#Sphæroidea#, formerly united with _Actinomma_, but different from this
genus in the absence of radial spines. The latticed shell is composed of
three concentric spheres, two of which lie within the central capsule
(medullary shells), and one outside (cortical shell). This latter is
connected with the former by radial beams piercing the wall of the central
capsule. From the following _Rhodosphæra_ (with one medullary and two
cortical shells) _Carposphæra_ differs also by the distance of the three
shells. In the former the distance between the two outer shells is much
smaller, in the latter much larger, than the distance between the inner
shells.
Subgenus 1. _Thecosphærantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, hexagonal, or circular,
with hexagonal frames or lobes, all of nearly equal size and form.
{79}1. _Thecosphæra triplodictyon_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, four
times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
1 : 2 : 8. Both medullary shells with regular circular pores, twice as
broad as the bars, the inner half as broad as the outer. All three shells
connected by six thin radial beams, opposite in pairs in the three
dimensive axes.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.05, inner 0.025;
cortical pores 0.012, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
2. _Thecosphæra phænaxonia_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with regular, circular, hexagonally
framed pores, twice as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three
spheres = 1 : 2 : 6. Both medullary shells with regular hexagonal pores and
thin bars. All three shells connected by six prismatic radial beams,
opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes. (Shell similar to
_Hexacontium sceptrum_, Pl. 24, fig. 1, 1_a_, but without external spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.04, inner 0.02;
cortical pores 0.01, bars 0.005.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, surface.
3. _Thecosphæra favosa_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, thorny, with regular, circular, hexagonally
framed pores, of the same breadth as the bars. Radial proportion of the
three spheres = 1 : 3 : 10. Both medullary shells with regular circular
pores, connected with the former by twelve short prismatic, regularly
disposed radial beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.06, inner 0.02;
cortical pores and bars 0.008.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, surface; also fossil in Barbados.
4. _Thecosphæra floribunda_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, elegantly six-lobed
pores, three times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three
spheres = 1 : 2 : 4. Both medullary shells with simple regular circular
pores, connected with the former by six dimensive radial beams. (Similar to
_Hexacontium floridum_, Pl. 24, fig. 4, but without external spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.03;
cortical pores 0.01, bars 0.0033.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
{80}Subgenus 2. _Thecosphærella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell regular, circular, without
hexagonal frames or lobes, all of nearly equal size and form.
5. _Thecosphæra inermis_, Haeckel.
_Actinomma inerme_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 440, Taf. xxiv.
fig. 5.
_Haliomma inerme_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 815.
Cortical shell thin walled, rough, with regular circular pores, twice as
broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres and of their
circular regular pores = 1 : 2 : 4. All three spheres connected by twelve
regularly disposed radial beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, middle 0.05, inner 0.025;
cortical pores 0.006, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at many
Stations and at various depths.
6. _Thecosphæra æquorea_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma æquorea_, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 83; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 35.
_Actinomma æquorea_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 443.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular circular pores of the
same breadth as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres and of
their regular pores = 1 : 2 : 6 or = 1 : 3 : 9; they are connected by six
radial beams, opposite by pairs in the three dimensive axes.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.08 to 0.12, middle 0.03 to
0.04, inner 0.09 to 0.12; cortical pores and bars about 0.006.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Corfu, surface; fossil in Greece and Sicily.
7. _Thecosphæra medusa_, Haeckel.
_Haliomma medusa_, Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
p. 130; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. figs. 33, 34.
_Actinomma medusa_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 444.
_Actinomma medusa_, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., Bd. xxvi. p. 90, Taf. ii.
fig. 3.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough or thorny, with regular circular pores
of the same breadth as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
1 : 2 : 4 (or 1 : 2.5 : 6); they are connected by four radial beams,
crossed by pairs in two diameters, perpendicular one to another.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.08 to 0.12, middle 0.04 to
0.06, inner 0.02 to 0.025; cortical pores and bars in average 0.005.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and the Mediterranean.
{81}8. _Thecosphæra entactinia_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular circular pores of the
same breadth as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
1 : 3 : 12; they are connected by very numerous (forty to fifty, or more)
thin radial beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, middle 0.06, inner 0.02;
cortical pores and bars 0.008.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
9. _Thecosphæra micropora_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with very small and numerous, regular,
circular pores, half as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three
shells = 1 : 2 : 5; they are connected by twenty regularly disposed radial
beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.08, inner 0.04;
cortical pores 0.002, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, surface.
Subgenus 3. _Thecosphærina_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular polygonal, of unequal
size or dissimilar form.
10. _Thecosphæra capillacea_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular polygonal pores, three
to six times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with similar, but
smaller, pores. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1 : 3 : 8; they
are connected by very numerous (sixty to eighty or more) thin radial beams.
(Similar to _Actinomma capillaceum_, Pl. 29, fig. 6, but without external
spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.075, inner 0.025;
cortical pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 250, surface.
11. _Thecosphæra diplococcus_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with large irregular polygonal pores,
two to three times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with small
regular circular pores. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1 : 2 : 6;
they are connected by twenty (?) stout radial beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.04, inner 0.02;
cortical pores 0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.
Subgenus 4. _Thecosphæromma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the cortical shell irregular, roundish, of unequal
size or dissimilar form.
{82}12. _Thecosphæra dodecactis_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with large irregular roundish pores,
two to eight times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with regular
circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three
spheres = 1 : 2 : 5; they are connected by twelve regularly disposed stout
radial beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.08, inner 0.04;
cortical pores 0.004 to 0.016, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.
13. _Thecosphæra icosactis_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with small irregular roundish pores, two to
four times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with similar but
smaller pores. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1 : 3 : 8; they are
connected by twenty thin radial beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.32, middle 0.12, inner 0.04;
cortical pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.003.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
14. _Thecosphæra maxima_, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with small irregular roundish pores, two to six
times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with similar, but
smaller, pores. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1 : 3 : 9; they
are connected by numerous (forty to sixty or more) thin radial beams.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.45, middle 0.15, inner 0.05;
cortical pores 0.008 to 0.024, bars 0.004.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
Genus 22. _Rhodosphæra_,[35] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 452.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# with one medullary (intracapsular) shell and
two cortical (extracapsular) shells.
The genus _Rhodosphæra_ differs from the preceding _Thecosphæra_ in the
same manner in which, among the Dyosphærida, _Liosphæra_ differs from
_Carposphæra_. The cortical shell is double, composed of two not far
distant shells, lying outside the central capsule. The distance between the
shells is much smaller than the radius of the inner shell. This is
connected by radial beams (piercing the central capsule) with the small
central medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. _Rhodosphærella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of both cortical shells regular, in each shell all of
nearly equal size and form.
{83}1. _Rhodosphæra hexagonia_, n. sp.
Both cortical shells with the same number of regular hexagonal pores; the
inner four times as broad as the bars, and half as broad as the outer
pores, which are separated by thread-like bars. Medullary shell only
one-fourth as broad as the inner cortical shell, with regular hexagonal
pores of half the size. (Differs from the similar _Liosphæra hexagonia_,
Pl. 20, fig. 3, by the possession of a medullary shell.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.16, inner 0.04;
outer pores 0.013, middle 0.008, inner 0.004.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
2. _Rhodosphæra melitomma_, n. sp.
Both cortical shells with the same number of regular pores; the inner
regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, with elegant hexagonal
frames and six roundish lobes alternating with the six radial spines which
arise from the hexagon-corners; these short conical spines are connected at
the distal end (at equal distances from the centre) by delicate threads
(three from each spine), which form the delicate external shell. Medullary
shell one-third as broad as the inner cortical shell, with small, simple,
regular circular pores. (If in _Carposphæra melitomma_, Pl. 20, fig. 4, the
distal ends of the spines became united by a cobweb-like outer shell, this
species would be formed.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.18, inner 0.06;
outer pores 0.025, middle 0.0125, inner 0.005.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Rhodosphæromma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of both cortical shells irregular, in each shell of
unequal size or dissimilar form.
3. _Rhodosphæra palliata_, n. sp.
Both cortical shells with an unequal number of irregular roundish pores;
the outer pores somewhat smaller and much more numerous than the inner
pores; the bars between the latter are thicker. Medullary shell about one
quarter as broad as the inner cortical shell, with regular circular pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, middle 0.36, inner 0.08;
outer pores on an average 0.008, middle 0.012, inner 0.004.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
4. _Rhodosphæra pentaphylla_, n. sp.
Both cortical shells with unequal number of irregular roundish pores; the
inner pores large, three to four times as broad as the bars; to each inner
pore corresponds a group of five smaller {84}outer pores, like the five
petals of a flower. Medullary shell half as broad as the inner cortical
shell, with regular circular pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, middle 0.2, inner 0.1;
outer pores on an average 0.006, middle 0.012, inner 0.004.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
Subfamily CROMYOSPHÆRIDA,[36] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# with four concentric spherical latticed
shells, united by radial beams.
Genus 23. _Cromyosphæra_,[37] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 453.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# with two intracapsular (medullary) shells and
two extracapsular (cortical) shells; the former united with the latter by
radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule.
The genus _Cromyosphæra_ is the only known genus of Cromyosphærida, or of
such #Sphæroidea#, the smooth shell of which is composed of two medullary
and two cortical shells. There may possibly be other Cromyosphærida, in
which the shell is composed of one simple medullary and three cortical
shells, or only of four extra-capsular cortical shells; but such have not
as yet been observed. _Caryosphæra polysphærica_, Bütschli, 1882 (L. N. 41,
Taf. xxiii. fig. 12) is probably a _Cromyosphæra_ (fossil in Barbados).
1. _Cromyosphæra quadruplex_, n. sp. (Pl. 30, fig. 9).
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 2 : 4 : 5. Outer cortical shell
smooth, with large regular hexagonal pores, ten times as broad as the bars;
inner cortical shell with irregular polygonal pores, five times as broad as
the bars. Both medullary shells with regular circular pores of the same
breadth as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.16, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.06,
(D) 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Cromyosphæra rosetta_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 2 : 8 : 10. Outer cortical
shell smooth, with regular hexagonal pores and very thin bars; inner
cortical shell with the same number of exactly corresponding, regular
circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; the corners
of the outer and inner hexagons united by radial bristles. Both medullary
shells with regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.2, (B) 0.16, (C) 0.04,
(D) 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
{85}3. _Cromyosphæra bigemina_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 2 : 7 : 8. Outer cortical shell
smooth, with regular hexagonal pores and very thin bars; inner cortical
shell with the same number of exactly corresponding, regular circular
pores. Both medullary shells with regular circular pores of the same
breadth as the bars. (Somewhat similar to _Hexacromyon elegans_, Pl. 24,
fig. 9, also with six inner radial beams, but without external radial
spines.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.2, (B) 0.17, (C) 0.05,
(D) 0.025.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
4. _Cromyosphæra cepa_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 2 : 4 : 5. All four shells of
the same structure, thick-walled, with regular circular pores, two to four
times as broad as the bars; the size of the pores increases gradually from
the inner to the outer shell. Surface thorny. Distance between the second
and third shells twice as great as that between the others.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.125, (B) 0.1, (C) 0.05,
(D) 0.025.
_Habitat._--Fossil in Barbados.
5. _Cromyosphæra scorodonium_, n. sp.
