3. _Xiphosphæra venus_, n. sp. (Pl. 14, fig. 2).
Pores regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal frames. On the half
equator fifteen to eighteen pores, of the same breadth as the bars. Shell
very thick walled; surface smooth, honeycomb-like. Polar spines conical,
smooth, about as long as the axis of the shell, twice as broad at the base
as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.13, pores and bars 0.005;
thickness of the shell wall 0.013; length of the polar spines 0.12 to 0.15,
basal breadth 0.01.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
4. _Xiphosphæra luna_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally lobed or rosette-shaped, three times
as broad as the bars. Ten to twelve pores on the half equator. Shell thick
walled; surface smooth. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, one to two
times as long as the axis of the shell, as broad at the base as one pore
{124}(very similar to _Xiphostylus phasianus_, Pl. 13, fig. 9, but
different in the equal size and similar form of the two large polar
spines).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores 0.015, bars 0.005; length
of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.2, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.
5. _Xiphosphæra hebe_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. On the half
equator sixteen to twenty pores. Shell thick walled; surface smooth. Polar
spines conical or nearly cylindrical, about as long as the axis of the
sphere, as broad at the base as two pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.1 to 0.13, pores 0.006, bars 0.002;
polar spines 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.01 thick.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depths 2700 to 2900
fathoms.
6. _Xiphosphæra maxima_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, funnel-shaped. Twenty
to thirty pores on the half equator. Shell very thick walled; surface
smooth. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the radius of
the sphere, as broad at the base as two pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.22 to 0.35, pores 0.008 to 0.01,
bars 0.005; polar spines 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.02 thick.
_Habitat._--Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
7. _Xiphosphæra euphrosyne_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, about as broad as the bars, double contoured.
Eight to ten on the half equator. Shell thin walled; surface smooth. Polar
spines conical, about as long as the radius of the sphere, as broad at the
base as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.15, pores and bars 0.02;
polar spines 0.06 to 0.09 long, 0.02 thick.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Xiphosphærella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and form; surface thorny or spiny, covered with regularly distributed
papillæ or thorns (in addition to the two large polar spines).
8. _Xiphosphæra pallas_, n. sp. (Pl. 14, fig. 4).
Pores regular, circular, separated by hexagonal elevated frames, the sharp
crest of which is elegantly denticulated; in each corner of the hexagons
(between three pores) is a short radial spine, {125}about as long as one
pore. On the half equator sixteen to twenty pores, of the same breadth as
the bars. Shell thick walled; whole surface spiny. Polar spines
cylindrical, at the apex conical, about as long as the axis of the sphere,
three to four times as broad as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.1, pores and bars 0.005; length of
the polar spines 0.07 to 0.11, thickness 0.015 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
9. _Xiphosphæra flora_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars.
Ten to twelve pores on the half equator. Shell thin walled, with spiny
surface; in each corner of the hexagons is one bristle-like radial spine
twice as long as one pore. Polar spines three-sided prismatic, at the apex
pyramidal, nearly twice as long as the axis of the sphere, as broad at the
base as two pores (similar to _Ellipsoxiphus palliatus_, Pl. 14, fig. 7).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.15, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length
of the polar spines 0.2 to 0.25, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.
10. _Xiphosphæra juno_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, as broad as the bars, funnel-shaped. Fifteen to
twenty pores on the half equator. Shell thick walled, covered with
bristle-like spines, about twice as long as one pore. Polar spines conical,
thick, about as long as the axis of the sphere, twice as broad at the base
as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores and bars 0.01; length of
the polar spines 0.14, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados rocks; living in the greatest depth of
the Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475.
11. _Xiphosphæra gigantea_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, two to three times as broad as the bars;
twenty-eight to thirty-two on the half equator. Shell thick walled, covered
with short conical thorns. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as
long as the radius of the sphere, as broad at the base as three pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.25 to 0.3, pores 0.01, bars 0.004;
polar spines 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.03 broad.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily
(Cattanisetta).
Subgenus 3. _Xiphosphærissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns (other
than the polar spines).
{126}12. _Xiphosphæra ceres_, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, of different sizes, two to four times as broad
as the bars. Sixteen to twenty pores on the half equator. Shell thin
walled, with smooth surface. Polar spines conical, about as long as the
axis of the sphere, very thick at the base.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.15 to 0.2, pores 0.004 to 0.008,
bars 0.002; polar spines 0.18 to 0.24 long, at the base 0.02 thick.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.
13. _Xiphosphæra clavigera_, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, double contoured, of very unequal size, two to
seven times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Shell
thick walled; surface a little rough. Polar spines club-shaped, with
prominent edges, about half as long as the axis of the sphere; thinner at
both ends than in the middle. (Differs from _Ellipsoxiphus claviger_, Pl.
14, fig. 3, in the spherical shell and shorter spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.2, pores 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.003;
polar spines 0.06 long, 0.02 broad.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Subgenus 4. _Xiphosphæromma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface thorny or spiny (besides the two large polar spines).
14. _Xiphosphæra vesta_ n. sp. (Pl. 14, fig. 6).
Pores irregular, roundish, three to five times as broad as the bars;
fourteen to sixteen on the half equator. Scattered on the surface of the
thick-walled shell are from twenty to thirty strong three-sided pyramidal
spines of unequal size, the largest twice as long as the largest pores.
Polar spines very strong, nearly three-sided prismatic, with curved edges,
nearly as long as the axis of the sphere and twice as broad as the largest
pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.17, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.004;
length of the polar spines 0.13, thickness 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms,
15. _Xiphosphæra astræa_, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, one to two times as broad as the bars; ten to
twelve on the half equator. Surface of the thick-walled shell covered with
numerous short conical thorns. Polar spines cylindro-conical, one and a
half to two times as long as the axis of the sphere.
{127}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.18, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars
0.008; length of the polar spines 0.25 to 0.3, thickness 0.02.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, surface; Ceylon, Haeckel.
Genus 46. _Xiphostylus_,[69] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 450.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with one single lattice-sphere and two free
spines of different size or form.
The genus _Xiphostylus_ differs from the foregoing _Xiphosphæra_ in the
unequal size or form of both polar spines, which become more or less
differentiated.
Subgenus 1. _Xiphostylantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns.
1. _Xiphostylus alcedo_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 4).
Pores regular, circular, with elevated hexagonal frames, twice as broad as
the bars. Eight to ten pores on the half equator. Surface smooth. Polar
spines three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the base as one hexagon; the
major spine four to five times as long as the minor, which is about equal
to the radius of the sphere.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores 0.012, bars 0.006; length
of the major polar spine 0.16 to 0.2, of the minor 0.04 to 0.06, basal
breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475.
2. _Xiphostylus phasianus_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 9).
Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Eight to ten pores on
the half equator. Outer opening of each pore elegantly lobed, with eight
indentations. Surface a little rough. Polar spines very unequal; major
spine sword-like, sharply edged, about as long as the diameter of the
sphere; minor spine scarcely half so long, pommel-shaped, with nine (?)
wing-like edges.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.13, inner circular opening of the
pores 0.01, outer eight-lobed opening 0.015, bars 0.005; length of the
major polar spine 0.14, of the minor 0.06, breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Australian Sea, Station 162, surface.
3. _Xiphostylus motacilla_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to
twenty on the half equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines compressed,
two-edged, at the base three to four times as broad as {128}one pore; the
major spine somewhat longer than the diameter of the shell, the minor
scarcely one-third or one-half as long.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.14, pores 0.006, bars 0.002; length
of the major spine 0.16 to 0.18, of the minor 0.05 to 0.07, basal breadth
0.02.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms, Pullen.
4. _Xiphostylus gallus_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, five times as broad as the bars. Twelve to sixteen
pores on the half equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines very unequal; the
major conical spine one and a half to three times as long as the diameter
of the sphere; the minor pommel-shaped, scarcely one-third as long (length
of both spines very variable).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.13, pores 0.01, bars 0.002; length
of the major spine 0.2 to 0.4, of the minor 0.05 to 0.08.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Xiphostylus alauda_, n. sp. (Pl. 14, fig. 15).
_Lithomespilus alauda_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas, _loc. cit._
Pores subregular, circular, three to four times as broad as the bars;
fifteen to eighteen on the half equator. Surface a little rough. Polar
spines irregularly conical or pyramidal, scarcely as long as the radius of
the sphere; one spine simple, the other composed of a bunch of four or five
spines united at the base.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.11, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length
of the polar spines 0.03 to 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
6. _Xiphostylus anhinga_, Haeckel.
_Rhabdolithis pipa_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iii. fig.
4.
Pores subregular, circular, about the same breadth as the bars; eight to
ten on the half equator. Surface smooth or a little rough. Polar spines
cylindrical, very irregularly curved like S or contorted, the major three
to six times as long as the diameter of the sphere, the minor scarcely
one-fourth as long as the former, at the end truncated.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores and bars 0.005; length of
the major polar spine 0.2 to 0.4, of the minor 0.06 to 0.09, basal breadth
0.01.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados rocks.
Subgenus 2. _Xiphostyletta_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and form; surface thorny or spiny (other than the two large polar spines).
{129}7. _Xiphostylus cuculus_, n. sp.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the
bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Surface thorny, between every
three pores a short conical thorn. Polar spines three-sided prismatic, the
major somewhat longer than the diameter of the sphere, the minor scarcely
one-third as long, pommel-shaped.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.17, pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length
of the major polar spine 0.2, of the minor 0.05, basal breadth 0.015.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, surface; Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.
