GIRTON AND NEWNHAM
Etheldreda of Ely and Hild of Whitby connect the school of York
with the monastery of Ely--English women and education--the four
“noble and devoute countesses” and two queens at Cambridge--the
rise of the movement for university education--two separate
movements--Girton--Newnham--rise of the university lecture
movement--Anne Clough--the Newnham Halls and Newnham College--the
first triposes--the “Graces” of 1881--social life at the women’s
colleges--character and choice of work among women--the
degree--status of women’s colleges at Cambridge and Oxford--and
status elsewhere.
The foundation of the women’s colleges is of sufficient importance to
call for a chapter in any history of the university, even if they did
not in themselves awaken so much general interest. Cambridge cannot be
otherwise than proud of its position as pioneer university in the higher
education of the women of the country; the women’s colleges count as one
of its glories and stand to it in the relation which Spenser gave to the
river Ouse:
My mother Cambridge, whom as with a crowne
He doth adorne, and is adorn’d of it.
They belong to its atmosphere of vitality and growth, their presence
adds something to that air of newness and renewal which has never been
absent from the university town.
Etheldreda of Ely and Hild of Whitby were of the same blood, kin to
Edwin and Oswy. They founded two of those famous double monasteries for
women and men, one of which became the greatest school in England, the
other the nursing mother of the university of Cambridge.[441] The
histories of the School of York and of the School which was to rise on
the banks of the Granta had therefore been linked together since the vii
century by Hild and Etheldreda. Was any prevision vouchsafed to Hild,
that mother of scholars, of the day just twelve hundred years later when
two women’s colleges were to rise by the side of the great school in the
diocese of Ely? The centre of learning which had Etheldreda of Ely for
one of its patrons was certainly propitious to women; but Cambridge had
another patroness--whose name was among the earliest to be invoked in
the town after the coming of the Normans--that Rhadegund who ruled the
first nuns and the first double monastery in France, who was ordained a
deacon by S. Médard, in whose convent study came next to prayer, who
lectured each day to her spiritual children, and whose learning is
recorded with admiration by one of her monks, the poet-bishop Venantius
Fortunatus.[442]
Perhaps there is no country with a long history where women have played
a smaller part on the national stage than England. But a conspicuous
exception must be made--in education they have played a great part, and
this part was nowhere greater than in Cambridge. We have the little
group of college builders who lived in contiguous centuries--Elizabeth
de Clare, Marie de Saint-Paul, Margaret of Anjou, and Margaret of
Richmond--to prove it: but the activity of the xiv and xv centuries was
equally apparent between the viith and xth. It was Saxon nuns who
carried learning to Germany, and the rôle of the great abbesses in those
centuries, while it must be reckoned among the exceptions to the
inconspicuous part played by women in English history, also served
prominently the cause of education.[443]
The “two noble and devoute countesses” who built Clare and Pembroke, and
whom Margaret of Anjou desired to imitate, realised perhaps more than
anyone else in the xiv century the extraordinary joy of launching those
first foundations with their promise for the
[Illustration: THE GREAT BRIDGE--BRIDGE ST.
This view is painted from the old Quay side. The water-gate of Magdalene
College is seen on the right, and in the distance is the Tower in the
New Court of St. John’s College rising above the tree-tops.]
future:[444] but it was something of this joy which was reserved for
their descendants who saw the rise of Newnham and Girton. It was,
indeed, not to two but to four noble and devoute countesses[445] that
Cambridge owed its most efficient co-operation in the great periods
which mark its history--the dawn of the renascence in the xiv, the
threshold of our modern life in the xv, and the consolidation of the
religious movement in the xvi century:[446] and if Queens’ College was
built by Margaret of Anjou “to laud and honneure of sexe femenine”
Cambridge has repaid her by extending the significance of her ambition.
The women’s colleges which we now see did not, then, begin the connexion
of women and the university, they completed it. It is a curious thing
when one looks down a list of Cambridge benefactors to find that from a
college to a common room fire, from a professorship to a Cambridge
“chest,” from the chapel to a new college to the buttress of a falling
college, from a university preacher to a belfry,[447] the names of women
never fail to appear as benefactors, but appear in no other way. Not
once until the xix century did any woman benefit from the learning
which her sex had done so much to inaugurate, to sustain and
consolidate.
In the year 1867 the idea of founding a woman’s college and of
associating the higher education of women with the university of
Cambridge began to take shape.[448] No movement of the century, it may
confidently be affirmed, has done so much to increase the happiness of
women, and none has opened to them so many new horizons. If men look
back on the years spent at the university as among the happiest in their
lives, so that everything in later life which recalls their _alma
mater_--not excluding the London terminus from which they always “went
up”--borrows some of its glamour, the university life meant all this,
and more, for women. To begin with it repaired a traditional injustice,
the absence of any standard of individual life especially for the
unmarried; the neglect of every personal interest, talent, or ambition,
which a woman might have apart from looking after her own or other
people’s children. The Reformation, in itself, had done singularly
little for women. Puritan views were of the kind patronised by a Sir
Willoughby Patterne, and no step had been made towards recognising
women’s claims as individuals since the days when convents had in some
measure certainly admitted these, a fact which probably sufficed to make
the convent turn the scale on the side of happiness.
Girton and Newnham are the outcome of two contemporaneous but separate
movements. In 1867, as we have seen, the moral foundations were laid of
a college in connexion with Cambridge university where women should
follow the same curriculum and present themselves for the same
examinations as men. In 1869 the late Professor Henry Sidgwick, fellow
of Trinity, and afterwards Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy,
suggested that lectures for women should be given at Cambridge in
connexion with the new Higher Local Examination which the university had
that year established for women all over England. To-day, more than
thirty years after the building of the two colleges, Newnham and Girton
are as alike in character as two institutions can be, but this likeness
is the consequence of changes on both sides. The view taken by the
promoters of Girton was that if women were to be trained at the
university by university men they should undergo precisely the same
tests, and take precisely the same examinations as men. Professor
Sidgwick contented himself with a scheme for relating the higher
education of women to university teaching, and not only accepted but
encouraged a separate course of study and a separate examination test.
Girton represents the principle that a woman’s university education
should closely resemble that which the centuries had evolved as the best
for men. Newnham was started to further a scheme of education as unlike
the men’s as preparation for the higher work made possible. The one grew
out of a claim to have the same examination as men; the other was the
outcome of an examination established expressly for women. Events have
not justified the second scheme. If women’s education was to be
connected with the university, the only permanently satisfactory way
was, clearly, to follow the curriculum already traced out. If this was
not actually the best which could be devised, the foundation of women’s
colleges was not the moment to attempt to alter it. A “best” created for
women would always have been thought to be a second best. There were in
fact not one but two objects set before all who interested themselves in
these things--to get higher education for women, and to win recognition
for their capacity to do the same work as men. Among the founders of
women’s colleges many had present to their minds something further than
the advantages of education--they looked forward to a time when women
should participate in the world’s work, and have a fair share in the
common human life; not a fair share of its labour, for this had never
been lacking, but of the means, the opportunities, and the recognition
enjoyed by men.
[Sidenote: Women and the ordinary degree.]
Girton at once prepared its students for the university Previous
Examination, and claimed that they should be examined for both the
[Illustration: VIEW OF CAMBRIDGE FROM THE CASTLE HILL
The central object in the picture is the tower of St. John’s College
Chapel, with the tower of Great St. Mary’s a little to the right and
King’s College Chapel to the extreme right. In the middle distance on
the left is Jesus College and the Round Church, and nearer to us we look
down upon the roofs of Magdalene College. The building on the right in
foreground is St. Giles’ Church, the original foundation of which takes
us back nearly to the Conquest. In the extreme distance is the rising
ground known as the Gog-Magog Hills.]
ordinary and the honour degree. Newnham at first prepared its students
for the Higher Local examinations and the triposes, discountenanced the
Previous Examination and would not allow its students to prepare for the
Ordinary degree. In the event, Newnham has had to abandon the
examination which was the original _raison d’être_ of its existence, and
Girton has had virtually to abandon its claim to examination for the
ordinary degree. This means that every woman who takes a degree takes it
in honours: the same is true of no college of men in Cambridge except
King’s. The founders of Newnham considered it a waste of time for women
to come to the university to qualify themselves for that Ordinary degree
which graces the majority of our men, and which represented such a
mysterious weight of learning to sisters at home in the old days. This
decision has a double _ricochet_--it is good for the colleges, for only
the better women come up; it is bad for many women who, like many men,
are unfit to do tripos work and who might yet enjoy from residence at
Cambridge the same advantages--direct and extraneous--which the ‘poll’
degree man now obtains.
[Sidenote: Girton.]
The first committee for the future Girton College met on December 5th
1867;[449] but the foundation of Girton dates from October 16, 1869
when a hired house at Hitchin, midway between Cambridge and London, was
opened to six students at a time when it was not thought advisable to
plant a women’s college in Cambridge. The college at Hitchin[450] was
carried on under serious tuitional and other disadvantages--lecturers
from the university, for example, were paid for the time occupied in the
journey--and in 1873 the college was removed to Girton, a village two
miles out of Cambridge.
[Sidenote: The manor and village of Girton.]
The manor of Girton on the Huntingdon road--the old via Devana--belonged
in the xi century to Picot the Norman sheriff of Cambridge who
expropriated part of its tithes for the endowment of the canons’ house
and church of S. Giles which is passed by Girtonians on their way from
the college to the town. In the xvi century the manor provided a rent
charge for Corpus Christi College. Earlier still it was the site of a
Roman and Anglo-Saxon burial ground (discovered in a college field in
1882-6). The college itself is built on old river gravel.
[Sidenote: The founders.]
The final decision to build near but not in the university town was
taken at the last moment when Lady Augusta Stanley, wife of Dean
Stanley, refused both money and moral support if it were decided
otherwise.[451] Lady Augusta Stanley who thus determined a step which
has not proved advantageous to Girton was not, however, one of the
founders of the college. This honour is due in the first place to Madame
Bodichon (Barbara Leigh Smith before her marriage) and to Miss Emily
Davies, daughter of Dr. Davies, rector of Gateshead, who elaborated the
scheme together. The first thousand pounds which made possible the
realisation of the scheme was given by the former, whose activity in all
causes for the advancement of women’s interests was crowned by her gifts
to the first women’s college: part of her capital was made over in her
life-time to Girton which became her trustee for the payment of the
interest until her death in 1891, and of certain terminable annuities
afterwards.[452] The third founder was Henrietta wife of the 2nd Lord
Stanley of Alderley and daughter of the 13th Viscount Dillon,[453] a
munificent donor to the college, who joined the movement in 1871,
before the removal from Hitchin, and who died in 1895.
[Sidenote: The college.]
The picturesque and collegiate-looking building which arose in 1873 for
the accommodation of 21 students, was thus the first residential college
for women ever built in connexion with a university. It was, like
Pembroke, the result of a woman’s intention to found and finish a _domus
seu aula scholarium_, the scholars being, for the first time, of the sex
of the founder. Subsequent building in 1877, 1879, 1884, 1887 (when Jane
C. Gamble’s legacy enabled the college to house 106 students) and
finally between 1899 and 1902, has greatly increased its capacity, and
the college now holds 150 students in addition to the Mistress and the
resident staff. It contains a large hall, libraries, reading room,
lecture rooms, a chemical laboratory, chapel, hospital, and swimming
bath; and its position outside the town gives it the advantage of large
grounds, some thirty acres being divided into hockey fields, ten tennis
courts, an orchard, and kitchen garden; while a seventeen acre field,
purchased with the Gamble bequest in 1886, is utilised as golf links and
woodland. Over the high table in the hall are the portraits of the three
founders; Madame Bodichon is represented painting, reminding each
generation of students that one of their founders was a distinguished
and delightful artist.
[Illustration: GIRTON COLLEGE--EVENING
These buildings were designed by Mr. Waterhouse. They are of red brick,
and were first occupied in 1873.]
[Sidenote: Government.]
The college is governed by its members,[454] from whom is drawn the
Executive Committee, three members of which are indirectly chosen by the
old students. The Executive Committee appoints the Mistress and college
officers, but the Mistress nominates the resident staff with the
exception of the bursar, junior bursar, librarian, and registrar. The
fees for residence and tuition are thirty-five guineas for each of the
three yearly terms, and they include “coaching.” Students may be in
residence who are not reading for a tripos, the goal of the great
majority. A great part of the preparation for triposes is done at the
college by its own resident staff. The first Cambridge degree
examination taken by women was in 1870 when five of the six Hitchin
students were examined for the Previous Examination;[455] and the first
tripos examination taken by women was two years later when three of
these students passed in the classical and mathematical triposes.[456]
In scholastic successes, Girton trained the first wrangler (Miss Scott,
equal to 8th wrangler 1880), the first senior moralist (Miss E. E.
Constance Jones, the present Mistress of Girton), and the only senior
classic (Miss Agnata Ramsay, now wife to the Master of Trinity); and was
the first to obtain first classes in the classical tripos.[457]
Among scholarships and exhibitions are six foundation scholarships the
gift of private persons; the scholarships of the Clothworkers’,
Drapers’, Goldsmiths’, and Skinners’ Companies and of the Honourable the
Irish Society; in addition to which there are other valuable
scholarships and studentships due to private benefactors, and the
Gamble, Gibson, Montefiore, Metcalfe, and Agnata Butler prizes.[458]
[Sidenote: Former Girton students.]
Former Girton students not only fill posts all over Great Britain and
Ireland as head or assistant mistresses in high schools, grammar
schools, and women’s colleges, but they are to be found holding the
professorship of mathematics and a classical fellowship at Bryn Mawr
College Pennsylvania, in the high schools of Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and
Moscow, in women’s colleges at Toronto and Durban, as mathematical or
other tutors in Queen’s College London, Queen’s College Belfast, and
Alexandra College Dublin. A Girtonian is vice-president of the British
Astronomical Association, computer at Cambridge Observatory, assistant
inspector to the Scotch Education Department, lecturer in modern
economic history in the university of London, a fellow of the university
of London, on the staff of the Victoria History of the Counties of
England, assistant on the staff of the English Dialect Dictionary (just
published); while one is secretary and librarian of the Royal Historical
Society, and another (a _D.Sc._ of London) is a fellow of the same
society. Old students are also to be found as educational missionaries
in Bombay and Calcutta, as members of the Missionary Settlement for
University Women in Bombay, and of the Women’s Mission Association
(S.P.G.) at Rurki; as medical missionary at Poona, as missionaries at
Lake Nyasa, and in Japan, and the principal of the North India Medical
School for Christian Women is also a Girtonian. In special work, a
Girtonian is H.M.’s principal lady inspector of factories, one of H.M.’s
inspectors of schools, a Poor Law guardian, a deputy superintendent of
the women clerks’ department of the Bank of England, and on the
secretarial staff of the Tariff Commission. An old Girtonian is the
only woman member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and the
only woman to hold the Hughes Gold Medal of the Royal Society.
