INDIRECT SERVICE OF SKEPTICISM--PRESENT OUTLOOK.
The most important successes of man are born of his severest trials and
most persistent struggles. Sometimes principles have required the
combats of centuries before they become the possession of a heroic
people. The value of the prize may in most cases be accurately estimated
by the length of time and the outlay of effort expended for its
attainment. "Men of easy faith," says a wise observer of human deeds,
"and sanguine hope, have sometimes, after one great commotion and
change, joyously assured themselves that this would suffice. The grand
evil is removed; we shall now happily and fast advance with a clear
scene before us. But after a while, to their surprise and dismay,
another commotion and dismay has perhaps carried the whole affair back,
apparently, to the same state as before. Recollect the history of the
Reformation in this land; begun by Henry VIII., established, it was
gladly assumed, by his son. But that youth dies, and then we have the
instant return of Popery, in all its triumph, fury, and revenge. After a
while Queen Mary departs, and all pious souls exult in liberation and
Protestantism. But then again, in Elizabeth's time, there comes a
half-papist, severe spiritual tyranny. Later down, after the overthrow
of the tyrant Charles, there arose for the first time, a prospect of
real religious liberty. But his son resumes the throne, and all such
liberty was abolished, and so continued long; and another revolution was
required that religious faith and worship might be free."[282]
But when the English Reformation did come it was worth all its cost. The
Church would not barter it to-day for the commercial value of
continents,--no, not if she were told that the refusal would cost her
whole centuries of poverty and sorrow, many more martyrdoms, and a
second home in the catacombs.
The various conflicts with infidelity have been scarcely less terrible
than the determined efforts made for the preservation of the faith of
the Gospel against the persecutions of the Roman Emperors and the popes
of the inquisitorial period. For there are two kinds of suffering in
defense of truth; that manifested by endurance of the body when physical
pain is inflicted, and that which the mind undergoes when plausible
error makes its fascinating appeal. And he who can resist the pretenses
of infidelity and remain pure amid the general waste of faith, has moral
power enough to attest his love of truth by dying in its behalf. God
takes note of all offerings which we bring, whether it be a lacerated
body in an age of persecution, or a sorely-tried but yet purely-kept
conscience in a period of devastating irreligion. The same benignant
Father who welcomed the sacrifice of the unblemished heifer was ready to
receive the humbler offering of a pair of turtle doves.
One of the general principles on which we based the present historical
inquiry, was the undesigned, but real service rendered the cause of
truth and the Church by skepticism. It is yet too soon to prove the
validity of this position in reference to the present manifestations of
Rationalism in England and the United States. They are yet incomplete,
and not until a system of doubt has completed its cycle, are we enabled
to determine the evil which it has inflicted and the general benefit
which it has indirectly accomplished. When we look, therefore, at the
developed types of error which have arisen and made their impress on the
public mind, we are forced to the conclusion that, as God holds truth in
his hand and makes it minister to the good of his cause, so does he
possess complete control of error, and sometimes causes its wildest
vagaries to contribute to the advancement of those interests which they
were designed to subvert. The promoters of the evil are none the less
responsible, though their works terminated in an unexpected issue. "It
must needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom the
offense cometh."
This principle of God's moral government has long been denied a
recognition. The purely literary historian has here been in advance of
the student of religious events, for he has conceded and defended the
principle when tracing the career of military chieftains, who aimed
solely at the conquest of nations and the increase of temporal power. He
has shown how the devastations of an Alexander, a Hannibal, and a
Napoleon have been the unexpected instruments of great popular
blessings. Ecclesiastical historians have frequently regarded all
skeptical tendencies as evil in all their consequences; but it is a far
more exalted view of God's ceaseless care of the interests of his
Church, to consider him as the All-powerful and All-loving, causing even
"the wrath of man to praise him."
A glance at the various departments of theology which have received most
attention within the last half century, will prove that Rationalism has
been the undesigned means of contributing to their advancement. The
faith of the public teacher determines the faith and practice of the
masses; and those who are the commissioned expounders of truth for the
people have to-day a more substantial basis of theological literature,
than their predecessors possessed before Rationalism appeared in
Germany. As some of the grandest cathedrals of Europe, originally built
by the Roman Catholics, and designed by them for the perpetual
dissemination of the doctrines of Popery, are now the shrines of
Protestant worship, so have those weapons which were shaped for fierce
assaults upon inspiration been wielded in its defense. "Rationalism was
not to be simply ignored," says Schaff, "but in the hand of that
Providence which allows nothing to take place in vain, must serve the
purpose of bringing to a new form the old, which, in its contracted
sphere--that of mere understanding--it had profanely demolished. By this
means a freer activity and fuller development were secured, and that
want which lies at the root of all Rationalism, was supplied; namely,
that religious truth shall not be confronted with the subjective spirit
in the form of mere outward authority, but, in an inward way, become
fully reconciled to it in the form of conviction and certainty."[283]
The Rationalists at one time deemed the criticism of the Scriptures
their strongest fortress. This is evident from their numerous works on
the authenticity of the Biblical books, and on the text itself. They
perused the Church Fathers for corroborative opinions, applied
themselves to the oriental languages with a zeal worthy of a better
purpose, traveled through countries mentioned in the Bible in order to
study local customs and popular traditions, and searched the testimony
of both ancient and modern writers with an enthusiasm seldom surpassed.
Their purpose was, to maintain the human character of the Bible. Now
what do we behold? Those researches have been employed by evangelical
critics for a higher end, and are powerful auxiliaries in the defense of
the divine authority of the Scriptures. The Hebrew learning of Gesenius,
for example, is the most available instrument in the hands of the
orthodox theologian in his study of the Old Testament. The most critical
and accurate of the Rationalists have, in almost every case, told us
some truth which the professed friends of revelation had not possessed,
and which the Church might have been compelled to seek for centuries
without success.