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. All four shells of
the same structure, thin-walled, with irregular roundish pores, two to four
times as broad as the bars; the size of the pores increasing gradually from
the inner to the outer shell. Surface smooth. Distance between each two
shells equal to the diameter of the innermost.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.12, (B) 0.09, (C) 0.06,
(D) 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
6. _Cromyosphæra antarctica_, n. sp..
Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1 : 2 : 5 : 7. Both cortical shells
with irregular polygonal roundish pores; the outermost with thinner bars
and rough surface, the inner with thicker bars. Both medullary shells with
irregular roundish pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the four spheres--(A) 0.18, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.05,
(D) 0.025.
_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean; in very large number, together with
_Rhizosphæra antarctica_, in the diatomaceous ooze of Station 157 (3rd
March 1874); depth 1950 fathoms.
Subfamily CARYOSPHÆRIDA,[38] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 454.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# with numerous (five or more) concentric
spherical latticed shells, united by radial beams.
{86}Genus 24. _Caryosphæra_,[39] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 454.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# with two intracapsular (medullary) shells and
three or more extracapsular (cortical) shells; the former united with the
latter by radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule.
The genus _Caryosphæra_, the only observed form of this subfamily,
comprises those #Liosphærida# in which the shell is composed of two
medullary and three or more cortical shells. Such forms (without radial
spines) are very rare; I observed only two species, one with five, the
other with six shells. They are derived from _Cromyosphæra_ by further
apposition of outer cortical shells.
1. _Caryosphæra pentalepas_, n. sp.
Shell composed of five concentric spheres, with radial proportion =
1 : 2 : 8 : 10 : 12. Both medullary shells with regular circular pores,
twice as broad as the bars. First cortical shell with regular, circular,
hexagonally framed pores, three times as broad as the bars; second cortical
shell with regular hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars; third
(outermost) cortical shell with regular hexagonal pores and very thin
thread-like bars. Surface smooth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the five shells--(A) 0.02, (B) 0.04, (C) 0.16,
(D) 0.2, (E) 0.24.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
2. _Caryosphæra hexalepas_, n. sp.
Shell composed of six concentric spheres, with the radial proportion =
1 : 2 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 8. All six shells with regular circular pores, two to
four times as broad as the bars, with increasing size from the centrum
against the smooth surface.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the six shells--(A) 0.025, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.1,
(D) 0.13, (E) 0.16, (F) 0.2.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
in Barbados.
Subfamily PLEGMOSPHÆRIDA,[40] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# with spongy spherical shell, with or without
latticed medullary shell in the centre.
Genus 25. _Styptosphæra_,[41] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# forming a solid sphere of spongy framework,
without enclosed medullary shell, and without central cavity.
{87}The genus _Styptosphæra_ presents a spherical shell with smooth or
rough surface (without radial spines), the whole mass of which is composed
of looser or denser spongy wicker-work.
1. _Styptosphæra spumacea_, n. sp.
Spongy framework of the solid sphere loose, with large polygonal meshes of
slightly different size, ten to twenty times as broad as the bars.
Structure of the whole spongy sphere the same. Central capsule filled with
crystals. Surface smooth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.32, of the central capsule 0.26,
meshes 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.001.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 236, surface.
2. _Styptosphæra spongiacea_, n. sp.
Spongy framework in the central part of the solid sphere much more compact
than in the peripheral part, becoming gradually looser towards the rough
surface. Meshes in the centre three to five times, in the periphery fifteen
to twenty times as broad as the bent bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.45, inner meshes 0.006 to 0.01,
outer meshes 0.03 to 0.04, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
3. _Styptosphæra stupacea_, n. sp.
Spongy framework of the solid sphere rather compact, everywhere of the same
structure, with roundish, nearly equal meshes, six to eight times as broad
as the bars. Surface rough with prominent thorns.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.22, meshes 0.01 to 0.012, bars
0.0015.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 291, surface.
Genus 26. _Plegmosphæra_, Haeckel,[42] 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# forming a hollow sphere of spongy framework,
without a medullary shell in the central cavity.
The genus _Plegmosphæra_ develops a large hollow sphere, the wall of which
is composed of looser or denser spongy wicker-work. On the inner as well as
on the outer face of the spongy shell-wall may be present a simple
lattice-sphere from which the threads of the framework arise; but in some
species these lattice-plates are quite absent.
{88}Subgenus 1. _Plegmosphærantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Inside and outside of the spongy shell-wall smooth, closed
by a lattice-plate with polygonal meshes.
1. _Plegmosphæra maxima_, n. sp.
Radius of the spherical shell-cavity eight to ten times as great as the
thickness of the thin spongy wall. Inside and outside of the wall smooth,
closed by a lattice-plate with irregular polygonal meshes. Only three or
four meshes in the thickness of the wall.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spongy sphere 0.8 to 1.0 mm., of its inner
cavity 0.7 to 0.8, meshes 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to 0.003, central
capsule 0.5 to 0.6, nucleus 0.1 to 0.15.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
2. _Plegmosphæra coelopila_, n. sp.
Radius of the spherical shell-cavity eight to ten times as great as the
thickness of the spongy wall. Inside and outside of the wall closed by a
smooth lattice-plate with irregular polygonal meshes, five to ten times as
broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.32, of its cavity 0.26, meshes 0.01
to 0.02, bars 0.002.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream, John Murray.
3. _Plegmosphæra pachypila_, n. sp.
Radius of the spherical shell-cavity about equal to the thickness of the
spongy wall. Inside and outside of the wall closed by a smooth
lattice-plate with irregular polygonal meshes, three to six times as broad
as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.24, of its cavity 0.12.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 250, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Plegmosphærella_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Inside of the spongy shell-wall closed by a smooth
lattice-plate, outside rough, spongy, with prominent thorns.
4. _Plegmosphæra entodictyon_, n. sp.
Radius of the spherical shell-cavity half as great as the thickness of the
spongy wall. Inside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate, outside
rough, spongy.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.24, of its cavity 0.08.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 300, surface.
{89}5. _Plegmosphæra leptodictyon_, n. sp.
Radius of the spongy shell-cavity six times as great as the thickness of
the spongy wall. Inside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate,
outside rough spongy.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.44, of its cavity 0.36.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.
Subgenus 3. _Plegmosphæromma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Inside of the spongy shell-wall rough spongy, without
lattice-plate, outside closed by a smooth lattice-plate.
6. _Plegmosphæra exodictyon_, n. sp. (Pl. 18, fig. 8).
Radius of the spongy shell-cavity only one-fourth as great as the thickness
of the spongy shell-wall. Outside of the wall closed by a smooth
lattice-plate, inside rough, spongy.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.4, of its cavity 0.08.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.
Subgenus 4. _Plegmosphærusa_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Inside and outside of the spongy shell-wall rough, with
spongy or spiny surface, without lattice-plate.
7. _Plegmosphæra leptoplegma_, n. sp.
Radius of the spherical shell-cavity half as great as the thickness of the
loose spongy shell-wall. Inside and outside of the wall rough spongy, not
closed by a lattice-plate. Meshes ten to twenty times as broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.3, of its cavity 0.088.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 253, surface.
8. _Plegmosphæra pachyplegma_, n. sp.
Radius of the spherical shell-cavity about equal to the thickness of the
dark and dense spongy shell-wall. Inside and outside of the wall rough
spongy, not closed by a lattice-plate. Meshes three to five times as broad
as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.2, of its cavity 0.1.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.
Genus 27. _Spongoplegma_,[43] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# forming a sphere of spongy framework, which
encloses in the centre one single latticed medullary shell.
{90}The genus _Spongoplegma_ may be regarded as a _Carposphæra_, in which
the simple latticed cortical shell is represented by an irregular spongy
framework, immediately enclosing the simple latticed medullary shell.
1. _Spongoplegma antarcticum_, n. sp.
Cortical shell with loose spongy framework and rough surface, four to six
times as broad as the enclosed simple medullary shell. Pores of the latter
regular circular, twice as broad as the bars. From its surface arise
numerous (forty to fifty or more) short radial beams, which become forked
and compose, by communication of lateral branches, the spongy cortical
shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.2 to 0.3 of the
latticed medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06.
_Habitat._--Antarctic Ocean, in large number, together with _Cromyosphæra
antarctica_; in the Diatom ooze of Station 157 (depth 1950 fathoms).
Genus 28. _Spongodictyon_,[44] Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 459.
_Definition._--#Liosphærida# forming a sphere of spongy framework, which
encloses in the centre a double latticed concentric medullary shell.
The genus _Spongodictyon_ can be regarded as a _Thecosphæra_, in which the
simple latticed cortical shell is represented by an irregular spongy
framework, which immediately encloses the double latticed medullary shell.
Sometimes this latter appears triple, the inner surface of the spongy
cortical shell forming a smooth spherical lattice-plate, separated by an
interval from the double medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. _Dictyoplegma_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol, p. 458.
_Definition._--Spongy cortical shell enveloping immediately the double
medullary shell.
1. _Spongodictyon spongiosum_, Haeckel.
_Dictyosoma spongiosum_, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 31, Taf. ii. figs. 9-11.
_Dictyoplegma spongiosum_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 458.
Spongy framework of the cortical shell loose, with large, polygonal
roundish meshes, on an average as large as the double medullary shell,
which is immediately enveloped by it. Both concentric medullary shells with
subregular roundish pores, twice as broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2 to 0.3 or more; of the
outer medullary shell 0.03, inner 0.01.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean (French south coast, surface), J. Müller.
{91}2. _Spongodictyon cavernosum_, n. sp.
Spongy framework of the cortical shell rather compact in the inner part,
which immediately envelops the double medullary shell; very loose, with
large caverns in the outer part, caverns of the surface larger than the
medullary shell. Both medullary shells with regular circular pores, three
times as broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.3 to 0.4, outer medullary
shell 0.1, inner 0.03.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Spongodictyoma_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Spongy cortical shell on the inner surface with a smooth
lattice-plate (or third medullary shell), which is connected by radial
beams with the inner double medullary shell.
3. _Spongodictyon trigonizon_, Haeckel.
_Spongodictyon trigonizon_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 459,
Taf. xxvi. figs. 4-6.
_Dictyosoma trigonizon_, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 841.
Spongy framework of the cortical shell very loose, with very large, for the
most part triangular meshes, which are two to six times as large as the
enclosed double medullary shell. From the surface of the latter arise
numerous radial beams, which are connected by a spherical lattice-plate,
forming the smooth inner surface of the spongy sphere (or a third medullary
shell). The structure of the framework reminds one of the PHÆODARIUM
_Sagena_ (Pl. 108). Pores of both medullary shells regular circular, twice
as broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.5 to 1.15, outer medullary
0.05, inner 0.035.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina, surface.
4. _Spongodictyon arcadophoron_, n. sp.
Spongy framework of the cortical shell in the inner part very loose, in the
outer part more compact; outer meshes scarcely as large as the inner
medullary shell (or only half as large), inner meshes two to four times as
large. From the surface of the double medullary shell arise numerous radial
beams, which are forked at equal distances from the centre; the fork
branches are curved and united together by dichotomous branches, like
elegant arcades; and these arcades form together the large polygonal meshes
on the inside of the cortical shell (or a third medullary shell). Both
medullary shells with regular circular pores, of the same breadth as the
bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2, outer medullary shell
0.04, inner 0.02.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, surface.