All other colleges which have been founded or will be founded for women
owe a debt to Girton for upholding the principle of equal conditions and
equal examination tests in the university education of women and men.
Its promoters always kept steadily before them the two ends of women’s
education, and never moved from the position that “what is best for the
human being will be found to be also the best for both sexes.” To them
it is mainly due that when Plato’s ideal of equal education of the sexes
came at length to be realised, after women had waited for it more than
two thousand years, it was not upon a basis of separate examinations for
women, and separate tests so designed as to elude comparison.[459]
[Sidenote: Newnham.]
The village of Newnham which is approached from the “Backs” of the
colleges, and
[Illustration: THE BOATHOUSE ON ROBINSON CRUSOE’S ISLAND
On the upper river at the back of King’s Mill, not far from Queens’
College. Across the bridge in the distance and behind the trees on the
left is Coe Fen, and on the right is Sheep’s Green.]
which, until 1880, was also accessible by a ferry over Coe fen, played
an important part in the early history of the university. It was the
site given to the Whitefriars, who had been the first arrivals in
Cambridge, and who from the time of their appearance there as romites
till they became the sons of S. Theresa were the most conspicuous
community in the town. The first general of the Carmelites--an
Englishman--had been a contemporary of the founder of the first college,
and it was at Newnham that he visited his friars in the middle of the
xiii century, at the convent there which is described in the Hundred
Rolls and the Barnwell Chartulary.[460] In the same century William de
Manfield left his lands in Newnham to the scholars of Merton. In the
next (the xiv) century the manor of Newnham was given to Gonville Hall
by Lady Anne Scrope, and both Sir John Cambridge and Henry Tangmer, who
were aldermen of the guilds of the Blessed Virgin and Corpus Christi,
gave or bequeathed lands and houses they held in Newnham to the new
college which the
[Sidenote: A.D. 1291.]
guilds had built.[461] The Carmelites moved later to the present site
of Queens’ and the adjoining ground, and the edge of their property is
skirted by every Newnham student on her way to lectures either through
Silver Street or King’s College. This new residence was the gift of Sir
Guy de Mortimer and was in the busy university centre--Mill Street in
the parish of S. John Baptist--so that the friars still heard the sound
of the horn which was blown at the King’s Mill to tell the miller at
Newnham that he might begin to grind. Beyond the mill was Newnham Lane,
which stretched to Grantchester.[462]
Like Peterhouse which was adapted and built for the “Ely Scholars,” the
Hall at Newnham was the outcome of a students’ association:--the North
of England Council for the Higher Education of Women, of which Miss
Clough was president, and the association formed to promote the
interests of the Higher Local students were its real progenitors.
As soon as the removal from Hitchin had been decided, it was hoped that
the students already settled in Cambridge and the Girton community might
form one body; but the decision to build away from the town put a stop
to any such scheme. The standpoint of the promoters of Newnham had
always diverged in some particulars from that of the promoters of
Girton. The former wished to reduce the expenses of
[Illustration: QUEENS’ LANE--THE SITE OF THE OLD MILL STREET
The Towers of Queens’ College Gateway are seen on the left, through the
trees on the right is St. Catherine’s College, and in the distance a
portion of King’s College.]
a university education to the minimum, and they wished, too, that it
should be completely undenominational, while a clause in the
constitution of Girton provided for Church of England instruction and
services. Finally, the question as to which preliminary and degree
examinations should be preferred by women was still pending.[463] But
when the moment came to hire and build a house of residence, the
advantage was all on the side of Newnham. Work began in a hired house in
the centre of the town with five students, in the October term of
1871.[464] These quarters were too noisy, and Miss Clough, who loved a
garden, found an old house set in a large garden and orchard, with the
historic name of Merton Hall, and moved there in 1872. A supplementary
house in Trumpington Street was taken next year, and there were then in
residence 14 students in Merton Hall, 7 in Trumpington Street, and 8 in
town lodgings. In 1875 Newnham Hall was built on one side of Coe fen and
Newnham Mill, as Peterhouse had been built on the other. So that
Newnham students frequented the streets of Cambridge from the first, and
had their house of residence in the town two years before the sister
community settled at Girton. The founders of Girton had been the first
to ideate a women’s college in connexion with university teaching, but
Newnham was the first college for women to take its place by the side of
the historic colleges in Cambridge.
Let us now retrace our steps for a moment. In March 1868 the North of
England Council memorialised the university to obtain advanced
examinations, and in the following year Cambridge instituted the
examinations for girls over eighteen since known as the Higher Local
Examination. In the autumn of the same year (1869), as we have seen--the
year which saw the establishment of the future Girton community at
Hitchin--the organisation of the Cambridge lectures for women was mooted
under the auspices of Mr. Henry Sidgwick. The first meeting was convened
at the house of Mrs. Fawcett, whose husband was then Professor of
Political Economy at the university, and whose little daughter, the
future senior wrangler, was peacefully cradled at the time in a room
above. The result of this meeting was the formation of a committee of
management consisting of members of the university, and of an executive
committee, and the programme of a course of lectures was printed for the
following Lent term 1870.[465] The original scheme
[Illustration: MERTON HALL
An old house in the Merton Estate district.]
included a students’ house where women from a distance could be lodged.
Two students applied in the autumn term of 1870 for permission to reside
in Cambridge, and were received into private houses in the town.
Meanwhile in response to an appeal, originating with Mrs. Fawcett,
exhibitions of £40 for two years for students attending the lectures had
been given by John Stuart Mill and Helen Taylor, and before the year
closed it was found necessary to open a house of residence. In March
1871 the post of head of a house of residence was offered to Miss Anne
J. Clough.
[Sidenote: Anne Clough.]
We know more about Miss Clough than about any founder or first principal
of a college on which he or she left a personal mark. Of the life and
thoughts of others, with the exception perhaps of Bateman in the xiv
century and Fisher in the xvith, we know singularly little. Anne J.
Clough was born on January 20, 1820, at Liverpool. Through her Newnham
received, what Girton missed, the impress of a strong individuality, now
placed by “great death” at a distance which enables us to focus and
appraise it. Her father’s family was of Welsh origin and traced itself
to that Sir Richard who was agent to the great merchant-adventurer, Sir
Thomas Gresham. To her Yorkshire mother, Anne Perfect, she and her
brother, the poet Arthur Hugh Clough, owed their literary interests. In
appearance she was of middle height and spare--an old woman of that
Victorian epoch in which she was born, out of whose eyes looked the soul
of the twentieth century, and after. She seemed indeed to have two
personalities--the white hair and an uncertain gait typified the one,
but the eyes, very dark and very bright, would lift unexpectedly in the
midst of a conversation, and then the visitor would receive a
revelation; he would see no more the old woman but the woman who must
always be young, the stamp of an inexhaustible energy, that shrewdness
with an unconquerable idealism close behind, an atmosphere about her of
uncouth poetry.
For she was no artist. She had not that which separates the artist from
the man of ideas, or the dreamer, or the seer--expression. No poetical
imagination was ever more tongue-tied. She spoke by actions, and used
words only as indications of thoughts. Her speech was compared by a
former student to the works of early painters, before command over the
material had been obtained, but where “sheer force of character and
feeling had risen over the difficulties.” She was an idealist, but she
could never understand the value of an abstract principle. Her interest
was always in the individual, in the career, and she came to no matter,
to no person, with a store of general principles ready for the case. She
wanted to give women not merely learning, but a life of their own, to
call out interests, to satisfy their individuality. She liked to find in
them many and marked vocations, for she understood the dignity of all
work and had no disdain of common things. She wanted every one to have a
place and an office in life, and must perforce fit the squarest bits
into a round hole, so intolerably pathetic was it to her that they
should have no hole. You could not “hand her the salt or open the door
for her” without receiving “some recognition of your individuality” a
student said of her. This recognition of the individuality of women and
of the human and practical sides of higher intellectual training was her
contribution to the movement in which she took so great a part. And the
contribution was all important.
She had besides a strong belief in the value of academic advantages. It
was in order that some crumbs of things academic might fall to the
teachers in elementary schools, that she arranged the summer meetings
of University Extension Lecture students. Miss dough’s belief in
happiness--in people’s right to happiness--was the source of most
delightful qualities. She had waited, she said, for her own till she was
fifty years old, and it had come to her with Newnham. She insisted on
the little pleasures “which bring joy by the way.” Nothing was too small
to engage her own attention, and her educational qualities lay in
awaking similar interest in others, as her moral disposition led her to
share and so to increase the common stock of interests and supports in
life. And so on the rare occasions when she left the college boundaries
she would recount to the students at her table or in her room all that
had interested her during her absence. She busied herself over the
minutest details of their health or well-being, and finding that two
students made a simple supper upstairs on Sunday, she arrived at the
door carrying a good-sized table, because she had noticed there was none
convenient for the purpose. Newnham was for her a big house, and the
students were grown-up daughters in a delightful family not yet realised
elsewhere, each of whom had her own place in the world, her own personal
life, its rights and liberties. Yet the “head” who habitually intervened
in small college matters (with a total lack of power of organisation,
which in the administration of Newnham she left to others) and who was
frequently agitated and over anxious about them, balanced these things
by a life-long habit of interest in large public affairs, and, what was
more strange, by a very real serenity. She did not think the individual
should be sacrificed to the college, or “to a cause, however good.” She
never lived in a small milieu--even Newnham.
She constantly exercised a simple diplomacy, not divorced from
sympathy--with independent-minded students, with university dons who
viewed Newnham with disfavour, and in generally vain attempts to
conciliate high theory with prudent practice. It was here that her
characteristics sometimes jarred on the early students, among whom were
many ardent spirits, people whose presence there at all was the
consequence of a struggle _à outrance_ with convention and prejudice;
and who resented Miss Clough’s temporising ways, as though the first
maker of Newnham were a backslider in the matter of first principles.
They thought her indirect and timid. She was neither. She had real
courage, not only as her biographer has said “audacity in thought”[466]
but audacity in execution. She was staunch and tenacious, and might be
found taking an individual’s part against the whole college; and whether
the help she gave was moral or financial, no one ever knew of it but
herself. Neither did she always prefer the most brilliant or useful
student, but would take under her wing the apparently most
insignificant. She had no fear of the unusual, though the younger
students thought so, and it was “her indifference to abstract principle”
which made them sometimes judge that she despised ideals. She had also
a singular frankness--a singular directness--when speaking with others
face to face; her important things were said at odd moments, odd moments
were her opportunities. Neither did she compromise; she went all the way
round and came out at the same place. This expedient made it quite
unnecessary to override obstacles, and her aphorism “my dear, you must
go round” was received with hostile scorn by a student seated on the
high horse of abstract considerations. Indeed Miss Clough was not a
fighter in the sense that she could neglect the quantity of others’
feelings: and her desire that people should not be offended was part of
a sympathy, not of a timidity, which could not be conquered. The working
of her mind is shewn in the saying: “If we watch, we may still find a
way to escape”--because to her there was no inevitable where her
sympathies were engaged. Her diplomacy led her to keep her notions to
herself, so that they should not be nipped in the bud by the frost of
hostile criticism.
“My dear, I did wrong” was the disarming reply to a very young student
who asked her “as one woman to another” whether she considered she had
been justified in a certain course of action. Her singleness of
purpose--the absence of all vanity--a complete disinterestedness, shone
on all occasions. Her never failing search after the right course she
once tried to express by saying to a student: “You must remember that I
try to be just but I don’t always succeed”; and she criticised the
performance with complete detachment from the personal equation.[467]
Among the ideas which seethed in her brain was the training of students
as doctors to work among Hindu women; and one of the last things she
interested herself about was a school for girls at Siam. She wanted
teachers trained to teach.[468] She urged students to know at least one
country and one language besides their own. Her liking for new people,
her interest in foreigners, especially in Italians, and in travel, was
part of a spirit of adventure with which she was largely endowed. She
liked old students to go to the colonies, and her interest in such
doings never flagged. Her hold on the xx century was foreshadowed in the
interest she took during the last years in the Norwegians, and in Japan.
She felt very special sympathy with elementary teachers who receive
small encouragement for highly important and difficult work. Even the
monotonous life of the country clergy claimed her attention, as did a
Sunday class for working men inaugurated by one of the students--which
she visited, taking the keenest interest in the handwriting of the men,
in the books they read. Her relations with her servants were always
delightful, and she found time in the midst of a busy life to teach the
Newnham house boy to write.
She sometimes spoke at the college debates, and usually, as a student
remarked, “spoke on both sides.” On college anniversaries she would make
short addresses, and point the connexion of study with
life--“examinations demand concentration, presence of mind, energy,
courage,” qualities which “come into use every day”: or she would tell
students “to bear defeat, and to try again and again”; or she would
quote the American who said we should not complain about things which
can be remedied, or which cannot be remedied; and add: “there is great
strength in these words.”
Her religion was unconventional like her mind; full of aspiration, but
lacking in definiteness. She spoke of it as “a longing towards what is
divine,” as “arising from the contemplation of the divine.” She spoke of
“bringing our hearts into a constant spirit of earnest longing after
what is right” and added in language which discovers the burning thought
and the halting utterance that made strange partnership in her: “There
is no occasion, then, of kneeling down and repeating forms to make
prayers.”
One of the last acts was to preside on February 3, 1892 at a meeting
which recommended the Council to build a college gateway; the gateway
which was to symbolise the concentration of the work--for the public
pathway had just been closed--and the _attollite portas_ to ever fresh
generations of students. Its bronze gates are the old students’ memorial
of her. And on the morning of October 27, 1892, she died, in her room
on the garden at Newnham, looking out at the gathering light of the new
day.
She was buried with the honours of the head of a college, the Provost
and fellows of King’s offering their chapel for the purpose. She lies in
the village church-yard of Grantchester, the _civitatula_ which Bede
describes where the sons of Ely monastery came to fetch the sarcophagus
for S. Etheldreda. So in her death she is not divided from the great
memories which link the history of the university to that of the
movement to which she gave her life.