Church history was crude and ill-written before the Rationalists
expended their toil and learning upon it. They investigated the
fountains; made the storm-beaten monuments, old coins, and medals
disclose their long-kept secrets; and threaded the labyrinths of secular
history, written in almost every European language, in order that
nothing serviceable to their cause might be lost. As an illustration of
the impetus imparted to this sphere of theological science, we may state
that between the years 1839 and 1841, there were published in Germany
over five hundred works on church history alone.[284] "Almost every
theologian of any name," says Schaff, "has devoted a portion at least of
his strength to some department of church history. Besides this,
however, it is found to receive the homage of all other
departments,--Exegesis, Introduction, Ethics, Practical Theology, etc.,
in this respect: that for any work to be complete it is felt necessary
that it should, in the way of introduction, present a history of the
subject with which it is employed, and have also due regard to views
different from its own. Let any one look into any of the later
commentaries by Bleek, Harless, Tholuck, Steiger, Hengstenberg,
Fritzsche, and Rückert; or into the dogmatic works of Twesten, Nitzsch,
Hase, and the monograph of Julius Müller on sin, and he will soon learn
how entirely the whole present theology is pervaded with historical
material from beginning to end."[285]
In the conception of church history as a science, the Rationalists also
displayed a wisdom which had ever been wanting. "Rationalism," says
Schaff again, "has been of undeniable service to church history. In the
first place, it exercised the boldest criticism, placing many things in
a new light, and opening the way for a more free and unprejudiced
judgment. Then again it assisted in bringing out the true conception of
history itself, though rather in a mere negative way. Almost all
previous historians, Protestant as well as Catholic, had looked upon the
history of _heresies_ as essentially motion and change, while they had
regarded the church doctrine as something once for all settled and
unchangeable; a view which cannot possibly stand the test of impartial
inquiry. For though Christianity itself, the saving truth of God, is
always the same, and needs no change, yet this can by no means be
affirmed of the apprehension of this truth by the human mind in the
different ages of the Church, as is at once sufficiently evident from
the great difference between Catholicism and Protestantism; and within
the latter, from the distinctions of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, and
Calvinism. But Rationalism now discovered fluctuation, motion, change,
in the Church, as well as in the sects; thus taking the first step
towards the idea of organic development, on which the latest German
historiography is founded."[286] We deem this testimony in favor of our
position as of no ordinary value, coming as it does from one so
intimately acquainted with the issues involved, and yet in no sympathy
with the skepticism of any age.
The Rationalistic divines have also been the indirect means of a better
estimate of the life of Christ. The replies to the work of Strauss
present, as we have before intimated, the most complete portrait of the
career of the Messiah ever drawn by uninspired authority. The symmetry,
scope, power, and sympathy which revealed themselves through his entire
ministry are so described by Neander, and those in harmony with him,
that their representation of the Messiah must ever perform an invaluable
service in theological literature. Had the attack never been made we
would not now enjoy the benefit resulting from the counter-blow. "These
replies," says Schwarz, "constitute an important literature of
themselves, in which scarcely any theological name of importance is
absent, and in which many obscure pastors from all parts of Germany have
brought the fire-bucket of their knowledge in order to extinguish the
flame that threatened to consume them and their village-churches
together with the historical basis of Christianity.... Concerning the
theological discussion originated by Strauss, our attention is turned
toward those works which undertake to answer specifically the critical
questions under consideration. His celebrated work was the signal for a
totally new gospel criticism. A succession of works appeared at but
brief intervals that discussed in a far more thorough method than
Strauss had done those important questions concerning the relations of
the gospels to each other, their signification, age, and
authenticity."[287]
So, too, has the criticism of the apostolic age by the Tübingen school
aroused the friends of evangelical Christianity to inquire into the same
period, and see whether their own ground was really defensible. It was a
fortunate day for them when their attention was directed thither. For
the church enjoys thereby a much clearer conception of all those great
movements that had their origin in the time of the apostles, of the
relations in which those men stood to the Divine Founder, of the gradual
dissemination of the gospel, of the general condition of the infant
church, and of its interpretation of the doctrines promulgated by
Christ, than could have been acquired by all the ordinary methods of
investigation.
Taking the past as a present instructor, we fear no permanent evil
results from the recent popular Lives of Jesus by Renan and Strauss.
These men have written for the masses, and their appeal is to the plain
mind. They would portray Christ in such a light that even the least
intelligent mind might be brought into living sympathy with his
humanity. Now, when their view of him shall have been faithfully
answered by presenting his divine character to the common understanding,
who will say that the present generation of Christ's skeptical
biographers have written in vain? Those authors, having seen the
necessity of a popular understanding of Christ, describe him as a man
like ourselves. They have written from a wrong stand-point, but if their
labors can suggest to evangelical theologians the immediate necessity of
a popular view of Christ as our Redeemer, we will not believe that
their labors, though exerted for a different purpose, are without good
fruits. The people need to perceive clearly the character of Christ--not
to look upon him as far off, but near at hand, not to regard him as the
cold, indifferent observer of our conduct, but as that Friend who, being
our Elder Brother, enters into sympathy with the humblest of his
followers, and suffers not a sparrow to fall without his notice.
We are confirmed in our opinion of the ultimate advantages from Renan's
representation of Christ by the testimony of M. de Pressensé. This
distinguished theologian was recently returning from the Holy Land,
whither he had gone "to seek to lay hold of the holy likeness of Christ
that he might present it to his countrymen," when he stopped at
Altenburg to attend the session of the Evangelical Church Diet of
Germany. Speaking of the indirect service of Renan, he used the
following earnest language: "I too wish to expose to you the advantages
of the recent attacks against our faith, for, in my eyes, they by far
outweigh the inconveniences and the perils. Without doubt, this
falsification of the holy type which we adore may well deceive the
public mind, for it fell into a community of religious ignorance, into a
country in which modern Catholicism--I mean to say Italian, or rather
Roman Catholicism, which has but too much prevailed over that of our
Pascals and our Bossuets--had more and more reduced religion to a
servile submission towards the Papacy and superstitious worship of the
deified creature, thus preventing the direct intercourse of the soul
with the gospel and with him who fills the gospel. And then, M. Renan's
book at bottom flattered all the bad contemporaneous instincts; it made
the apotheosis of that melancholy and voluptuous skepticism which covers
up with a certain distinction and a certain charm the most positive
materialism; it flattered our languid wills, substituted the worship of
the beautiful for the worship of the holy, and authorized, by the false
ideal which it presents to us, a factitious religious sentiment, which
demands no sacrifice, no manly act, covers up the cross under flowers,
and at last only gives back to humanity its old idol, newly carved and
painted. This idol is no other than humanity itself. This mixture of
atheism and sensibility was particularly dangerous, because it met
preëxistent tendencies, and colored them with a fallacious poesy. The
art of the historian, or rather of the romance-writer [Renan], consisted
in his hiding the entire absence of all belief under graceful metaphors
and an unctuous style, just as the brilliant snow of the Alps covers up
the abyss and deprives the traveler of the salutary horror which would
save him. You see, my friends, I do not diminish the perils of a book
which has had in its two editions a sale of two hundred thousand copies.