{92}Family VI. #COLLOSPHÆRIDA#, J. Müller[45] (Pls. 5-8).
_Definition._--#Sphæroidea# living associated in colonies, united by an
alveolar jelly-body, and connected by the network of anastomosing
pseudopodia.
The family #Collosphærida# comprises all polyzous or social #Sphæroidea#,
and constitutes the only polyzoic group among the SPHÆRELLARIA. This group
was first constituted by J. Müller as "_Radiolaria polyzoa_ with
shells."[46] Formerly following his authority, in my Monograph I had
separated them from the other #Sphæroidea# and united them with the social
Collodaria (Sphærozoida).[47] Also R. Hertwig in his Organismus der
Radiolarien[48] united them with his Sphærozoea. In my Prodromus[49] I had
retained this isolated position. But a further careful study has convinced
me that this isolation is not truly natural, and that the Collosphærida are
only "social Ethmosphærida" which have arisen from this solitary subfamily
by adaptation to colonial life. There are some forms of Collosphærida which
are nearly identical with some forms of Ethmosphærida, only differing from
the latter by their association in colonies; and in some forms of both
groups it is quite impossible to decide whether the isolated shells
appertain to one or to the other family.
The isolated shell of the Collosphærida is almost constantly (with few
exceptions) a simple extracapsular lattice-shell, as in the Monosphærida;
only the small group of Clathrosphærida (with the genera _Clathrosphæra_
and _Xanthiosphæra_) exhibit an exception, the simple lattice-shell being
overgrown by an external mantle or veil of very thin, cobweb-like,
irregular lattice-work (Pl. 8, figs. 6-11). Therefore these Clathrosphærida
bear to the Acrosphærida (or the common simple Collosphærida) a relation
similar to that which _Liosphæra_ (p. 76) bears to _Cenosphæra_; both
shells are extracapsular "cortical shells" at a very short distance apart.
In the Collosphærida true concentric medullary shells never occur; the
central capsule always lies quite freely in the simple or double cortical
shell, separated from it by a jelly-veil.
Although a well marked difference in the simple lattice-shell of the social
Collosphærida and the solitary Ethmosphærida does not exist, nevertheless
in most cases the two shells can be distinguished by a practiced observer.
The simple fenestrated shells of the monozoic Ethmosphærida are commonly
quite regular spheres in a mathematical sense, or regular "endospherical
polyhedra"; whereas in the Collosphærida they are commonly more or less
irregular, often to an extraordinary degree (Pls. 5-8). Some species of
Collosphærida, however, also possess quite regular spherical shells.
Another difference is often shown in the lattice-work of the shells, which
in the Collosphærida is nearly always very irregular, and exhibits a
peculiar tendency to the {93}production of radial, conical, or cylindrical
tubules. These occur as well on the inside as on the outside of the shell,
and the tubules are now more conical, now more cylindrical; their wall
either solid or pierced by pores (Pls. 5-8). The tubules are commonly very
irregular in form, size, and disposition; distinguished, however, by a
number of hereditary peculiarities, which are sufficient for the
distinction of genera. Similar tubules occur also in some genera of
solitary Ethmosphærida (_Coscinomma_, _Ethmosphæra_, _Conosphæra_, &c., Pl.
12); but the tubules are here much more regular and not so highly
developed.
Besides the tubules of the fenestrated shells, in some genera of
Collosphærida the surface is armed with irregular thorns, rarely with more
regular radial spines. But these spines obtain constantly the character of
accessory by-spines, and remain short and thin. In this family typical
radial spines never occur in a regular and characteristic disposition,
corresponding to dimensive axes, as is the case in nearly all solitary
#Sphæroidea#, only excepting the Liosphærida. Commonly these spines or
thorns serve as protective arms for the shell-meshes, surrounding them
often in the form of coronels. Often the lattice-plate of the irregular
roundish shell is tubercular, elevated into irregular protuberances,
bearing on the top a short spine or thorn (Pl. 8).
The _Central Capsule_ of the Collosphærida is always a regular sphere, as
in all other #Sphæroidea#; it is constantly placed within the
lattice-shell, and commonly much smaller than it, separated from it by a
thick jelly-veil. A remarkable difference from the solitary #Sphæroidea# is
shown in the early division of the nucleus. Commonly the central capsule of
the Collosphærida contains in its centre a large oil-globule, surrounded by
very numerous small nuclei. R. Hertwig estimated this difference as so
important, that he separated the social "Sphærozoea" and the solitary
"Peripylea" as two different orders. As already shown above (p. 7, 24), we
cannot support this separation, and are now convinced that this difference
in the development of the spores--just as in the #Collodaria#--is the
consequence of an adaptation to social life.
The common jelly-body, in which the numerous central capsules and their
enveloping shells are united, exhibits in the Collosphærida quite the same
characters as in the other social Radiolaria, the Collozoida and
Sphærozoida. The jelly-body is very voluminous, commonly spherical, often
cylindrical, of considerable size; constantly containing numerous large
alveoles. Often each shell is enclosed in a separate alveole with rather
solid wall (Pl. 6, fig. 2). Sometimes in the dead colonies all shells are
united in the central part of the jelly-body, whilst its peripheral part is
composed of a stratum of large alveoles (Pl. 8, fig. 11); at other times no
alveoles are visible (Pl. 7, fig. 11). In many living colonies I found a
very large spherical alveole with thick wall in the centre of the spherical
colony, surrounded by many strata of delicate thin-walled alveoles (Pl. 5,
fig. 1). In this case often the inner younger capsules were naked,
{94}without shells, the outer only surrounded by shells. Already in my
Monograph I had described the same peculiar formation.[50]
_Synopsis of the Genera of Collosphærida._
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Subfamily Acrosphærida. (Lattice-shell simple, without an external
mantle of network.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
{Inside {Inside smooth, 29. _Collosphæra_.
Outside of { without {
the shell { tubuli. {Inside spiny, 30. _Tribonosphæra_.
smooth, {
without { {Tubuli
spines or {Inside with { imperforated, 31. _Pharyngosphæra_.
tubuli. { centripetal {
{ tubuli. {Tubuli
{ { fenestrated, 32. _Buccinosphæra_.
{Spines
{ irregularly
{ scattered on
{ the surface, 33. _Acrosphæra_.
{
Outside of the shell armed {Each larger
with solid spines, but { pore with one
with hollow tubuli. { single spine, 34. _Odontosphæra_.
{
{Each larger
{ pore with
{ a coronal of
{ spines, 35. _Choenicosphæra_.
{Mouth of the
{ tubuli
{ truncated,
{ smooth, 36. _Siphonosphæra_.
{
Outside of {Tubuli {Mouth with
the shell { simple, not { one single
with { branched. { large tooth, 37. _Mazosphæra_.
irregular { {
radial { {Mouth with a
tubuli, { { coronal of
the wall of { { teeth, 38. _Trypanosphæra_.
which is {
solid, not {Tubuli irregularly branched,
fenestrated.{ each with two to four or
{ more openings, 39. _Caminosphæra_.
{Mouth of the
{ tubuli
{ truncated,
{ smooth, 40. _Solenosphæra_.
Outside of the shell with {
irregular radial tubuli, {Mouth with one
open on both ends, { single large
with fenestrated wall. { tooth, 41. _Otosphæra_.
{
{Mouth with a
{ coronal of
{ teeth, 42. _Coronosphæra_.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. Subfamily Clathrosphærida. (Lattice-shell double, with an external
mantle of network.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Surface of the outer shell smooth, 43. _Clathrosphæra_.
Surface of the outer shell thorny, 44. _Xanthiosphæra_.
Subfamily ACROSPHÆRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 471.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with one simple lattice-shell around every
central capsule of the coenobium.
{95}Genus 29. _Collosphæra_,[51] J. Müller, 1855.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, smooth on the inside and
on the outside, without any spines or tubuli.
The genus _Collosphæra_ is the most simple form of all Collosphærida, and
must be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. As the
lattice-shell is quite a simple sphere, without any spines, tubules, or
other peculiar productions, it agrees perfectly with _Cenosphæra_, and
represents the social or polyzoid aggregate of this solitary or monozoid
genus. Therefore a certain distinction between the isolated shells of the
two genera is often very difficult or even impossible; but commonly this
distinction is possible owing to the circumstance, that in the majority of
the _Collosphæræ_ the shell is more or less irregular roundish or
polyhedral, not quite spherical, as in _Cenosphæra_. _Dermatosphæra_,
Ehrenberg, is a _Collosphæra_ with small pores (compare L. N. 16, p. 533).
Subgenus 1. _Eucollosphæra_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell a regular or subregular sphere.
1. _Collosphæra primordialis_, n. sp.
Shell a regular sphere, with very delicate and regular network of hexagonal
meshes. Six to eight meshes in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of
the meshes ten to fifteen times as broad as the thin bars between them. Can
be regarded as social form of _Cenosphæra primordialis_.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.008.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.
2. _Collosphæra regularis_, n. sp.
Shell a regular sphere, with a perfectly regular network of circular
meshes, all of the same size. Ten to twelve meshes in the half meridian of
the shell. Diameter of the meshes the same as that of the bars between
them.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.005 to
0.006.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface, Rabbe.
3. _Collosphæra globularis_, n. sp.
Shell a regular sphere, with subregular network of circular meshes of
different sizes; few large pores between many smaller pores. Ten to twenty
meshes in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the meshes from half
to twice as broad as that of the bars.
{96}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002 to
0.008, breadth of the bars 0.004 to 0.008.
_Habitat._--Tropical and subtropical zone of both hemispheres, widely
distributed; Canaries, Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Guinea Coast, Brazil
Coast, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Ceylon, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Dyscollosphæra_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Shell not a regular sphere, but irregular roundish, in all
degrees of variation between subspherical and polyhedral or quite irregular
forms.
4. _Collosphæra huxleyi_, J. Müller.
_Collosphæra huxleyi_, J. Müller, 1855, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, pp. 55-59, Taf. viii. figs. 6-9.
_Collosphæra huxleyi_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 534, Taf.
xxxiv.
_Collosphæra huxleyi_, Cienkowski, 1871, Archiv f. mikrosk. Anat., Bd.
vii. p. 374, Taf. xxix. figs. 1-6.
_Collosphæra ligurina_, J. Müller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 481.
_Thalassicolla punctata_, var., Huxley, 1851, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 2, vol. viii. p. 434, pl. xvi. fig. 6.
Shell subspherical, somewhat irregular, sometimes with more or less
superficial impressions, with irregular network of roundish meshes. Eight
to sixteen meshes in the half meridian of the shell, one to three times as
broad as their bars. Very variable, with direct transition-forms to other
species of this genus, especially to _Collosphæra globularis_, _Collosphæra
tuberosa_, _Collosphæra pyriformis_, and _Collosphæra polyedra_.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.16, of the pores 0.004 to
0.012, of the bridges 0.003 to 0.006.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan; common in the greater part of the warmer seas,
surface.
5. _Collosphæra polygona_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 13).
_Collosphæra huxleyi_ var., Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf.
xxxiv. fig. 5.
Shell irregular polygonal, with very delicate, irregular network of
polygonal meshes, four to twelve times as broad as the bars. Ten to twenty
pores on the half meridian of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.2, of the pores 0.012 to
0.004, of the bars 0.001 to 0.002.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Atlantic, surface; Stations 348 to 354.
6. _Collosphæra pyriformis_, Haeckel, n. sp.