The first 28 students came into residence in Newnham Hall on October
18th 1875, and found the moment no less thrilling because they
approached the door of their _alma mater_ across planks and unfinished
masonry. More room was at once needed, and “Norwich House” in the town
was hired. In 1879 the Newnham Hall Company and the Association for
promoting the Higher Education of Women[469] amalgamated, and as “the
Newnham College Association for advancing education and learning among
women in Cambridge” built the second, or North Hall. Thus Newnham Hall
became Newnham College. A public pathway led between the two halls, and
this was not closed till 1891; but in 1886 a still larger building,
containing the college hall, was erected, and called Clough Hall, the
original Newnham (“South”) Hall becoming the “Old Hall,” and the North
Hall becoming “Sidgwick Hall.” Lastly the two original halls were joined
by the “Pfeiffer building”[470] and the college gateway in 1893, and in
1897 Mr. and Mrs. Yates Thompson presented a fine library, the pretty
old library of Newnham Hall which had been built in 1882, being
converted into a reading room. The land for the three Halls was
purchased from S. John’s College, the hockey field is on Clare land, and
the total acreage is about ten and a half acres. The college holds 160
students, a few ‘out students’ being affiliated to one or other of the
halls--and consists of a large hall, capable of seating 400 persons, a
smaller hall and reading room in each building, the library, nine
lecture and class rooms, gymnasium, small hospital, chemical laboratory,
and the Balfour laboratory in the town which is a freehold of the
college. The grounds contain two fives courts, lawn tennis courts, and a
hockey ground. In the hall are the portraits of Miss Clough, Professor
and Mrs. Sidgwick, and Miss M. G. Kennedy, as the four people who had
given most of their life work to Newnham.[471]
The fees vary from £30 to £35 a term according to
[Illustration: NEWNHAM COLLEGE, GATEWAY
This shows the east front, and is called the Pfeiffer Building. The
whole of the buildings are in the Queen Anne style, and were designed by
Basil Champneys. The Bronze Gates were placed here as a memorial to Miss
Clough.]
the rooms occupied. The college is governed by a Council, and presided
over by a Principal, Old Hall Sidgwick Hall and Clough Hall having each
a resident vice-principal.[472] Miss Clough hoped to effect a real and
lasting union between the old students and Newnham--that the college
might be the support of the students, and the students of the college.
It was a principle she had always present to her mind, and she herself
did much to realise it. School and college have long bestowed this
advantage on men, which is reinforced by the support men are accustomed
to give to each other; but all this is lacking for the woman who goes
forth into the world to fend for herself. University life might however
do much to supply the want, and it is to be hoped that women will form a
tradition on the point, as men have done. The constitution of the
college at least preserves some part of its first Principal’s idea, old
students have from the first had a share in the government and a place
on the Council.
Candidates for entrance must pass the College Entrance examination (of
the same standard as the university Previous Examination), unless they
have already taken equivalent examinations. The greater number read for
a tripos, but students may follow special lines of study. As to its
university successes--the first tripos to be taken was the Moral
Sciences (1874), and here Newnham students at once obtained the highest
honours.[473] In 1876 Sir George Humphry,[474] as one of the examiners
for the Natural Sciences tripos, when he met his fellow examiners said
“I don’t know, gentlemen, who your first is, but my first is a man
called Ogle.” The man called Ogle was a Newnham student.[475] In 1883
first classes were obtained in the Second Part of the Classical tripos,
but Newnham waited till 1885 for its two first wranglers. In 1890 the
University Calendar inserts in its Mathematical tripos list: “P. G.
Fawcett, above the Senior Wrangler.” Miss Fawcett obtained (it was
reported) several hundred marks above the university senior wrangler
Bennett of John’s. It is customary to ring the bell of Great S. Mary’s
in honour of this _enfant gaté_ of Cambridge university; but Mr. Bennett
stopped the ringing, and a bonfire at Newnham celebrated the occasion.
In the History tripos two Firsts were obtained in 1879, and this tripos
has frequently been duplicated with another--the Moral Sciences, Modern
Languages, Mathematical, Classical, or Law. The first woman to take the
two historic triposes, mathematical and classical, together, was Miss E.
M. Creak in 1875. The first examinations in the Medieval and Modern
Languages tripos were passed in 1886, 1887, and 1888, when Firsts were
obtained, and 30% of first classes have been taken in this tripos.
Newnham has indeed been remarkable from the beginning for the number of
its first class honours in the university lists.
[Sidenote: Former Newnham students.]
There have been 880 honour students, and the total number of past and
present students is 1600.[476] Like the Girtonians, old Newnhamites are
to be found engaged in all kinds of work and in every corner of the
world, and like Girton they have their large share of the teachers in
the County and High schools of the country; the towns which are perhaps
most conspicuous for the number of Cambridge ‘graduates’ being Norwich,
Exeter, Cambridge, and Birmingham. Among the mathematicians one is
lecturer on Physics in the London School of Medicine for Women, another
is mathematical lecturer at the Cambridge Training College, a third is
warden of the House for Women Students at Liverpool, a fourth (who took
the Natural Sciences as a second tripos) is senior physician in a Bombay
hospital. Others are lecturers in the Civil Service Department of King’s
College London, and others again are teaching in Toronto, Cape Town, the
Training College of Cape Colony, in Nova Scotia, the diocesan school at
Lahore, and at an Indian mission school; one is assistant investigator
in the Labour Department of the Board of Trade, another who was
secretary for secondary education in the Transvaal is now Chief
Assistant on the Education Committee (Executive Office) of the L.C.C.
The classics are engaged as classical tutors in Columbia University, in
Trinity College Melbourne, at Mysore, and Cape Colony, at the Girls’
High school at Poona, and as lecturers on history in University College
Cardiff, on Method in the Chancery Lane Training school of the L.C.C.,
as assistant to the Professor of Humanity at Aberdeen, and as members of
the educational committees of the Staffordshire County Council and
Newcastle Town Council. The moralists have posts as lecturers at
Newnham, as Mistress of Method at University College Bristol, and in the
training department of the government school for girls at Cairo, as
member of the Chiswick education committee, and as sub-warden of the
Women’s University Settlement at Southwark; and a senior moralist was
first Principal of the Training College Cambridge. The natural
scientists lecture on physiology in the London School of Medicine, on
chemistry in Holloway College, are to be found in the geological
research department of Birmingham University, as Quain student of botany
in University College London, and as assistant demonstrator in geology
to the Woodwardian professor at Cambridge. One is in Bloemfontein, one
is sanitary inspector at Hampstead, another assistant curator of the
museum at Cape Town, and another in the missionary
[Illustration: THE GRANARY ON THE CAM
Coe Fen is on the left, and Prof. George Darwin’s House on the right of
the Granary. This view is taken close to Queens’ College.]
school at Tokio; and a daughter of a late master of S. John’s is a
market gardener. The historical students are to be found teaching in New
Zealand, Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, and Winnipeg, lecturing in English
literature in Birmingham University, assisting the Professor of
Education and assistant secretary in the faculty of commerce and
administration in Manchester University, Principal of S. Margaret’s Hall
Dublin, of the Cambridge Training College, of the Diocesan school at
Lahore, of the missionary school at Kobé, Japan, superintendent of the
women students in University College Bangor, and on the Education
committee of the Somerset County Council. The Medieval and Modern
Languages students are to be found as tutor and lecturer in French at
University College Bristol, as readers in German at Bryn Mawr College
Philadelphia, lecturers in English and French at Holloway College,
mistress of the Ladies’ College Durban, and of the convent school
Cavendish Square. Teaching in Queen’s College Barbadoes, in Londonderry,
Brecon, and Guernsey (Newnham and Girton students are to be found in
both the Channel Islands), Vice-principal of the Samuel Morley Memorial
College London, and, not least interesting, lecturer at the University
Extension College Exeter. One is assistant librarian of the Acton
library Cambridge, another almoner of King’s College hospital, and a
third is on the Education committee of the Gateshead County borough
Council. Among the 658 who have not taken triposes,[477] among the
usual number of principalships and head and assistant mistress-ships of
schools and colleges, we find old students lecturing in History at the
Women’s College Baltimore, demonstrating in Physics at Bryn Mawr College
Philadelphia, lecturer at Smith College Northampton U.S.A., Professor at
Wellesley College Massachusetts, tutor at Owens College Manchester, head
of the Presbyterian school Calcutta, head mistress of the Church
Missionaries’ High school Agra, warden of the Women’s University
Settlement Southwark (and ex-vice-principal of Newnham College), and
Principal of Alexandra College, Dublin (_LL.D._ of Dublin _honoris
causa_). One is clinical assistant at the Royal Free hospital, another
is in the superintendent’s office at Guy’s, a third is a physician at
Newcastle-on-Tyne and member of the County borough Education committee.
There is a lecturer in botany at Holloway, the director of a lyceum at
Berlin, a teacher and superintendent of a class for blind women
(Association for the Welfare of the Blind), a clerk to London
university, a member of the council of Queen’s College London, and the
secretary of the Association of University Women Teachers. These old
students are also to be found in Toronto, the West Indies, Vancouver,
New South Wales, New Zealand, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Johannesburg,
North China, New York, and Christiania; and on the Education committees
of the Dorset, Herefordshire, and West Sussex County Councils, on the
Croydon Education committee, and lecturing on English literature and on
classical archaeology.
A large number of students take the tripos with a view to tuition, with
which the above lists are, as we see, mainly concerned; but an account
of the literary output of Newnham students is in course of preparation.
Newnham has formed a collegiate character which is partly due to
elements in its original constitution, partly to its first principal,
and partly to its physical vicinity to the university. To take the last
first. The college has always benefited by what one of the professors
once described to the present writer as “the life of the university
passing through it.” It was not only this proximity, but the fact that
Newnham was the product of the interest taken by university men in the
advanced education of women--(Girton of a just and fully justified claim
to university education made by women for women)--which made the
acquirement of this character easier: and Newnham has in a marked degree
the character of the university which harbours it--its cult of solid
learning, its width and range, the absence of all pretentiousness, of
that which every man and woman educated at Cambridge abhors as
“priggishness.” The delightful informality of Newnham and the liking for
simple appearances is already outlined in the first Principal’s views
about the scheme and the new building; “nothing elaborate or costly” is
wanted: “The simple Cambridge machinery will be found all the better and
all the more lasting because it suggested itself so very naturally, and
almost, so to speak, created itself. It is all the better for a college,
as for other institutions, when it is not made, but grows.”[478] And
Newnham was not made but has grown, grown “very naturally” out of the
“simple machinery” first designed for it; has “created itself” because
these simple elements suggested the way and the means of growth. There
is no chapel at Newnham, all sorts and conditions of men have always
been found there, and have worshipped God their own way--“not on this
mountain, nor in Jerusalem.” Old students sit at its council board, and
come up to read in the Long Vacation. Miss Clough governed without
rules, in conditions which were not then normal--which were thought
indeed to be so abnormal that no company of women could venture to
accept them.
If the enthusiasm expended over the two colleges by those who did most
for them--the anxiety when things seemed to go wrong, the rejoicing when
they went right--be remembered best by those who experienced it, it has
had its enduring result in the
[Illustration: GRANTCHESTER MILL
This picturesque old mill is on the upper river about two miles from
Cambridge, and is a favourite rendezvous of boating parties. The walk
from Cambridge to this mill is by ‘Varsity men called the Grantchester
Grind’. The famous Byron’s Pool is just below the mill.]
movement itself. For nothing great is born without enthusiasm, and this
was one of the greatest movements of the century. The lecturers--those
“trained and practised teachers” who as an original prospectus declared
“were willing to extend the sphere of their instruction“--took no fees,
or returned them for several years as a donation to Newnham. Miss Clough
not only took no stipend as Principal but helped the college with money;
Dr. and Mrs. Sidgwick, in addition to financial help of every kind, gave
up their home in Chesterton and lived in three rooms at the “North Hall”
of which Mrs. Sidgwick became vice-principal; and here Miss Helen
Gladstone, Gladstone’s unmarried daughter, acted as her secretary. Miss
M. G. Kennedy has been honorary secretary of the college since 1875,
Mrs. Bonham-Carter its honorary treasurer and Mr. Hudson its honorary
auditor. It may fairly be said of Newnham also, that it is partly the
outcome of the enthusiastic loyalty of its first students, who have
since taken so large a share in its welfare.[479]
[Sidenote: The “Graces” of 1881.]
In the Lent term of 1881 there happened the greatest event in the
history of the women’s university movement. Three “Graces” were proposed
to the Senate (_a_) should women be entitled to examination in the
triposes (_b_) to a certificate of the place won (_c_) to the insertion
of their names, after that of the men, in all tripos lists, with a
specification of the corresponding place attained by them in the men’s
list? On the eve of the day fixed for the vote--February 24th--the vicar
of Little S. Mary’s church and a Mr. Potts announced that they would
_non-placet_ the ‘graces,’ and as the day dawned some believed that
their recruits would swamp the vote. On the same evening Mr. John
Hollond, late M.P. for Brighton, was differently engaged in the House of
Commons getting members to promise to share in a special train which was
to take them to the university by two o’clock to record their votes, and
get them back to their places by four when there was to be an important
division in the House.[480] The students of Girton and Newnham crowded
the roof of the latter college to watch for the pre-arranged signal--a
handkerchief tied to the whip of a student who rode along the “Backs”
from the Senate House carrying the news. The vote in favour of the
Graces had been 398 to 32, and when it was declared the venerable Dr.
Kennedy, the distinguished headmaster of Shrewsbury school and at that
time Regius Professor of Greek,[481] waved his cap under the eyes of the
vice-chancellor like any schoolboy. The loyal friends now came hurrying
up to Newnham, one by one, Henry Sidgwick, Miss Emily Davies, Professor
Cayley (first president of the College Council) Mr. Archer-Hind, Mr.
(now Dr.) J. N. Keynes, and received an ovation from those whose
battles they had fought to such a successful issue: and if one of the
seniors of the university became a boy in his delight, another
Johnian[482] did not fail to cover himself with glory by his verses in
imitation of Macaulay’s Lay of Horatius, in which “Father Varius” and
his friends hold the bridge against progress:
Then out spake Father Varius
No craven heart was his:
‘To pollmen and to wranglers
Death comes but once, I wis.
And how can man live better,
Or die with more renown,
Than fighting against Progress
For the rights of cap and gown?’
The anniversary has since been kept at Newnham as “Commemoration” day:
and if one touch were needed to complete it it would be found in Miss
Clough’s reminder to the students that they commemorate not only what
women gained that day, but what the university gave that day. There was
an amusing sequel to the vote: the official charged with the preparation
of the university certificates consulted a confidential clerk as to the
colour of the knot of ribbon which is attached to the university
seal--“Don’t you think blue--the university colour?” he hazarded; but
was met by the prompt and horrified rejoinder “blue stockings, sir, blue
stockings!” So the colour is green.
[Sidenote: Social life.]