8. _Xiphostylus trochilus_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 10).
Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars; eight to nine on
the half equator. Polar spines cylindrical, the major somewhat longer than
the axis of the sphere, the minor shorter, surrounded by a group of from
four to eight shorter conical spines. Surface of the opposite hemisphere
smooth, without by-spines.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.07 to 0.08, pores 0.01, bars
0.0025.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
9. _Xiphostylus picus_, n. sp. (Pl. 14, fig. 13).
_Lithomespilus picus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas.
Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on
the half equator. Polar spines cylindrical, conical at the apex, the major
once and a half to twice as long as the diameter of the shell, the minor
scarcely half so long; around the latter a group of twelve to twenty
shorter conical spines, irregularly scattered. Surface of the other
hemisphere smooth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.13, pores 0.006, bars 0.003; length
of the major polar spine 0.2 to 0.24, of the minor 0.08 to 0.09, basal
breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Subgenus 3. _Xiphostylissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of unequal size or
form; surface smooth or a little rough, without thorns.
10. _Xiphostylus trogon_, n. sp. (Pl. 14, fig. 12).
_Lithomespilus trogon_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas.
Pores irregular, roundish or subcircular, two to three times as broad as
the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Surface smooth. Major polar
spine three-sided prismatic, once and a half to twice as long as the axis
of the sphere; minor spine quite rudimentary, scarcely longer than broad,
but surrounded by a group of from three to six similar short spines.
{130}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.1, pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars
0.005 to 0.008; length of the major spine 0.15 to 0.18, of the minor 0.01
to 0.02, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
11. _Xiphostylus falco_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 14).
Pores irregular, roundish, two to five times as broad as the bars; sixteen
to eighteen on the half equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines cylindrical,
very stout, nearly half as thick as the radius of the shell; major spine
two to four times as long as the diameter of the shell; minor spine
obliquely inserted, scarcely longer than the diameter, divided at the end
into two short, hook-shaped, curved branches.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.08, pores 0.002 to 0.005, bars
0.001; breadth of the spines 0.02, length of the major spine 0.15 to 0.2,
of the minor 0.09.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.
12. _Xiphostylus alca_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 13).
Pores irregular, roundish, two to six times as broad as the bars; six to
eight on the half equator. Each pore with three to six lobes, composed of
three to six confluent smaller pores. Surface smooth. Major spine conical,
curved, somewhat longer than the axis of the sphere; minor spine somewhat
shorter, pommel-like, edged.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.003;
length of the major spine 0.08, of the minor 0.06, basal thickness 0.02.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe, surface.
13. _Xiphostylus edolius_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 5).
Pores irregular, roundish, composed of two to six smaller confluent pores.
On the half equator six to eight large pores, and twenty to thirty small
pores; bars between the smaller very thin. Surface a little rough. Major
polar spine conical, S-shaped, about twice as long as the axis of the
shell; minor spine pommel-shaped, edged, scarcely as long as its radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12, large pores 0.01 to 0.03, small
pores 0.004 to 0.008, bars 0.001 to 0.004; length of the major spine 0.2,
of the minor 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, surface.
Subgenus 4. _Xiphostylomma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface thorny or spiny.
{131}14. _Xiphostylus emberiza_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 11).
Pores irregular, roundish, one to four times as broad as the bars; six to
eight on the half equator. Polar spines very unequal; major cylindrical,
twice as long as the axis of the sphere; minor scarcely half as long,
obliquely inserted, like a bird's head, surrounded by a group of ten to
twenty smaller conical spines. Opposite hemisphere smooth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.005, pores 0.002 to 0.008, bars
0.002; length of the major spine 0.09, of the minor 0.05, basal breadth
0.01.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.
15. _Xiphostylus ardea_, n. sp.
Pores irregular, roundish, one to three times as broad as the bars; twelve
to sixteen on the half equator. Whole surface spiny. Major polar spine
three-sided pyramidal, somewhat longer than the diameter of the sphere;
minor scarcely so long as its half radius, pommel-like, edged.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars
0.003; length of the major polar spine 0.15, of the minor 0.03, basal
breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.
Genus 47. _Saturnalis_,[70] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 450.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with one single lattice-sphere and two equal
opposite spines, connected at the distal end by a circular or elliptical
ring.
The genus _Saturnalis_ (with simple lattice-sphere) and the two similar
genera _Saturnulus_ (with two concentric spheres) and _Saturninus_ (with
three spheres) form together the small peculiar group of Saturnalida,
distinguished by a remarkable circular or elliptical ring, connecting the
distal ends of the two equal opposite polar spines. This ring indicates a
certain equatorial plane, and therefore brings these #Sphæroidea# into
relation with the #Discoidea#.
Subgenus 1. _Saturnalina_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Ring smooth, without spines or thorns.
1. _Saturnalis circularis_, n. sp.
Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice
as broad as the bars. Ten to twelve pores on the half equator. Ring
circular, smooth, its diameter three times as great as that of the sphere.
{132}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores 0.005, bars 0.0025;
diameter of the circular ring 0.2, thickness of the axial beams and the
ring 0.01.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
2. _Saturnalis annularis_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 16).
Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, with elevated hexagonal
frames, of the same breadth as the bars. Sixteen to twenty pores on the
half equator. Ring elliptical, smooth, somewhat constricted at the poles of
the axis, its diameter three times as great as that of the sphere.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.09, pores and bars 0.005, major
axis of the elliptical ring 0.27 to 0.3, minor axis 0.19 to 0.2; thickness
of the ring and of the axial beams 0.01.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, surface.
3. _Saturnalis cyclus_, n. sp.
_Lithocircus mesocena_, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iii.
fig. 1.
Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, without hexagonal frames,
twice as broad as the bars. Eight to ten pores on the half equator. Ring
circular, smooth, its diameter four times as great as that of the sphere.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores 0.006, bars 0.003;
diameter of the circular ring 0.28, thickness of the ring and both axial
beams 0.01.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados rocks.
4. _Saturnalis circoides_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 12).
Pores of the spherical shell irregular, roundish, often somewhat lobed, one
to three times as broad as the bars; fifteen to twenty on the half equator.
Ring circular, smooth, with four prominent edges, its diameter twice as
great as that of the sphere. (The figured specimen is a young or not fully
developed one; afterwards I found in the same locality other specimens with
quite perfect rings, similar to the edged ring of _Saturnulus annulus_, Pl.
16, fig. 17.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.09 to 0.1, pores 0.003 to 0.01,
bars 0.004; diameter of the circular ring 0.2 to 0.24, thickness of the
ring and the polar beams 0.01.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean; fossil in the Nicobar rocks; living at great
depths near Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms, Pullen.
Subgenus 2. _Saturnalium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Ring armed on the periphery with numerous spines or thorns.
5. _Saturnalis trochoides_, n. sp.
_Haliomma_ species, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xx. fig. 2.
Pores of the spherical shell subregular, circular, twice as broad as the
bars. Twelve to sixteen pores on the half equator. Ring circular, armed
with ten to twelve strong conical, irregular spines, its diameter twice as
great as that of the sphere.
{133}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.08, pores 0.006, bars 0.003;
diameter of the circular ring 0.16; length of the radial spines 0.02 to
0.04; thickness of the ring and the axial beams 0.01.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados rocks.
6. _Saturnalis rotula_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 15).
Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars;
sixteen to twenty on the half equator. Ring circular, armed with fifteen to
twenty strong, conical, irregular spines, partly simple, partly divided
into two or three irregular branches; diameter of the ring two and a half
times as great as that of the sphere.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.08, pores 0.004, bars 0.002;
diameter of the circular ring 0.2, length of its spines 0.02 to 0.03;
thickness of the ring and the radial beams 0.01.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.
Subfamily SPHÆROSTYLIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 451.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with two concentric, spherical
lattice-shells.
Genus 48. _Stylosphæra_,[71] Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. Berlin Akad.,
p. 54.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with two concentric lattice-spheres and two
free spines of equal size and similar form.
The genus _Stylosphæra_, the most simple form of the Sphærostylida, can be
derived either from _Xiphosphæra_ by duplication of the spherical shell, or
from _Carposphæra_ by development of two opposite polar spines. The inner
or medullary shell is enclosed in the central capsule, whilst the outer or
cortical shell lies outside it; the two are connected by two or more radial
beams, piercing the wall of the capsule.
Subgenus 1. _Stylosphærantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and similar form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or
thorns.
1. _Stylosphæra musa_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two concentric spheres = 3 : 1. Cortical shell
thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, three times as broad as
the thin bars; twelve on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided
pyramidal, as long as the axis of the cortical shell, one-tenth as broad at
the base.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, pores 0.01, bars 0.003;
diameter of the inner shell 0.06; length of the polar spines 0.2, basal
breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.
{134}2. _Stylosphæra urania_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two shells = 4 : 1. Cortical shell thin walled,
smooth; pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the
bars; ten on the half equator. Polar spines conical, as long as the radius
of the outer shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.24, pores 0.012, bars
0.006; medullary shell 0.06; length of the polar spines 0.12, basal breadth
0.024.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
3. _Stylosphæra calliope_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, fig. 6).
