THE LONDON POLICE AND DETECTIVES.
ABOUT ten o'clock in the evening, the rain, which had been gathering
all day, came down in bucketfuls. The gutters ran like little rivers,
and on Lothbury and the Poultry, and on all the buildings behind the
Bank and over London Bridge there came down a hot steaming fog that
almost blinded, as the rain poured against the faces of those who had
to encounter the storm. The rain was hot, and the fog had a fetid,
sticky odor, that seemed like the breath of a graveyard, or a festering
corpse in an old vault on a hot July day.
Down below, on the river, all was quiet among the noisy Wapping
boatmen, and the river below London Bridge looked gloomy and vast and
dangerous as the entrance to the shades of the Inferno. Now and then,
through the dense darkness and gloom which hung like a tissue over the
river, came a whistle, eldritch-like, from the funnel of some Greenwich
or Chelsea steamer, as she grated against the fishermen's barges, that
lay like huge floating carcasses out on the bosom of the dark river;
and anon came the hoarse, drunken shout of some intoxicated oyster
or herring navigator, who lay in the shadow of Billingsgate Market,
returned from some Flemish or Scotch port with a precious cargo of eels
or sprats. London, or the City, seemed deserted and lonely. The portal
of the Bank was as solemn as a churchyard.
[Sidenote: THE OLD JEWRY.]
The insurance offices in Bishopsgate and Broad streets, the
money-changers' and money-brokers' haunts in Leadenhall street, and
the merchants' desks in Cornhill and Gracechurch street, were forsaken.
A footfall seemed like an echo of past years, and while the water ran
in torrents in the gutters, and while misery haunted doorsteps and dark
passages, seeking shelter with dripping rags to hide its shame, the
stolid policemen walked their rounds and looked sharply through the
thick fog as cabs dashed by, for the West End, and the noise of the
horses' feet died away under the arch of Temple Bar.
Where the Poultry, Bucklersbury, and Cheapside, form a junction, just
below the Mansion House, there is a little, narrow, and short street.
This street is called the "Old Jewry," and it has its outlet in Coleman
street and Moorgate street, which run in the direction of Finsbury
square. Behind the Old Jewry is Basinghall street, the Aldermanbury,
and Finsbury square. Then there are Milk street, Wood street, Botolph
street, Pudding lane, Fish street, Mark lane, Lime street, and Love
lane. In all these narrow causeways, dark passages, and crooked
sinuosities of brick, stone, and mortar, untold and uncounted wealth is
hidden away, safely behind bolts and bars.
These tall, lowering warehouses, with their treasures of spices and
silks, ingots and bars of yellow metal, where guineas are shoveled
about all day as if they were plentiful as cherry-pits--have a dismal
effect this sloppy, stormy night. Then the Old Jewry has its memories,
some sorrowful and sad enough. Its very name a synonym for persecution
and torture, a relic of steel-clad days and roystering and merciless
nights, when the tribes of Israel were the playthings of the Gentiles
and unbelievers.
Here, in this narrow lane, stood the proudest synagogue in all England
until the year of grace 1291, when the Jews were, by edict, expelled
the kingdom; and here came the Brothers of the Sack, a mendicant
order of friars, to take possession of the deserted temple, one sunny
May afternoon, when the orchards were blooming, and the linnets were
singing in Cheapside--now a mart of all the nations of mankind. And
then, in the natural order of things, came Sir Robert Fitzwalter on
another sunny afternoon, to dispossess the Brothers of the Sack; and
this doughty knight, having the ear of the then King, turned the monks
out, and they, invoking the displeasure of the Maker of all things
upon Knight Fitzwalter, banner-bearer to the city and the Lord Mayor
of London, left the convent and dispersed themselves severally and
sorrowfully, all over the by-paths and sequestered roads and nooks of
merry Old England.
The Old Jewry is about two hundred and fifty feet long. Short passages,
that cannot be dignified by the title of lanes, jut off this narrow
street. High buildings loom up to the sky above the heads of the
passers-by, and the dome of mighty St. Paul's is hid away from the
vision.