Except under special circumstances the age for admission at Newnham and
Girton is 18. Students’ quarters at Newnham consist, in most cases, of a
bed-sitting room; at Girton each student has a sitting room with a small
bedroom leading from it. The necessary furniture is supplied, and can be
supplemented according to taste by the student. All students must be
within college boundaries by 7 o’clock (but with permission they can be
out till 11) and are “marked in” two or three times a day, the chief
occasion being the 7 o’clock “hall.” Girton and Newnham students, if no
other lady is to be present, can only visit men’s rooms accompanied by
some senior of the college. Visits of men to students’ rooms are not
permitted, except in the case of fathers and brothers; but a student
cannot ask her brother to her room to meet her college friends, for as
Miss Clough observed “the brother of one is not the brother of all.”
Careful supervision with large liberty and an atmosphere which
encourages the students to make themselves the trustees of the rules,
characterise both colleges; and women students, as Miss Davies has
pointed out, carry on their university life without being subject to the
proctorial control which is found necessary in the case of men.
In the early days it required some independence of character to
encounter the gibes and the wonder which women’s life at the university
aroused outside it. People who did not know what a “divided skirt” was,
undertook to affirm that all Girtonians wore them: at Newnham some
unconventionality in dress was amply concealed by the general dowdiness
of the early Newnhamite. The dreaded eccentricities in conduct or
clothes would not indeed have killed the movement; and the authorities
did not allow this dread to paralyse the quality of mercy, so that there
was in fact small justification for the witty suggestion of a Newnham
student that “Mrs. Grundy rampant and two Newnham students couchant”
would make appropriate armorial bearings for the college. Nevertheless,
as a concession to human weakness, smoking was not, and still is not,
tolerated.
Both colleges hold debates in the great hall and also inter-collegiate
and inter-university debates. Here are some of the subjects discussed:
“Is half a loaf better than no bread?” “That we spend too much” (lost).
“That the best education offered to our grandmothers was more adequate
than that offered by the High Schools of to-day” (lost). The most
important society at Newnham, however, is the Political Debating
Society, and the lively and absorbing interest in politics shown
nowadays by the college is in striking contrast to the general
indifference to politics at Girton. This year (1906) in an
inter-university debate (Oxford and Newnham) the motion “That this house
approves Chamberlain’s conception of empire” resulted in a ‘draw.’ Most
of the students of both colleges are members of the Women’s University
Southwark Settlement, to which they subscribe. There is a Sunday Society
and two musical societies in addition to the original Choral Society at
Newnham, and societies in connexion with each of the triposes take the
place of the select “Jabberwock” and “Sunday Reading Society” of earlier
days. The great indoor institution at both colleges is the students’
party at 10 p.m. known at Newnham as the “Cocoa.” Two to four is the
chief recreation hour, and there are college, inter-collegiate, and
inter-university hockey, fives, cricket, tennis, and croquet matches.
One of the first conveniences provided at Newnham was its gymnasium,
where in the early days of the college a senior moralist might be seen
leaping over the back of a student who had just been “ploughed” in the
divinity of the “Little-Go,” and a series of reverend seigniors would
engage in a hopping match round the room led by the youngest “first
year” who was an acknowledged expert in the art.
The public of a generation ago imagined that
[Illustration: MADINGLEY WINDMILL
This old ruin is on a hill near Madingley, about four miles from
Cambridge. A great sweep of Fen Country is seen in the far distance. The
long range of red buildings in the middle distance is Girton College. On
a clear day Ely Cathedral can be seen from the left of the windmill.]
learned women would not marry and that men would specially ‘fight shy’
of taking to wife women who had done the same work as themselves. It may
therefore be recorded that the first Newnham student to take a tripos,
who was also the first lecturer appointed at Newnham Hall, married the
professor of Political Economy, and that they wrote a book on that
subject together. That the first classical lecturer at Newnham married a
well-known classic and classical tutor of his college (Trinity); that
the next Moral Sciences lecturer married the distinguished psychologist
who is now professor of Mental Philosophy; that the first historical
lecturer, Ellen Wordsworth Crofts, married Darwin’s biologist son Mr.
Francis Darwin; and that the first woman to come out senior classic (a
Girtonian) married the Master of Trinity College, himself senior classic
of his year.
Writing about the proposed Bedford College for women, in 1848, Frederick
Denison Maurice had declared that “The least bit of knowledge that is
knowledge must be good, and I cannot conceive that a young lady can feel
her mind in a more dangerous state than it was because she has gained
one truer glimpse into the conditions under which the world in which it
has pleased God to place her actually exists.” So “ambitious” a name as
“college” for a girls’ academy had a novel sound “to English ears.”
To-day the words which excuse and explain its use sound strange and
antiquated in ours. Many of the things about which men have fought and
borne the heat of long days will seem incredible to posterity, and the
refusal of a ‘college’ or of university education to women will no doubt
be among them. No one else, nevertheless, had given to women the
opportunity they wanted when Cambridge gave it. Cambridge returned
affirmative answers to each request as it was preferred--in 1863, in
1865, in 1870, and in 1880 when in reply to a memorial signed by 8600
persons praying that the Senate would “grant to properly qualified women
the right of admission to the examinations for university degrees, and
to the degrees conferred according to the result of such examinations,”
the Syndicate appointed to consider it returned the memorable answer:
“The Syndicate share the desire of the memorialists that the advantage
of academic training may be secured to women and that the results of
such training may be authoritatively tested and certified.”[483] The
irony of history required that this memorial, which led to the granting
of the Graces, should be rolled and unrolled over the drawing room
carpet of a vice-chancellor known to be hostile to the movement. Forty
years after F. D. Maurice had penned the words already quoted women had
come out at the head of the list in each of the principal triposes. The
most striking instance of the misjudgment which it is possible to make
about things simply because custom has allowed no one to try them,
occurred at the dinner table of friends of the present writer when the
late Professor Fawcett, in urging the claims of women to university
education, said: “I don’t say that a woman would ever be senior
wrangler, but women would take very good places.” His daughter was to be
the first senior wrangler: but at no other period of English history
would the comparison have been possible by which a parent could test
such capacities in his own child. After this it is not surprising that
lesser men were unable to gauge the unused powers of half the race; and
when one spirited person declared he had no objection whatever to women
competing with men but that he considered the air of Cambridge would not
be beneficial to them, the argument was as reasonable as any other.
[Sidenote: Character and choice of work.]
As to the character of the work in which women do best. It had been said
that they would not do well in “abstract” subjects. The tripos in which
they have taken the highest distinction is the Moral Sciences,[484]
where they have been at the top of the list or alone in the First Class
five times, provoking Punch’s cartoon in the ‘eighties’ of a girl
graduate entering a first class railway carriage marked “For Ladies
only.” Their best work has been done in pure mathematics, and, agreeing
in this with the men, it is these subjects which they choose for the
Second Part of the tripos. In choice of subject the order is as follows
(_a_) Mathematics (_b_) Classics (_c_) History (_d_) Natural Sciences
(_e_) Languages (_f_) Moral Sciences. The scale of success has been
highest in Moral Sciences, then in (_b_) Languages (_c_) Natural
Sciences (_d_) Classics (_e_) History (_f_) Mathematics.[485] The
classical and mathematical triposes lead to those general tuitional
posts for which so many women seek a university education; the languages
tripos is easier for those women who go up without the usual school
preparation; while the lower places in the history tripos do duty for
that “ordinary degree” which is not open to women. It is therefore in
the moral and natural sciences that there is distinct evidence of
choice of subject: the proportion of women who take the former is
overwhelmingly greater than the proportion of men,[486] and the taste of
women for the natural sciences is as marked, a fact which might have
been foreseen by those who watched the signs of the times many years
ago.
[Sidenote: The degree.]
The refusal of the degree, of the magic letters _B.A._ and _M.A._, to
women, need not be discussed here. That women have the same use for the
degree as men is obvious; that it strains their alleged liking for
self-sacrifice too far to suggest that they prefer to forgo the
legitimate rewards of their work, not less so; and it should not be
regarded either as satisfactory or logical that when they do the same
work the men only should have the recompense. Dublin university has just
offered an _ad eundem_ degree to all women who had qualified themselves
for the degree at Cambridge or Oxford--187 have taken the _B.A._, 121
the _M.A._, and three have become doctors of letters or science. The
credit of this act belongs to the gallant Irishman, and the coffers of
Dublin university have thus been enriched, very warrantably, at the
expense of the impoverished coffers of Cambridge which sent the far
larger number of graduates.[487]
We have moved step by step from the cautious recommendation of the
university that the names of the young girls examined for the Local
Examination should not appear, and that no class lists should be
published (1865) and the informal examination for the triposes, when for
nine years (until 1881) the examiners in the classical tripos “objected
to state” what class had been attained, to the present state of things
when all the “publicity and intrusion” dreaded forty years back in the
case of little girls being examined somewhere privately in the same town
as little boys, is annually given to hundreds of women in the highest
examination in the country in the midst of the university. There had
been prophets who opined that under these circumstances Cambridge would
be deserted by the other sex. Visions of the halls of Trinity and John’s
empty and forsaken, while Girton and Newnham poured forth a ceaseless
flow of undergraduates disturbed the sleep of these prophets and seemed
worth putting on record in their waking moments. No sooner were the
Local Examinations opened to girls in 1865 than the number of boys
entered rose from 629 to 1217;[488] and the largest entry of
undergraduates on record was that of this present year 1906-7. What has
happened? Has a robuster generation of undergraduates arisen, or were
the undergraduates of the “seventies” and “eighties” simply maligned?
[Sidenote: The status of women students at Cambridge and Oxford.]
As between the two ancient universities Cambridge remains the pioneer in
the education of women. The examinations are open to women at Oxford,
but the same restrictions as to preliminaries and residence are not
imposed.[489] It is, however, by the restrictions imposed that Cambridge
has established the position of its women students. It has thus bound
itself to compare the work of all tripos students irrespective of sex.
While at Oxford there is no university recognition of the status of the
candidate or of her hall, and no university certificate of the place
obtained, Girton and Newnham are recognised colleges at Cambridge; the
name of the successful candidate followed by that of the college is read
aloud in the Senate House and published on the Senate House door; and
only students presented by these colleges are admitted to the university
examinations, as is the case with men. Girton and Newnham each owe
something to the other. Newnham to Girton in the collegiate status now
enjoyed by both, Girton to Newnham because the considerable advantages
accruing to women students through proximity to Cambridge have been
reflected on the sister college. Each displayed a boldness distinctively
its own which has been the main source of the success of the movement:
Newnham planted her house of students in the university town, Girton
asked to follow the same curriculum as men; and these two things have
had a mutually favourable reaction ever since.
Index
OF
Names of Persons and of Cambridge Families referred to in the Text
_chr._ = chancellor, _v.-c._ = vice-chancellor, _proc._ = proctor (of
the university), _M._ = master (of a college), _abp._ = archbishop,
_bp._ = bishop.
Acre, Joan d’, 64 _n._, 298
Acton, 1st lord, professor, 192, (quoted) 99
Adams, Prof. John Couch, 126, 172 _n._, 191, 291, 318 _n._, 329 _n._,
Mrs., 329 _n._,
Sir T., founder of chair of Arabic, 190
Addenbrooke, Dr. John, 115
Agnes, daughter of Philip the tailor [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 42, 43
Aidan, S., 2
Airy, G. B., prof., 139, 172 _n._, 191, 291
Albert Pr. Consort, chr., 113
Alcock, 347 _n._
John, bp. of Ely, 76, 150, 152, 259, 260,
his arms on the watergate of Coe fen, 57 _n._,
probably a Peterhouse man, _ibid._,
a pluralist, 63,
chancellor of England, 76 _n._,
obtains dissolution of nunnery from Alex. VI., 115, 271,
founds Jesus, 115,
restores the church of S. Rhadegund, 116,
his gateway at Jesus, 141,
scope of his foundation, 153,
its dedication, 319 _n._,
friend of the new learning, 270
Alcuin, 1, 2, 172, 252, 254 _n._
Aldrich, 306, 308
Robert, bp., 105, 174 _n._,
Thos., Puritan M. of Corpus, 276
Alexander VI., 78, 115, 271
Alfred, 8, 252, 254 _n._
Alfred of Beverley, 3
Alley, Wm., bp. of Exeter, 106
Andrewes, Lancelot, bp. of Ely & Winchester, M. of Pembroke,
74, 189 _n._, 259, 273, 280, 282, 354 _n._
Anjou, see _Margaret of_
Anna, king of the East Angles, 311 _n._
Anne, queen, visits Cambs., 113,
Jacobites there in her reign, 267
Anselm, S., 101 _n._
Antony of Padua, S., 23 _n._
Arthur, Prince (duke of Brittany), 295
Arthur, Prince (Tudor), 176 _n._
Arundel, abp., 29, 58, 235 _n._, 269,
Wm. FitzAlan, earl of, 75
Ascham, Roger, 3, 126, 173, 174, 175 _n._, 207,
243, 253, 254 _n._, 281, 283, 360
Athelstan, 32, 87 _n._
Audley, 296, 297, 298
Thos., Ld., founder of Magdalene Coll. 76, 129, 150, (quoted), 129,
pedigree, 300, 301
Audrey, S., see _Etheldreda_
Augustine, S., of Canterbury, 2
Austen, Jane, 257
Babington, 296, 302
abbot of Bury, 302,
Prof. C. C., 329 _n._,
Henry, v.-c., 205 _n._, 302,
Humphrey, Dr., 302
Bacon, 244, 296, 302
Francis, lord, 3, 85, 137, 139, 215, 218 _n._, 244,
253, 254 _n._, 255, 256, 258, 281, 282, 285, 290, 302, 303, 308,
Sir Nicholas, 83, 85, 106 _n._, 107, 244, 302,
Thos., M. of Gonville, 302
Badew, Ric. de, chr., 64, 64 _n._, 150, 152
Baker, Dr. Philip, v.-c., 106 _n._, 142,
Thos., historian of S. John’s (1656-1740), 126, 215
Bale, John, bp. of Ossory, 16 _n._, 20, 20 _n._, 116, 245, 258
Balfour, Frank, prof., 329 _n._
Ball, Sir Wm., Royal Soc., 283
Balsham, Hugh de, bp. of Ely, 15, 27, 29, 30, 54, 55, 76, 150, 192 _n._
His judgment cited, 6 _n._, 28 _n._, 203,
limits archidiaconal authority in university, 14, 28, 37,
design to graft secular scholars on the canons’
house of S. John, 38, 55, 122-123,
founds Peterhouse, 55-6, 62,
his motives for so doing, 62,
leaves money to build a hall, 56,
leaves his books to the college, 58, 138 _n._,
scope of foundation, 153, 154,
sides with de Montfort, 260,
S. Simon Stock his contemporary, 325,
see _general index_
Bancroft, abp., 99, 116, 118, 259
Bardenay, John de, prior of Benedictine students, 128 _n._
Barnes, prior, 22, 272, 275
Baro, Peter, 60, 280
Barrow, Isaac, prof., 60 _n._, 139, 170, 191, 225, 263
Bassett, 44, 110 _n._, 292, 296, 306, 307 _n._, 347 _n._
Alan (quoted), 68 _n._,
John, 306,
Philip, chief justice 44,
William, proc. 19, 306
Bateman, Wm. bp. of Norwich, 76, 150, 152, 153, 259, 330.