Shell irregular, rounded, ovate or pear-shaped, with irregular network of
rounded or nearly polygonal meshes. Ten to twenty meshes in the half
meridian of the shell, one to three times as broad as the bars. Commonly
one large opening (two to three times as broad as the largest {97}meshes)
on the thinner end of the ovate shell (corresponding to the insertion of a
pear-stalk); sometimes two or three such large openings.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.008 to
0.016, of the bridges 0.004 to 0.008.
_Habitat._--Tropical zone--Cape Verde Islands, Ceylon; Central Pacific,
Stations 266 to 272, 348 to 352, &c.
7. _Collosphæra polyedra_, n. sp.
_Trisolenia zanguebarica_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 301, Taf. x. fig. 11.
Shell irregular, polyhedral, with even or somewhat vaulted sides, and
obtuse ridges between them. Network more or less irregular, with small
rounded meshes, quite as broad or twice as broad as their bars. Besides
these small pores constantly some large round openings (commonly three to
six), situated on the corners of the polyhedral shell, four to six times as
large as the pores. Often an acute tooth on the edge of each large opening.
Transition-form between _Collosphæra_ and _Solenosphæra_ or _Odontosphæra_.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.004 to
0.008, of their bridges 0.004, of the large openings 0.24 to 0.032.
_Habitat._--Tropical zone of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean; Stations 266
to 272, surface.
8. _Collosphæra tuberosa_, n. sp.
_Collosphæra huxleyi_, var., Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf.
xxxiv. figs. 3, 9.
Shell very irregular, between subspherical and polyhedral in form, but
always with irregular impressions, boils or bosses, and between these
different rounded prominent tubercles and ridges. Network irregular,
strong, with rounded, subcircular or nearly polygonal meshes. Ten to thirty
pores in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the meshes half to
four times as broad as that of the thick bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell very variable in the same coenobium,
0.05 to 0.2, of the pores 0.002 to 0.008, breadth of the bridges 0.004 to
0.006.
_Habitat._--Cosmopolitan, common in all warmer seas, surface.
9. _Collosphæra irregularis_, n. sp.
_Collosphæra huxleyi_, var., Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf.
xxxiv. fig. 8.
Shell quite irregular, knotty or bulbous, with irregular impressions, and
prominent knobs or bulbs between them. Network thin, fragile, quite
irregular, with polygonal meshes of most unequal size and form. Five to
twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the meshes two
to ten times as broad as that of the thin bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell very variable in the same coenobium,
0.04 to 0.24, of the pores 0.005 to 0.05, of the bridges 0.002 to 0.004.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Atlantic, not common; Stations 348, 352, &c.,
surface.
{98}Genus 30. _Tribonosphæra_,[52] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 471.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, on the inside with
radial centripetal beams.
The genus _Tribonosphæra_ differs from _Collosphæra_ by a very peculiar and
rare character, the development of centripetal radial sticks on the
internal face of the shell; these beams are not united in the centrum, but
finish freely in a certain distance from it.
1. _Tribonosphæra centripetalis_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 12).
Shell roundish or subspherical, with numerous small circular or roundish
pores, about twice as broad as the bars. Twenty to thirty pores on the half
meridian of the shell. Outside of the shell smooth, inside a variable
number (ten to twenty) of thin, radial, centripetal sticks or spines,
one-third or one-half as long as the radius of the shell. (In the central
capsule many very large crystals, resting after the destruction of the
capsule.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.003 to
0.005, of the bridges 0.001 to 0.002; length of the inner centripetal
sticks 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.
Genus 31. _Pharyngosphæra_,[53] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, having on the inside
radial centripetal tubes, the walls of which are solid.
The genus _Pharyngosphæra_ differs from _Collosphæra_ by the development of
radial tubules on the inside of the shell, which are directed centripetally
towards its centre. The wall of the tubule is solid, not latticed as in the
following genus.
1. _Pharyngosphæra stomodæa_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 10).
Shell irregular polyhedral, with ten to fifteen polygonal faces and rounded
edges. Pores very small, circular, irregularly scattered, smaller than the
bars. Twelve to fifteen pores on the half meridian of the shell. On the
inside of every shell-face one short, nearly cylindrical, centripetal
tubule, twice as long as broad, and about one-third as long as the shell
radius. Outer umbilical mouth of the tubules somewhat wider than the inner
truncated mouth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 0.12, of the pores 0.003 to
0.005, of the bars 0.01 to 0.02; length of the inner tubuli 0.02, breadth
of them 0.01.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Station 288, depth 2600 fathoms.
{99}Genus 32. _Buccinosphæra_,[54] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, having on the inside
radial centripetal tubes, the walls of which are fenestrated.
The genus _Buccinosphæra_ exhibits, on the inner surface of the shell,
radial centripetal tubules similar to those of the foregoing
_Pharyngosphæra_; but the walls of these tubes are here latticed, not
solid; they represent therefore true invaginations of the whole shell-wall.
1. _Buccinosphæra invaginata_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 11).
Shell irregular roundish or nearly polyhedral, with a variable number of
umbilical depressions, which are prolonged on the inside into cylindrical
or somewhat conical, centripetal, fenestrated tubes, about one-third as
long as the shell radius. Inner mouth of the tubes narrower, scarcely half
as broad as the outer mouth, about equal to one-fourth the shell radius,
truncated. Pores of the tubes and of the shell small, roundish, irregular
in size and distribution, about as broad as the bars. Twenty-five to thirty
pores in the half meridian of the shell. In all observed specimens the
spherical central capsule (half as broad as the shell) contained a large
number of crystals.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.001 to
0.003, of the bars 0.002 to 0.003; length of the tubuli 0.02; outer mouth
0.026, inner mouth 0.013; crystals in the central capsule 0.002 to 0.004,
sometimes 0.008.
_Habitat._--Philippine Islands (Samboangan), Station 213, surface.
2. _Buccinosphæra tubaria_, n. sp.
Shell irregular polyhedral with rounded edges, with a variable number of
umbilical depressions, which are prolonged on the inside into large, nearly
cylindrical, centripetal, fenestrated tubes, half as long as the shell
radius. In the middle the tubes are somewhat constricted and narrower.
Inner mouth of the tubes dilated, nearly as broad as the outer mouth, about
equal to one-half the shell-radius, truncated. Pores of the tubes and of
the shell large, roundish polygonal, irregular in size and distribution,
three to four times as broad as the bars. Fifteen to twenty pores in the
half meridian of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.008 to
0.012, of the bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the tubuli 0.03; outer mouth
0.04, inner mouth 0.03.
_Habitat._--North coast of New Guinea, Station 217, surface.
Genus 33. _Acrosphæra_,[55] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 471.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the outer surface of
which is covered with radial, irregularly scattered spines.
{100}The genus _Acrosphæra_ differs from its ancestral genus _Collosphæra_
by the development of spines on the outer surface of the shell. These are
either short, straight, radial spines, or oblique and often curved; their
base is often inflated; they are irregularly scattered on the whole surface
between the pores.
1. _Acrosphæra erinacea_, n. sp.
Shell a regular sphere, everywhere covered with small, very numerous,
straight radial spines, regularly scattered between the pores. In the half
meridian of the shell ten to twelve circular pores, all of the same form
and size, double as broad as the bars. Spines bristle-shaped, very thin,
solid, about as long as the diameter of the pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.008 to
0.012; length of the spines 0.01.
_Habitat._--Tropical zone of the Atlantic, coast of Brazil, Rabbe, surface.
2. _Acrosphæra echinoides_, n. sp. (Pl 8, fig. 1).
Shell a regular sphere, covered with numerous, straight, radial spines,
irregularly scattered over the whole surface. In the half meridian of the
shell twenty to thirty irregular roundish pores of variable size, one to
four times as broad as the bars. Spines conical, strong, quite radial, at
the top of small conical elevations, which are perforated by from three to
six pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.002 to
0.008; length of the spines 0.015, of their basal zones 0.01.
_Habitat._--South-east corner of the Pacific, Valparaiso, Station 298,
surface.
3. _Acrosphæra setosa_, Haeckel.
_Polysolenia setosa_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 10.
Shell a regular sphere, covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines,
irregularly scattered between the pores. In the half meridian of the shell
two to four very large circular pores (equal to one-third the radius), and
between them numerous very small, point-like pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.05 to 0.08, of the large pores 0.01,
of the small 0.001; length of the spines 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, Station 206, depth 2100
fathoms.
4. _Acrosphæra spinosa_, Haeckel.
_Collosphæra spinosa_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 536, Taf.
xxxiv. figs. 12, 13.
_Collosphæra spinosa_, Cienkowsky, 1871, Archiv f. mikrosk. Anat., vii.
p. 374, Taf. xxix. figs. 7-17.
Shell a regular or subregular sphere, covered with numerous, obliquely
standing spines, irregularly scattered over the surface. In the half
meridian of the shell fifteen to twenty irregular {101}roundish pores of
very different form and size, one to four times as broad as their bars.
Spines conical, irregularly diverging and curved, their hollow base
perforated by several pores, not longer than the diameter of the largest
pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.2, of the pores 0.001 to
0.04; length of the spines 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Mediterranean, Messina; Canary Islands, Haeckel.
5. _Acrosphæra collina_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 2).
Shell quite irregular, polyhedrical, hilly, with a variable number (eight
to sixteen) of large conical hill-like prominences; every cone or hill
about as high as broad, perforated by the same pores as the shell, on its
top bearing a larger irregular roundish pore, and on its edge one single
bristle-like spine, not larger than the diameter of this pore, obliquely
inserted. In the half meridian of the shell twenty to thirty irregular
roundish pores of very different size, one to six times as broad as the
bars. A very characteristic species, closely resembling the following
_Odontosphæra_.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.25, of the pores 0.005 to
0.02; length of the spines 0.01 to 0.02, height of the hills from which
they rise 0.03 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--North coast of New Guinea, Station 218, surface.
6. _Acrosphæra inflata_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 7).
_Mazosphæra inflata_, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, _loc. cit._
Shell more or less irregular, polyhedral, hilly, with a variable number
(six to twelve) of large pyramidal, hill-like prominences; every hill about
as high as broad, on the top a strong conical, radial, or obliquely
inserted spine, inflated, with three to six very large polygonal meshes,
much larger than the other pores between the hills, which are also
polygonal, two to six times as broad as the bars. Ten to fifteen pores on
the half meridian.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.14, of the largest pores
0.05, of the smallest 0.005; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.
Genus 34. _Odontosphæra_,[56] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the outside of which
bears single scattered spines, one single spine on the margin of each
larger pore.
The genus _Odontosphæra_ is distinguished from the foregoing _Acrosphæra_
by the peculiar disposition of the spines, which are not scattered on the
outside of the shell between the pores, but so disposed that each larger
pore is protected by one single spine, obliquely placed over it.
{102}1. _Odontosphæra monodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 5).
Shell spherical or subspherical, with very small and numerous circular
pores, much smaller than the bars. Twelve to fifteen pores on the half
meridian of the shell. Between them a variable number of larger roundish
apertures (mostly twelve to sixteen) irregularly scattered, one-fourth to
one-fifth as broad as the shell radius. On the margin of every larger
aperture a single (rarely two or three) sharp conical tooth, about as long
as the diameter of the aperture, and obliquely laid over them.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, of the pores 0.001 to
0.003, of the bars 0.01 to 0.02, of the larger apertures 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Sunda Archipelago, Station 192, surface.