Radial proportion of the two shells = 3 : 1. Cortical shell thick walled,
smooth; pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. Each
pore on its outer opening with eight regular lobules, flower-like. Nine to
ten pores on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, with
three strong prominent edges, about as long as the axis, as broad as one
pore. (Sometimes, as in the figured specimen, one spine is smaller than the
other; this variety, otherwise identical, may be called _Sphærostylus
calliope_.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.015, bars 0.005;
inner shell 0.04; length of the polar spine 0.08 to 0.12, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
4. _Stylosphæra clio_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, fig. 7).
Radial proportion of the two shells = 2 : 1. Cortical shell thick walled,
smooth; pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; fourteen
to sixteen on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, very
robust, with thick prismatic edges, about as long as the axis of the
cortical shell, one-third as broad at the base. (Sometimes, as in the
figured specimen, one spine is greater than the other; this form may be
called _Sphærostylus clio_.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.01, bars 0.003;
inner shell 0.06; length of the polar spines 0.08 to 0.12, basal breadth
0.03 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area; Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
5. _Stylosphæra polyhymnia_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two spheres = 3 : 1. Cortical shell very thin
walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the
bars; sixteen to twenty on the half equator. Polar spines cylindrical,
pointed, once and a half to twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere,
scarcely broader than one pore. The two spheres are connected only by the
two opposite beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12 to 0.16, pores 0.006 to
0.009, bars 0.002 to 0.003; inner shell 0.04 to 0.05; length of the polar
spines 0.18 to 0.22, breadth 0.01.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
surface.
{135}6. _Stylosphæra dixyphos_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma dixyphos_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 83; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 31.
_Haliomma dixyphos_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol. p. 433.
Radial proportion of the two spheres = 2 : 1. Cortical shell thin walled,
smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; ten to
twelve on the half equator. Polar spines about as long as the axis of the
outer shell, three-sided pyramidal, at the base twice as broad as one pore.
(The two spheres connected by four beams, two opposite in the main axis,
two opposite in the equatorial axis.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, pores 0.01, bars 0.05;
inner shell 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.08 to 0.1, basal breadth
0.02.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, surface; fossil in Tertiary rocks
of Sicily.
Subgenus 2. _Stylosphærella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and similar form; surface thorny or spiny.
7. _Stylosphæra setosa_, Ehrenberg, 1872.
_Stylosphæra setosa_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 320; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. viii.
fig. 15.
Radial proportion of the two shells = 2 : 1. Cortical shell thin walled,
spiny; pores regular, hexagonal, four times as broad as the bars. Six to
eight pores on the half equator. Polar spines conical, thin, scarcely as
long as the radius of the cortical shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.1, pores 0.002, bars 0.005;
medullary shell 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.
_Habitat._--Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 206,
depth 2100 fathoms.
8. _Stylosphæra euterpe_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two shells = 3 : 1. Cortical shell thin walled,
spiny; pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice as broad as
the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Polar spines conical, as thick
as one pore at the base, about as long as the axis of the cortical shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.12, pores 0.012, bars
0.006; medullary shell 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal breadth
0.012.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.
9. _Stylosphæra melpomene_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, fig. 1).
Radial proportion of the two shells = 3 : 1. Cortical shell thin walled,
spiny, with regular, circular pores, four times as broad as the bars; eight
to ten on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided prismatic, pointed, as
broad as one pore, only one-third as long as the axis of the sphere (the
two shells connected by four thin beams, two opposite in the main axis, two
in the equatorial axis).
{136}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.012, bars
0.003; inner shell 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.04, thickness 0.013.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe.
10. _Stylosphæra hispida_, Ehrenberg, 1854.
_Stylosphæra hispida_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 246; Mikrogeol, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 26.
_Haliomma hispidum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 433.
Radial proportion of the two spheres = 3 : 1. Cortical shell thick walled,
spiny, with regular, circular pores of the same breadth as the bars; ten to
fifteen on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided prismatic, pointed,
about as long as the axis of the outer sphere, nearly as broad at the base
as the inner sphere. (Compare _Sphærostylus hispidus_; also Ehrenberg,
Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1874, p. 259.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.12, pores and bars
0.004; inner shell 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.15, basal
breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Barbados, Nicobars, &c.
11. _Stylosphæra liostylus_, Ehrenberg, 1875.
_Stylosphæra liostylus_, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
p. 84, Taf. xxv. fig. 3.
Radial proportion of the two spheres = 3 : 1. Cortical shell thick walled,
thorny, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars;
eight to ten on the half equator. Polar spines conical, once and a half to
twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere, half as broad at the base as
its radius. (This species, common in the Barbados rocks, is different from
_Sphærostylus liostylus_, _loc. cit._, fig. 2, which Ehrenberg believed
identical.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, pores 0.01, bars 0.0035;
inner shell 0.03; length of the polar spines 0.14 to 0.18, basal breadth
0.02.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados rocks; living in the depths of the North
Atlantic, Gulf Stream, Florida.
Subgenus 3. _Stylosphærissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface smooth or a little rough, without thorns or spines.
12. _Stylosphæra nana_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, figs. 12, 13).
Radial proportion of the two spheres = 2 : 1. Cortical shell thick walled,
somewhat irregular, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, one to three
times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Polar spines
three-sided pyramidal, scarcely as long as the axis of the outer sphere,
and nearly as broad at the base as its radius. (A very variable and
irregular form.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.07 to 0.09, pores 0.003 to
0.009, bars 0.003; inner shell 0.03 to 0.04; length of the polar spines
0.04 to 0.07, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 241 to 253, surface.
{137}13. _Stylosphæra jugata_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two shells = 2 : 1. Cortical shell thick walled,
smooth, with irregular, roundish, double-contoured pores, confluent in
groups of two to six. On the half equator six to nine groups and fifteen to
twenty pores; bars between them of very variable breadth. Polar spines very
strong, three-sided pyramidal, twice as long as the axis of the outer
sphere, half as broad at the base as its radius. (Nearly allied to
_Lithatractus jugatus_, Pl. 16, fig. 2, but differs in the truly spherical
form of both shells and the double length of the polar spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.005 to 0.02; inner
shell 0.07; length of the polar spines 0.25 to 0.3, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.
14. _Stylosphæra terpsichore_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two shells = 3 : 1 or 4 : 1. Cortical shell thick
walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, one to three times as broad
as the bars; fifteen to twenty-five on the half equator. Polar spines
conical, about as long as the axis of the outer sphere, as broad at the
base as the inner shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15 to 0.2, pores 0.005 to
0.02, bars 0.004 to 0.008; inner shell 0.05; length of the polar spines
0.15 to 0.25, basal breadth 0.05.
_Habitat._--Western Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.
Subgenus 4. _Stylosphæromma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface spiny or thorny.
15. _Stylosphæra thalia_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two shells = 2 : 1. Cortical shell thin walled,
thorny, with irregular, roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the
bars; eight to twelve on the half equator. Polar spines conical, one to one
and a half times as long as the axis of the outer sphere, one-fourth to
one-sixth as thick at the base. (Resembles _Sphærostylus ophidium_, Pl. 16,
fig. 14, but differs in the straight regular conical polar spines, both of
equal length and similar form.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars
0.005; inner shell 0.06; polar spines 0.1 to 0.16 long, 0.03 broad.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.
16. _Stylosphæra erato_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the two shells = 3 : 1. Cortical shell thick walled,
thorny, with irregular, roundish pores, two to five times as broad as the
bars; fourteen to eighteen on the half equator. {138}Polar spines
three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the axis of the outer sphere,
one-fourth as broad as its radius. (Similar to _Xiphosphæra vesta_, Pl. 14,
fig. 6.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.008 to 0.015, bars
0.003; inner shell 0.05; polar spines 0.12 long, 0.02 broad.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.
Genus 49. _Sphærostylus_,[72] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with two concentric lattice-spheres and two
free spines, of different size or form.
The genus _Sphærostylus_ differs from _Stylosphæra_ in the different size
or form of the two polar spines, and therefore has the same relation to it
that _Xiphostylus_ bears to _Xiphosphæra_.
Subgenus 1. _Sphærostylantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and similar form; surface smooth or a little rough, without thorns.
1. _Sphærostylus liostylus_, Haeckel.
_Stylosphæra liostylus_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, Taf. xxv. fig. 2.
Cortical shell thin walled, with rough surface, three times as broad as the
medullary shell. Pores of the cortical shell regular, circular, twice as
broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Polar spines
cylindrical, as broad as one pore, with conical apex; the minor spine about
as long as the axis of the outer shell, the major three to four times as
long.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, pores 0.12, bars 0.006;
diameter of the inner sphere 0.04; length of the major polar spine 0.3 to
0.4, of the minor 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.012.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados rocks.
2. _Sphærostylus flexuosus_, Haeckel.
_Stylosphæra flexuosa_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, Taf. xxv. fig. 5.
Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface, three times as broad as
the medullary shell. Pores of the cortical shell regular circular, of the
same breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Polar spines
cylindrical, S-like curved, irregular; the minor scarcely as long as the
axis of the outer sphere, the major two to three times as long. (In the
figure of Ehrenberg the spines are broken off; I have found them myself
constantly irregular and of unequal length, sometimes with conical apex.)
{139}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores and bars
0.006; inner sphere 0.03; length of the major polar spine 0.15 to 0.25, of
the minor 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Barbados rocks.