Changes character of Gonville statutes, 67,
Gonville’s executor, 78, 83,
Edw. III.’s ambassador, 79,
founds Trinity Hall, 79,
motives of the foundation, _ibid._,
founds the library, 80,
obtains licences for the 2 college chapels, 109 _n._,
Ely hostel conveyed to him, 127,
Norwich monks come to Cambs. during his episcopate, 128 _n._, 143 _n._
Bateson, Wm., M. of S. John’s, 329 _n._,
Mrs., 329 _n._
Beauchamp, 150 _n._
Eleanor dss. of Somerset, 299,
Margaret dss. of Somerset, 299, 305 _n._
Beaufort, 262, 292, 294, 296-97
Anna, sister to Ly. Margaret, 308 _n._,
Henry, Cardinal, scholar of Peterhouse, 58 _n._, 59, 106, 259, 260, 262,
Thos. duke of Exeter, 58 _n._, 156
Beaumont, 202, 297 _n._
Charles, 62,
Francis (the dramatist), 257, 306,
Joseph, M. of Peterhouse, 62,
Dr. Robt. v.-c., 302
Bede, 2, 5, 5 _n._, 10, 10 _n._, 172, 252, 254 _n._
Behn, Mrs. Afra, early novelist, 258
Beket, Thos. à, educated at Merton priory, 44 _n._
Benedict XI., 143 _n._, 144 _n._,
XII. 127, 144 _n._
Benjamin the Jew, his house in Cambridge, 21 _n._
Benson, abp., confers Lambeth degree, 194 _n._
Bentley, 347 _n._
Ric., 126, 135, 139, 174, 175 _n._, 176, 191, 219 _n._, 245
Betham, Edw., fellow of King’s, his letter to Cole, 212
Beverley, John of, 2, 172
Bill, Wm., bp., v.-c., 139, 274 _n._
Billingford, Ric., chr., 205 _n._
Bilney, Thos., 80, 275, 275 _n._
Bingham, 347 _n._, & see _Byngham_
Blomfield, bp., 239
Blount, Chas., the deist, 279
Bodichon, Barbara L. S., 317 _n._, 318 _n._, 319, 320, 327 _n._
Boleyn, 102 _n._
Anne, 102, 102 _n._,
Henry, 102 _n._,
Wm., 102 _n._
Bolingbroke, Ld., the deist, 279
Bonham-Carter, Mrs., 347
Boniface IX., 204
Bonner, bp., 273 _n._
Bonney, T. G., 318 _n._, 329 _n._
Booth, Laurence, abp., chr., 74, 76 _n._, 154, 260, 347 _n._
Boquel, Lucien, 329 _n._
Bossuet, has Sherlock for opponent, 60
Bottlesham, John de, bp. of Rochester, M. of Peterhouse (1397-1400), 58
Bowling, E. W., 349, 349 _n._
Boyle, earl of Cork, 85, 260,
Robt., Royal Soc., 284
Bradford, John, 75, 275
Bramhall, Protestant abp. of Armagh, 147
Brandon, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 301
Charles, 1st & 3rd dukes of Suffolk 106,
Henry, 2nd duke 106
Brantingham, bp., 27
Braybrooke, see _Neville_
Brodrick, abp., 66
Brontë, Charlotte & Emily, 257
Brooke, see _Greville_
Brown, Ford Madox, 57 _n._
Browne, Robert, of Corpus, 278, 303,
Sir Thos., letter to, from Christ’s, Coll., 180,
Sir Wm., 61, 245, 260, 268
Browning, Robert, 251
Brownrigg, Ralph, bp., M. of Catherine’s, v.-c., 115, 264
Bruce, Robert, 69
Bryan, 302
Augustine, 175 _n._,
John, 174 _n._
Bucer, Martin, 60
Buckingham, see _Stafford & Villiers_
Buckle, H. T., 251
Bullock, 347 _n._
Henry, v.-c., 111, 170 _n._, 174 _n._
Bunyan, 251, 253, 254 _n._
Burgh, de, 291, 292, 293, 296, 297
Elizabeth de, see _Clare_,
Elizabeth jnr., _domina Claræ_, dss. of Clarence,
95, 295 _n._, 297 _n._, 298,
Hubert, earl of Kent, 293, 295, 298,
John, chr., 203 _n._, 293,
John, bp. of Ely, 293,
John, 3rd earl of Ulster, 64 _n._, 293, 298,
Ric. 2nd earl of Ulster, the ‘red earl’, 64 _n._, 320 _n._,
Ric. ‘the great earl of Clanricarde’, 301,
Thos., 293,
William, last earl of Ulster, 297 _n._, 298
Burke, Edmund, 268, 309
Burleigh, see _Cecil_
Burn, Rev. R., 318 _n._
Burnet, bp. (quoted), 284 _n._
Buss, Miss, 335 _n._
Butler, bp., 251
Butler ‘of Cambridge,’ 260
Butts, Sir Wm., _M.D._, 296
Byng, Thos. v.-c., 180 _n._
Byngham, 306, 307 _n._
Thos. 1st M. of Pembroke 306,
Wm., founder of God’s House 117 _n._, 150, 153,
165 _n._, 306, (quoted) 165 _n._,
Wm. proc. 306
Byron, lord, 139, 163, 255, 308, (quoted) 7, 182 _n._
Caedmon, 2
Caesar, 4
Caius or Keys, John, 151, 152, 260, 281,
founds Caius, 78, 141, 142,
President of College of Physicians, 141,
Principal of Physwick hostel, 141,
studies in Italy, 141,
lives with Vesalius, 141,
lectures in London on anatomy, 142,
the first English anatomist, 142,
his influence on Cambridge, 167, 179,
scope of his foundation, 153, 154,
an eminent classic, 142, 174 _n._,
lectures at Padua on Greek, 174,
opposes the new pronunciation of Greek, 177 _n._,
Master of Gonville & Caius, 142,
antiquary & historian of the university, 142,
his care for sanitation, 142,
his inscription on foundation stone & his epitaph in Caius chapel, 142,
clings to Catholicism, 142, 180, 180 _n._
Cambridge, earls of, 36 _n._,
family of, 294,
Sir John de, 24 _n._, 132,
prior John of, 261,
Ric. earl of, 36 _n._, 295, 295 _n._, 296,
Ric. earl of, & of Ulster, Lord of Clare 295 _n._,
see _York, duke of_
Cantaber, 4, 20 _n._
Canterbury, abp. of, see _Bancroft_, _Cranmer_,
_Grindal_, _Langton_, _Parker_, _Bancroft_,
_Sumner_, _Tenison_, _Tillotson_, _Whitgift_, _Whittlesey_
Cantilupe, Nicholas, 20, 20 _n._
Canute, 10
Capranica, Card., 230
Carlisle, bp. of,
see _Aldrich_, _Close_, _Goodwin_, _Law_, _May_, _Percy_ & _Scrope_
Carlyle, Thos., 140
Carr, Nicholas, 175 _n._
Cartwright, Thos., 276, 277, 347 _n._
Castle-Bernard, a Cambridge name, 292 _n._
Castlereagh, viscount, 126, 260
Catherine of Alexandria, S., 114
Catherine of Aragon, 114, 121
Cave, Wm., 126
Cavendish, 294, 302, 303
Henry, the scientist, 59, 303,
Lord John, 302,
Sir John de, chr., 203, 260, 302,
Wm., M. of Peterhouse, 302,
Mary, countess of Shrewsbury, benefactor of S. John’s, 124, 125,
Spencer, 8th duke of Devonshire, chr. 205,
Thos., the circumnavigator, 282
Caxton, 75, 99, 112
Cayley, Prof., 139, 172 _n._, 329 _n._, 348
Cecil, 296, 302, 303
Wm. lord Burleigh, chr., 126, 215, 260, 282, 303,
Thos. earl of Exeter, chr., 303,
Robert earl of Salisbury, chr., 126, 260, 282, 303,
lady Dorothy (see _Neville_),
lady Mildred, 313 _n._,
Mr. Cecil, moderator, 303,
‘Cecil at the castle’ [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 42 _n._, 292
Chantrey (quoted), 137
Chapman, Geo. (dramatist), 257
Charlemagne, 2
Charles I., 113, 263, 264 _n._
Charles II., 113
Charles V., Emperor,
Pole’s letter to 121,
(quoted) 129 _n._
Chatham, lord, 268,
(quoted) 74 _n._
Chatillon, 69, 296, 297
Marie de, see _Valence_, Gaucher de, 1st Comte de Saint-Paul, 295, 296,
Guy de, 69, 299,
Walter de, 69,
pedigree of, 299
Chaucer, 3, 88, 89, 252, 254 _n._, 255, 256
Cheke, Sir John, first Professor of Greek, fellow
of S. John’s, 105, 126, 174, 175 _n._,
177 _n._, 191, 207 _n._, 281, 303
Chester, Gastrell, bp. of, 193
Chesterfield, Philip 4th earl of, 80, 260
Chillingworth, Wm., 278, 279, 286 _n._
Clare, 292-293, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 320,
pedigree of, 298
Elizabeth de 64, _n._, 67, 95, 151 _n._, 152,
293, 295, 296, 297, 312, 320 _n._, 325 _n._
Benefactor to Austin priory at Stoke Clare, 22 _n._, 293,
founds Clare, 64-5,
conveyance to her of the _domus universitatis_, 65 _n._,
her statutes quoted, 67-8,
scope of foundation, 153, 154,
founds Greyfriars of Walsingham, 293,
sends timber to King’s Hall, 293, (quoted) 64 _n._, 86 _n._, 201,
lineage, 64 _n._, 150, 299,
pedigree of, 298
Gilbert de (temp. Conquest), 292,
Gilbert earl of Hertford & Glouc. (_ob._ 1229), 292, 298,
Gilbert ‘the red’ (father of the founder of Clare), 40, 44,
64 _n._, 298,
Gilbert earl of Glouc. (killed 1314), 65, 151 _n._, 298
Richard, earl of Glouc., 22 _n._, 292-3, 298,
Richard de, abbot of Ely, 298,
Richard, 2nd earl of, 320 _n._
Clarence, Elizabeth dss. of,
see _de Burgh_,
George duke of, 111,
Lionel duke of, 94, 95, 295 _n._, 297 _n._, 298
Clarentia, Philippa de, 298
Clark, 308
J. W. 8, 31, 32, 44,
Rev. W. G. 318
Clarke, Robert, 179,
Samuel, 144, 279
Clarkson, Thos., 126, 253 _n._, 269
Clerk, Sir Francis, 152
Clerk Maxwell, Jas., first Cavendish Prof., 139, 192
Clerke, Ric., a Cambs. colonist at Cardinal College, 272, 273
Cleveland, John, 263
Clifford, 3rd earl of Cumberland, 282
Clifford, W. K., 329 _n._
Clive, Robt., 251, 253, 254 _n._
Close, Nicholas, bp., 105, 327
Clough, Anne J., 326, 327, 327 _n._, 329, 330-337,
338, 339, 346, 347, 350, 357 _n._,
Arthur Hugh, 330,
Sir Ric., 330
Coke, Edw., lord, High Steward of the University, 139, 260,
(quoted) 100
Cole, Wm., (ob. 1782), 66, 105, 212
Colenso, bp., 126, 172 _n._, 288
Coleridge, S. T., 116, 232, 302
Colet, dean, 173, 176 _n._, 253, 254 _n._, 270
Collier, Jeremy, 267
Collins, Anthony, of King’s, the deist, 279
Compton, bp., 265 _n._, 266 _n._
Coningsby, Sir Wm., 105
Constantia, wife to Earl Eustace, grants Cambs. fisheries, 116 _n._
Cook, R. S. (Mrs. Scott), 321 _n._
Cornwallis, 1st marquess, 66
Cosin, Cousins, 308
John, bp., M. of Peterhouse, 58, 59, 259, 274, 280
Cotes, Roger, 1st Plumian Prof., 139, 191
Cotton, Sir Robert, 139
Courtney, abp. of Canterbury, stays with the Whitefriars, 20
Coverdale, Miles, an Austinfriar at Cambs., 22, 245, 272
Cowley, Abraham, 139, 244, 263, 284
Cowper, Wm., 303, 303 _n._
Cox, Richard, bp. of Ely, 105, 175 _n._, 272, 273, 274 _n._
Cranmer, abp., 116, 194, 243, 253, 254 _n._, 259, 271, 273, 273 _n._, 274, 275
Crashaw, Ric., 59, 60 _n._, 263
Crawden, John de, prior of Ely, 127
Creak, E. M., 340
Creighton, 347 _n._
Crofts, Ellen, see _Darwin_
Croke (Crooke), first Reader in Greek at Cambs., 105,
172, 173, 174, 175 _n._, 191, 207, 281
Cromwell, Oliver, 22, 146, 147, 253, 254 _n._, 260,
264, 264 _n._, 275, 277, 308,
Thos. 151, 167, 175, 205, 244 _n._, 276, 276 _n._
Cromwells, the, 229
Crook, 347 _n._
Crouchback, Edmund earl of Leicester, 42 _n._
Croyland, 294
Robert de, 132
Cudworth, Ralph, prof., 66, 119, 145, 145 _n._, 191, 286, 289
Culverwell, Nathanael, 145, 286
Cumberland, Ric., bp., 130
Cunningham, Dr. W., fellow of Trinity, archd. of Ely, 247, 322 _n._
Curteys, abbot of Bury, 16 _n._
Curthose, Robert, 8
Dakins, Wm., of Trinity, a translator of the bible, 275
Daniel, Samuel, 256 _n._
Darwin, 302
Charles, 119, 178, 253, 254 _n._, 255, 290, 291, 303, 309,
Ellen Wordsworth Crofts (Mrs. Francis), 353,
Erasmus, 126, 303,
Francis, 353
D’Aubeney, Reiner, 75 _n._
David of Scotland, 36 _n._, 297 _n._
David’s, S., Thirlwall, bp. of (see also _Thirlwall_), 318 _n._,
see _Langton_
Davies, Miss Emily, 314, 317 _n._, 319, 348, 351
Davy, Humphry, 255
Day, 307, 347 _n._
George, bp., v.-c., 105, 273 _n._,
W., bp., 105, 273 _n._
Defoe, Daniel, 257, 354 _n._
Dekker, Thos. (dramatist), 257
De Morgan, Prof., 139, 172 _n._
Derby, css. & earl of, see _Ly. Margaret_ & _Stanley_
Descartes, 287
Devereux, 302
Robert earl of Essex, 139, 282, 301, 304
Devonshire, see _Cavendish_
Dickens, Charles, 251, 257
Digby, Sir Kenelm, 284
Dillingham, Francis, M. of Emmanuel, a translator of the bible, 175 _n._, 273.