2. _Odontosphæra cyrtodon_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 6).
Shell spherical or subspherical, with numerous roundish pores of very
irregular size and distribution, mostly larger than the bars. Ten to twelve
pores on the half meridian of the shell. Between them a variable number
(mostly six to nine) of large roundish pores, about half as broad as the
shell radius, armed on one side of the margin with one single large tooth,
about as long as the diameter of the aperture, hook-like, curved, and
obliquely laid over them.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.01 to
0.02, of the bars 0.003 to 0.006, of the larger apertures 0.03 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, near the Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.
Genus 35. _Choenicosphæra_,[57] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, armed on the outside
with radial spines, forming elegant coronals around the larger pores.
The genus _Choenicosphæra_ is characterised by the peculiar disposition of
its radial spines, which form protective coronals around the larger pores,
or even around all pores of the shell.
Subgenus 1. _Choenicosphærula_.
_Definition._--A coronal of spines around every pore of the shell.
1. _Choenicosphæra murrayana_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 4).
Shell spherical, with large circular or roundish pores of unequal size, two
to four times as broad as the bars. Ten to twelve pores in the half
meridian of the shell. Margin of every pore {103}with a coronal of six to
nine short and acute spines, not longer than the half diameter of the pore.
No spines between the pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.16 to 0.2, of the pores 0.02 to
0.03; length of the spines 0.008 to 0.012.
_Habitat._--Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), common. Expedition of H.M.S.
"Triton," John Murray.
2. _Choenicosphæra flosculenta_, n. sp.
Shell spherical, with large circular or roundish pores of different size,
three to six times as broad as the bars. Six to eight pores in the half
meridian of the shell. Margin of every pore somewhat prominent, with a
coronal of ten to twenty parallel acute spines of different length, the
largest somewhat longer than the diameter of the pore. No spines between
the pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.02 to
0.04; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.05.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Choenicosphærium_.
_Definition._--A coronal of spines only around the larger pores, not around
the smaller.
3. _Choenicosphæra nassiterna_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 3).
Shell spherical, with circular or roundish pores of very different size.
The smaller pores very numerous, without coronal of spines, roundish, about
as broad as the bridges. Twenty to thirty pores in the half meridian of the
shell. Between them, irregularly scattered, a small number (eight to
twelve) of very large circular pores, one-third to one-half as broad as the
radius of the shell, armed with a coronal of six to nine parallel,
straight, acute spines, about half as long as the radius of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, of the smaller pores
0.002 to 0.004, of the larger armed pores 0.02 to 0.03; length of the
spines 0.03 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Philippine Islands, Mindanao, Station 213, depth 2050 fathoms.
4. _Choenicosphæra flammabunda_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 5).
Shell spherical, with circular or roundish pores of very different size.
The smaller pores very numerous and unequal, very irregularly scattered,
hardly one-fourth to one-half as broad as the bridges between them. Twelve
to twenty-four pores in the half meridian of the shell. Between them,
irregularly scattered, a variable number (ten to twenty) of very large
circular pores, about one-fourth as broad as the radius of the shell. The
margin of these large pores is armed with a very irregular coronal of four
to twelve unequal, curved acute spines, partly simple, partly branched like
{104}a deer-horn, one-fourth to one-half as long as the radius of the
shell. Some other small spines irregularly scattered over the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.16, of the smaller pores
0.001 to 0.004, of the larger armed pores 0.016 to 0.024; length of the
spines 0.02 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 266 to 272,
depth 2425 to 2925 fathoms.
Genus 36. _Siphonosphæra_,[58] J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 59.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the pores of which are
prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid wall; outer mouth
of the tubuli truncated, smooth.
The genus _Siphonosphæra_ is, next to _Collosphæra_, the most common of all
Collosphærida, and rich in different species; all agreeing in the tubular
prolongation of the pores, and corresponding therefore to _Ethmosphæra_
among the simple Liosphærida.
Subgenus 1. _Holosiphonia_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--All the pores or apertures of the shell prolonged into
tubules.
1. _Siphonosphæra pansiphonia_, n. sp.
Shell a regular sphere, everywhere occupied by short, regular cylindrical
tubes, all of the same size and form. Length of the tubules equal to their
breadth and to the intervals between them. Ten to twelve tubules in the
half meridian of the shell. This most regular species is nearly allied to
_Collosphæra regularis_, and may be derived from it by tubular prolongation
of all the regular pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, length and breadth of the
tubules 0.005 to 0.006.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe, surface.
2. _Siphonosphæra marginata_, n. sp.
Shell a regular or subregular sphere, occupied by numerous short
cylindrical tubules of different sizes. Six to eight tubules in the half
meridian of the shell. Diameter of the tubules about equal to their
distance apart, but two to four times as large as their length.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 14; length of the tubules 0.004
to 0.006, breadth of the tubules and the intervals 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
{105}3. _Siphonosphæra tubulosa_, J. Müller (Pl. 6, fig. 4).
_Siphonosphæra tubulosa_, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 59.
_Siphonosphæra tubulosa_, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 532.
_Collosphæra tubulosa_, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 59.
_Thalassicolla punctata_, var., Huxley, 1851, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 2, vol. viii. p. 435, pl. xvi. fig. 5.
Shell subspherical or roundish, somewhat irregular, occupied by a small
number (five to ten) of short cylindrical tubules, irregularly scattered at
great distances; intervals between the tubules very large, two to four
times as broad as the length of the tubules, which is equal to their
breadth and about one-fifth or one-sixth of the shell diameter. Only two or
three tubules in the half meridian of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, length and breadth of
the tubules 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Equatorial zone of the Pacific, Stations 225, 265, 268,
surface.
4. _Siphonosphæra cyathina_, n. sp. (Pl. 6, fig. 10).
Shell a regular sphere, everywhere occupied by short cup-like tubules of
somewhat different size. In the half meridian of the shell about ten to
twelve tubules, nearly cylindrical, but constricted in the middle. Inner
and outer aperture of the tubule of the same size; their diameter equal to
their length and distance.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, length and breadth of the
tubules 0.005 to 0.01.
_Habitat._--West coast of Tropical Africa, Stations 348 to 352, surface.
5. _Siphonosphæra patinaria_, n. sp. (Pl. 6, figs. 7, 8).
Shell a regular or subregular sphere, occupied by numerous broad cup-like
tubules of very different sizes. In the half meridian of the shell about
six to eight tubules, very flat, circular or subcircular, much constricted
in the middle. Diameter of the inner aperture larger than that of the
middle stricture, smaller than that of the outer aperture of the tubule;
outer diameter two to four times as great as their length.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.01 to
0.04; length of the tubules 0.01, breadth 0.02 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.
6. _Siphonosphæra infundibulum_, n. sp.
Shell subspherical or irregular rounded, occupied by a small number (six to
twelve) of large funnel-like tubules of very different size, scattered
irregularly at great distances. Intervals between the tubules larger than
their length, which surpasses the radius of the shell. Outer opening of the
funnels three to four times as broad as the inner.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the tubules 0.05 to
0.09.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
{106}7. _Siphonosphæra conifera_, n. sp. (Pl. 6, fig. 9).
Shell subspherical, everywhere occupied by irregular conical tubules, the
length of which nearly reaches the shell radius. Inner aperture of the
cones two to three times as large as the outer. Four to five tubules in the
half meridian of the shell. Distances between the bases of the cones small
and irregular.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.08, length of the tubules
0.03 to 0.04; inner aperture of the cones 0.01 to 0.02, outer aperture
0.008 to 0.01.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.
8. _Siphonosphæra fragilis_, n. sp.
Shell quite irregular roundish or nearly ovate, very thin and fragile,
everywhere occupied by irregular, short, and broad cylindrical or conical
tubes. Six to ten tubes in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the
tubules about one-eighth that of the shell, three to four times as large as
the length of the tubules, and the distance apart of their bases.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.16 to 0.24, of the tubules 0.02 to
0.03; length of the tubules 0.006 to 0.008, distance of them 0.005 to
0.009.
_Habitat._--East coast of Australia, Sydney, Faber; Station 165, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Merosiphonia_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Only part of the shell apertures prolonged in tubules, the
others simple.
9. _Siphonosphæra socialis_, n. sp. (Pl. 6, figs. 1, 2).
Shell a regular or subregular sphere, bearing only a small number (one to
four, commonly two to three) of short and broad cylindrical tubules,
irregularly scattered. Between them many small circular or subcircular
pores of different sizes, double as broad as their bars. Eight to ten pores
in the half meridian of the shell. Tubules three to six times as broad as
the pores, about as long as broad, now quite cylindrical, now somewhat
dilated at the outer opening. (Although the shells and cells of this common
species are among the smallest, their colonies are among the largest, often
containing more than one hundred social individuals, often enclosed in
alveoles.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.04 to 0.05, of the pores 0.002 to
0.004, of the tubules 0.015 to 0.02; length of them about the same.
_Habitat._--Tropical and subtropical part of the Eastern Atlantic, Cape
Verde Islands, Canaries, very common, Haeckel; Stations 338 to 353,
surface.
10. _Siphonosphæra polysiphonia_, n. sp.
Shell a regular or subregular sphere, bearing twelve to sixteen circular
pores in its half meridian. Nearly one half the pores simple, very small;
the other half prolonged into short cylindrical tubules, {107}half as long
as broad, two to four times as broad as the pores and their intervals. This
species is nearly related to the foregoing, which it represents in the
western tropical part of the Atlantic, but differs constantly in the double
size of the shell and the much larger number of the tubules.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.09, of the pores 0.002 to
0.004, of the tubules 0.01 to 0.012; their length 0.006 to 0.008, surface.
_Habitat._--Tropical and subtropical part of the Western Atlantic, coast of
Brazil, &c., Rabbe.
11. _Siphonosphæra macrosiphonia_, n. sp.
Shell a regular sphere, with numerous very small pores of equal size and
distribution. Twelve to sixteen pores in its half meridian. Bars (between
the pores) three to four times as broad as their diameter. Only a small
number (two to four) of very long cylindrical tubes, irregularly scattered,
nearly as long or somewhat longer than the shell diameter; now quite
straight, now somewhat curved. Diameter of the cylinders four to six times
as large as that of the pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002 to
0.004, of the tubules 0.015 to 0.018; length of the tubules 0.08 to 0.16.
_Habitat._--Central Tropical Pacific, Station 266 to 272, surface.
12. _Siphonosphæra serpula_, n. sp. (Pl. 6, fig. 6).
Shell a regular sphere, with numerous very small pores of equal size and
distribution. Eight to ten pores in its half meridian; bars between them
three to four times as broad as their diameter. Only a small number (six to
eight) of very long and snake-like, contorted, cylindrical tubes,
irregularly scattered. The shape of the latter is very much like that of
the calcareous tubes of some species of _Serpula_; they are nearly as long
as, or longer than, the shell diameter, and four to six times as broad as
the pores.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.003 to
0.005, of the tubules 0.02 to 0.022; length of the tubules 0.1 to 0.2.
_Habitat._--North Eastern Pacific, Station 252 to 262, Sandwich Islands,
Haltermann.
13. _Siphonosphæra chonophora_, n. sp. (Pl. 6, fig. 5).