And yet, I persist in believing that the advantages are greater than its
disadvantages."
Neither do we apprehend any ultimate disaster from the Skeptical
Scientific School. Darwin, Buckle, and others have striven diligently to
impress upon the public mind the opinion that there is an antagonism
between science and revelation, and that it is of such character as to
render Christianity a useless appendage to human society.
Now, in order to counteract the influence of their sentiments, the
evangelical theologian should take no partial or prejudicial views of
science, or of its necessity for the defense of Scriptural truth. The
course adopted by the Roman Catholic Church in reference to the
discoveries of some of the noblest of her sons was suicidal. When
Galileo was forced to recant his theory of the earth's revolution, the
advance of papacy was arrested. To all outward appearance there is an
incompatibility between the claims of geology and the Mosaic cosmogony.
Shall we say that geology is false, and the six days of the Mosaic
narrative must be understood in their literal sense? This presents the
dilemma either to reject geology as a spurious science, or to discard
revelation. We will not accept such an alternative, and rather say,
"Geology is a noble science, but it is yet an infant. When it reaches
its majority we shall see a harmony,--inexpressibly beautiful and
proportionate,--between its discoveries and the inspired word of God."
We must not charge the errors of scientific skeptics to the department
of inquiry in which they labor. The perversions and errors of science,
and not science itself, are at enmity with revelation. Mr. Darwin's
theory of development seems to be in outright opposition to the
Scriptural account of the animal creation. But there is no occasion of
alarm at what he has said, for neither he nor all who think with him can
invalidate the truths of Scripture. We should despise no theory that
aims at our better comprehension of great truths; for the day will come
when science, in its mature glory and strength, shall cast its human
lustre on all the pages of divine truth.
The true way to meet the writings of skeptics in the Church is by calm
replies to their charges, and by immediate ecclesiastical discipline.
Every word or act that savors of tyranny or undue exaction creates
friends for them, and when for them, for their opinions also. Mere
general remarks in reply to their attacks will accomplish nothing.
Little advantage would be gained if every preacher in Great Britain and
America were only to say, "Bishop Colenso is in error." But it will be
a public benefit if he be treated with personal kindness of expression
as a brother-man, his arguments examined, and their obnoxious fallacy
proved. The Church should deal toward the foes of her own household with
the greatest possible caution, else the reaction will be of lasting
evil. Neander taught a lesson for all coming time when a royal edict was
about to appear forbidding the entrance of Strauss' _Life of Jesus_
within the Prussian dominion. He violently opposed it, and gave it as
his opinion, that "the work of Strauss, though not profound, was written
with much talent, and that throughout, science predominated over and
extinguished sentiment. That, in truth, the writer appeared to be guided
by singular good faith, but that his mythical system did nevertheless
undermine Christianity; and that if it spread, it might be feared that
it might destroy Christian faith; but, yet, that it would be a great
mistake to interdict the work; since, when once interdicted, it could
not be refuted, and by such a measure it would acquire an undue
importance."
But whatever precautions are taken in dealing with skepticism, it is
essential that the spirit of unity pervade all evangelical
denominations. During the Peninsular War, the Duke of Wellington,
observing that one of his officers of artillery was serving a gun with
remarkable precision against a body of men posted in a wood to the left,
rode up to the subaltern, and said: "Well aimed, captain; but no
more,--they are our own 99th!" A similar mistake has sometimes been
committed by ecclesiastical organizations, which, instead of aiming at
the common enemy, have expended too much valuable time and energy in
efforts to defend their individual creeds. A more intense harmony of all
the friends of orthodoxy is a condition of permanent success. The
theological crisis of to-day may be followed by others more severe. But
the Faith of the Church teaches the invaluable lesson that God designs,
by the ordeal of the earthly crucible, to prepare her for higher honor
and perfect service. She does not desire a premature termination of the
season of proof.
"From darkness here, and weariness,
We ask not full repose,
Only be Thou at hand.--
* * * * *
The wanderer seeks his native bower,
And we will look and long for Thee,
And thank Thee for each trying hour,
Wishing, not struggling, to be free."[288]
FOOTNOTES:
[282] John Foster, _Broadmead Lectures_, vol. i., p. 309.
[283] _What is Church History?_ p. 15.
[284] Winer, _Handbuch der Theologischen Wissenschaft_, 1838-1842.
[285] _What is Church History?_ p. 17.
[286] _History of the Apostolic Church_, p. 80.
[287] _Geschichte der Neuesten Theologie._ Second Edition, pp. 105, 152.
[288] Keble, _Christian Year_.
APPENDIX.
LITERATURE OF RATIONALISM.
I.--GERMANY--HOLLAND--SWITZERLAND.
AUBERLEN, C. A.--Die Göttliche Offenbarung, 2 Bände, Basel, 1861-64.
ÄUSERUNGEN üb. Renan, Strauss u. ähnliche Bücher. Anon. Tüb., 1864.
BALMES, J.--Briefe an einen Zweifler, Aus d. Span. übersetzt, von F.
Loruiser, Regensburg, 1864.
BAUR, F. C.--Die Tübingen Schule und ihre Stellung zur Gegenwart.
Tübingen, 1859.
BEYSCHLAG, W.--Über das "Leben Jesu" v. Renan. Halle a. S. 1864.
BOCKSHAMMER, G. F.--Offenbarung und Theologie. Stuttg. 1822.
BÖHME, C. F.--Christliches Henotikon. Halle, 1827.
---- Die Sache des rationalen Supranaturalismus, geprüft und erklärt.