Dillon, viscount, 319 _n._
Diss, Walter, 16 _n._, 20, Wm. 15 _n._
Dodwell, Prof., 267
Doket, Andrew, 109, 111, 152
Donne, John, 139, 308
Downing, Sir George, senr., 66, 147,
founder of Downing, 147, 150, 153, 154
Downside, abbot of, 149
Drake, Sir Francis, 83, 251, 253, 254 _n._, 282
Drayton, Michael, 256 _n._
Dryden, John, 139, 255, 258, 258 _n._, 264, 274, 284, 305, 308
Dudley, 297 _n._
Robert earl of Leicester, 297 _n._, 300, 301
Dunning, 39, 123, 292
Eustace, 42,
Hervey, 42, 42 _n._, 304
Durham, William, bp. of, 45 _n._, & see _Cosin_,
_Lightfoot_, _Pilkington_, _Ruthall_, _Tunstall_, _Westcott_
Edmund, king & saint, 12 _n._, 15 _n._
Edward I., 64 _n._, 152, 252, 254 _n._, 298, 299.
Builds Franciscan friary, 21,
visits Cambs. as Pr. of Wales, 36,
composes disputes between scholars & townsmen, 37,
his Scotch wars, 69,
lodges at the castle, 113,
visits Walsingham with Eleanor, 114,
redresses a later dispute, 233 _n._
Edward II. 150.
Obtains from pope European status for university, 35, 35 _n._,
maintains scholars there 37, 131,
lodges at Barnwell priory, 113,
gives licence for University Hall, 64,
intends to found a college, 37, 131, 131 _n._
Edward III., 88, 94, 150, 152, 153, 154, 260, 295 _n._, 297, 298, 299, 300.
Quarries Cambridge castle for King’s Hall, 5 _n._,
bestows a hospice on Oriel College, Oxford, 18 _n._,
gives licence to Gilbertines, 19,
creates earls of Cambridge, 36 _n._,
fulfils intentions of Edw. II., 37, 131,
gives privileges to university, 37 _n._-38 _n._, 222 _n._,
issues letters to town of Stamford, 46,
knights the Master of Pembroke, 75,
gives licence to Gonville, 78,
Bateman his ambassador, 79,
letters about King’s Hall, 95 _n._,
his arms on Entrance Gate of Trinity, 103 _n._,
visits Cambridge 113,
builds King’s Hall, 131,
his effigy on Great Gate, 131,
his gateway at King’s Hall, 132.
See _general index_.
Edward IV., 36 _n._, 37 _n._, 86 _n._, 112, 262, 298, 299.
His arms in King’s chapel, 103 _n._,
sequestrates building funds of, 104,
visits university, 112,
King’s Hall chapel built in his reign, 137,
robs King’s College of revenues, 262
Edward VI., 141, 175 _n._
Continues favour shown by Tudors to Cambs., 37 _n._,
sends foreign Protestants there, 60 _n._,
Trinity College built under, 135,
his tutors Cambridge men, 175 _n._, 281
Edward VII., 113
Edward the Confessor, 261
Edward the Elder, 4
Edwin of Northumbria, 2, 311
Eleanor of Castile, 114, 155
Eliot, George, 257, 317 _n._,
John, ‘the Indian apostle,’ 263
Elizabeth, 21 _n._, 60, 141, 145, 175 _n._, 219 _n._, 233 _n._, 253, 254 _n._
Apostrophizes Pembroke College, 73-4,
sends timber for Corpus chapel, 83,
visits Cambs., 107, 108, 113, 163,
completes Trinity Chapel, 134, 137,
makes Leicester High Steward, 206 _n._,
her statutes, 28 _n._, 210,
entrusts revision of Edward’s Prayer-book to Cambs. men, 273,
‘Lambeth articles’ drawn up, 274,
her anti-puritanism, 276,
checks Presbyterianism, 277,
Cambridge men round her, 281-2,
sends timber to Trinity College, 293.
See _general index_
Elizabeth of York, 114
Ellenborough, 1st lord, 59, 172 _n._, 239
Eltisley, Thos. first M. of Corpus, 82
Ely, bps. of, see _Alcock_, _Andrewes_, _Balsham_, _Cox_, _Felton_,
_Fleetwood_, _Fordham_, _Goodrich_, _Gunning_, _Holbroke_,
_Kilkenny_, _Moore_, _Montacute_, _Patrick_, _Stanley_,
_Thirlby_, _Turner_, _Walpole_, _West_, _Wren_.
For abbot, prior, & sub-prior of, see _Balsham_,
_Clare_, _Norwich_, _Walsingham_
Harvey Goodwin, dean of, aftw. bp. of Carlisle, 317 _n._
Emma, queen, 261
Empson, Sir Ric., 206 _n._
Erasmus, 88, 174, 270, 281, 288,
knows Franciscan nuns at Cambs., 25 _n._,
bp. Sampson a pupil of, there, 80,
Thos. Aldrich a Cambridge friend of, 105,
lives at Queen’s, 111,
influence of on statutes of Christ’s, 119,
writes lady Margaret’s epitaph, 120,
his description of Cambs. studies at the end of the xv. c., 170,
letter to Bullock of Queen’s, _ibid._,
co-operates with Fisher in introducing Greek, 172,
studies Greek at Oxford, 173,
studies Greek at Cambs., 173,
teaches Greek there, 174 _n._,
his Cambs. supporters, _ibid._,
date of leaving Cambs., _ibid._,
motive for leaving Oxford, 175 _n._,
holds Margaret professorship, 191,
cannot stomach Cambridge fare, 221,
praises Wm. Gilbert, 291,
his ‘three colleges’, 313 _n._, (quoted) 221
Essex, see _Devereux_
Essex, archdeacon of, receives a Lambeth _B.D._ (1635), 194 _n._
Ethelbert of Kent, 4
Etheldreda, S., 311, 311 _n._, 312 _n._, 337
Ethelred, king of the East Angles, 8 _n._
Eugenius IV., 140 _n._
Eustace, earl, 116 _n._
Evelyn, John, 284
Everett, Wm., (quoted) 171, 213 _n._- 214 _n._, 243
Exeter, see _Beaufort_ & _Cecil_
Exmew, Blessed Wm., 119, 275
Fagius, Paul, 60
Fairfax, Thos., lord, 126
Falkland, Lucius, viscount, 126, 278
Faraday, Michael, 251, 255
Fawcett, Rt. Hon. H., prof. 328, 329 _n._, 355,
Mrs., 328, 329, 329 _n._, 346 _n._,
P. G., 328, 340
Fawkes, Francis, the poet, 116
Felix, bp., 4 _n._
Felton, Nich., bp. of Ely, 75
Fenton, Elijah, the poet, 116
Ferrers, Eligius, receives a Lambeth _D.D._ (1539), 194 _n._,
Dr., M. of Gonville & Caius, 329 _n._
Fielding, Henry, 257
Fisher, John bp. of Rochester & Cardinal, 3, 105, 119,
125, 150, 152, 253, 254 _n._, 259, 281, 330.
Suggests foundation of Christ’s to Ly. Margaret, 118,
co-operates with her, 120,
her panegyrist, 120, 120 _n._-121 _n._,
perpetual chancellor, 120, 204,
succeeded by Thos. Cromwell, 205,
chancellor & vice-chancellor, 205 _n._,
Master of Michaelhouse, 120,
completes foundation of S. John’s, 120, 124,
statutes for, 67, 126,
President of Queen’s, 111,
establishes study of Greek in Cambs., 172, 174 _n._,
& invites Erasmus 173,
upholds Erasmus, 174 _n._, 273,
a reformer before the Reformation, 120, 270,
first Lady Margaret Professor, 191,
created cardinal priest, 121 _n._,
Hen. VIII.’s opinion of, 121,
Hallam’s, 121 _n._,
martyred, 121, 275, (quoted), 120, 120 _n._
Fitz-Eustace, a Cambridge name, 292
Fitzhugh, a Cambridge name, 308
Flamsteed, John, 1st astronomer royal, 146, 284, 290, 291
Fleetwood, Wm. bp. of Ely, 105
Fletcher, 302, 303
Giles, _LL.D._, 282, 304,
Giles (poet), 304,
John (the dramatist), 257, 304,
Phineas (poet), 304,
Ric. bp. of London, 303,
John, of Caius, 304
Ford, John, 257
Fordham, bp. of Ely, 61, (quoted) 62 _n._
Foster, Saml., Royal Soc., 146, 283, 284,
Sir Michael, prof., 329 _n._
Fowler, Edw., aftw. bp. of Gloucester, 266 _n._
Fox, Edw. bp. of Hereford 105,
Ric. bp. of Winchester, M. of Pembroke, chr. (1500),
3, 74, 177 _n._, 205 _n._, 259, 260, 270, 273, 283
Frampton, bp., 266, 266 _n._
Francis, S., of Assisi, 21, 22, 22 _n._
Frost, 292, 347 _n._
Henry, 18, 122 _n._
Fry, Mrs., 253 _n._
Fuller, Thos., 5 _n._, 47, 51, 99, 111, 120, 146, & see _general index_
Galileo, 291
Gamble, Jane C., 320, 322
Gardiner, Stephen, bp. of Winchester, M. of Trinity Hall,
chr., 79, 80, 177 _n._, 240, 243, 259, 304
Garrett, Dr. G. M., 329 _n._
Garth, Sir Samuel, 260
Gaunt, 294 _n._, 347 _n._
Gaunt, House of, 294, 297,
John of 20, 27, 95, 261, 292, 295 _n._, 297 _n._, 308 _n._
George I., 99, 113, 192, 268
George II., 113
George IV., 138
Gibbon, Edw., 309
Gibbons, Orlando, 252
Gilbert, S., of Sempringham, 19
Gilbert, Wm., 126, 260, 281, 290, 291
Gladstone, W. E. 253, 254 _n._,
Miss H., 347
Glisson, Francis, prof., 80, 144, 191
Gloucester, duke of,
see _Clare_
Goddard, Jonathan, Royal Soc., 283
Goldcorn, John, 98 _n._
Goldsmid, Sir Francis, 318 _n._,
lady, 318 _n._
Goldsmith, Oliver, 257
Gonville, 294, 295
Edmund, 77, 78, 150, 152, 153,
Sir Nicholas, 77
Goodrich, Thos., bp. of Ely, 106, 260
Goulburn, bp., 2nd wrangler, 184 _n._
Grafton, 3rd duke of, chr., 59
Gray, Thos., prof., 7, 58, 59, 73, 74,
75, 104 _n._, 139, 184, 192, 232 _n._,
235, 255, 308, 308 _n._, (quoted) 7, 56, 74 _n._, 176, 249
Green, W. C., 329 _n._
Greene, Robt., 257
Gregory the Great, 4
Gregory XIII., 230
Gresham, Sir Thos., 78, 143, 144, 218 _n._, 282, 330
Greville, 302, 304
Fulke, 1st Ld. Brooke, 99 _n._, 116, 192 _n._, 282, 304, 308,
2nd Ld., 304,
Sir Bevil, 304,
(Grenville or Granville) 1st Ld. Lansdowne, 139, 304
Grew, Nehemiah, of Pembroke, 260, 284
Grey, 252, 295, 297, 297 _n._, 299, 300
earl, 268, 269,
lady Jane, 113, 175 _n._,
Sir Thos., 295, 296,
of Wark, Ld. 264 _n._,
pedigree of, 299
Grindal, Wm., the classic, pupil of Ascham, 126,
Edmund, abp., 74, 99, 118, 130, 130 _n._, 259, 263, 274 _n._, 282
Grocyn, Wm., 173, 173 _n._, 176 _n._
Grosseteste, Robert, bp. of Lincoln, 172 _n._, 252, 254 _n._
Grosvenor, Sir Robert, 94
Grote, Geo., 251
Guest, Edm., bp. of Rochester & Sarum, 106
Guilford, Francis North, Ld., 260, 284
Gunning, Peter, bp. of Ely, M. of Clare, then of S. John’s, 126
Gurgentius, 4
Gurney, Rt. Hon. Russell, 318 _n._,
Mrs., 318 _n._
Guthlac, S., of Mercia, 12 _n._
Hacket, bp. of Lichfield, 138
Haddon, 294
abbot of Thorney, 294 _n._,
Walter, v.-c., 80, 105, 191, 282, 304
Hainault, John, count of, earl of Cambridge, 36 _n._
Hale, Chief Justice 284,
Sir Matt., 309
Hales, John, 278, 279, 286 _n._
Halifax, Geo. Savile, visc. & marq., 260, 267,
see _Montague_
Hall, Joseph, of Emmanuel, bp. of Norwich, 277,
Ric., biographer of Fisher, 119
Hallam, Arthur, 139
Halley, Edm., Royal Soc., 284, 309
Hamilton, Sir Wm., 177
Hampden, John, 244, 264, 265
Harison, Thos., a translator of the bible, 273
Harrington, 307
Sir John, 1st Ld., 105, 282
Hartley, David, 116
Harvey, Hervey, 302, 304
Gabriel, 74, 74 _n._, 256, 281, 304, (quoted), 182,
Henry, v.-c., 304,
Wm., 144, 253, 254 _n._, 260, 281, 304
Hastings, 297, 297 _n._
Henry earl of Huntingdon, 111,
John earl of Pembroke, 27, 295, 295 _n._,
Warren, 251
Hatfield, Wm. of, 104 _n._
Hatton, 203 _n._, 294 _n._, 303, 307
Sir Christopher, 309,
Ric. Provost of King’s, 307
Hawkins, John, 251
Heath, Nicholas, abp., a translator of the bible, 66, 273, 273 _n._
Henrietta Maria, queen, 114
Henry I. (Beauclerk), 18 _n._, 88.
Favours the town, 8, 36, 36 _n._,
gives it a charter, 9,
charter referred to, 5-6, 6 _n._, 13,
fabled to have studied at Cambs., 36
Henry II., 151
Henry III., 6 _n._, 36, 38, 45, 51 _n._, 54, 69, 152.