In this Old Jewry is a court-yard hidden away. There are jewelers'
shops, silk-mercers' shops, and chop-houses of the better class on
either side, and a man, in a blue cloth uniform of heavy fabric, walks
up and down, day and night, with a pasteboard helmet on his head. His
wrists are trimmed with bands of crimson and white flannel, and one row
of gilt brass buttons bifurcate his blue, close-fitting coat, and meet
to part no more at his throat and waist. The face of the man is homely,
and his black eyes burn under his helmet of a hat, and in the glare of
the street lamp. Not a soul stirring in the Old Jewry to-night but this
silent patrolman, who looks up and down the lane, now to Cheapside,
now over the roofs as if he would like to get a glimpse of St. Paul's,
whose bell booms with an affrighting suddenness and energy on the air,
through the beating rain and blinding fog.
"Is this the Central Detectives' Office?" I ask of the helmeted patrol.
"Yes, sir. This 'ere is the Central Hoffis of the City of Lunnun; the
hother hoffis is down Scotland-yard way in Parliament street, hopposite
the Hadmiralty and the 'Oss Gy-a-ads."
I find my way past the patrol, and around me I can see a court-yard
fifty by a hundred feet in size, and at either side a gas-lamp burns
dimly, and the wind whistles down from above, and the rain patters
unceasingly.
[Sidenote: RELICS OF CRIME.]
It is like a play-ground or school-yard, but there is in it the
quietness of a deserted church. Turning to the right, I ascend two
steps and enter a hall, where another morose-looking patrolman demands
my business.
"Who do you want to see, sir? Oh, Hinspector Bailey. Well, sir, he is
werry busy just now; got a precious 'ard case to desect; but I'll take
your card and I'll try wot I can do."
In a few minutes I am ushered into the presence of the chief detective
officer of the chief city of England. He sits in a room secluded from
the main rooms, and as I pass through a number of these chambers a
squad of men, who are sitting on chairs and lounges, look up at me
quietly for a second, and, not recognizing any one whom they "want,"
drop their eyes immediately. The room in which Inspector Bailey sits
is not a large one, and there is no superfluity of furniture, but the
walls are covered with placards offering rewards for the apprehension
and conviction of criminals, murderers, forgers, and other runaways
from justice. Some of these are so curious that I must give a few of
them:
RING STOLEN--£1 REWARD.
A reward of £1 will be paid for information that shall lead to the
discovery of a gold ring, the setting in which was originally arranged
for a round stone, with about five small teeth or holders to fix the
same; the original stone having been lost it was replaced by an oval
or pear-shaped rose diamond, which was loose in the setting.
The said ring was stolen from a warehouse in the city, on the 14th
inst.; and it is requested that any person hereafter offering it, for
pledge or sale, may be detained until the police are informed.
Information to Inspector Bailey, City of London Police, Detective
Office, 26 Old Jewry: or to the officers on duty at any of the city or
metropolitan stations.
£1 10s. REWARD.
TO CAB-DRIVERS, ATTENDANTS, AND OTHERS.
INFORMATION WANTED.
On Saturday, the 17th of April, 1869, about 4.45 in the afternoon, a
four-wheeled cab, took up at Messrs. Smith, Payne & Co.'s Bank, at
the end of King William street, near the Mansion House, a gentleman,
48 years of age, 5 feet 8-1/2 inches high, dark brown hair, fresh
complexion, scanty whiskers, square build, and moderately stout; with
a dark-brown portmanteau, which was put inside. He told the driver
to take him to Finsbury square and he would tell him the number
afterwards. £1 10s. reward will be paid on the required information
(as to his destination) being given to Inspector Bailey, City of
London Police, Detective Department, Old Jewry, E.C.
London, 8th May, 1869.
£200 Reward.
EMBEZZLEMENT.
Absconded, on Friday, the 5th inst., from the employment of the Great
Central Gas Company, 28 Coleman street, London, Benjamin Higgs, late
of Tide-End House, Teddington, Middlesex. Description.--About 35 years
of age, 5 feet 9 or 10 inches high, black hair, mustache, whiskers,
and beard, pale complexion, slender build, gentleman-like appearance.
Generally dressed in black or dark clothes and brown overcoat. Had a
large-sized dark green-colored leather bag and a small black bag.