3. _Sphærostylus clio_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface, twice as broad as the
medullary shell; its network has regular, circular pores, three times as
broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty on the half equator. Polar spines very
strong, three-sided pyramidal; the major nearly twice as long as the axis
of the outer sphere, the minor scarcely as long as its radius. (Nearly
related to _Stylosphæra clio_, Pl. 16, fig. 7, but differs in the slender
form and unequal length of the polar spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.14, pores 0.01, bars 0.03;
inner sphere 0.07; length of the major spine 0.25, of the minor 0.06, basal
breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
4. _Sphærostylus hippocampus_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, figs. 10, 11).
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface and regular network; the
pores circular, hexagonally-lobed, three times as broad as the bars; ten to
twelve on the half equator. Medullary shell half as large, with very small
circular pores, eight to ten on the half equator. Major polar spine
scarcely as long as the axis of the outer shell, curved like a horn; minor
spine scarcely half as long, pommel-like, edged. (Sometimes, by
prolongation of the main axis, the spherical shells become ellipsoidal and
thus the species is transformed into _Druppatractus hippocampus_.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores 0.009, bars 0.003;
inner sphere 0.04; length of the major spine 0.07, of the minor 0.03,
breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Sphærostyletta_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and form; surface spiny or thorny.
5. _Sphærostylus diadema_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, spiny, twice as broad as the medullary shell,
with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on
the half equator. Major polar spine about as long as the axis of the outer
sphere, three-sided pyramidal; minor spine scarcely half as long,
pommel-shaped, edged. (Similar in general form to _Xiphatractus glyptodon_,
Pl. 17, figs. 9, 10; but differs in the simple medullary shell, the
spherical form of both shells, and the simple circular regular pores.)
{140}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, pores 0.014, bars
0.007; inner sphere 0.06; length of the major spine 0.13, of the minor
0.05, greatest breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Southern Pacific, surface, Station 289.
Subgenus 3. _Sphærostylissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface smooth or a little rough.
6. _Sphærostylus cottus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, about twice as broad as the medullary
shell, with irregular, roundish pores, scarcely larger than the bars;
fifteen to twenty on the half equator. Polar spines conical, the major once
and a half to twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere, the minor
scarcely as long as its radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.14, pores and bars 0.008 to
0.012; inner sphere 0.065; length of the major spine 0.2 to 0.3, of the
minor 0.05 to 0.07, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Northern Atlantic, Færöe Channel, surface, John Murray.
7. _Sphærostylus trigla_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary
shell, with irregular, roundish pores, two to three times as broad as the
bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Polar spines very unequal; the
major three-sided pyramidal, one and a half times as long as the axis of
the outer sphere; the minor scarcely as long as its radius, edged,
pommel-like.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars
0.005; inner sphere 0.04; length of the major spine 0.2, of the minor 0.05,
breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Northern Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
Subgenus 4. _Sphærostylomma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface spiny or thorny.
8. _Sphærostylus ophidium_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, figs. 14, 15).
_Stylosphæra ophidium_, Haeckel, 1878, Atlas, _loc. cit._
Cortical shell thin walled, thorny, twice as broad as the medullary shell,
with irregular, roundish pores; eight to ten on the half equator. Polar
spines conical, more or less curved or S-shaped; the minor scarcely as long
as the axis of the outer sphere, the major two to three times as long.
{141}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.11, pores 0.01 to 0.017,
bars 0.003 to 0.007; diameter of the inner sphere 0.06, pores 0.005 to
0.008, bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the major polar spine 0.25, of the
minor 0.1, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.
Genus 50. _Saturnulus_,[73] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with two concentric lattice-spheres and two
equal opposite spines, the distal ends of which are connected by a circular
or elliptical ring.
The genus _Saturnulus_ differs from the similar _Saturnalis_ by the
duplication of the spherical lattice-shell; the inner lies within, the
outer without the central capsule.
1. _Saturnulus circulus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
circular, hexagonally framed pores, of the same breadth as the bars;
fourteen to sixteen on the half equator. Ring circular, smooth, without
edges, its diameter three times as great as that of the sphere.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores and bars 0.004; of
the inner sphere 0.04, of the ring 0.24.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.
2. _Saturnulus annulus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with
regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, of the same breadth as the
bars; eighteen to twenty on the half equator. Ring elliptical, smooth,
without edges, somewhat constricted at the poles of the minor axis, its
major diameter four times as great as that of the sphere. Differs from
_Saturnalis annularis_, Pl. 13, fig. 16, mainly in the possession of a
medullary shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.1, pores and bars 0.005;
inner sphere 0.033; major axis of the ring 0.4, minor 0.3.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, surface.
3. _Saturnulus ellipticus_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, fig. 16).
Cortical shell smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with
regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to
eighteen on the half equator. Ring elliptical, smooth, without edges, its
major diameter three times as great as that of the sphere.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.09, pores 0.006, bars 0.002;
inner sphere 0.03; major axis of the elliptical ring 0.28, minor 0.24;
thickness of the ring and the axial beams 0.008.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, surface.
{142}4. _Saturnulus planetes_, n. sp. (Pl. 16, fig. 17).
Cortical shell smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the
half equator. Ring elliptical, smooth, with strong prominent edges,
constricted at the poles of the minor axis, its major diameter three times
as great as that of the outer sphere.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores and bars 0.005;
inner sphere 0.035; major axis of the ring 0.25, minor axis 0.2; thickness
of the ring and the axial beams 0.012.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe; Station 200, surface.
Subfamily AMPHISTYLIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 452.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with three concentric spherical
lattice-shells.
Genus 51. _Amphisphæra_, Haeckel,[74] 1881, Prodromus, p. 452.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with three concentric lattice-spheres and
two free spines of equal size and similar form.
The genus _Amphisphæra_ differs from its probable ancestral form,
_Stylosphæra_, in the triple spherical lattice-shell. Commonly two of these
lie within the central capsule (medullary shell), whilst the third lies
outside it (cortical shell). But sometimes this order is inverted, the
cortical shell being double, the medullary shell simple; and perhaps these
forms may better represent a peculiar genus, _Amphisphæridium_.
Subgenus 1. _Amphisphærantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and similar form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or
thorns.
1. _Amphisphæra neptunus_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three concentric spheres = 4 : 2 : 1. Cortical
shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed
pores, of the same breadth as the bars; twelve to fifteen on the half
equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, with strong prominent edges,
about as long as the radius of the outer shell, half as broad at the base.
(Similar to _Stylatractus neptunus_, Pl. 17, fig. 6, but differs in the
purely spherical form of the three concentric shells and the regular form
of the network and of the polar spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, middle shell 0.08, inner
shell 0.04; pores and bars of the cortical shell 0.008; length of the polar
spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
{143}2. _Amphisphæra uranus_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 4 : 2 : 1. Cortical shell thick
walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the
bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided
pyramidal, about as long as the diameter of the outer shell, twice as broad
at the base as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.03;
pores of the cortical shell 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the polar spines
0.1, basal breadth 0.024.
_Habitat._--Western Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms, Pullen.
3. _Amphisphæra jupiter_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 10 : 3 : 2. Cortical shell thick
walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars;
twenty to twenty-five on the half equator. Polar spines cylindro-conical,
nearly as long as the axis of the outer shell, twice as broad at the base
as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.06, inner 0.04;
pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines
0.15 to 0.18, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Amphisphærella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and similar form; surface thorny or spiny.
4. _Amphisphæra apollo_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3 : 1.5 : 1. Cortical shell thick
walled, spiny, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, of the
same breadth as the bars; twenty to twenty-two on the half equator. In each
hexagon-corner (between three pores) a bristle-like radial spine. Polar
spines cylindrical, with conical apex; one to one and a half times as long
as the axis of the outer shell, as broad as three pores at the base.
(Resembles closely _Xiphosphæra pallas_, Pl. 14, fig. 4, but differs in the
presence of two medullary shells and the absence of the fine denticulations
on the hexagonal crests.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.04;
pores and bars of the cortical shell 0.006; length of the polar spines
0.15, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.
5. _Amphisphæra mercurius_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3 : 2 : 1. Cortical shell thin
walled, spiny, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars;
fifteen to eighteen on the half equator; between {144}them short
bristle-like radial spines. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as
long as the radius of the outer shell, one-third as broad at the base.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.09, inner 0.05;
pores of the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines
0.09, basal breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
Subgenus 3. _Amphisphærissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns.
6. _Amphisphæra cronos_, n. sp. (Pl. 17, fig. 5).
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3 : 2 : 1. Cortical shell thin
walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, two to four times as broad
as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Outer medullary shell
similar, but with pores of half the size, connected with the cortical shell
by numerous radial beams; inner medullary shell with very small pores.
Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the axis of the inner
medullary shell, half as broad at the base.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.08, inner 0.04;
pores of the cortical shell 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.05; length of the polar
spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.
7. _Amphisphæra pluto_, n. sp. (Pl. 17, figs. 7, 8).
Radial proportion of the three spheres about = 4 : 2 : 1 (or 11 : 7 : 3).
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with very irregular, roundish pores,
two to four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator;
often two to four pores confluent. Margin of their outer aperture double.