Shell a regular or subregular sphere, with numerous very small pores of
equal size and distribution, ten to twelve in its half meridian. Bars
between the pores four to six times their diameter. Only a small number
(two to six) of very large funnel-like tubules, irregularly scattered. The
inner half of these tubules is a short cylindrical tube, of the same
thickness as the shell, three to four times as broad as the pores; the
outer half is an irregular funnel, suddenly expanded, with siliceous walls
of the utmost tenuity and fragility, often irregularly folded and
contorted, like a decayed flower-calyx, often half as large as the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.003 to
0.005, inner half of the tubules 0.015 to 0.02, outer funnel-like half 0.05
to 0.08.
_Habitat._--South Pacific, Stations 285 to 295, surface.
{108}14. _Siphonosphæra pipetta_, n. sp. (Pl. 6, fig. 3).
Shell more or less irregularly roundish or subspherical, occupied in part
by very small pores, in part by very large cylindrical tubules, inflated in
the middle. Number, form, and size of the tubes very irregular; commonly
there are five to ten, half as long or as long as the shell radius; their
inner and outer aperture about half as broad as their inflated middle part;
three to nine times as broad as the pores. A very irregular and variable
species.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.001 to
0.005, of the tubules 0.015 to 0.03; length of the tubules 0.03 to 0.08.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 242 to 253, surface.
Genus 37. _Mazosphæra_,[59] Ehrenberg, 1860.
_Mazosphæra_, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 833.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the pores of which are
prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid wall; outer mouth
of each tubulus armed with a single tooth.
The genus _Mazosphæra_ is intermediate between _Siphonosphæra_ and
_Odontosphæra_, agreeing with the former in the tubular prolongation of the
pores, with the latter in the possession of a single large protective tooth
on the outer opening.
1. _Mazosphæra hippotis_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 8).
Shell spherical, with circular pores of irregular size and distribution,
scarcely half as broad as the bars; fifteen to twenty on the half meridian
of the shell. Between them, irregularly distributed, a variable number (ten
to fifteen) of short cylindrical radial tubules, about twice as long as
broad, and half as long as the shell radius. Mouth of the tubuli obliquely
truncated, having on one side a strong acute tooth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002 to
0.004, of the bridges 0.006 to 0.009; length of the tubuli 0.03, breadth of
them 0.01 to 0.015.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
2. _Mazosphæra lagotis_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 9).
Shell spherical, with circular pores of irregular size and distribution,
about as broad as the bars; twelve to sixteen on the half meridian. Between
them, irregularly distributed, a variable number (eight to twelve) of long,
cylindrical, curved tubules, three to six times as long as broad, and about
as long as the shell radius; their external mouth lateral, obliquely
truncated, ovate, having on one side a strong conical tooth.
{109}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002
to 0.01; length of the tubuli 0.05 to 0.07.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. _Mazosphæra lævis_, Ehrenberg.
_Mazosphæra lævis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 297, Taf. vii. fig. 7.
Shell spherical, with very small pores, scarcely one-fourth as broad as the
bars. Fifteen to twenty pores on the half meridian of the shell. Between
them, irregularly distributed, a variable number (fifteen to twenty) of
short conical tubules, about as long as broad, only one-fifth to one-sixth
as long as the shell radius. Mouth of the tubuli truncated, with an obtuse
short tooth on one side.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, of the pores 0.001 to
0.002, of the bridges 0.005 to 0.008; length of the tubuli 0.01 to 0.02,
breadth of them the same.
_Habitat._--Philippine Islands (depth 3300 fathoms), Ehrenberg; Station
206, depth 2100 fathoms; Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.
4. _Mazosphæra apicata_, Ehrenberg.
_Mazosphæra apicata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
Wiss. Berlin, p. 316.
Shell spherical, without small pores, only with a variable number (ten to
twenty) of short conical tubules, twice as long as broad, and half as long
as the shell radius. Mouths of the tubuli obliquely truncated, with a
strong acute tooth on one side. (This species differs from the two
preceding by the want of the small pores between the tubules.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, of the tubules 0.01.
_Habitat._--Philippine Islands (depth 3300 fathoms), Ehrenberg; north coast
of New Guinea, depth 2000 fathoms; Station 217.
Genus 38. _Trypanosphæra_,[60] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the pores of which are
prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid walls; outer mouth
of each tubulus armed with a coronal of spines.
The genus _Trypanosphæra_ is intermediate between _Siphonosphæra_ and
_Choenicosphæra_ agreeing with the former in the tubular prolongation of
the pores, with the latter in the possession of a coronal of teeth on their
outer opening.
Subgenus 1. _Trypanosphærula_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--All pores of the shell prolonged into short coronated
tubules.
{110}1. _Trypanosphæra trepanata_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 4).
Shell regular spherical, with regular circular pores of nearly equal size,
at unequal distances, one to four times as broad as the bars. Eight to ten
pores on the half meridian. All the pores prolonged into short cylindrical
tubuli about as long as broad, armed on the external mouth with an elegant
coronal of twenty to thirty straight bristle-shaped, parallel teeth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.015 to
0.02; length of the tubuli 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Trypanosphæra dentata_, n. sp.
Shell regular spherical, with regular circular pores of equal size, but at
very different distances. Only three to four pores on the half meridian.
All the pores prolonged into irregular curved, cylindrical tubuli, about as
long as the shell radius, with a coronal of ten to twelve short conical
teeth on the distal end.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09; length of the tubuli
0.04, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Trypanosphærium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Only part of the shell-pores prolonged into coronated
tubules.
3. _Trypanosphæra coronata_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 3).
Shell regular spherical, with irregular roundish pores of very different
sizes. On the half meridian four to six large and twelve to sixteen very
small pores. About half of the large pores prolonged into short cylindrical
tubuli, the outer mouth of each being armed with an elegant coronal of ten
to twenty thin irregular teeth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the large pores 0.01
to 0.02, of the small pores 0.001; length of the tubuli 0.012.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
4. _Trypanosphæra terebrata_, n. sp.
Shell irregular roundish, with unequal, small, roundish pores. Sixteen to
twenty pores on the half meridian. Six to eight larger pores are prolonged
into curved cylindrical tubuli, about as long as the shell radius, with a
coronal of ten to twelve strong conical straight teeth on the distal end.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the pores 0.001 to 0.003;
length of the tubuli 0.08, breadth 0.02.
_Habitat._--West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.
{111}5. _Trypanosphæra transformata_, n. sp. (Pl. 5, figs. 1, 2).
Shell quite irregular, of very variable, roundish, or polyhedral form, with
small irregular roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the bars. Ten
to thirty on the half meridian. The different form of the shell depends
upon the variable number of tubuli, which arise at irregular distances from
the shell; commonly three to four, often also five to six, more rarely one
or two. The tubuli are now more conical, now more cylindrical, about as
long as the shell radius, at other times scarcely one-half or one-third as
long, with a coronal of ten to twenty more or less curved teeth on the
narrower distal mouth. All the different forms are to be found in one and
the same colony, as shown in fig. 1. This coenobium, which I observed
living in Ceylon, exhibited the same peculiar formation as I figured in
_Collosphæra huxleyi_ in my Monograph 1862 (Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1). In the
centre of the jelly-sphere lies a large globular alveole, surrounded by
numerous small, young central capsules without shell; whilst in the surface
lies one layer of older capsules, enclosed in shells. Some of the younger
capsules exhibit self-division.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shells 0.08 to 0.12, pores 0.002 to 0.006;
length and breadth of the tubuli 0.03 to 0.05.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon, surface.
Genus 39. _Caminosphæra_,[61] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the pores of which are
prolonged into external branched radial tubuli with solid wall.
The genus _Caminosphæra_ differs from _Siphonosphæra_ (and from all other
Collosphærida) in the ramification of the tubuli, which arise from the
pores; the walls of the tubuli are solid, not fenestrated.
1. _Caminosphæra furcata_, n. sp.
Shell spherical or subspherical, with a variable number (four to eight) of
short cylindrical tubes, irregularly scattered, about as long as the radius
of the shell. Every tube forked, with two cylindrical branches of the same
size as the simple basal part of the tube. Mouth of the branches truncated,
not dilated. Pores of the shell between the tubes very small, all of the
same size, half as broad as their bars. Fifteen to twenty pores in the
half meridian of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.001 to
0.002; length of the tubules 0.05 to 0.06, breadth of them 0.012 to 0.015.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. _Caminosphæra elongata_, n. sp.
Shell spherical, with a large number (twelve to twenty) of long cylindrical
tubes, irregularly formed and scattered, somewhat longer than the diameter
of the shell. Every tube forked at {112}the distal end, with two or three
short irregular branches of unequal size and form; branches much shorter
than the undivided basal part of the tube. Mouth of the branches narrowed,
truncated. Pores of the shell between the tubes about half as broad,
irregularly roundish or polygonal, two to three times as broad as their
bars. Ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.05 to 0.07, of the pores 0.006 to
0.009; length of the tubules 0.06 to 0.09, breadth of them 0.015 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Tropical Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
3. _Caminosphæra dichotoma_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 2).
Shell spherical, with a variable number (ten to fifteen) of cylindrical
tubes, irregularly scattered, about as long as the radius of the shell.
Every tube furcated, with two cylindrical branches of the same size as the
simple basal part of the tube. Mouth of the branches dilated, funnel-like,
twice as broad as the tube; the edges irregularly dentated or lacerated.
Pores between the tubes small, one-third to one-sixth as broad as these,
half as broad as their bars. Ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of
the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.003 to
0.005; length of the tubules 0.06 to 0.08, breadth of them 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Southern Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.
4. _Caminosphæra dendrophora_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 1).
Shell spherical, with a variable number (eight to twelve) of long
cylindrical tubes, irregularly branched and scattered, nearly as long as
the diameter of the shell. Every tube with two to six (commonly three to
four) branches of different sizes. Mouth of the branches dilated,
funnel-like; the edges irregularly dentated or lacerated. Pores between the
tubes half as broad as these, irregularly roundish, twice as broad as their
bars. Ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.006 to
0.01; length of the tubules 0.1 to 0.13, breadth of them 0.02 to 0.025.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
Genus 40. _Solenosphæra_,[62] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the pores of which are
prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated wall; outer
mouth of the tubuli truncated, smooth.
The genus _Solenosphæra_ differs from _Siphonosphæra_ in the fenestration
of the external radial tubes. A large number of shells, appertaining to
this genus, were already described by Ehrenberg, and disposed in five
different genera corresponding to the {113}different numbers of the
tubuli:--_Disolenia_ with two tubes, _Trisolenia_ with three tubes,
_Tetrasolenia_ with four tubes, _Pentasolenia_ with five tubes,
_Polysolenia_ with six or more tubes. All these five genera are without
value, as those different numbers of tubes occur frequently intermingled in
the individual cells of one and the same colony, wherever the form and
structure of the tubes is inherited with sufficient constancy to determine
the species.
Subgenus 1. _Solenosphactra_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Tubuli of the shell cylindrical or nearly cylindrical, the
outer and inner apertures nearly of the same size.
1. _Solenosphæra variabilis_, Haeckel.
_Tetrasolenia quadrata_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, Taf. x. fig. 20.
