6,406,052
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Hong Kong:
7,210,505 (July 2001 est.)
Howland Island:
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually
by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)
Hungary:
10,106,017 (July 2001 est.)
Iceland:
277,906 (July 2001 est.)
India:
1,029,991,145 (July 2001 est.)
Indonesia:
228,437,870 (July 2001 est.)
Iran:
66,128,965 (July 2001 est.)
Iraq:
23,331,985 (July 2001 est.)
Ireland:
3,840,838 (July 2001 est.)
Israel:
5,938,093 (July 2001 est.)
note: includes about 176,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank,
about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, about 6,900 in
the Gaza Strip, and about 173,000 in East Jerusalem (August 2000
est.)
Italy:
57,679,825 (July 2001 est.)
Jamaica:
2,665,636 (July 2001 est.)
Jan Mayen:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there are personnel who operate the Long Range Navigation
(Loran-C) base and the weather and coastal services radio station
(July 2001 est.)
Japan:
126,771,662 (July 2001 est.)
Jarvis Island:
uninhabited
note: Millersville settlement on western side of island
occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II,
when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International
Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually
by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2001 est.)
Jersey:
89,361 (July 2001 est.)
Johnston Atoll:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military
and civilian contractor personnel present; as of 1 October 2000,
population decreased to approximately 970 when US Army Chemical
Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed (January 2001 est.)
Jordan:
5,153,378 (July 2001 est.)
Juan de Nova Island:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison (July 2001 est.)
Kazakhstan:
16,731,303 (July 2001 est.)
Kenya:
30,765,916
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Kingman Reef:
uninhabited (July 2001 est.)
Kiribati:
94,149 (July 2001 est.)
Korea, North:
21,968,228 (July 2001 est.)
Korea, South:
47,904,370 (July 2001 est.)
Kuwait:
2,041,961
note: includes 1,159,913 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan:
4,753,003 (July 2001 est.)
Laos:
5,635,967 (July 2001 est.)
Latvia:
2,385,231 (July 2001 est.)
Lebanon:
3,627,774 (July 2001 est.)
Lesotho:
2,177,062
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Liberia:
3,225,837 (July 2001 est.)
Libya:
5,240,599
note: includes 662,669 non-nationals, of which an estimated 500,000
or more are Africans living in Libya (July 2001 est.)
Liechtenstein:
32,528 (July 2001 est.)
Lithuania:
3,610,535 (July 2001 est.)
Luxembourg:
442,972 (July 2001 est.)
Macau:
453,733 (July 2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
2,046,209 (July 2001
est.)
Madagascar:
15,982,563 (July 2001 est.)
Malawi:
10,548,250
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Malaysia:
22,229,040 (July 2001 est.)
Maldives:
310,764 (July 2001 est.)
Mali:
11,008,518 (July 2001 est.)
Malta:
394,583 (July 2001 est.)
Man, Isle of:
73,489 (July 2001 est.)
Marshall Islands:
70,822 (July 2001 est.)
Martinique:
418,454 (July 2001 est.)
Mauritania:
2,747,312 (July 2001 est.)
Mauritius:
1,189,825 (July 2001 est.)
Mayotte:
163,366 (July 2001 est.)
Mexico:
101,879,171 (July 2001 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of:
134,597 (July 2001 est.)
Midway Islands:
no indigenous inhabitants; approximately 150 people
make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services
cooperator living at the atoll (July 2001 est.)
Moldova:
4,431,570 (July 2001 est.)
Monaco:
31,842 (July 2001 est.)
Mongolia:
2,654,999 (July 2001 est.)
Montserrat:
7,574
note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the
resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned
(July 2001 est.)
Morocco:
30,645,305 (July 2001 est.)
Mozambique:
19,371,057
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997
Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2001
est.)
Namibia:
1,797,677
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Nauru:
12,088 (July 2001 est.)
Navassa Island:
uninhabited
note: transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island
(July 2001 est.)
Nepal:
25,284,463 (July 2001 est.)
Netherlands:
15,981,472 (July 2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles:
212,226 (July 2001 est.)
New Caledonia:
204,863 (July 2001 est.)
New Zealand:
3,864,129 (July 2001 est.)
Nicaragua:
4,918,393 (July 2001 est.)
Niger:
10,355,156 (July 2001 est.)
Nigeria:
126,635,626
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Niue:
2,124 (July 2001 est.)
Norfolk Island:
1,879 (July 2001 est.)
Northern Mariana Islands:
74,612 (July 2001 est.)
Norway:
4,503,440 (July 2001 est.)
Oman:
2,622,198
note: includes 527,078 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)
Pakistan:
144,616,639 (July 2001 est.)
Palau:
19,092 (July 2001 est.)
Palmyra Atoll:
no indigenous inhabitants; 4 to 20 Nature Conservancy
staff, US Fish and Wildlife staff (July 2001 est.)
Panama:
2,845,647 (July 2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea:
5,049,055 (July 2001 est.)
Paracel Islands:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons (July 2001 est.)
Paraguay:
5,734,139 (July 2001 est.)
Peru:
27,483,864 (July 2001 est.)
Philippines:
82,841,518 (July 2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands:
47 (July 2001 est.)
Poland:
38,633,912 (July 2001 est.)
Portugal:
10,066,253 (July 2001 est.)
Puerto Rico:
3,937,316 (July 2001 est.)
Qatar:
769,152 (July 2001 est.)
Reunion:
732,570 (July 2001 est.)
Romania:
22,364,022 (July 2001 est.)
Russia:
145,470,197 (July 2001 est.)
Rwanda:
7,312,756
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2001 est.)
Saint Helena:
7,266 (July 2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis:
38,756 (July 2001 est.)
Saint Lucia:
158,178 (July 2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
6,928 (July 2001 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
115,942 (July 2001 est.)
Samoa:
179,058 (July 2001 est.)
San Marino:
27,336 (July 2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe:
165,034 (July 2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia:
22,757,092
note: includes 5,360,526 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)
Senegal:
10,284,929 (July 2001 est.)
Seychelles:
79,715 (July 2001 est.)
Sierra Leone:
5,426,618 (July 2001 est.)
Singapore:
4,300,419 (July 2001 est.)
Slovakia:
5,414,937 (July 2001 est.)
Slovenia:
1,930,132 (July 2001 est.)
Solomon Islands:
480,442 (July 2001 est.)
Somalia:
7,488,773
note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in
1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is
complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements
in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2001 est.)
South Africa:
43,586,097
note: South Africa took a census October 1996 which showed a
population of 40,583,611 (after an official adjustment for a 6.8%
underenumeration based on a postenumeration survey); estimates for
this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess
mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth
rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex
than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
no indigenous
inhabitants
note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in
March 2001, to be replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the
British Antarctic Survey which also has a biological station on Bird
Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited (July 2001 est.)
Spain:
40,037,995 (July 2001 est.)
Spratly Islands:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of
several claimant states (July 2001 est.)
Sri Lanka:
19,408,635 (July 2001 est.)
note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and
armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand
Tamil civilians have fled the island; as of mid-1999, approximately
66,000 were housed in 133 refugee camps in south India, another
40,000 lived outside the Indian camps, and more than 200,000 Tamils
have sought refuge in the West
Sudan:
36,080,373 (July 2001 est.)
Suriname:
433,998 (July 2001 est.)
Svalbard:
2,332 (July 2001 est.)
Swaziland:
1,104,343