Neust. 1823.
BRETSCHNEIDER, K. G.--Ueber die Grundprincipien der Evang. Theologie.
Altenburg, 1832.
---- Zwei Sendschreiben an einem Staatsmann. Leipzig, 1830.
BRONSVELD, A. W.--Oorzaken der verbreiding van het rationalisme in ous
land, sinds de laaste jaren der vorigen eeuw. Rotterdam, 1862.
BRUNNER, S.--Der Atheist Renan u. Sein Evangelium. Regensburg, 1864.
BUCHER, J.--Das Leben Jesu v. Dr. Fr. Strauss nach der neuen "f. das
Deutsche Volk," beab. Augsburg, 1864.
CASSEL, P.--Über Renan's Leben Jesu. Berlin, 1864.
CHANTEPIE DE LA SAUSSAYE.--La Crise Religieuse en Hollande. Leyde, 1860.
CLAUSEN, PROF.--Katholicismus u. Protestantismus, 3 Bände. Translated by
Fries. Latest Edition, 1828.
The author, a moderate Rationalist, attempts in vain to
identify Protestantism and Rationalism.
CLEMEN, C. F. W.--Die Rationalisten sind doch Christen. Altenbg. 1829.
CÖLLN, D. G. K. VON, UND SCHULTZ, DAV.--Über Theologische Lehrfreiheit
auf den Evangelischen Universitäten. Breslau, 1830.
CORNIL, A.--Ludwig Feuerbach u. Seine Stellung zur Religion u.
Philosophie d. Gegenwart. Frankfurt a. Main, 1851.
DA COSTA.--The Four Witnesses. Holland.
This work relates to the Four Evangelists, and is a reply to
Strauss.
DEUTINGER, M.--Renan u. das Wunder. München, 1864.
DE WETTE.--Über der Verfall der Protestantischen Kirche in Deutschland,
und die Mittel, ihr wieder aufzuhelfen. Reformationsalm.--1817, S. 296
ff.
---- Religion und Theologie. Berlin, 1817.
---- Theodor oder des Zweifler's Weihe. 2 Bde. Berlin, 1822.
DIESTELMANN, TH.--Beleuchtung d. Lebens Jesu f. das Deutsche Volk, v. D.
F. Strauss. Hannover, 1864.
ENGELHARDT, M.--Schenkel und Strauss. Erlangen, 1864.
FELDMANN, T. C.--Der Wahre Christus u. sein rechtes Symbol. Altona,
1865.
FEUERBACH. F. L.--Das Wesen d. Glaubens im Sinne Luther's. Leip., 1844.
FREI-RELIGIÖSEN (die) in ihrer Blösse. Brandenburg, 1862.
FREPPEL, PROF.--Kritische Beleuchtung d. Ernst Renan'schen Schrift: Das
Leben Jesu. Wien, 1864.
FRICKE, G.--Ueber Renan's Leben Jesu. Heidelberg, 1864.
FRITZSCHE, CH. F.--De Rationalismo commentatt. II; in den opuscul.
academ. Tur.--1846.
FROST, W.--Das Leben d. Anti-Christus nach Ernst Renan. Wien, 1864.
GEBHARD, F. H.--Die letzten Gründe des Rationalismus in einer
Widerlegung der Briefe Zöllichs. Arnst., 1822.
GERBER, J. H.--Supranominalismus, ein neues System der Theologie, oder
die endliche Versöhnung zwischen Rationalismus und Supranaturalismus in
wissenschaftliche Nothwendigkiet. Leipzig, 1843-44.
GERLACH, H.--Gegen Renan, Leben Jesu. Berlin, 1864.
GESS UND RIGGENBACH.--Apologetische Beiträge. Basel, 1864.
GROEN VAN PRINSTERER, G.--Le parti anti-revolutionaire et confessionel
dans l'église réformée des Pays-Bas. Amsterdam, 1860.
GURLITT. J. GFR.-Rede zur Empfehlung des Vernunftsgebrauch's bei dem
Studium der Theologie. Hamburg, 1822.
HAAR, B. TER,--Pictures from the History of the Reformation. 1855.
A prize work, written to strengthen the faith of Protestants.
---- Vorlesungen über Renan's "Leben Jesu." 1864.
HAFFNER.--Die Deutsche Aufklärung. Mainz, 1864.
HAGENBACH, K. R.--Kirchengeschichte d. 18 und 19 Jahrhunderts. 3 Aufl.
Leipzig, 1856.
---- Die sogenannte Vermittelungstheologie. Zürich, 1858.
---- History of Doctrines. Revised Edinb. ed., with large additions. By
Prof. H. B. Smith. New York, 1862.
HAHN, A.--De Rationalismi, qui dicitur, vera indole et qua cum
naturalismo contineatur ratione. Lips. 1827.
---- Ueber die Lage des Christenthums unserer Zeit, und das Verhältniss
der Christlichen Theologie zur Wissenschaft überhaupt. Leipz. 1832.
HANEBERG, D. B.--E. Renan's Leben Jesu beleuchtet. Regensbg. 1864.
HANNE, J. W.--Rationalismus und spec. Theologie in Braunschweig.
Braunschweig, 1838.
HARMS, C.--Thesen Luther's mit andern 95 Sätzen. Kiel, 1817.
---- "Dass es mit der Vernunftreligion nichts ist." Kiel, 1819.
HAVET, E.--Kritik üb. "Das Leben Jesu" v. E. Renan. Mannheim, 1863.
HEINRICH, J. B.--Christus: Kritik des Rationalismus, des Straussischen
Mythicismus u. d. Lebens Jesu v. Renan. Mainz, 1864.
HELD, C. F. W.--Jesus der Christ, mit Rücksicht auf d. Rationalismus u.
Skepticismus d. Gegenwart. Zürich, 1865.
HENHOFER, A.--Der Kampf d. Unglaubens m. Aberglauben u. Glauben.
Heidelberg, 1861.
HENKE, C. L. TH.--Rationalismus u. Traditionalismus im 19. Jahrhundert.
1864.
HERING.--Die Akephaler unserer Zeit. Leipzig, 1825.