Shell quite irregular roundish or polyhedral, with roundish pores of
different size. Ten to fifteen pores in the half meridian of the shell, two
to three times as broad as the bars. Porous tubuli of the shell in variable
number (in one and the same colony), three to nine, mostly four to six;
cylindrical or subcylindrical or somewhat conical, two to three times as
broad as long, not longer than the half radius of the shell. Inner aperture
of the tubuli commonly as broad as the half radius of the shell (or
somewhat smaller), about as large as the truncated outer aperture. This
species is closely related to _Collosphæra polyedra_ (p. 97), and may be
derived from it by a short tube-like prolongation of the larger apertures.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.16, of the pores 0.005 to
0.015; length of the tubules 0.02 to 0.03, breadth of them 0.04 to 0.06.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 270, 271, 272,
depths 2425 to 2925 fathoms.
2. _Solenosphæra pandora_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, figs. 10, 11).
Shell irregular roundish or subglobular, with roundish pores of different
sizes, mostly somewhat broader than the bars. About twelve to sixteen pores
on the half meridian of the shell. Porous tubuli of the shell of variable
number (in one and the same colony), one to six, mostly three to four;
cylindrical or nearly cylindrical, somewhat longer than broad, not longer
than the radius of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as
broad as the half radius of the shell, and a little smaller than the
truncated outer aperture.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.1, of the pores 0.003 to
0.006; length of the tubuli 0.03 to 0.05, breadth of them 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 266 to 274,
depths 2350 to 2925 fathoms.
{114}3. _Solenosphæra megalactis_, Haeckel.
_Trisolenia megalactis_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 301, Taf. viii. fig. 19.
Shell irregularly polyhedrical, with very small roundish pores, scarcely
half as broad as the bars. Only eight to ten pores on the half meridian of
the shell. Porous tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one and the
same colony), two to five, mostly three or four; cylindrical, about as long
as the radius of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as broad
as the half radius of the shell, and quite as broad as the truncated outer
aperture.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, of the pores 0.002 to
0.004, of the bars 0.005 to 0.009; length of the tubuli 0.03 to 0.04,
breadth of them 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific; California, Philippine Sea, Ehrenberg; Stations 256 to
285, depths 310 to 3000 fathoms.
4. _Solenosphæra serpentina_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 7).
Shell nearly spherical, with very small circular pores, scarcely one-third
or one-fourth as broad as the bars. Only five to seven pores in the half
meridian of the shell. Porous tubuli of the shell of variable number (in
one and the same colony), two to nine, mostly seven or eight; cylindrical,
somewhat curved or contorted, once and a half or twice as long as the
diameter of the shell, with few very small and widely scattered pores.
Inner and outer aperture of the tubuli have the same diameter, about
one-fifth or one-fourth that of the shell. (This species is closely allied
to _Siphonosphæra serpula_, but is distinguished from it by the long
tortuous tubuli and the small scarce pores.)
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, of the pores 0.001 to
0.002, of the bars 0.004 to 0.008; length of the tubuli 0.12 to 0.18,
breadth of them 0.02 to 0.025.
_Habitat._--North-eastern Pacific, between Sandwich Islands and California,
Haltermann, surface.
Subgenus 2. _Solenosphenia_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Tubuli of the shell more or less conical, the inner aperture
much larger than the outer aperture.
5. _Solenosphæra venosa_, Haeckel.
_Tetrasolenia venosa_, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
Berlin, p. 301, Taf. vii. fig. 22.
Shell irregular polyhedral or roundish, with a delicate network of large
irregular polyhedral meshes, five to ten times as broad as the thin bars.
Eight to twelve meshes on the half meridian of the shell. Fenestrated
tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony), one to
five, commonly three or four, shaped like a short truncated cone, about
half as long as broad on its base, shorter than the radius of the shell.
Inner aperture of the cone nearly as broad as the half radius of the shell,
about twice as broad as the truncated outer aperture.
{115}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.12, of the pores 0.008
to 0.016, of the bars 0.001; length of the tubuli 0.02 to 0.03, inner
aperture 0.03 to 0.04, outer aperture 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe.
6. _Solenosphæra ascensionis_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 9).
Shell somewhat irregular, subspherical, with polygonal pores of different
size. Twelve to fifteen pores in the half meridian of the shell, two to
eight times as broad as their bars. Porous tubuli of the shell of variable
number (in one and the same colony), three to nine, mostly five to seven;
conical or nearly cylindrical, irregular, about as long as broad at their
base. Inner aperture of the tubuli two to four times as broad as the
broadest pores, and double as broad as the truncated circular outer
aperture.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.004 to
0.018, of the bars 0.002, length of the tubuli 0.04, inner aperture 0.04,
outer 0.02.
_Habitat._--South Atlantic, near Ascension Island, Station 343, surface.
Subgenus 3. _Solenosphyra_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Tubuli of the shell funnel-like, the outer aperture much
larger than the inner.
7. _Solenosphæra cornucopia_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 8).
Shell spherical or subspherical, with roundish pores of different size. Ten
to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell, two to three times as
broad as the bars. Porous tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one
and the same colony), four to eight, mostly five to seven, funnel-like,
about as long as the diameter of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli
commonly two-thirds or three-fourths as broad as the radius of the shell
(or somewhat smaller), only one-half or two-thirds as broad as the dilated
and truncated outer aperture.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, of the pores 0.006 to
0.018; length of the tubuli 0.06 to 0.08, diameter of the inner aperture
0.04 to 0.05, of the outer 0.06 to 0.08.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
8. _Solenosphæra amalthea_, n. sp.
Shell irregular roundish or spherical, with small circular pores of
different size. Fifteen to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell,
but still not as broad as the bars. Porous tubuli of the shell of variable
number (in one and the same colony), three to six, commonly four or five,
funnel-like, about as long as the radius of the shell. Inner aperture of
the tubuli about half as broad as the radius of the shell, only one-half or
one-third as broad as the truncated outer aperture. (This species is
intermediate between the preceding and _Siphonosphæra chonophora_, Pl. 6,
fig. 5.)
{116}_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.09 to 0.11, of the pores 0.002
to 0.004, of the bars 0.003 to 0.006; length of the tubuli 0.05 to 0.06;
diameter of the inner aperture 0.02 to 0.03, of the outer aperture 0.05 to
0.07.
_Habitat._--Western part of the South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.
Genus 41. _Otosphæra_,[63] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the pores of which are
prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated walls; outer
mouth of the tubuli armed with a single tooth.
The genus _Otosphæra_ differs from _Solenosphæra_ by the single tooth on
the external mouth of the tubuli, from _Mazosphæra_ by the fenestration of
the walls of the tubuli.
1. _Otosphæra polymorpha_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 6).
Shell quite irregular, polyhedral or roundish, very variable in size and
form, with numerous very small pores, much smaller than the bars. Twenty to
thirty pores in the half meridian of the shell. Porous tubuli of the shell
commonly in variable number (one to four), but sometimes constant in number
(one, two, three, or four) in the one and same colony. Tubuli irregular
conical, commonly about as long as the radius of the shell; their outer
aperture obliquely truncated, on one side prolonged into one large,
prominent, bill-like, curved, acute tooth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.001 to
0.002; length of the tubuli 0.06 to 0.08, inner aperture 0.03, outer
aperture 0.02.
_Habitat._--Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.
2. _Otosphæra auriculata_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 5).
Shell quite irregular, of extremely variable form, now inclining to
roundish, now to polyhedral, with very numerous small pores, irregularly
formed and distributed. Twelve to twenty-four pores in the half meridian of
the shell, of very different size, for the most part larger than the bars.
Porous tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony),
one to five, mostly three or four, of conical form, irregularly formed and
scattered, commonly about half as long as the radius of the shell. Outer
aperture of the tubuli obliquely truncated, with one large prominent, often
curved, acute tooth.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.2, of the pores 0.003 to
0.005; length of the tubuli 0.01 to 0.05, inner aperture 0.04, outer
aperture 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central Tropical Pacific, Stations 268 to 272, depths 2425 to
2925 fathoms.
{117}Genus 42. _Coronosphæra_,[64] n. gen.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with simple shells, the pores of which are
prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated walls; outer
mouth of the tubuli armed with a coronal of spines.
The genus _Coronosphæra_ differs from _Solenosphæra_ by the coronated mouth
of the tubuli, from _Trypanosphæra_ by the fenestration of the walls of the
tubuli.
1. _Coronosphæra diadema_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 3).
Shell spherical or subspherical, with a variable number (fifteen to twenty)
of short, coronal-like tubules, irregularly scattered, about half as long
as the radius of the shell. Outer aperture of the tubuli irregularly
dentated, a little dilated, and not much broader than the inner aperture,
one-half or one-third as broad as the shell radius. Pores of the shell and
of the tubuli circular or roundish, very irregularly scattered, mostly
one-half or one-third as broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 14, of the pores 0.002 to
0.004, of the bars 0.006 to 0.012; length of the tubuli 0.03, inner
aperture 0.02 to 0.03, outer aperture 0.03 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 268 to 270, depths 2550 to 2925
fathoms.
2. _Coronosphæra calycina_, n. sp. (Pl. 7, fig. 4).
Shell spherical or subspherical, with a variable number (eight to twelve)
of large, funnel-like tubules, irregularly scattered, about as long as the
radius of the shell. Outer aperture of the tubuli irregularly dentated,
much dilated, somewhat broader than the shell radius, three to four times
as broad as the inner circular aperture. Pores of the shell and of the
tubuli circular or roundish, of very different size, one to three times as
broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.3, of the pores 0.003 to
0.01, of the bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the tubuli 0.1, inner aperture
0.02 to 0.03, outer aperture 0.06 to 0.18.
_Habitat._--Central Pacific, Stations 271, 272, depths 2425 and 2600
fathoms respectively.
3. _Coronosphæra convolvulus_, n. sp.
Shell irregular roundish, with a variable number (five to ten) of long,
curved tubules, about as long as the shell diameter. The inner half of the
tubuli is narrow, cylindrical; the outer half funnel-like dilated, similar
to the flower of _Convolvulus_. The outer aperture is elegantly dentated,
five to six times as broad as the inner aperture. Pores of the shell and of
the tubuli very irregular roundish, about as broad as the bars.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, of the pores and bars
0.004 to 0.008; length of the tubuli 0.07 to 0.1, inner aperture 0.01,
outer aperture 0.05.
_Habitat._--Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
{118}Subfamily CLATHROSPHÆRIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 472.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with a double lattice-shell around every
central capsule of the coenobium; both concentric shells connected by
irregular or subradial beams, commonly solid or lamellar staffs, rarely
hollow tubes.
Genus 43. _Clathrosphæra_,[65] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 472.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with a double lattice-shell around every
central capsule of the coenobium; surface of the outer shell smooth.
The genus _Clathrosphæra_ (with smooth surface) and the following
_Xanthiosphæra_ (with spiny surface) form together the small subfamily,
Clathrosphærida, different from the other Collosphærida by the double
lattice-shell. From the surface of the inner primary shell arise either
solid spines or hollow tubes, which unite by the anastomosis of irregular
branches and so form the outer secondary shell, often very incomplete and
irregular. All Clathrosphærida seem to inhabit great depths.
Subgenus 1. _Clathrosphærula_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--The connecting staffs between both shells are hollow tubes
(derived from _Siphonosphæra_).
1. _Clathrosphæra circumtexta_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 6).