The said Benjamin Higgs is charged on a warrant with embezzling
a large sum of money belonging to the above company: and notice
is hereby given, that a reward of £100 will be paid to any person
who will give such information as shall lead to his apprehension;
and a further reward of £100 on recovery of the monies embezzled.
A photograph of Benjamin Higgs may be seen on application at the
principal police stations.
Information to be given to Messrs. Davidson, Carr, and Bannister,
Solicitors, 22 Basinghall street, E.C., or to Inspector Bailey, City
of London Police, Detective Department, 26 Old Jewry, E.C.
London, 18th March, 1869.
"So you would like to see London under its most unfavorable aspects.
You would like to scour it by day and night, Sir. Well, you have a big
job on hand, let me tell you, Sir," said a cheery voice which came from
behind a low desk. This was Inspector Bailey, a very English-looking
gentleman, with a ruddy oval face, reddish whiskers,--thick and neatly
trimmed, and wearing a dark-mixed suit of clothes. He had clear blue
eyes, this cheery-voiced inspector, and did not in any way give the
idea of a detective, he looked so jolly and well-fed, and there was
such a humorous, good-natured, twinkle in his eyes.
[Sidenote: MR. FUNNELL'S SECRET.]
"Well," said he, "let us see what's best to do for you, sir. I'll give
you the best men I have, and I can do no more. I suppose you want
to see St. Giles? Well, St. Giles is not what it once was. You see
they have been rooting up the worst holes, and the parish authorities
are quite active, and three new streets have been opened, and a
great change has come over the place. But there's a terrible lot of
destitution and crime and misery in the City of London still, and you
can see it all if you have the heart for it. Send up Sergeant Moss,"
said the Inspector to a messenger.
Sergeant Moss came up from below stairs, a dark-eyed, thick-whiskered,
good-looking fellow of thirty-five years, dressed like a dissenting
minister, and trying to look very meek. Butter would not have melted in
Sergeant Moss's mouth. He wasn't "fly" to what was going on neither.
Oh, no!
"Sergeant Moss, you will take this gentleman through Ratcliffe Highway
and Wapping, and show him the sailors' dens and the thieves who haunt
Lower Thames street. Give him the best chances you can, and look out
for Bill Blokey. He's down that way to-night, more nor likely, and if
you brought him in it would be no particular harm to him or you. We got
the trunk that he broke open and left behind. That will be your detail.
Send me Funnell up stairs."
Mr. Funnell came. Mr. Funnell had a very huge beard, which hung down
on his chest like a door-mat, and a sharp eye for business. In fact,
he was all business, this cheerful Mr. Funnell. He was a first-class
detective in London. But he had hard feelings against New York. It was
no place for Mr. Funnell. Mr. Funnell confided to me a secret which I
will now give to my readers.
"I wos wonst over in New York. That's a good many years ago. _That_ was
a long time ago. Yes, a very long time ago, in Bob Bowyer's time, when
Bob was the topper, as we say. He wos the 'Awkshaw of the period, wos
Bob. I wos awfully innocent then, and Bob didn't take the right care of
me, and I fell into the hands of the Philistines. I went down one day
to Fulton Market; I think it's just opposite some ferry where you go
across, just like Southwark, and you can get very big oysters there.
Well, as I wos saying, I wos werry innocent, and as I wos walking
along, thinking of a good many things, when one of these fellows I
believe you call the gentry on your side 'heelers'--dropped a big fat
pocket-book at my feet.
"Now, mind you, I did not see him drop it, and that's where I was taken
in. That made the trouble for me. I had never seen anything of that
kind done in England, and of course the 'heeler' naturally insisted
that the pocket-book wos mine. I tried to argue with him that the
pocket-book wos not mine, but the more I argued that way the more he
persewered the other way. Well, I wos perswaded against my own ideas
that, perhaps, I might have lost a pocket-book, and the fellow wos
so blessed positive about it too. So I fell a wictim to the infernal
scoundrel, and gave him some money for the pocket-book, and, of course,
the money wos worth nothink, and Bob Bowyer could do nothing for me.
Ah, New York is a precious bad place.--So it is."
[Illustration: THE POCKET-BOOK GAME.]
"Well, now, Mr. Funnell, as you have done relating your sad
experiences, you will please do as I tell you. You will report to
our American friend, or, rather, he will report to you early in the
morning, and you will take him and show him Billingsgate Market before
daybreak. You are the best man for Billingsgate, I think, and you had
better attend to that detail."