HERINGA, J. E.--Het gebruiken Misbruik der Kritik. Holland, 1793.
HOFSTEDE DE GROOT, P.--Die Gröninger Theologen. Gotha, 1863.
HÜFFELL, L.--Friedensvorschläge zur Beendigung des Streits zwischen
bibl. Christlichen Theologen und Rationalisten; Zeitschrift für
Predigerwissenschaften. Bd. 2. St. 1.
HUNDESHAGEN, K. B.--Der Deutsche Protestantismus. 3 Aufl. Frankfort a.
Main, 1850.
HURTER, H.--Ueber die Rechte der Vernunft und des Glaubens. Innsbruck,
1863.
KÄHLER, L. A.--Supranaturalismus und Rationalismus in ihrem
gemeinschaft. Ursprunge, ihrer Zwietracht u. höheren Einheit. Leipzig,
1818.
KAHNIS, K. F. A.--Der innere Gang des deutschen Protestantismus seit
Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts. Leipzig, 1854.
KAMPE, F.--Geschichte der religiösen Bewegung d. neuern Zeit. 2 Bde.
Leipzig, 1852-53.
KEIM, I.--Der Geschichtliche Christus. Zürich, 1864.
KLEUKER, J. F.--Ueber das Ja und Nein der Bibl. Christl. u. der reinen
Vernunfttheologie. Hamburg, 1819.
Compare, Ueber die Altonaer Bibel. 1818.
---- Ueber den alten und neuen Protestantismus. Bremen, 1823.
KÖHLER, A.--Die niederländisch-reform. Kirche. Erlangen, 1856.
KUENEN, A.--The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically examined.
Translated from the Dutch by Rt. Rev. J. W. Colenso. London, 1865.
LANG, H.--Dogmatik. Berlin, 1858.
---- Ein Gang durch die Christliche Welt. Berlin, 1859.
---- Religiöse Charactere. Winterthur, 1862.
LORGION, E. J.--The Pastor of Vliethinzen; or, Conversations about the
Groninger School. Capetown, 1865.
A novel, translated from the Dutch, for the use of Colonists
in Southern Africa.
LUTHARDT, C. E.--Die modernen Darstellungen des Lebens Jesu. Eine
Besprechung der Schriften von Strauss, Renan, etc. Leipzig, 1864.
MEYER, J.--Das Leben Jesu v. Dav. Frdr. Strauss. Leipzig, 1865.
MICHELIS, F.--Renan's Roman vom Leben Jesu. Münster, 1864.
NEUESTER NACHTRAG zu Renan's Leben Jesu. Berlin, 1864.
NICOLAS, A.--Die Gottheit Jesu. Regensburg, 1864.
NITZSCH, C. L.--Ueber das Heil der Theologie durch Unterscheidung der
Offenbarung und Religion als Mittel und Zweck. 1880.
NOACK, L.--Die Freidenker in der Religion. Berne, 1853.
OOSTERZEE, J. J. VAN.--Geschichte oder Roman? Das Leben Jesu v. E. Renan
beleuchtet. 1863.
OPZOOMER, C. W.--De waarheid en hare kenbronnen. Amsterdam, 1882.
PAULUS, H. E. G.--Zeitgemässe Beleuchtung des Streites zwischen dem
Eingebungsglauben und der Urchristlichen Denkgläubigkeit. Wiesbaden,
1830.
PETRENZ, K. A.--Wie hast du Renan's Leben Jesu aufgenommen? Neu-Ruppin,
1864.
RAUMER, F.--Schwarz, Strauss, Renan. Leipzig, 1864.
RIGGENBACH, C. J.--Der Heutige Rationalismus besonders in der Deutschen
Schweiz. Basel, 1862.
RITTER, H.--Ernst Renan üb. die Naturwissenschaften u. die Geschichte.
Gotha, 1865.
RÖHR, J. F.--Briefe über den Rationalismus. Aachen, 1813.
---- Grund-und-Glaubenssätze der Evang.-protest. Kirche. 1832-1834.
ROMANG, J. P.--Ueber Unglauben, Pletismus u. Wissenschaft. Zürich, 1859.
ROSENKRANZ, K.--Kritik d. Principien d. Strauss'schen Glaubenslehre.
Leipzig, 1844.
ROYAARDS, H. J.--Geschiedenis van het Christendom. Nederland, 1853.
RÜCKERT, L. J.--Der Rationalismus. Leipzig, 1859.
RUMPF.--Kirchenglaube und Erfahrung, 1854.
---- Bibel und Christus, 1858.
RUTHENUS, K.--Der formale Supernaturalismus oder d. einzig mögliche Weg
zur einer Ausgleichung der streitenden theolog. Partheien. Leipzig,
1834.
SARTORIUS, C.--Die Religion ausserhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft.
Marburg, 1822.
---- Ueber die Unwissenschaftlichkeit und innere Verwandschaft des
Rationalismus und Romanismus. Auch u. d. Tit: Beiträge zur Evang.
Rechtglaubigkeit. 1 Hft. Heidelberg, 1825.
SCHENKEL, D.--Die Religiösen Zeitkämpfe. Hamburg, 1847.
---- Das Characterbild Jesu. Wiesbaden, 1864.
---- Die Protestantische Freiheit in ihrem gegenwartigen Kampfe in der
Kirchlichen Reaktion. Wiesbaden, 1865.
SCHLOSSER, F. C.--Geschichte d. 18 und 19 Jahrhunderts. (First two
vols.) Heidelberg, 1848.
SCHOLTEN, J. H.--Oratio de pugna theologiam inter atque philosophiam
recto utriusque studio tollenda. Leipzig, 1847.
---- Dogmatices Christianæ Initia. Editio II. Leyden, 1858.
SCHOTT, H. A.--Briefe über Religion und Christlichen
Offenbarungsglauben. Jena, 1826.
SCHRÖTER, W.--Christianismus, Humanismus und Rationalismus in ihrer
Identität. Leipzig, 1830.
SCHUBERT, F. W.--Die Freien Gemeinde unserer Zeit. Berlin, 1850.
SCHUDEROFF, J.--Briefe über den Rationalismus und Supernaturalismus, in
Journal für Veredlung des Prediger- und Schullehrerstandes. Jahrg. 1811.