Inner shell spherical, with irregular roundish large meshes, now broader
now smaller than their bars. Eight to ten meshes in the half meridian of
the shell. All these meshes are prolonged into short cylindrical hollow
tubes, about as long as broad, somewhat constricted in the middle. From the
margins of the outer openings of these tubes proceed very numerous and
delicate siliceous filaments, which all lie on the same spherical face,
branch, anastomose, and twine over the openings and the intervals between
them, forming a very thin, arachnoid spherical outer shell. The meshes of
this are quite irregular polygonal, of very different size and form. The
radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio = 5 : 6.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.11 to 0.13, of the outer 0.13
to 0.16; meshes of the inner shell 0.005 to 0.02, of the outer 0.005 to
0.04.
_Habitat._--North Pacific, Stations 238 to 253, depths 2050 to 3950
fathoms.
Subgenus 2. _Clathrosphærium_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--The connecting staffs between the two shells are solid rods
or lamellar spines (derived from _Acrosphæra_).
{119}2. _Clathrosphæra arachnoides_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 7).
Inner shell spherical, with irregular roundish meshes, two or three times
as broad as the bars. Ten to twelve meshes in the half meridian of the
shell. From its surface arise numerous conical radial spines (with base
often fenestrated), which at equal distances from the surface send out
lateral branches. All these branches lie on a spherical face, and form by
communications the irregular, very delicate, arachnoid network of the outer
shell, quite unlike that of the inner, with large polygonal meshes of very
different size. Eight to sixteen meshes in the half meridian of the shell.
Surface of the outer shell nearly spherical, somewhat uneven, like a
spider's web. The radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a
ratio = 3 : 4.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the outer 0.15
to 0.18; pores of the inner shell 0.003 to 0.02, of the outer 0.01 to 0.04.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900
fathoms.
3. _Clathrosphæra lamellosa_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 8).
Inner shell spherical or subspherical, with irregular roundish meshes,
about half as broad as the bars. Twelve to sixteen meshes in the half
meridian of the shell. From its surface arise numerous oblique irregular
staffs or broad and thin lamellæ, which branch quite irregularly, and by
communications of the branches form the thin outer shell. This is quite
irregular roundish or subspherical, very unlike the inner, with large
polygonal meshes of different size, six to twelve in the half meridian of
the shell. Bridges between the meshes very variable, now very thin
filamentous, now very broad lamellar. Outer surface very uneven or
tuberculated, but not spinous. The radius of the inner shell bears to that
of the outer a ratio = 5 : 6.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.1 to 0.13, of the outer 0.12
to 0.18; pores of the inner shell 0.003 to 0.009, of the outer 0.01 to
0.04.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 270 to 274,
depths 2350 to 2925 fathoms.
Genus 44. _Xanthiosphæra_,[66] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 472.
_Definition._--#Collosphærida# with a double lattice-shell around every
central capsule of the coenobium; surface of the outer shell thorny or
spiny.
The genus _Xanthiosphæra_ differs from the foregoing _Clathrosphæra_ by
spines or thorns arising from the surface of the outer shell, commonly very
irregular.
1. _Xanthiosphæra capillacea_, n. sp.
Inner shell spherical, with irregular polygonal meshes, three to five times
as broad as their narrow bars. Six to eight meshes in the half meridian of
the shell. From its surface arise at the nodes of the network numerous thin
radial spines, which, at equal distances from the surface, {120}send out
lateral branches. All these branches lie on a spherical face, and form by
communications the irregular delicate network of the outer shell, very like
that of the inner, with large polygonal meshes, six to eight meshes in the
half meridian of the shell. Surface of the outer shell covered with
numerous straight spines, prolongations of the inner spines, but only half
as long as these. The radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer
a ratio = 3 : 5.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the outer 0.15
to 0.19; pores of the inner shell 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.06, of the outer 0.04
to 0.06 to 0.08; length of the outer spines 0.01 to 0.02.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650
fathoms.
2. _Xanthiosphæra erinacea_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, fig. 9).
Inner shell spherical, with irregular roundish meshes, one-half to two
times as broad as the bars. Fifteen to twenty meshes in the half meridian
of the shell. From its surface arise numerous thin radial spines, which at
equal distances from the surface send out lateral branches. All these
branches lie on the face of a sphere, and form by communications the
irregular delicate network of the outer shell, very unlike that of the
inner, with large polygonal meshes, twelve to twenty-four in the half
meridian of the shell. Surface of the outer shell covered with numerous
straight spines, prolongations of the inner spines, and of the same length.
The radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio = 3 : 4.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the outer 0.13
to 0.16; pores of the inner shell 0.002 to 0.008, of the outer 0.01 to
0.03; length of the outer spines 0.02 to 0.03.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 270, 272, depth
2925 and 2600 fathoms respectively.
3. _Xanthiosphæra lappacea_, n. sp. (Pl. 8, figs. 10, 11).
Inner shell spherical or subspherical, with very small roundish pores,
quite irregularly scattered, one-fourth to three-fourth as broad as their
bars. Ten to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell. From its
surface arise in an extremely irregular and variable manner numerous
oblique spines, often curved, often lamellar, and perforated by pores,
sometimes hollow, fenestrated cones. At different distances from the
surface these spines send out lateral curved branches, which by
communications form the delicate and very irregular network of the outer
shell. This network is often incomplete and very unlike that of the inner
shell, with large polygonal meshes, six to eighteen in the half meridian of
the shell. Surface of the outer shell covered with numerous small, curved,
and oblique spines, prolongations of the inner spines, but scarcely
one-third to one-half as long as these. The radius of the inner shell bears
to that of the outer a ratio = 3 : 4.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the inner shell 0.08 to 0.12, of the outer 0.11
to 0.15; pores of the inner shell 0.001 to 0.009, of the outer 0.01 to
0.04; length of the outer spines 0.005 to 0.009.
_Habitat._--Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 263 to 274,
depths 2350 to 3000 fathoms.
{121}Family VII. #STYLOSPHÆRIDA#, Haeckel (Pls. 13-17).
_Stylosphærida_, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.
_Definition._--#Sphæroidea# with two radial spines on the surface of the
spherical shell, opposite in one axis; living solitary (not associated in
colonies).
The family #Stylosphærida# comprises a large number of very common
#Sphæroidea#, and is distinguished from all others by the possession of two
radial spines which are placed in one axis of the spherical shell.[67] By
the expression of this "main axis" as a solid rod they form the transition
to the #Prunoidea#, in which the whole shell is more or less transformed
according to this "monaxial growth." But in these latter the shell, as well
as the central capsule, becomes ellipsoidal, prolonged in one axis, whilst
in the former they remain spherical. However, the distinction of both
nearly allied groups is sometimes difficult.
The most simple Stylosphærida are the _Xiphostylida_, with one single
spherical lattice-shell. To this ancestral group all other subfamilies can
be opposed as "Stylosphærida concentrica," as their carapace is composed of
two or more concentric lattice-shells: two in the Sphærostylida, three in
the Amphistylida, four in the Cromyostylida, five or more in the
Caryostylida. In all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are
simple (not spongy) fenestrated spheres. In a sixth subfamily, in the
Spongostylida, the shell is wholly or partially composed of a spongy
irregular wicker-work, with or without a medullary shell in the centre.
Both the radial spines in all Stylosphærida are opposed normally in one
axis; but in many species besides the normal form occur individual
abnormalities, in which the two spines are not accurately opposed in this
main axis, but placed in two different axes, intersecting at a smaller or
larger angle. In the majority of the Stylosphærida both opposite spines
have the same size and form; but in some genera they are more or less
different, often in a very striking degree. The same differences occur in
the nearly allied groups of #Prunoidea#, in the Ellipsida and Druppulida.
The distal ends of both spines are commonly free; but in the small group of
Saturnalida (_Saturnalis_ with one single shell, _Saturnulus_ with two
concentric shells, _Saturninus_ with three concentric shells) the distal
ends of both spines are united, at equal distances from the centre, by a
circular or elliptical ring. This remarkable peculiarity occurs in no other
group of #Sphæroidea#, and consequently brings the Saturnalida into close
relation with the #Discoidea#.
{122}_Synopsis of the Genera of Stylosphærida._
{ {Both spines
{Polar spines { equal, 45. _Xiphosphæra_.
{ free, without{
I. Subfamily { connecting {Spines
Xiphostylida. { ring on the { different
(Spherical shell{ distal ends. { in size
simple.) { { or form, 46. _Xiphostylus_.
{
{Both polar spines united by
{ a circular or elliptical
{ ring, 47. _Saturnalis_.
{ {Both spines
{ { equal, 48. _Stylosphæra_.
{Polar spines {
II. Subfamily { free. {Spines
Sphærostylida.{ { different in
(Two concentric { { size or
spheres.) { { form, 49. _Sphærostylus_.
{
{Both polar spines united by
{ a circular or elliptical
{ ring, 50. _Saturnulus_.
{ {Both spines
{ { equal, 51. _Amphisphæra_.
{Polar spines {
III. Subfamily { free. {Spines
Amphistylida. { { different in
(Three { { size or
concentric { { form, 52. _Amphistylus_.
spheres.) {
{Both polar spines united by
{ a circular or elliptical
{ ring, 53. _Saturninus_.
IV. Subfamily } {Both spines
Cromyostylida.}Polar spines { equal, 54. _Stylocromyum_.
(Four concentric} free. {
spheres.) } {Spines
} { different, 55. _Cromyostylus_.
V. Subfamily }
Caryostylida. }Polar spines {Both spines
(Five or more } free. { equal, 56. _Caryostylus_.
concentric }
spheres.) }
{Shell a solid spongy sphere
{ without central medullary
{ shell, 57. _Spongolonchis_.
VI. Subfamily {
Spongostylida.{ {One central
(Spherical shell{ { medullary
partially or {In the centre { shell, 58. _Spongostylus_.
wholly of a { of the spongy{
spongy { sphere one or{Two
structure.) { two medullary{ concentric
{ shells. { medullary
{ { shells, 59. _Spongostylidium_.
Subfamily XIPHOSTYLIDA, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 450.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with one simple spherical lattice-shell.
Genus 45. _Xiphosphæra_,[68] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 450.
_Definition._--#Stylosphærida# with one single lattice-sphere and two free
spines of equal size and form.
The genus _Xiphosphæra_ is the most simple form of all Stylosphærida, and
may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. On the surface
of a simple {123}spherical lattice-shell, enclosing the central capsule,
arise two equal, free, radial spines, opposite to each other on the poles
of one axis.
Subgenus 1. _Xiphosphærantha_, Haeckel.
_Definition._--Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
and form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns (other
than the two polar spines).
1. _Xiphosphæra planeta_, n. sp.
Pores regular, hexagonal, eight to nine times as broad as the thin bars.
Ten to twelve pores on the half equator. Shell very thin walled; surface
smooth. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the axis of
the sphere, as broad at the base as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.13, pores 0.016 to 0.018,
bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.15, basal thickness 0.02.
_Habitat._--Pacific, central area, surface; Stations 271 to 274, depths
2425 to 2750 fathoms.
2. _Xiphosphæra gæa_, n. sp. (Pl. 14, fig. 5).
Pores regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal crests between them. On
the half equator ten to twelve pores, of the same breadth as the crested
bars. Shell thin walled; surface smooth. Polar spines three-sided
prismatic, about twice as long as the axis of the sphere, twice as broad at
the base as one pore.
_Dimensions._--Diameter of the sphere 0.07 to 0.09, pores and bars 0.005;
length of the polar spines 0.15 to 0.2, basal thickness 0.01.