Polar spines conical, double contoured, as long as the radius of the outer
shell, one-third as broad at the base.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, middle shell 0.07, inner
shell 0.03; pores of the cortical shell 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.06, length of
the polar spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.
Subgenus 4. _Amphisphæromma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface spiny or thorny.
8. _Amphisphæra mars_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 10 : 3 : 2. Cortical shell thin
walled, thorny, with irregular, roundish pores, one to three times as broad
as the bars; sixteen to twenty on the {145}half equator. Irregularly
scattered between them short conical thorns. Polar spines conical, about as
long as the axis of the outer shell, as broad at the base as the inner
shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle shell 0.06, inner
shell 0.04; pores of the cortical shell 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.006; length
of the polar spines 0.17, basal breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, near Florida, depth 1500 fathoms,
Schaffner.
Genus 52. _Amphistylus_,[75] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 452.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with three concentric lattice-spheres and
two free spines of different size or form.
The genus _Amphistylus_ differs from its ancestral form, _Amphisphæra_, by
the differentiation of both polar spines, and exhibits therefore the same
relation to it that _Sphærostylus_ bears to _Stylosphæra_.
1. _Amphistylus clio_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 4 : 2 : 1. Cortical shell thick
walled, smooth; its pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the
bars; eighteen to twenty on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided
pyramidal, very stout, as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell;
major spine somewhat longer than the diameter of the cortical shell; minor
spine scarcely half as long. (Similar to _Stylosphæra clio_, Pl. 16, fig.
7, but different in the double medullary shell and the different length of
the polar spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.15, middle 0.08, inner 0.04;
pores of the outer shell 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the major spine 0.17,
minor 0.07, basal breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Amphistylus hippocampus_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3 : 2 : 1. Cortical shell thick
walled, smooth; its pores regular, circular, hexagonally lobed, three times
as broad as the bars; twelve to fifteen on the half equator. Major polar
spine three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the axis of cortical shell;
minor spine pommel-like, edged, scarcely one-third as long. (Similar to
_Sphærostylus hippocampus_, Pl. 16, figs. 10, 11, but differs in the larger
size, the double medullary shell, and the straight, not curved, major
spine.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.11, middle 0.07, inner 0.035;
pores of the outer shell 0.011, bars 0.004; length of the major spine 0.12,
of the minor 0.04, breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
3. _Amphistylus glyptodon_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 6 : 3 : 1. Cortical shell thick
walled, spiny, with irregular, roundish pores, two to four times as broad
as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. {146}Inner aperture of each
pore closed by a thin fenestrated lamella with five to seven small pores.
Major polar spine three-sided pyramidal, longer than the diameter of the
outer sphere; minor polar spine scarcely as long as its radius,
pommel-shaped. (Similar to _Xiphatractus glyptodon_, Pl. 17, figs. 9, 10,
but differs in the spherical, not ellipsoidal, form of the three shells and
the size of the polar spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.02;
pores and spines of the outer shell 0.01 to 0.02, bars and porules 0.006;
length of the major polar spine 0.15, of the minor 0.05, breadth 0.04.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
Genus 53. _Saturninus_,[76] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with three concentric lattice-spheres and
two equal opposite spines, connected at the distal end by a circular or
elliptical ring.
The genus _Saturninus_ differs from the similar _Saturnulus_ by the
triplication of the spherical lattice-shell; the inner shell is enclosed in
the central capsule, whilst both the others lie outside it.
1. _Saturninus triplex_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the three spheres = 4 : 3 : 1. Inner cortical shell
with regular, circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars, sixteen to
eighteen on the half equator; outer cortical shell connected with the inner
by numerous bristle-like radial spines, network very delicate,
cobweb-shaped, with irregular polygonal meshes. Ring elliptical, two and a
half times as broad as the outer shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner sphere 0.03, middle 0.09, outer 0.12;
pores and bars of the middle shell 0.004; major axis of the elliptical ring
0.3, minor 0.25; thickness of the ring and the axial beams 0.008.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.
Subfamily CROMYOSTYLIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with four concentric spherical
lattice-shells (two medullary and two cortical).
Genus 54. _Stylocromyum_,[77] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 453.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with four concentric lattice-spheres and two
free spines of equal size and similar form.
{147}The genus _Stylocromyum_ differs from its probable ancestral form,
_Amphisphæra_, by the duplication of the cortical shell; two opposite
radial beams, piercing the wall of the central capsule, connect it with the
double medullary shell, and are prolonged outside into two equal spines.
1. _Stylocromyum amphiconus_, n. sp.
Surface of the shell smooth. Radial proportion of the four spheres =
1 : 2 : 8 : 9. Two medullary shells inside the central capsule, two
cortical shells outside it. Interval between the second and third shells
the greatest. Pores of all the shells regular, circular, two to four times
as broad as the bars. Both polar spines equal, conical, about as long as
the axis of the outermost sphere, as broad at the base as the innermost.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) inner medullary shell
0.03, (B) outer medullary shell 0.06, (C) inner cortical shell 0.25, (D)
outer cortical shell 0.28; length of the polar spines 0.3, basal breadth
0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.
2. _Stylocromyum amphipyramis_, n. sp.
Surface of the shell smooth. Radial proportion of the four spheres =
2 : 3 : 6 : 8. Both medullary shells with regular, circular pores, twice as
broad as the bars. Both cortical shells with irregular, roundish, much
larger pores, three to six times as broad as the bars. Both polar spines
equal or nearly equal, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the axis of
the third shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.04, (B) 0.06, (C) 0.12,
(D) 0.16; length of the polar spines 0.11, basal breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Genus 55. _Cromyostylus_,[78] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 453.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with four concentric lattice-spheres and two
free spines of different size or form.
The genus _Cromyostylus_ differs from its ancestral form, _Stylocromyum_,
in the differentiation of the two unequal polar spines.
1. _Cromyostylus gladius_, n. sp.
Surface of the shell smooth. Radial proportion of the four spheres =
1 : 3 : 10 : 12. Both medullary shells with regular, circular, simple
pores. Inner cortical shell with regular, circular, hexagonally framed
pores, twice as broad as the bars. From each hexagon-corner arises a
{148}bristle-shaped radial spine, which at the distal end gives off three
thread-like branches; by communication of these threads (at equal distances
from the centre) the delicate outer medullary shell is formed. The polar
spines very different; major spine six-sided pyramidal, longer than the
diameter of the shell; minor pommel-shaped, shorter than the radius
(similar to _Xiphatractus glyptodon_, Pl. 17, figs. 9, 10, but different in
the double spherical cortical shell).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.02, (B) 0.06, (C) 0.2,
(D) 0.24; length of the major spine 0.3, of the minor 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Subfamily CARYOSTYLIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 454.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with five or more concentric, spherical
lattice-shells.
Genus 56. _Caryostylus_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 454.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with five to six or more concentric
lattice-shells and two free opposite spines of equal size and similar form.
The genus _Caryostylus_ differs from its ancestral form, _Stylocromyum_, by
the multiplication of the concentric spheres, the number of which amounts
to five or six or more. I have only observed one single species of this
genus. Some similar forms which in my Prodromus (1881, p. 454) were annexed
to it, and disposed in three nearly allied genera (_Caryoxiphus_,
_Caryodoras_, _Caryolonche_), have now been proved to belong to other
groups, mainly ellipsoidal Druppulida.
1. _Caryostylus hexalepas_, n. sp.
Surface of the spherical shell smooth. Radial proportion of the component
six concentric shells = 1 : 2 : 7 : 9 : 12 : 15. Both medullary shells
connected only by six radial beams, opposite in pairs in the three
dimensive axes. Between second and third shell numerous (twenty regularly
disposed?) radial beams. Four cortical shells connected by very numerous
(sixty to eighty or more?) short radial beams. Pores of all six shells
regular, circular, the size increasing towards the surface, two to three
times as broad as the bars. Two opposite polar spines very large, of equal
size, three times as long as the shell radius, cylindrical, club-shaped at
the thicker distal end. (The whole shell structure is similar to Pl. 15,
fig. 2, but the shells are spherical, not ellipsoidal.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the six spheres--(A) 0.02, (B) 0.04, (C) 0.15,
(D) 0.18, (E) 0.24, (F) 0.3; length of the spines 0.5.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
Subfamily SPONGOSTYLIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 455.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with spherical spongy shell (with or without
enclosed latticed medullary shells).
{149}Genus 57. _Spongolonchis_,[79] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with a solid sphere of spongy framework, and
with two opposite free radial spines.
The genus _Spongolonchis_ differs from its probable ancestral form,
_Styptosphæra_, by the development of two opposite radial spines situated
in one axis.
1. _Spongolonchis compacta_, n. sp.
Spongy framework of the spherical shell very compact, with small meshes,
three to four times as broad as the bars. Surface rough, but not spiny. Two
polar spines pyramidal, only as long as the radius of the shell, one-third
as broad at the base.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the spines 0.1, basal
breadth 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
2. _Spongolonchis laxa_, n. sp.
Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, ten to twelve times as broad as
the bars. Surface spiny. Two polar spines three-sided prismatic, longer
than the diameter of the shell (broken off in the observed specimen).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.5; length of the spine 0.6 and more,
breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Genus 58. _Spongostylus_,[80] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with spongy spherical cortical shell,
enclosing in the centre a simple latticed medullary shell, and with two
opposite free radial spines.