Bd. 2. St. 3.
SCHULTHESS, J. UND ORELLI, J. K.--Rationalismus und Supernaturalismus,
Kanon, Tradition und Scription. Zürich, 1822.
SCHULTZE, L.--Die Wunder Jesu Christi mit Beziehung a. d. Leben Jesu v.
Renan. Königsberg, 1864.
SCHWARTZ, C.--Zur Geschichte d. neuesten Theologie. 3 sehr verm. Auf.
Leipzig, 1864.
SEPP, DR.--Thaten u. Lehren Jesu; auf die jungsten Werke v. Renan und
Strauss. Schaffhausen, 1864.
STÄUDLIN, C. F.--Geschichte des Rationalismus und Supranaturalismus.
Göttingen, 1826.
STEFFENS, H.--Von der falschen Theologie und dem Wahren Glauben.
Breslau, 1831.
STEIGER, W.--Kritik des Rationalismus in Wegscheider's Dogmatik. Berlin,
1830.
STRAUSS, D. F.--Das Leben Jesu. Berlin, 1835.
---- Das Leben Jesu f. das Deutsche Volk bearb. Leipzig, 1864.
TAFEL, F. I.--Das Leben Jesu,--gegen die Angriffe d. Dr. Strauss u. d.
Unglaubens überhaupt. Basel, 1863.
THEILER, C. G. W.--Christus und die Vernunft. Leipzig, 1830.
---- Aphorismen zur Verständigung über den sogenannten alten und neuen
Glauben. Leipzig, 1839.
THOLUCK, A.--Vermischte Schriften II., "Geschichte der Umwälzung der
Theologie seit 1750." Hamburg, 1839.
---- Die Lehre v. der Sünde und vom Versöhnen. 7 Auf. Hamb. 1851.
---- Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus. Zwei Theile. Berlin, 1859-'62.
---- Geschichte d. Rationalismus. Erste Abth. Berlin, 1865.
TITTMANN, J. A. H.--Über Supranaturalismus, Rationalismus, u. Atheismus.
Leipzig, 1816.
ULLMANN, K.--Theologisches Bedenken auf Veranlassung des Angriffs der
evangel. Kirchenzeit, auf den Hallischen Rationalismus. Halle, 1830.
Together with many other articles of similar character in
"Studien und Kritiken."
VERANTWORTUNG (zur) des Christlichen Glauben. 10 Vorträge von
Riggenbach, Auberlen, Gess, und andere. Basel, 1862.
VOIGHTLÄNDER, J. A.--Der Rationalismus nach seinen philosophischen
Hauptformen und in seiner historischen Gestalt. Leipzig, 1830.
WEGSCHEIDER, J. A. L.--Institutiones Theologiæ Christianæ Dogmaticæ.
Halle, 1815. 8th Ed. 1844.
WEIDEMANN, K. A.--Die Neuesten Darstellungen d. Lebens Jesu von Renan,
Schenkel, Strauss. Gotha, 1864.
WIESINGER, A.--Aphorismen gegen Renan's Leben Jesu. Wien, 1864.
WIGGERS, J.--Kirchlicher oder rein biblischer Supranaturalismus?
Leipzig, 1842.
WISLICENUS, G. A.--Die Bibel, für denkende Leser betrachtet. Leipzig,
1864.
WÖLLWARTH, F.--Gedanken üb. das characterbild Christi, von Schenkel.
Stuttgart, 1865.
ZEITFRAGEN RELIGIÖSE, Unparteiisch beurtheilt v. e. Laien. Tüb., 1864.
ZÖCKLER, O.--Die Evangelien kritik u. das Lebensbild Christi nach d.
Schrift. Darmstadt, 1864.
ZÖLLICH, C. F.--Briefe über den Supranaturalismus; eine Gegenschrift zu
den Briefen über den Rationalismus. Sondershausen, 1821.
RATIONALISTIC PERIODICALS.
ALLGEMEINE KIRCHLICHE ZEITSCHRIFT.--Published by D. Schenkel, Elberfeld,
1860-'65.
ANNALEN.--Published by Schulthess, 1826-30.
DEUTSCHKATHOLISCHES SONNTAGSBLATT.--Wiesb., 1851-'65.
FREIES (FÜR) RELIGIÖSES LEBEN.--Breslau, 1848.
The Journal of the "Friends of Light."
KIRCHE DER GEGENWART.--Biedermann und Fries. Zürich, 1845-'50.
KIRCHEN-UND-SCHULBLATT.--Weimar, 1852-'65.
PREDIGERBIBLIOTHEK.--Published by Röhr, 1820-'48. Continued by H. Lang,
to 1816.
PROTESTANTISCHE BLÄTTER, Für das evang. Oesterreich.--Wien, 1863-'65.
PROTESTANTISCHE KIRCHENZEITUNG.--H. Eltester und Carl Schwartz. Berlin,
1854-'65.
This quarterly is the leading organ of the German
Rationalists.
SONNTAGSBLATT.--Uhlich. Gotha, 1850. Quarterly.
SOPHRONIZEN.--Published by Paulus, 1819-'30.
THEOLOGISCHE JAHRBÜCHER.--F. Chr. Baur und E. Zeller. Tübingen,
1842-'56. Not continued.
ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR WISSENSCHAFT. THEOLOGIE.--A. Hilgenfeld. Halle,
1858-'65.
ZEITSTIMMEN AUS D. REFORMIRTEN KIRCHE DER SCHWEIZ.--H. Lang. Winterthur,
1859-'66.
II.--FRANCE.
ARNAUD, A.--Les Orthodoxes et le Parti libéral protestant. Paris, 1864.
ASTIE, J. F.--Les deux Théologies nouvelles dans le sein du
Protestantisme Français. Paris, 1862.
BIERMANN, C.--Foi et Raison. Paris, 1860.
BOISSONAIS, L.--Doctrine de la nouvelle école d'apres MM. Réville, A.
Coquerel fils, et Colani. Paris, 1864.
BUISSON, F.--L'orthodoxie et l'Evangile dans l'Eglise réformée. Paris,
1864.
CASSAN-FLOYRAC, L'ABBÉ.--Le Rationalisme devant la Raison. Paris, 1858.