Sends to Cambs. for fish, 11,
orders the adherents of the dauphin to leave the town, 33, 260,
establishes taxors, 33,
rescript quoted, 33-34,
gives a charter to the university, 34,
rescripts on behalf of the university, 35,
47-48, 203, quoted, 30 _n._, 34 _n._, 203,
withdraws licence to found university at Northampton, 46,
licence quoted, 46 _n._,
visits Cambs., 113,
privileges of university date from his reign 222 _n._
See _general index_
Henry IV., said to have granted stone for a chapel at King’s Hall, 5 _n._
Henry V., 37 _n._, 59, 205 _n._, 228 _n._
Intended building a college at Oxford, 101,
betrayed by “Cambridge, Scroop, & Grey”, 295
Henry VI., 58 _n._, 106, 117.
Favours Cambs., 37 _n._,
statutes for King’s, 67, 105 _n._, 152, 153,
imitates Wm. of Wykeham, 67, 101 _n._,
portrait of in Pembroke, 73,
coins money at Cambs., 8 _n._,
invites abbot of Bury to Cambs., 16 _n._,
buys & conveys ground in Cambs., 24 _n._-25 _n._, 101,
founds King’s College, 100, 150,
dedicates to S. Nicholas, 101,
double charter of Eton & King’s, _ibid._,
lays foundation stones, 101, 102, 112,
his original design for King’s, 101 _n._-102 _n._,
visits Cambs., 4
times 112, lodged in King’s Hall, 112, 112 _n._,
founds God’s House, 117 _n._, 118, 150,
bestows church lands on this & King’s, 271,
Byngham’s letter to, 165 _n._,
half-brother to lady Margaret’s first husband, 299
Henry VII., 118, 175 _n._, 281, 299.
Favours Cambs., 37 _n._,
chief builder of King’s chapel, 104,
visits Cambs. 5 times, 113,
accompanied by lady Margaret, 114,
& by the queen, _ibid._,
makes Empson High Steward, 206 _n._
Henry VIII., 106, 123, 151, 212 _n._, 281, 295.
Favours Cambs., 37 _n._,
monogram with that of Anne Boleyn in chapel screen at Trinity, 102,
visits Cambs., 113,
Henry & Fisher, 121, 121 _n._,
founds Trinity, 131,
effigy on the Entrance Gate, 131,
endows college with abbey lands, 133,
motives for the foundation, 133,
scope of, 133-134, 153, 154,
portrait of in Trinity lodge, 136 _n._,
invites Caius to lecture on anatomy, 142,
his divorce from Catherine, how met at the university, 240, 271,
his injunctions imposing the royal supremacy, 167 _n._,
founds the Regius professorships, 190
Henry of Huntingdon, chronicle cited, 7 _n._
Henry of Orléans, bailiff, 16 _n._
Herbert, George, 139, 166, 207, 218 _n._, 289,
of Cherbury, lord 279
Hereswitha, 311 _n._
Hereward the Wake, 11, 146, 292, 303
Herrick, Robert, of S. John’s, 244, 263
Herschell, 347 _n._
Sir John, 126, 172 _n._, 218 _n._, 291,
senr., 255
Heynes, Dr. Simon, Pres. of Queen’s, v.-c., 212, 212 _n._
Heywood, Thos. (the dramatist), 59, 257
Hild, 2, 252, 254 _n._, 311, 311 _n._, 312
Hill, Rowland, 126
Hind, Archer, 329 _n._, 348
Hobart, lady, 318 _n._
Hobbes, Thos., 285, 289
Hobson the Cambridge carrier, 215 _n._
Holbroke, John, M. of Peterhouse, chr. (1430), bp. of Ely, 59
Holland, Margaret, 299
Hollond, John, M.P., 348
Honorius I., 28
Honorius III., 111, 127
Hoods, the, 251
Hooke, Robt., Royal Soc., 284
Hooker, Ric. 289, Thos., 262
Hope, Alex. Beresford-, 136
Horrox (Horrocks), Jeremiah, 146, 291
Hort, F. J. A., prof., 139, 179, 191, 288
Hottun, Hugo de, chr. (1246), 203 _n._
Howard, 297 _n._, 300, 301, 303
of Effingham, 251,
Henry, earl of Northampton, chr., 301,
Henry, earl of Surrey, 256, 256 _n._, 301,
John, 253 _n._,
Thos. earl of Suffolk, chr. 301, 303 [see _Norfolk_]
Howe, John [_Rot. Hund Cant._], 42, 43,
Walter [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 42
Hrostwitha of Gandersheim, 108
Huddleston, Sir Robert, 5 _n._, 113
Hudson, Prof. H. H., _LL.M._, 347
Hughes, Miss E. P., 335 _n._
Hugolina, wife of the Norman sheriff, 17
Hulle, Wm., English Prior of the Order of S. John, 24
Humphry, Prof. Sir Geo., of Downing Coll., 318 _n._, 340
Huntingdon, css. of 149,
earl of, see _David of Scotland_ & _Hastings_ & 297 _n._
Hutchinson, Col., 59, 264, 265
Huxley, T. H., 251
Ingulph, abbot of Crowland, 13, 13 _n._
Ingworth, Ric., Franciscan friar, 20
Innocent VI., 72, 75
Ireton, Henry, 264
Jackson, Henry, Prof., 329 _n._
James I., 113, 116, 163, 229
James II., 265, 266
James, Thos. of King’s, Headmaster of Rugby, 283
Jaquetta of Luxembourg, 152
Jebb, 347 _n._
Dr. John, 183 _n._,
Sir Ric., prof., 139, 176 _n._, 191, 329 _n._, (quoted) 153 _n._
Jessopp, Dr., 10 _n._, 80
Jocelyn of Bury, 16 _n._, (quoted) 15 _n._
Jocelyn, John, secretary to abp. Parker, (quoted) 81, 82
Joffred, abbot of Crowland, 12, 122, 127
John, king, 6 _n._, 11, 32, 36, 113, 260, 295
John XXII., 28, 35, (quoted) 35
John, prior, of Cambridge, 261
Johnson, Samuel, opposes American claims, 269
Jones, Burne, 57 _n._, Miss E. E. C. 321,
Inigo, 65, 118
Jonson, Ben, 126, 256, 257, 281
Keats, John, 251, 255
Kelvin, Ld., 59, 172 _n._, 255
Ken, bp., 266, 267
Kennedy, B. H., _D.D._, prof., 338 _n._, 348,
Miss M. G., 329 _n._, 338, 338 _n._, 346 _n._, 347
Kenton, Nicholas, Carmelite, chr., 20
Keynes, J. N., Dr., 329 _n._
Kilkenny, bp. of Ely, 38 _n._, 40, 192 _n._
King, Edw., 119,
Oliver, bp., 105
Kinglake, A. W., 139
Kingsley, Chas., prof., 130, 192
Kirke, Edward, 139
Knollys, Sir Francis, 282
Kyd, Thos. (the dramatist), 257
Lake, of Chichester, one of the 7 Bishops, 266
Lancaster, Henry, the “good duke” of, 89, 89 _n._, 261,
earl of 297 _n._, 298
Lanfranc, abp., 18 _n._
Langham, 304 _n._
Simon, bp. of Ely, afterwards primate, 62
Langley, 304 _n._
abp., 194 _n._,
Edmund earl of Cambridge, 20, 36 _n._, 295 _n._
Langton, 296, 302, 304
John, chr., M. of Pembroke, bp. of S. David’s, 101, 304,
Stephen, abp., 252, 254 _n._, 260,
Thos., proc. fellow of Pembroke, bp. of S.
David’s, Winchester, & elect of Canterbury, 3, 74, 259, 270, 304
Latimer, 306
Hugh, bp., 66, 119, 244, 259, 271, 275, 275 _n._, 306
Latymer, Wm., 176 _n._
Laud, abp., 143 _n._, 259, 280, 288, 289, (quoted) 208 _n._
Law, 59
Edm., bp. of Carlisle, 59,
Wm., author of the “Serious Call”, 146
Layfield, J., a translator of the bible, 273
Lee, abp. of York, opposes Erasmus, 174 _n._
Leicester, Henry of Lancs., earl of, 297 _n._,
Robt. Dudley, earl of, 206 _n._,
de Montfort, earl of, 42 _n._, 260, 261, 298, 307 _n._,
Robt. Sidney, earl of, 301,
Wm. of [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 43 _n._
Leland, John, 119
Le Strange, Roger, 258
Lewes, G. H., 251
Lichfield, bp. of, see _Hacket_, _Sampson_, _Scrope_
Lightfoot, 292, 302, 304
J. B., bp. of Durham, fellow of Trinity, prof.,
3, 139, 191, 288, 305, 318 _n._,
John, 115, 119
Lily, Wm., 176 _n._, 283
Linacre, Thos., 80 _n._, 125, 167, 173, 176 _n._, 179, 190 _n._
Lincoln, bp. of, see _Close_, _Wickham_, _Williams_, & _general index_
Liveing, Prof., 126, 318 _n._
Lloyd, non-juring bp. of Norwich, 266, 266 _n._,
bp. of S. Asaph’s, one of the 7 Bishops, 266
Locke, John, 178, 253, 254 _n._, 309
Lodge, Thos., 256, 257
London, Dr., Warden of New Coll. (quoted), 272
Louis the Dauphin, 33, 260, 261, 295
Loyola, S. Ignatius, college founded by in Rome, 230
Lubbock, Sir John (Ld. Avebury), 251
Lucas, Henry, founds Lucasian professorship, 190
Lumsden, L. I., 321 _n._
Luther, Martin, 272, 288
Lydgate, monk of Bury, 4, 88, quoted 7 _n._, 88 _n._
Lyly, John, 256, 257
Lyndhurst, Ld., 139, 172 _n._, 260
Lyttelton, 308
4th Ld., 318 _n._
Lytton, 302, 305
Bulwer, 80, 305,
Sir Rowland, 305
MacArthur, Thos., an early Cambs. Protestant, 275 _n._
Macaulay, 308
Thos. Babington, Ld., 137, 138, 139, 184, 211, 308, 309
Main, P. T., 329 _n._
Maine, Sir Henry, prof., 74, 80, 191
Maitland, 308
F. W., prof., 192, 308
Malcolm ‘the Maiden,’ 36 _n._, 116 _n._, 151 _n._, 297 _n._
Malherbe, Michael, owns land at Newnham, 325 _n._
Manchester, earl of, see _Montague_
Mandeville, earl of [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 24 _n._
Manfield, 292
Wm. de, 39, 42, 292 _n._, 325
Manners, 302, 303
Sir John, 1st Ld., 110 _n._,
lord, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 172 _n._,
lord John (duke of Rutland), 139,
Roger son of 1st earl of Rutland, Esquire of the Body to Eliz., 86,
Roger 3rd earl of Rutland, 111, 222, 232 _n._, 282
Manning, Card., 150,
Mrs., 317 _n._
Mareschall, 297 _n._, 298, 299
Margaret of Anjou, 114, 123, 150, 152, 296, 312,
founds Queen’s, 100, 109,
her motives for so doing, 109, 112 _n._, 313,
dedication, 109, 112,
scope, 153,
Eliz. Woodville co-founder with, 112, 262
Margaret, lady, 119-120, 125, 133, 150, 252, 254 _n._, 305, 312, 312 _n._
Most conspicuous figure in university hist.,
representative of John of Gaunt, 299,
joins Ho. of Edw. III. to Ho. of Tudor, 297, 299,
reconciles Houses of York and Lancs., 262,
in her own person, & through alliance with Stafford,
stands mid-way between founders of King’s Hall Clare
& Pembroke & founders of Queens’ Magdalene & Sidney, 297, 299, 300,
Three times married, 64 _n._, 299, 325 _n._,
marries a Stanley, 299,
reformer before the Reformation, 120, 270,
friendship with Fisher, 120,
her sojourns in Cambs., 114, 120,
founds Christ’s, 118,
endows it with abbey lands, 271,
scope of foundation, 119, 153, 154,
fellows from northern counties, 119, 152,
bequeaths gold plate, 118,
statutes, 67, 119,
founds S. John’s, 123,
alienates gifts to Hen. VII’s chapel for this coll., 120 _n._,
institutes first university chairs & preachership, 120, 190,
bur. Westminster Abbey, 120, 150,
epitaph written by Erasmus, 120,
Fisher’s panegyric, 120 _n._-121 _n._,
lineage, 118, 152, 297,
pedigree, 299
Margaret of Montefiascone, S., 109, 112 _n._
Markby, T., 318 _n._, 329 _n._
Markland, Jeremiah, 60, 175 _n._
Marlborough, duke of, 251, 253
Marlowe, Christopher, 85, 255, 256, 257, 281
Marshall, Alf., prof. 329 _n._,
Roger, benefactor to Peterhouse library, 58 _n._
Marston, John (dramatist), 257
Martin V., 28, 28 _n._
Martyn, Hen., 126, 147
Marvell, Andrew, 139, 218 _n._, 245, 264
Mary, queen, 5 _n._, 60, 113, 134, 136, 141, 175, 175 _n._, 271, 281
Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer royal, 291
Massinger, Philip, 257, 309
Matilda, empress, 6 _n._, 36 _n._, 114, 292 _n._
Maurice, F. D., prof., 139, 318 _n._, 329 _n._, 353, 354
Maxwell, James Clerk, prof., 139, 192
May, 347 _n._
May, Thos. (dramatist), 147,
Wm. bp., M. of Queen’s, v.-c., 115, 274 _n._
Maynard, Wm. lord, 179 _n._
Mayor, J. B., 178,
J. E. B. prof. of Latin, 329 _n._
Médard, S., 311
Meredith, George, 257, 258
Merton, Walter de, bp. of Rochester, 38, 76 _n._, 252 _n._
His scheme to endow scholars, 39, 40, 41,
buys land Cambs., 39, 43 _n._, 45,
buys land Oxford, 39, 40, 45,
his statutes, 40, 41, 68,
quoted, 39, 40, 41, 45, 68 _n._,
the phrase “at any other university”, 45,
scheme to found a coll., 43, 54,
house of scholars at Cambs., 41, 41 _n._, 44, 45,
buys house called ‘school of Pythagoras’, 39, 122,
founds Merton, Oxford, 41,
a pluralist, 63,
his name, 44 _n._,
Wm. de, 44 _n._