[Sidenote: "PIPING OFF."]
"I will meet him there or at the Fish Hill monument, at 5 o'clock in
the morning, if that will do, Sir."
"That will do very well," said the Inspector. "And now we want a man
for Smithfield. Who is a good man for Smithfield? Let me see," and the
Inspector tapped his forehead. "I think Ralfe will do for that. He
knows the Smithfield Market best, and he will show you everything, with
a knowledge of what he is doing. Let Ralfe come up, and Sergeant Scott
and Webb. I want to speak to them."
Ralfe, or Dick Ralfe, as he was called, was a good-looking young
Englishman, who had not been long on the force, and who was in capital
health and spirits, having lately been detailed, for his quickness, to
special duty from the patrol to the Old Jewry.
"Mr. Ralfe, you are good on Smithfield Market. Take this gentleman
there at 4 o'clock to-morrow morning. Meet him at the Smithfield
Police Station at 4 o'clock in the morning, and time your inspection
so that you will be able to catch Funnell at the Fish Hill Monument at
5 o'clock in the morning, so as to have him see the fish come in at
Billingsgate. And now, Sergeant Scott, you will show this gentleman
the Minories, Petticoat Lane, Bevis Marks, Houndsditch, and the Jews'
Quarters, but those you will have to take on another day, as you have
already a hard day's work before you. You had better see the market on
Sunday morning, one of the greatest sights in the world, sir, I assure
you, and the Rag Fair is also a grand show of the kind, I also assure
you; and now, Sergeant Webb, I will give our friend in your charge
when he has got through with the rest of them, and you and he can work
the City, I think. You will do the Bank and the Mansion House and
Newgate; and, let me see,--Funnell can take him to the Sessions and the
Old Bailey Courts; and he will have to go to Scotland-yard to do the
Borough of Westminster, as that is not in our jurisdiction. And now,
Sir, good morning, and don't carry a watch with you in the places where
you are going, for some of the people are not very moral or very pious
to get a look at. Good morning, Sir. Smithfield at 4 o'clock, Ralfe."
Sergeant Webb was a tall, well-built man, in the prime of life, with
ruddy cheeks, and a look that resembled the expression usually worn by
Mr. Seward before he lost all chances for the presidency. His face was
smoothly shaved, and he looked as if he could assist with great dignity
at a banquet.
Sergeant Scott was a man just above the middle height, with light brown
whiskers, and an easy, good-natured manner, who had a memory well
stored with anecdotes of "blokes," and "wires," and "dummies." He had,
also, choice stories of distinguished people who had, during their
lives, been known in the "faking" line, and could have pointed me out a
number of pals who were celebrated in the "kinchin lay" for snatching
"wipes" and "grabbing tanners" and "browns" from little children when
they were sent to the shops for bread or milk.
At the back of the apartment in which the detectives were assembled
to receive orders, stood a short, thick-set looking young man, with
an amber moustache and goatee. His eyes were blue and his complexion
very fair. He was dressed in a quiet manner, and nodded to each of the
detectives as they passed out into the court of the Old Jewry. This
was Jim Irving, the celebrated American detective, who had apprehended
Clement Harwood, the great forger, just as he was about to land in New
York, and he was now waiting the trial of the accused which was to take
place at the Mansion House.
"Jim" was already quite familiar with the City of London, although he
had been in it but a few days. He was, of course, rather astonished,
at the quiet, old-fashioned way, that the English detectives had with
them of waiting for a thief until he came and gave himself up. But he
was very much charmed with a gorgeous seal-skin vest, for which he gave
five guineas.
[Sidenote: POLICE DIVISIONS.]
Seventy-five years ago, London had not more than sixty-eight policemen
or constables, and the present admirable system of Police is all owing
to the clear head and sagacious mind of Sir Robert Peel, who first
organized it about thirty-five years ago. The old local watch of the
city consisted of the Bow street force of sixty-eight men, and the
parish beadles, constables, headboroughs, street keepers, and watchmen,
in the several wards of the City, and in many cases these so-called
officers of the peace were rascals of the worst description, in league
with thieves and prostitutes.