The genus _Spongostylus_ may probably be derived from _Spongoplegma_ by
development of two opposite radial spines in one axis.
1. _Spongostylus hastatus_, n. sp.
Spongy cortical shell with compact framework, twice as broad as the
enclosed medullary shell, the pores of which are regular, circular, twice
as broad as the bars. Two polar spines, three times as long as the radius
of the shell, in the basal two-thirds cylindrical, in the distal third
compressed, two-edged, spear-shaped.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.1, medullary shell 0.05;
length of the spines 0.15.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.
{150}2. _Spongostylus gladiatus_, Haeckel.
_Stylosphæra holosphæra_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 14.
Spongy cortical shell with rather compact framework, four times as broad as
the enclosed medullary shell, the pores of which are irregular, roundish,
three to four times as broad as the bars. Two polar spines sword-shaped,
two-edged, as long as the shell diameter.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.24, medullary shell 0.06;
length of the spines 0.25.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; Philippine
Sea, depth 3300 fathoms.
3. _Spongostylus serratus_, n. sp.
Spongy cortical shell with lax framework, ten to twelve times as broad as
the enclosed medullary shell, the pores of which are irregular, roundish,
once and a half to twice as broad as the bars. Two polar spines longer than
the shell diameter (broken off in the observed specimen), three-sided
prismatical, with three straight serrated edges.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.5, medullary shell 0.04;
length of the spines 0.6 or more.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
Genus 59. _Spongostylidium_,[81] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with spongy spherical cortical shell,
enclosing two concentric spherical latticed medullary shells, and with two
opposite, free radial spines.
The genus _Spongostylidium_ differs from _Spongostylus_ by duplication of
the latticed medullary shell, and therefore bears the same relation to it
as _Spongodictyon_ to _Spongoplegma_.
1. _Spongostylidium streptacanthum_, n. sp.
Both medullary shells spherical, with small, regular, circular pores, twice
as broad as the bars (outer twice as broad as the inner). Spongy cortical
shell enclosing it with dense framework, four times as broad as the outer
medullary shell. Two polar spines very large, four times as long as the
diameter of the outer shell; as broad as the inner medullary shell, with
three dentated, spirally contorted edges. (Very similar to the common
_Spongosphæra streptacantha_ and to _Hexadoridium streptacanthum_, but with
only two opposite spines in one axis.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, of the outer medullary
shell 0.04, inner 0.02; length of the spines 0.7 and more, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe.
{151}Family VIII. #STAUROSPHÆRIDA#, Haeckel (Pl. 15).
_Staurosphærida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.
_Definition._--#Sphæroidea# with four radial spines on the surface of the
spherical shell, forming a regular cross, being opposite in pairs in two
axes perpendicular to one another; living solitary (not associated in
colonies).
The family #Staurosphærida# is distinguished from the other #Sphæroidea# by
the possession of four radial spines, which are opposite in pairs in two
perpendicularly crossed axes. By these "two main axes" an equatorial plane
is determined, which approximates them to the #Discoidea#. But in the
latter the shells as well as the central capsule become more or less
flattened, lenticular, or discoidal, whilst in the former they remain
spherical. However, some forms of both groups are very similar, and
inspection from different sides (and mainly from the margin of the
equatorial plane) is required to determine the spherical (not compressed)
shell-form of the Staurosphærida. As a rule the species of this family are
much rarer, and much less numerous, than those of all the other
#Sphæroidea#.
The most simple Staurosphærida are the Staurostylida, with one single
spherical lattice-shell. To this ancestral group all other subfamilies can
be opposed as "Staurosphærida concentrica," since their carapace is
composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells; two in the
Staurolonchida, three in the Stauracontida, four in the Staurocromyida,
five or more in the Staurocaryida. In all these four subfamilies the
concentric shells are simple (not spongy) fenestrated spheres. In a sixth
subfamily, in the Staurodorida, the shell is wholly or partially composed
of irregular spongy wickerwork, with or without a medullary shell in the
centre.
_The Four Radial Spines_ in all Staurosphærida are normally opposed in
pairs in two axes perpendicular one to another, and therefore together form
a rectangular cross. But in many species besides this normal form
individual abnormalities occur, in which the four spines in the equatorial
plane are not quite accurately opposed, so that the four angles between
them are not right angles, but more or less unequal. More rarely also their
position in the equatorial plane is not accurately retained, so that they
are placed in two, three, or four different meridian planes, intersecting
at very small variable angles.
In the greater part of Staurosphærida all four radial spines are quite
equal, and of the same size and form. But in some genera there takes place
a more or less considerable differentiation of the four spines, commonly in
pairs, so that the two opposite spines of each pair are equal, but the
pairs different (_Staurostylus_, _Staurolonchidium_). More rarely also both
spines of one pair become unequal, whilst those of the other pair remain
equal (_Stauroxiphos_). Very rarely all four spines assume a different size
or form.
{152}_Synopsis of the Genera of Staurosphærida._
I. Subfamily {All four spines equal, 60. _Staurosphæra_.
Staurostylida. {
(Shell one single {Four spines different
lattice-sphere.) { in pairs, 61. _Staurostylus_.
{
{One spine larger than the
{ three others, 62. _Stylostaurus_.
II. Subfamily {All four spines {Simple, 63. _Staurolonche_.
Staurolonchida. { equal, {
(Shell with { {Branched, 64. _Staurancistra_.
two concentric {
lattice-spheres.) {Four spines different 65.
{ in pairs, _Staurolonchidium_.
{
{One spine larger than
{ the three others, 66. _Stauroxiphos_.
III. Subfamily }All four spines equal,
Stauracontida. } simple, 67. _Stauracontium_.
(Shell with three }
concentric spheres.) }
IV. Subfamily }All four spines {Simple, 68. _Staurocromyum_.
Staurocromyida. } equal, {
(Shell with four } {Branched, 69. _Cromyostaurus_.
concentric spheres.) }
V. Subfamily }All four spines equal, 70. _Staurocaryum_.
Staurocaryida. }
(Shell with five }
or more concentric }
spheres.) }
VI. Subfamily }Solid spongy sphere
Staurodorida. } without medullary shell, 71. _Staurodoras_.
(Shell a spongy }
sphere.) }
Subfamily STAUROSTYLIDA,[82] Haeckel, Prodromus, 1881, pp. 449, 450.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with one single spherical lattice-shell.
Genus 60. _Staurosphæra_,[83] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 450.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with a single lattice-sphere and four
crossed equal spines.
The genus _Staurosphæra_ may be regarded as the common ancestral form of
this subfamily, since it represents their most simple and primitive form.
From the surface of the simple lattice-sphere, enclosing the central
capsule, arise four equal, simple, radial spines, opposite in pairs in two
diameters, perpendicular one to another. _Staurosphæra_ may be derived
phylogenetically either from _Cenosphæra_ by production of the four spines,
or from _Hexastylus_ by reduction of two opposite spines.
{153}Subgenus 1. _Staurosphærantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores regular, all of nearly equal size and similar form;
surface smooth.
1. _Staurosphæra cruciata_, n. sp.
Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, four times as
broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the quadrant. Four crossed radial
spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the diameter of the shell, as
broad at the base as one pore (very similar to _Hexastylus phænaxonius_,
Pl. 21, fig. 3, but with only four spines).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the pores 0.008, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
2. _Staurosphæra christiana_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed
pores, three times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the quadrant. Four
crossed spines six-sided pyramidal, as long as the radius, as broad as one
mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.13, pores 0.012, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
3. _Staurosphæra johannis_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, four times as
broad as the bars; five to six on the quadrant. Four spines six-sided
pyramidal, half as long as the radius, as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.02, bars 0.005.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
4. _Staurosphæra pauli_, n. sp.
Shell very thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, double-edged
pores, four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Four
spines conical, as long as the radius, as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.016, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Staurosphæra petri_, n. sp.
Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as
broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-two on the quadrant. Four spines
conical, half as long as the radius, as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.22, pores 0.006, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms; also fossil in
Barbados.
{154}6. _Staurosphæra jacobi_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as
the bars; eleven to twelve on the quadrant. Four spines cylindrical, three
times as long as the radius, three times as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.006, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.
7. _Staurosphæra simonis_, n. sp.
_Haliomma_ with four spines, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iv.
fig. 4.
Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, of the same
breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Four spines cylindrical,
twice as long as the radius, five times as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.1, pores and bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
Subgenus 2. _Staurosphærella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores regular, all of nearly equal size and similar form;
surface covered with by-spines or accessory thorns.
8. _Staurosphæra philippi_, n. sp. (Pl. 15, fig. 6).
Shell thin walled, covered with bristle-shaped by-spines, as long as the
radius. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; six to eight
on the quadrant. Four main spines cylindrical, five to ten times as long as
the radius, as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.006, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.
9. _Staurosphæra andreæ_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three
times as broad as the bars; nine to ten on the quadrant. From each
hexagon-corner arises a bristle-shaped by-spine, half as long as the
radius. Four main spines three-sided pyramidal, with spirally contorted
edges, as long as the radius (very similar to _Hexastylus solonis_, Pl. 21,
fig. 11, but with only four spines).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.01, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
{155}10. _Staurosphæra thomæ_.
Shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the
bars; twelve to fourteen on the quadrant; surface covered with short
conical by-spines. Four main spines conical, twice as long as the radius,
twice as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.2, pores 0.012, bars 0.006.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth, 2200 fathoms.