COLANI, T.--Ma Position dans l'Eglise de la Confession d'Augsbourg.
Paris, 1860.
---- Jésus Christ et les Croyances messianiques de son Temps. Paris,
1864.
COQUEREL, A.--Christologie. Paris, 1859.
COQUEREL, E.--M. Guizot et l'Orthodoxie protestante. Paris, 1864.
---- Libéreaux et orthodoxes. Paris, 1864.
DUNAIME, L'ABBÉ J.--De la Raison dans ses Rapports avec la Foi. Paris,
1858.
FAYET, A.--Lettres à un rationaliste sur la philosophie et la religion.
Paris, 1864.
FRANCHI, A.--Le Rationalisme. Bruxelles, 1858.
FROSSARD, C. L.--L'orthodoxie de l'Eglise réformée de France. Paris,
1864.
GUIZOT, F.--Méditations sur l'Essence de la Religion Chrétienne. Paris,
1864.
LARROQUE, P.--Renovation réligieuse. Paris, 1859.
---- Examen Critique des doctrines de la religion Chrétienne. Paris,
1859.
LUPS, L'ABBÉ J.--Le Traditionalisme et le Rationalisme. Liege, 1859.
NICOLAS, M.--Études Critiques sur la Bible. Paris, 1861.
PRESSENSÉ, E. DE.--Le Pays de l'Evangile; Notes d'un voyage en Orient.
Paris, 1865.
REMUSAT, C. DE.--Philosophie Religieuse. Paris, 1864.
RENAN, E.--Études d'histoire Réligieuse. 3d Edition. Paris, 1858.
---- Vie de Jésus. Paris, 1863.
LITERATURE ARISING OUT OF THE PUBLICATION OF RENAN'S "LIFE OF
JESUS."
AUGÉ, L.--Neuf pages décisives sur la Vie de Jésus de M. E.
Renan. Paris, 1863.
BAUDON, P. L.--M. Ernest Renan, le prophete et le vrai fils de
Dieu. Paris, 1863.
BLOCH, S.--M. Renan et le Judaïsme. Paris, 1863.
BONALD, M. DE.--Mandement portant condamnation du livre
intitulé; la Vie de Jésus, par E. Renan. Paris, 1863.
BONNETAIN, J.--Le Christ-Dieu devant les Siècles. M. Renan et
son roman du jour. Paris, 1863.
BOURQUENOUD, A.--Les Distractions de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
BOYLESVE, M. DE.--M. Renan, défenseur de la foi d'apres un
procédé nouveau. Paris, 1863.
CARLE, H.--Crises des croyances. M. Renan, et l'esprit de
système. Paris, 1863.
CASTAING, A.--Jésus, M. E. Renan et la science. Paris, 1863.
CHAUVELOT, B.--M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
CHERET, L'ABBÉ.--Lettres d'un curé de campagne à M. Renan.
Paris, 1863.
CLABAUT, L'ABBÉ.--E. Renan et l'Evangile. Paris, 1863.
COCHIN, A.--Quelques mots sur le Vie de Jésus de M. E. Renan.
Paris, 1863.
COLANI, T.--Examen de la Vie de Jésus de M. Renan. Strasbourg,
1864.
CONSTANT, B.--Les contradictions de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
CORRESPONDANCE APOCRYPHE entre M. E. Renan et sa soeur Ursule.
Paris, 1863.
DELAPORTE, A.--La Critique et la Tactique, à propos de M.
Renan. Paris, 1863.
DES GRANGES, F.--Une Échappé sur la Vie de Jésus d'Ernest
Renan. Paris, 1863.
DESHAIRES, G.--La Vie de Jésus, les Évangiles, et M. Renan.
Paris, 1863.
EVANGILE (le cinquième) de M. Renan,--par M. H. D. Paris,
1863.
FELIX, R. P.--M. Renan et sa Vie de Jésus.
---- Quelques mots sur le livre de la Vie de Jésus. Paris,
1863.
FOISSET.--Ernest Renan: Vie de Jésus. Paris, 1863.
FREGIER, J. C.--Jésus devant le droit, ou Critique judiciare
de la Vie de Jésus de M. E. Renan. Paris, 1863.
FREPPEL, L'ABBÉ.--Examen Critique de la Vie de Jésus de M.
Renan. Paris, 1863.
GINOULIAC.--Lettre à l'un de ses vicaires généraux sur la Vie
de Jésus par M. E. Renan. Paris, 1863.
GUETTÉE, L'ABBÉ.--Réfutation de la prétendue Vie de Jésus de
M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
HAVET, E.--Jésus dans l'histoire. Examen de la Vie de Jésus
par Renan. Paris, 1863.
HELLO, E.--M. Renan et la Vie de Jésus. Paris, 1863.
HERVÉ.--Divinité de Jésus. Réponse à M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
JOURDAIN, A.--Réfutation rationnelle de la Vie de Jésus.
Paris, 1863.
LACORDAIRE, R.--Aux Lecteurs de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
LARROQUE, P.--Opinion des Déistes rationalistes sur la Vie de
Jésus, selon M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
LASSERRE, H.--L'Evangile selon Renan. Paris, 1863.
LATOUR.--Une réponse à M. Volusien Pagès. Réfutation d'une
Réfutation, de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
LAURENTIE.--Le Livre de M. E. Renan, sur la Vie de Jésus.
Paris, 1863.
LE PELTIER, E.--Vie de E. Renan. Paris, 1863.
LEROY, E.--Réponse d'un poète à M. E. Renan. Paris, 1863.
LEVY, LE RABBIN.--La Synagogue et M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
LOYSON, J. T.--Une prétendue Vie de Jésus, ou M. E. Renan.
Paris, 1863.
MACRAKIS, A.--Le Vrai Jésus Christ opposé au Jésus faux
imaginé par M. E. Renan, et son Ecole sceptique. Paris, 1863.
MAGUÉ, C.--Jésus Christ, ou la Vérité vraie dans la question
du moment. Paris, 1863.
MARROT, M.--La Vie de M. Renan et le Maudit. Paris, 1863.