It is said that a Mr. George Vincent Dowling, (who was editor of
"Bell's Life" at the time,) gave Sir Robert Peel the first idea of
the present organization, which consists of a Board of three Police
Commissioners, a chief Superintendent, 25 Sub-Superintendents, 136
Inspectors, 700 sergeants, and over 7,000 policemen. 4,000 men are on
duty in the day-time and 3,000 in the night time. During the day they
are never allowed to cease patrolling, being forbidden even to sit
down. They wear dark-blue pilot woven short frock coats, buttoned up to
the neck, trousers of the same material, with brass buttons on the coat
and a pasteboard helmet covered with black rough felt.
The Police Districts are mapped out into divisions, the divisions
into sub-divisions, the sub-divisions into sections, and the sections
into beats, all being numbered and carefully defined. To every beat,
certain policemen are detailed, specifically, and they are provided
with little slips of pasteboard, on which are printed the routes they
are to take. So thoroughly has this management been perfected, that
every street, lane, road, alley, and court, within the Metropolitan
District--that is, the whole of the metropolis--(excepting that part in
a radius of three-quarters of a mile from St. Paul's, which is called
the City of London Proper)--including the County of Middlesex, and all
the parishes, 220 in number, in the Counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex,
and Hertfordshire, which are not more than 15 miles from Charing Cross
in any direction, comprising an area of about 700 square miles, and 90
miles in circumference, and with a population of 3,500,000,--is visited
constantly, day and night, by some of the police. Within a circle
of six miles from St. Paul's, the beats are traversed in periods of
time varying from twenty to fifty minutes, and there are some points,
such as the Bank, the Mint, the Cathedral of St. Paul, the Abbey of
Westminster, the Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace, the Horse
Guards, and the Inns of Court, which are never free from inspection for
a single moment.
There are 130 police stations in the metropolis, and by a telegraph
signal a Police Commissioner at White Hall, in Parliament street, which
is contiguous to Scotland Yard,--the headquarters of the Metropolitan
Detective force, who are separated in their duties from the Old Jewry
or City of London Detective force,--can concentrate in an hour and a
half as many as 6,000 men for instant duty. This vast force, each man
receiving but three shillings to three and sixpence a day, is really
under a wonderful control. Each officer has to walk twenty miles a day
in his rounds beside attending the police courts, which is equal to
five miles in addition. 98,000 persons were arrested in one year--1869,
of which number 40,000 were discharged. The cost of the Metropolitan
Police for one year was about £525,000, and the City Police, for the
same term, £60,000--the City Police numbering 700, the Metropolitan
force nearly 7,000.
The expenses of the Police Courts, for 1869, was £88,240, including the
salary of one Magistrate at £1,500 a year, and thirty other Magistrates
at £1,200 a year, each. Sixty pounds and six shillings were expended
for rattles, swords, and clubs, in the same time. The City Corporation
are allowed, by act of Parliament, to have their own Police and
Commissioners in the heart of the metropolis, or City proper. There
is, besides, a "Horse Patrol" for public occasions; eight hundred
of which were on duty on the day of the Oxford and Harvard race; a
"Thames River" Police, the "Westminster Constabulary," and a "Police
Office Agency," for recovery of stolen goods. Before the establishment
of the Thames Police, in 1797, the annual loss by robberies alone
on the river, was £750,000 a year, the depredators having various,
curious names, such as "River Pirates," "Light" and "Heavy Horsemen,"
"Mud-larks," "Capemen," and "Scuffle-hunters."
[Sidenote: RIVER THIEVES.]
They were frequently known to weigh a ship's anchor, hoist it with
the cable into a boat, and when discovered, to hail the captain, tell
him of his loss, and row away cheerily. They also would cut shipping
and lighters adrift, run them ashore and then clean them out. Many of
the "Light Horsemen" cleared as much as thirty pounds a night, and
an apprentice to a "mock-waterman" often kept his saddle horse and
country seat. During the first year of the Thames Police, the saving to
the West India merchants alone amounted to £150,000, and 2,200 river
thieves were convicted during that time, of misdemeanor.
In those days, the magnificent docks which are now the chief ornament
of London, had not been built with their high walls to keep out the
swarming thieves who haunted the shipping.
[Illustration]