Subgenus 3. _Staurosphærissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface smooth.
11. _Staurosphæra judæ_, n. sp.
Shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, polygonal pores, twice to four
times as broad as the bars; six to ten on the quadrant. Four main spines
three-sided pyramidal, as long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.15, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars
0.003.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 273, depth, 2350 fathoms.
12. _Staurosphæra crassa_, Dunikowski.
_Staurosphæra crassa_, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd.
xlv. p. 27, Taf. v. figs. 52-55.
Shell thick walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, scarcely
broader than the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Four spines
three-sided pyramidal, nearly as long as the shell diameter.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.19, pores and bars 0.015.
_Habitat._--Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg near Salzburg,
Dunikowski).
13. _Staurosphæra apostolorum_, Haeckel.
? _Cenosphæra megapora_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 66, Taf. iii. fig. 1.
? _Cenosphæra micropora_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 66, Taf. iii. fig. 2.
Shell thin walled, smooth, with large, irregular, roundish pores, twice to
six times as broad as the bars; four to six on the quadrant. Four spines
conical, very stout, about as long as the shell diameter, often more or
less irregularly disposed.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.2, pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars
0.005.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
{156}Subgenus 4. _Staurosphæromma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface covered
with by-spines or accessory thorns.
14. _Staurosphæra bartholomæi_, n. sp.
Shell thin walled, with irregular, polygonal pores, three times as broad as
the bars; six to eight on the quadrant; surface covered with short
bristle-shaped by-spines. Four main spines three-sided pyramidal, twice as
long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.003
to 0.005.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
15. _Staurosphæra thaddæi_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish, polygonally framed pores,
twice to three times as broad as the bars; five to seven on the quadrant;
surface covered with bristle-shaped spines, half as long as the radius.
Four main spines pyramidal, as long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 006 to 0.012, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
16. _Staurosphæra matthæi_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as
broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the quadrant; surface covered with
short conical thorns or by-spines. Four main spines conical, as long as the
radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
Genus 61. _Staurostylus_,[84] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 450.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with one single lattice-sphere and four
crossed spines which are arranged in opposite pairs, one pair opposite
being larger than the other.
The genus _Staurostylus_ has been developed from _Staurosphæra_ by
differentiation of the four crossed spines in pairs; two opposite spines
growing much more strongly than the other two.
1. _Staurostylus græcus_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed
pores, twice as broad as the bars; six to eight on the quadrant. Spines
three-sided prismatic, pointed, as broad as {157}one mesh; two opposite
larger spines as long as the diameter of the shell, two smaller only as
long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length
of the major spines 0.16, minor 0.08.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
2. _Staurostylus latinus_, n. sp.
Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular, double-edged pores,
three times as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the quadrant.
Spines conical, twice as broad at the base as one mesh; two opposite larger
spines as long as the radius of the shell, two smaller only one-third as
long.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.24, pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length
of the major spines 0.12, minor 0.04.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.
3. _Staurostylus germanicus_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, covered with bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as
the radius. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as
the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. From each hexagon-corner arises one
short by-spine. Four main spines three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the
base as one mesh; two opposite larger spines one and a half times as long
as the radius, two smaller two-thirds as long.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length
of the major spines 0.12, minor 0.08.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
Genus 62. _Stylostaurus_,[85] 1881, Prodromus, p. 450.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with one single lattice-sphere and four
crossed spines, one of which is much larger than the other three.
The genus _Stylostaurus_ differs from the preceding in the extraordinary
development of one of the four spines, which is much longer than the other
three; these may be equal or different.
1. _Stylostaurus caudatus_, n. sp. (Pl. 13, fig. 7).
Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed
pores, twice as broad as the bars; five to six on the quadrant. Spines
three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the base as {158}one mesh; one of the
spines longer than the shell diameter, the opposite spine nearly as long as
the shell radius; both lateral spines scarcely one-third as long.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of
the major spine 0.14, of the opposite 0.04, of both lateral spines 0.012.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
2. _Stylostaurus gladiatus_, n. sp.
Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as
broad as the bars; nine to ten on the quadrant. Spines three-sided
prismatic, as broad at the base as one mesh; one of the spines longer than
the shell diameter, and much larger than the other three, which are nearly
equal (half as long as the radius).
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.015, bars 0.005; length
of the major spine 0.25, of the three others 0.005.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Subfamily STAUROLONCHIDA,[86] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 451.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with two concentric spherical
lattice-shells.
Genus 63. _Staurolonche_,[87] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with two concentric lattice-spheres and
four crossed, equal, simple spines.
The genus _Staurolonche_ may be derived either from _Staurosphæra_ by the
duplication of the lattice-sphere, or from _Carposphæra_ by the production
of four crossed radial spines, lying in one meridional plane, or from
_Hexalonche_ by the reduction of two opposite spines.
Subgenus 1. _Staurolonchantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, and of nearly equal
size and similar form; surface smooth.
1. _Staurolonche hexagona_, n. sp.
_Haliomma hexagonum_, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvb., Bd. iv.
fig. 17.
_Haliomma hexagonum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 434.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary
shell, with regular, hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars;
seven to eight on the quadrant. Four spines three-sided pyramidal, somewhat
longer than the radius, as broad at the base as one mesh.
{159}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; cortical
pores 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.08.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 64, depth 2700 fathoms.
2. _Staurolonche spinozæ_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell,
with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as broad as
the bars; five to six on the quadrant. Four spines three-sided pyramidal,
half as long as the radius, as broad at the base as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.08; cortical pores
0.012, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
3. _Staurolonche aperta_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma apertum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxviii. fig. 5.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary
shell; pores regular, circular, five times as broad as the bars; four to
five on the quadrant. Four spines conical, as long as the radius, as broad
as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.03; cortical pores
0.015, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.05.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
4. _Staurolonche brunonis_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell,
with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; eight to
ten on the quadrant. Four spines cylindro-conical, longer than the
diameter, twice as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, inner 0.04; cortical pores
0.006, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.12.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
5. _Staurolonche pertusa_, n. sp. (Pl. 15, figs. 5, 5_a_).
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary
shell, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars;
eight to ten on the quadrant. Pores of the medullary shell only one-third
as large, also circular. Four spines three-sided prismatic, three times as
long as the radius; each of their three thin wings perforated by a single
row of small pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.033; cortical pores
0.01, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.15.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.
{160}Subgenus 2. _Staurolonchella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, and of nearly equal
size and similar form; surface covered with by-spines or thorns.
6. _Staurolonche straussii_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell, and
covered with numerous bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as the radius.
Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars;
six to eight on the radius. On each hexagonal frame twelve by-spines (six
at the corners, six in the middle between them). Four main spines six-sided
pyramidal, about as long as the radius, twice as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.04; cortical pores
0.016, bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.1.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
7. _Staurolonche feuerbachii_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, five times as broad as the medullary shell,
and covered with short conical by-spines. Pores regular, circular, twice as
broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-two on the quadrant. Four main spines
three-sided prismatic, with pyramidal apex, two to three times as long as
the radius, twice as broad as one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.27, of the inner 0.055;
cortical pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
8. _Staurolonche moleschottii_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell,
and covered with short conical by-spines. Pores regular, circular, of the
same breadth as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the quadrant. Four main
spines conical, as long as the radius, three times as broad at the base as
one mesh.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; cortical pores
and bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.08.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
Subgenus 3. _Staurolonchissa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface smooth.
9. _Staurolonche holbachii_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface, three times as broad as
the medullary shell. Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to four times as
broad as the bars. Four main spines three-sided prismatic, longer than the
shell diameter.
{161}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; cortical
pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.15.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.
10. _Staurolonche gassendii_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface, four times as broad as
the medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish, three to five times as
broad as the bars. Four main spines conical, as long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.05; cortical pores
0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.1.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.
Subgenus 4. _Staurolonchura_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size or
form; surface covered with by-spines or thorns.
11. _Staurolonche epicurii_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, five times as broad as the medullary shell,
and covered with numerous bristle-shaped by-spines (half as long as the
radius). Pores irregular, roundish, polygonally framed, twice to three
times as broad as the bars. Four main spines pyramidal, as long as the
radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, inner 0.044; cortical
pores 0.02 to 0.04, bars 0.012; length of the spines 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
12. _Staurolonche lucretii_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick-walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell,
and covered with numerous short, conical thorns. Pores irregular, roundish,
twice to four times as broad as the bars. Four main spines conical, half as
long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; cortical pores
0.015 to 0.03, bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Genus 64. _Staurancistra_,[88] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with two concentric lattice-spheres and
four crossed, equal, branched spines.
{162}The genus _Staurancistra_ differs from its ancestral form,
_Staurolonche_, in the ramification of the four crossed spines.
1. _Staurancistra quadricuspis_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with rough, thorny surface, and irregular,
roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on
the quadrant. Medullary shell one-third as large, with regular, circular
pores; connected with the cortical shell by four crossed radial beams.
These are prolonged outside into four strong three-sided prismatic spines,
nearly as long as the shell diameter, each having three curved branches
below the distal end. (Similar to _Hexancistra quadricuspis_, Pl. 22, fig.
11, but with only four spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, of the medullary shell
0.05; pores of the former 0.06 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines
0.14, breadth 0.012.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
Genus 65. _Staurolonchidium_,[89] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with two concentric lattice-spheres and
four crossed simple spines which are disposed in two different pairs, two
opposite being larger than the other two.