Metcalfe, Nicholas, M. of S. John’s, 106 _n._, 126, 126 _n._, 142, 191
Middleton, Conyers, 215, 279, Thos. (the dramatist) 257
Mildenhall, Edmund of, 15 _n._,
Robert of, chr., 15 _n._
Mildmay, 307 _n._
Sir Walter, founder of Emmanuel College, 76, 119,
119 _n._, 144, 151, 152, 153, 282, 307, 308
Mill, J. S., 251, 253, 254 _n._, 329
Millington, Wm., 1st Prov. of King’s, 112 _n._
Milton, John, 3, 7, 7 _n._, 118, 119, 139, 215 _n._,
218 _n._, 253, 254 _n._, 255, 258, 264, 265,
277, (quoted) 7, 7 _n._, 104, 175 _n._, 200
Monckton-Milnes, Lord Houghton, 139
Monmouth, Jas. duke of, chr., 265
Montague, 302, 305, 307
Charles, Ld. Halifax (Trinity), 305,
Edw. 2nd earl of Manchester, 147, 264 _n._, 305,
James, bp. of Bath & Wells, then of Winchester, 1st M. of Sidney, 305,
Richard, bp. of Norwich, 305,
Sir Sidney, 305,
Simon (Montacute), 17th bp. of Ely, 28, 28 _n._, 55 _n._, 67 _n._, 123, 305
Montefiore, Claude, 322, 322 _n._
Montfort, de, 297 _n._
Simon de, 11, 42 _n._, 254 _n._, 260, 261, 298, 307 _n._
Monthermer, 293, 298, 299
Ralph de, 293
Moore, bp. of Ely, 99
Moray, Sir Robert, an original member of Royal Soc., 284
More, Hannah, 253 _n._,
Henry the Platonist, 257, 284, 288, (quoted) 119, 145, 287,
Sir Thomas, 120, 121, 126 _n._, 173, 175, 175 _n._,
176 _n._, 243, 253, 254 _n._, 270, 309
Morgan, 308
Philip, second esquire bedell, 208 _n._,
Thos., the deist, 279
Morland, 347 _n._
Sir Saml. the hydrostatician, fellow of Magdalene, 308
Morris, Wm., 57 _n._
Mortimer, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299
Anne, 295 _n._,
Sir Constantine de, 132, 294,
earl of March & Ulster, 298 _n._,
Edw., 296,
Guy de, 293, 326,
Philippa, 295 _n._, 299,
Roger, 295,
Thos. de, 132, 294
Morton, Card., 259 _n._
Moulton, J. F., 329 _n._
Mowbray, Anne, wife to Ric. of York, 86 _n._
Mulcaster, Ric., 283, 354 _n._
Munday, Anthony (the dramatist), 257
Nash, Thos. (the dramatist), 257
Necton, Humphrey, Carmelite, 20
Nelson, Horatio lord, 245, 251, 253, 254 _n._
Nelson, Edmund (Hobhouse) bp. of, 41, 44 _n._
Neville (Nevile), 297, 300, 302, 304, 305
lady Dorothy, css. of Exeter, 303,
Henry, proc., 305,
Latimer 6th lord Braybrooke, M. of Magdalene, 305,
Thos. (Nevile) v.-c., M. of Trinity, 113, 135, 139, 140 _n._, 145, 305
Newton, 302, 305
Fogg, Prov. of King’s Coll. (1610-12) v.-c., 305,
Francis v.-c. (1562-3), 305,
John de, M. of Peterhouse, 305,
Isaac, fellow of Trinity, prof., 3, 31,
66, 137, 139, 170, 191, 218 _n._, 219 _n._,
225, 253, 254 _n._, 265, 290, 291,
Isaac, of Peterhouse, 305
Nicholas, S., of Bari, 101, 106
Nicholson, John (”Lambert”), 275
Nightingale, Florence, 253, 254 _n._
Nix, bp., 144
Norfolk, Eliz. Talbot, dss. of, 86, 155,
Margaret Audley dss. of, 301,
Henry Howard 15th duke of, 149
(see also _Howard_)
Northampton, earl of, see _Howard_
Northumberland, see _Percy_ & _Dudley_
Norwich, John, bp. of, prior of Ely, 156,
see also _Bateman_, _Hall_, _Montague_,
_Nix_, _Overall_, _Thirlby_, _Walpole_
Nottingham, Daniel Finch, earl of, 267
Occam, Wm., 88
Ockley, Simon, professor of Arabic, 111
Odo, monk of Orléans, 14 _n._
Ogle, Amy, 340
Oswy, king of Northumbria, 311, 311 _n._
Oughtred, Wm., mathematician, 105
Overall, John, bp. of Norwich, M. of S. Catherine’s, 28, 115, 126, 126 _n._
Oxford, see _de Vere_
Pace, Ric., 176 _n._
Paget, 308
Sir James, 318 _n._
Paley, 347 _n._
Mary (Mrs. Marshall) 340 _n._,
Wm., Preb. of S. Paul’s 118, 172 _n._,
& see _general index_
Palmer, 302, 306
Edw., prof, (sheikh Abdullah), 306
Palmerston, Hen. Jno. Temple, visc., 126, 239, 260, 306, 309
Paris, Dr. J. A., 260,
Matthew, 23 _n._, 33 _n._, 55 _n._, 84
Parker, 308, 347 _n._
Matthew, v.-c., abp., 49, 84, 85, 99,
106 _n._, 244, 245, 259, 273, 273 _n._, 274, 274 _n._, 282
Parr, 347 _n._
Samuel, 146, 308
Parsons, the Jesuit, 294
Partholin, Spanish king of Ireland, 4
Paston, 261, 308, 308 _n._
Sir Wm., 85
Patrick, Simon, bp. of Ely, 266 _n._, 274
Paul III., 121 _n._
Paulinus of York, 2
Peacock, Geo. dean of Ely, Lowndean prof., 139
Pearson, bp., 106, 111, 111 _n._
Perse, Stephen, 99 _n._
Peele, Geo. (dramatist), 257
Peile, Dr., M. of Christ’s, 329 _n._
Pembroke, css. of, see _Chatillon_, earls of, 292, 297 _n._, 298, 299
Pepys, Samuel, 130, 145, 308
Percy, 301, 307, 307 _n._
Eleanor, 301,
Wm., bp., son of 2nd earl of Northumberland, chr., 307
Perfect, Anne, 330
Perne, Andrew, M. of Peterhouse, 58, 60, 99 _n._, 143
‘Peter of Blois,’ 13 _n._, 14, (quoted) 14 _n._
Peterborough, Francis Jeune, bp. of, (Oxonian), 317 _n._,
see also _Cumberland_, _White_
Petrarch, 88
Peverel, 110 _n._, 292
Pain, 17, 292, 303
Pfeiffer, Mrs., 338
Philip of France, 296
Physwick, Wm., first esquire bedell, 50, 208 _n._
Picot, Hugh, baron of Bourne, 17, 292
Pigott, 292
Pilkington, Jas., bp. of Durham, 10th M. of S. John’s, 274 _n._
Pitt, Wm., 73, 74, 74 _n._, 100, 218 _n._, 253, 254 _n._, 260, 268
Plantagenet, 8 _n._, 152, 292, 300
Beatrice, 69,
Joan, see _Joan d’Acre_
Pole, 296, 297 _n._
Card., chr., 259 _n._,
(quoted), 121,
Humphrey de la, 78, 143,
Edw. de la, archd. of Richmond, 78
(sons of 2nd duke of Suffolk), Wm. de la,
earl & 1st duke of Suffolk, 117 _n._
Porson, Ric., prof., 137, 139, 174, 175 _n._, 190
Porteous, bp., 172 _n._
Porter, Rev. Jas., M. of Peterhouse (1876), 318 _n._
Potts, Mr., 348
Prior, Matthew, 126, 305
Pritchard, fourth wrangler, 172 _n._
Pugin, Aug. W., 130
Puttenham, Geo., writes of art of poetry, 256
Pym, John, 264
Raddyng, _frater_, of Rome, incorporated as a Cambs. doctor, 193 _n._
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 251, 253, 254 _n._, 282
Ramsay, Agnata (Mrs. Butler), 322, 322 _n._
Ratcliffe, 307, 307 _n._
Thos., 3rd earl of Sussex (crd. _M.A._ 1564), 146, 282, 301
Ray, John, the botanist & zoologist, 115, 139, 284
Rayleigh, 3rd lord, prof., 172 _n._, 192
Rede, Sir Robt., 130, 192 _n._
Rennell, Thos., of King’s, (quoted) 209 _n._
Repingale, bp. of Chichester, chr., 204 _n._
Rhadegund, S., 115, 311, 312 _n._, 319 _n._
Richard II., 18, 20, 67, 113
Richard III., 104
Richard of Devon, Franciscan, 21
Richardson, Saml., 251, 257
Richmond, earl of 299, css. of, see _Margaret, lady_
Ridley, 306
Nicholas, bp., M. of Pembroke, 74, 75, 79, 212 _n._, 259, 275, 306, 347 _n._
Rivers, earl, 112
Rochester, Dr. Plume archd. of, 191
Rochester, bp. of, see _Bottlesham_, _Fisher_, _Merton_
Rogers, John, 75, 272, 275, 275 _n._, 307
Rooke, Lawrence, Royal Soc., prof. at Gresham Coll., 283
Rosse, Ld., see _Manners_, _3rd earl of Rutland_
Rotherham, Thos., abp. of York, chr., 74,
76 _n._, 97, 98, 98 _n._, 105, 115,
259, 260, 270, 307
Roubilliac, sculptor, 137
Routh, E. J. of Peterhouse, senior wrangler, 172 _n._
Rowley, Wm., dramatist, 257
Roy, Wm., Franciscan translator of the bible, 273
Ruthall, Thos., bp. of Durham, chr., 260
Rutland, see _Manners_
St. John of Bletsoe, Anne, 305 _n._
Saint-Paul, 152, 296, 300
Gaucher, 1st comte de, 296,
Guy comte de, see _Cotillon_,
Marie de, see _Valence_
Salisbury, see _Cecil_
Salisbury, bp. of (temp. Hen. VI.), 101
Sampson, abbot of Bury, 15, 15 _n._, 16 _n._
Sampson, bp. of Lichfield, 80
Sancroft, abp., 145, 267
Sanderson, 347 _n._
(Saunderson), Nicholas, prof., 118, 191
Sandys, Edwin, abp., v.-c., 115
Sanger, Ralph., proc., 98
Savona, Wm. of, printer, 99
Scory, bp. of Hereford, 273, 273 _n._
Scott, Sir Gilbert, 57 _n._, 102 _n._, 124, 125
Scott, Miss E. P., 321,
Sir Walter, 251, 257, 257 _n._
Scrope (Scroope), 93, 94, 294, 295, 296, 307
lady Anne, 94 _n._, 325, 325 _n._,
Henry le, 1st baron Scrope of Masham, 94,
Henry 3rd baron (beheaded 1415), 295, 295 _n._, 296,
Ric. le, 1st baron Scrope of Bolton, treasurer
& Lord Chancellor, 1371, 1378-1381 (ob. 1403), 27, 295,
Ric. abp. of York, chr. (1378), 94, 94 _n._, 203 _n._, 296,
Ric. le, M. of King’s Hall, bp. of Carlisle, chr. (1461), 94 _n._,
Stephen le, chr., brother of the conspirator, 94 _n._, 204 _n._, 295 _n._,
Sir Stephen (brother of Wm. Scrope, earl of
Wilts, & aftw. 2nd Ld. S. of Bolton), 296
Scrope & Grosvenor (controversy), 93
Sedgwick, 308, 347 _n._
Adam, Woodwardian prof. of Geology, 139, 308,
junior, 329 _n._
Seeley, Sir John, prof., 119, 192, 318 _n._,
--Clough (quoted), 346, 346 _n._,
L. B., 179
Segrave, Nicholas, 307 _n._,
Stephen, bp., chr., 203, 259, 307 _n._
Selden, John, 277
Selling, Wm., 176 _n._
Selwyn, bp., prof., 98 _n._, 126, 148, 185 _n._, 191
Sergius, pope, 27
Sexburga, abbess of Ely, 10
Shaftesbury, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of, 253 _n._, 279, 309
Shakespeare, 146, 251, 253, 254 _n._, 255, 256, 257, 295,
(quoted) 295, 297 _n._
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 255, 309
Shepard (Shepherd), 302, 306
Nicholas, M. of S. John’s, proc., 306
Sheridan, Ric. Brinsley, 251
Sherlock, dean, 60, 266 _n._, 267
Shilleto, tutor of Trinity, 325
Shirley, James (dramatist), 115, 255, 256
Shrewsbury, John, 1st earl of (killed 1453), 86 _n._,
see _Talbot_ & _Cavendish_
Shuckburgh, Dr. E. S., 329 _n._
Siberch, printer, 99, 100
Sickling, John, 1st M. of Christ’s, 118
Sidgwick, Hen., prof., 315, 318 _n._, 327 _n._, 328, 329 _n._, 338,
Mrs., 338, 338 _n._, 347
Sidney, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 307 _n._
Frances, css. of Sussex, founder of Sidney Sussex Coll., 145, 151, 152, 312,
Sir Philip, 147, 253, 254 _n._, 256, 309,
Sir Wm., 146, pedigree of, 301
Siegebert, king of the East Angles, 3, 3 _n._
Simon Stock, S., 20, 325
Skeat, W. W., 329 _n._, (quoted) 7 _n._, 164
Skelton, 306, 347 _n._
John, 261, 281
Sloane, Hans, 284
Smith, John, the Platonist, 145, 286, 287,
Sir Thos., v.-c., 111, 174, 175 _n._, 177 _n._, 191,
207, 273, 274 _n._, 281, 282, 304
Smollett, Tobias, 251, 257
Somerset, 307
Dr. John, of Pembroke, proc., 58 _n._, 76 _n._, 106,
106 _n._, 117 _n._
Somerset, Sarah Alston dss. of, 125,
earls & dukes, 296,
& see _Beaufort_ & pedigree, 299
Southampton, see _Wriothesley_
Spalding, Ralph, Carmelite, 269
Spelman, Sir Hen., 139, (quoted) 165 _n._
Spencer, Herbert, 251
Spenser, Edmund, 3, 7, 7 _n._, 47, 74, 74 _n._, 106 _n._,
124, 139, 182, 189 _n._, 215, 218 _n._, 255, 256, 281, (quoted) 310
Sprat, Thos., bp., historian of Royal Soc., 284
Stace, Thos. of Ipswich, 93
Stafford, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 298, 299, 300, 301, 307 _n._,
& Audley, pedigree, 301
Edw. 3rd duke of Buckingham, 128, 129 _n._, 150, 152, 307,
Hen. 2nd duke, 129, 150, 151 _n._,
pedigree of, 300,
John, proc., 307,
George, an early Protestant, 275
Stanley, 269, 297, 299, 307 _n._
of Alderley, Henrietta, Ly., 319, 319 _n._,
Ly. Augusta, 319,
dean, 318 _n._,
Jas. bp. of Ely, 271,
Thos. Ld., 299
Stanton, 291, 294
Hervey de, 63 _n._, 68, 76, 150, 304.
Founds Michaelhouse, 63,
statutes & scope of, 67, 68,
scope of foundation, 153, 154,
Robt., original fellow of Pembroke, 75, 75 _n._