The genus _Staurolonchidium_ has arisen from _Staurolonche_ by the stronger
growth of the two opposite spines, the other two remaining stationary; both
spines of each pair equal.
1. _Staurolonchidium artioscelides_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface, three times as broad as
the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as
broad as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Four radial spines
three-sided pyramidal, as broad as one mesh; two opposite larger spines
three times as long as the two smaller, which are about equal to the
radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, medullary shell 0.05;
pores of the former 0.012, bars 0.006; length of the major spines 0.24,
minor 0.08.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.
2. _Staurolonchidium perspicuum_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma perspicuum_, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxix. fig. 1.
Cortical shell thin walled, covered with small conical by-spines, five
times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular, eight times
as broad as the bars; three to four on the quadrant. Four radial spines
three-sided pyramidal, scarcely one-third as broad as one mesh; two
opposite larger spines four times as long as the two smaller, which are
about equal to half the radius.
{163}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.12, medullary shell
0.025; pores of the former 0.03, bars 0.004; length of the major spines
0.12, minor 0.03.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
Genus 66. _Stauroxiphos_,[90] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with two concentric lattice-spheres and
four crossed simple spines, one of which is much larger than the other
three.
The genus _Stauroxiphos_ differs from its ancestral form, _Staurolonche_,
in the greater development of one single spine, and exhibits therefore the
same relation to it that _Stylostaurus_ bears to _Staurosphæra_.
1. _Stauroxiphos gladius_, n. sp. (Pl. 15, fig. 7).
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary
shell. Pores of the outer shell regular, circular, regularly six-lobed on
the outer opening, four times as broad as the bars; about six on the
quadrant. Pores of the inner shell only one-third as large, simple,
circular. Three of the four radial spines of nearly equal size,
pommel-shaped, with three prominent, dentated wings, somewhat shorter than
the shell radius and about half as broad as long; the fourth spine much
larger, sword-like, about three times as long as the shell radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores
of the former 0.01, bars 0.0025; pores of the latter 0.003, bars 0.001;
length of the major spine 0.18, of the three minor 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Subfamily STAURACONTIDA,[91] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 52.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with three concentric spherical
lattice-shells.
Genus 67. _Stauracontium_,[92] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 452.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with three concentric lattice-spheres and
four crossed, equal, simple spines.
The genus _Stauracontium_ differs from its probable ancestral form,
_Staurolonche_, in the duplication of the cortical shell.
Subgenus 1. _Stauracontarium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, all of nearly equal
size and similar form; surface smooth.
{164}1. _Stauracontium cruciferum_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, four
times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Radial proportion
of the three spheres = 1 : 3 : 9. Connecting radial beams between them six
(opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes), but only four of them are
prolonged outside into four stout three-sided prismatic spines, lying in
one equatorial plane, as long as the shell diameter.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.07, inner 0.025;
cortical pores 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.2.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Stauracontium tetracanthum_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma tetracanthum_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 295, Taf. x. figs. 7, 8.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three
times as broad as the bars; five to six on the quadrant. Radial proportion
of the three spheres = 1 : 3 : 12. Radial spines three-sided pyramidal,
about as long as the shell diameter.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.03, inner 0.01;
cortical pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.1.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.
3. _Stauracontium tetracontium_, Haeckel.
_Actinomma tetracanthum_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr. 26, p. 91, Taf. ii.
fig. 6.
Cortical shell thin walled, rough, with regular, circular pores, of the
same breadth as the bars; six to seven on the quadrant. Radial proportion
of the three spheres = 1 : 2.5 : 8. Radial spines three-sided pyramidal,
nearly as long as the shell diameter.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, middle 0.03, inner 0.013;
cortical pores and bars 0.006; length of the spines 0.08.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.
Subgenus 2. _Stauracontellium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, and of nearly equal
size and similar form; surface covered with numerous small thorns or
by-spines.
4. _Stauracontium daturæforme_, Haeckel.
_Actinomma daturæforme_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr. 26, p. 93, Taf. ii.
fig. 13.
Cortical shell thick walled, covered with short thorns, and with regular,
hexagonal pores, five times as broad as the bars; six to seven on the
quadrant. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1 : 3 : 3.5. Radial
spines six-sided pyramidal, about half as long as the radius and one-fourth
as broad.
{165}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.13, inner
0.04; cortical pores 0.017, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.03.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Stöhr.
5. _Stauracontium sparganium_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, covered with very numerous, short, conical
spines, and with regular, circular pores, five times as broad as the bars;
sixteen to eighteen on the quadrant. Radial proportion of the three spheres
= 2 : 3 : 9. Radial main spines three-sided prismatic, as long as the
radius or longer.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.275, middle 0.09, inner 0.06;
cortical pores 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.15.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
Subgenus 3. _Stauracontidium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface smooth.
6. _Stauracontium antarcticum_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth. Pores irregular, roundish, two to four
times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
1 : 2 : 8. Radial spines conical, as long as the radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.05, inner 0.025;
cortical pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.1.
_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.
Subgenus 4. _Stauracontonium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface covered
with thorns or by-spines.
7. _Stauracontium setosum_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, covered with thin bristle-shaped by-spines,
half as long as the radius. Pores irregular, polygonal, three to five times
as broad as the bars. Proportion of the three spheres = 1 : 2 : 6. Radial
main spines pyramidal, nearly as long as the shell diameter.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.05, inner 0.025;
cortical pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.12.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
8. _Stauracontium papillosum_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, covered with short conical papillæ or
by-spines. Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as the
bars. Proportion of the three spheres = 1 : 3 : 12. Radial main spines
conical, as long as the radius.
{166}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, middle 0.06, inner
0.02; cortical pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.12.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Subfamily STAUROCROMYIDA,[93] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with four concentric spherical
lattice-shells.
Genus 68. _Staurocromyum_,[94] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 453.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with four concentric lattice-spheres and
four crossed, equal, simple spines.
The genus _Staurocromyum_ has arisen probably from _Stauracontium_ by
duplication of the cortical shell, two concentric shells lying within, two
others outside the central capsule.
1. _Staurocromyum quadruplex_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 2 : 8 : 10. Both medullary
shells with very small, regular, circular pores. Inner cortical shell with
regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores, twice as broad as the bars;
from each hexagon-corner arises a small by-spine, and these, connected by
tangential branches at equal distances from the centre, form the delicate
outer cortical shell, with spiny surface. Four main spines three-sided
pyramidal, as long as the shell radius.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four shells--(A) 0.25, (B) 0.2, (C) 0.05,
(D) 0.025; length of the spines 0.12.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
2. _Staurocromyum quadrispinum_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 3 : 9 : 12. Both medullary
shells with small, regular, circular pores. Both cortical shells with
irregular, roundish pores. Surface covered with short, conical by-spines.
Four main spines cylindro-conical, somewhat longer than the shell diameter.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four shells--(A) 0.24, (B) 0.18, (C) 0.06,
(D) 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
Genus 69. _Cromyostaurus_,[95] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 453.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with four concentric lattice-spheres and
four crossed, equal, branched spines.
{167}The genus _Cromyostaurus_ differs from the preceding _Staurocromyum_,
its ancestral form, in the ramification of the four crossed spines.
1. _Cromyostaurus verticillatus_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 3 : 11 : 13. Both medullary
shells with small, regular, circular pores; inner cortical shell with
regular, hexagonal pores; from the hexagon-corners arise small, radial
by-spines, which at equal distances from the centre send out forked
tangential branches, three from each spine, and by communication of these
form the outer, delicate, cortical shell. Four main spines nearly as long
as the shell diameter, three-sided prismatic, with four to six verticils of
ramified lateral branches, each verticil composed of three forked branches,
which ramify again.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four shells--(A) 0.26, (B) 0.22, (C) 0.06,
(D) 0.02; length of the spines 0.24.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
Subfamily STAUROCARYIDA,[96] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 454.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with five or more concentric spherical
lattice-shells.
Genus 70. _Staurocaryum_,[97] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 454.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with five or more concentric
lattice-spheres and four crossed, equal spines.
The genus _Staurocaryum_ has arisen from the preceding _Staurocromyum_ by
the further multiplication of the concentric spheres; in the only observed
form there are six, at nearly equal distances apart.
1. _Staurocaryum arborescens_, n. sp. (Pl. 15, fig. 8).
Shell composed of six concentric latticed spheres, at nearly equal
distances apart, and with somewhat regular, circular pores, the size of
which gradually increases from the first to the sixth shell. The surface of
the outermost shell is densely covered with numerous arborescent by-spines,
which bifurcate from three to four times, and are three-sided pyramidal at
the base, and twice as long as the distance between each two shells. The
six shells are connected only by four crossed, conical, radial beams, which
increase in diameter from the centre, and are prolonged outside into very
stout cylindrical, radial spines, irregularly covered with small thorns and
forked ramules, and nearly as long as the shell diameter. Only a single
specimen was observed.
{168}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the whole shell 0.22; distance between each
two shells 0.02; length of the by-spines 0.05, of the main spines 0.2.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.
Subfamily STAURODORIDA,[98] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 455.
_Definition._--#Staurosphærida# with spongy, spherical shell (with or
without enclosed concentric lattice-shells).
Genus 71. _Staurodoras_,[99] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.