MAUBERT, H.--Nicodème, étude sur M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
MAURETTE, O.--Jésus et la vraie Philosophie. Paris, 1863.
MEIGNAN.--M. Renan réfuté par les Rationalistes Allemandes.
Paris, 1864.
MICHON, J. H.--Deux Leçons à M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
MILSAND, PH.--Bibliographie des Publications relatives au
livre de M. Renan, Vie de Jésus. Paris, 1864.
MIRVILLE, J. E.--Le Vrai Secret de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
MONOT, E.--À propos du livre de M. Renan, la Vie de Jésus.
Paris, 1863.
MONSIEUR RENAN en face du miracle; par un Croyant. Paris,
1863.
OLGO, S.--Reflexions d'un orthodoxe de l'Église grecque sur la
Vie de Jésus, de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
ORSINI, L'ABBÉ.--Réfutation du livre de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
ORTH, N. J.--La Vie de Jésus, selon M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
PAGÈS, V.--M. Renan et son siècle. Paris, 1863.
PARISIS.--Jésus Christ est Dieu: démonstration. Paris, 1863.
PASSAGLIA, P. C.--Étude sur la Vie de Jésus de E. Renan.
Paris, 1863.
PAVY.--Observations sur le roman intitulé Vie de Jésus par E.
Renan. Paris, 1863.
---- Conference contre le livre de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
PÉ DE ARROS, J.--Coup d'oeil sur la Vie de Jésus de M. Renan.
Paris, 1863.
PHILIPS, J. P.--Dieu, les miracles, et la science. Paris,
1863.
PINARD, L'ABBÉ.--Notes à l'usage des lecteurs du Jésus de M.
Renan. Paris, 1863.
PIOGER, L. M.--Divinité de Jésus prouvée par les faits.
Réponse à M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
PLANTIER.--Un panégyriste de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
---- Instruction pastorale contre la Vie de Jésus par Renan.
Paris, 1863.
POTREL, E.--Vie de N. S. Jésus Christ, réponse au livre de M.
Renan. Paris, 1863.
POUJOULAT.--Examen de la Vie de Jésus de M. Renan. Paris,
1863.
PRESSENSÉ, E. DE.--L'École critique et Jésus Christ, à propos
de la Vie de Jésus de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
RÉVILLE, A.--La Vie de Jésus de M. Renan devant les
orthodoxies et devant la critique. Paris, 1863.
ROUSSEL, N.--Le Jésus de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
SAAS, A.--Épitre à M. E. Renan contre la "Vie de Jésus."
Paris, 1863.
SAINT-SEMMERA.--Ecce homo, critique impartiale de la Vie de
Jésus de M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
TROGHOFF-KERBIQUET.--La Défense de l'Evangile. Épitre en vers
à M. Renan. Paris, 1863.
VIE (LA) ET LA MORT DE JÉSUS, SELON RENAN. Havet, et Remusat.
Paris, 1864.
RÉVILLE, A.--De la Redemption. Paris, 1859.
---- Essais de critique religieuse. Paris, 1860.
SAINTES, AMAND.--Histoire Critique du Rationalisme en Allemagne. Paris,
1841.
SCHERER, E.--Mélanges des critiques religieuses. Paris, 1860.
SECRÉTAN, C.--La Raison et le Bonheur. Paris, 1863.
RATIONALISTIC PERIODICALS.
DISCIPLE (LE) DE JÉSUS CHRIST, (Monthly.) Redacteur: M. E. Haag. Paris,
1840-65.
LE LIEN; Journal des Eglises réformées de France, (Weekly.) Redacteurs:
A. Coquerel, fils; et Étienne Coquerel. Paris, 1862-65.
NOUVELLE REVUE DE THÉOLOGIE, (Quarterly.) Redacteur: T. Colani.
Strasburg, 1858-65.
REVUE GERMANIQUE, (Monthly.) Paris, 1858-65.
III.--GREAT BRITAIN--UNITED STATES.
BANNERMANN, J.--Inspiration, the Infallible Truth and Divine Authority
of the Holy Scriptures. Edinburgh, 1865.
BARKER, T.--Strictures on Maurice's Doctrine of Sacrifice. London, 1858.
BAYNE, P.--Testimony of Christ to Christianity. London, 1862.
BEARD, T. R.--Voices of the Church in reply to Dr. Strauss. London,
1845.
---- Christ the Interpreter of Scripture. London, 1865.
BELLOWS, H. W.--Restatements of Christian Doctrine. New York, 1860.
BIRKS, T. R.--Lectures on Modern Rationalism and Inspiration. London,
1853.
---- The Bible and Modern Thought. With Appendix. London, 1863.
BLAKE, B.--Infidelity Inexcusable. London, 1855.
BÖHM, C. J. T.--Lights and Shadows in the Present Condition of the
Church. London, 1860.
BRODERICK AND FREEMANTLE.--Judgments of the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council. London, 1865.
CANDLISH, R. S.--Examination of Maurice's "Theological Essays." London,
1854.
---- Reason and Revelation. London, 1859.
CHRISTIAN SECTS in the Nineteenth Century. London, 1850.
CHRISTIE, T. W.--Rationalism the Last Scourge to the Church. London,
1861.
CLOSE, F.--The Footsteps of Error traced through a Period of Twenty-Five
Years. London, 1863.
COBBE, FRANCES POWER.--Religious Demands of the Age. Boston, 1863.
Reprint of the Preface to London Ed. of Theo. Parker's Works,
which are edited by this Authoress.
---- An Essay on Intuitive Morals. London, 1864.
---- Broken Lights. London, 1864.
A survey of the present condition of Church Parties in
England.
---- Religious Duty. London, 1864.
COLENSO, BP.--Village Sermons. London, 1853.
---- St. Paul's Epistle to Romans. Newly Translated. London, 1861.
---- Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically examined. London, 1862-64.
WORKS CALLED FORTH BY THE ABOVE COMMENTARY.
ALPHA.--Bishop Colenso and the Pentateuch. Vindication of the
Historical Character of the Old Testament. London, 1863.
ANTI-COLENSO.--By Johannes Laicus. London, 1863.
ASHPITEL, F.--Increase of the Israelites in Egypt shown to be
probable from the Statistics of Modern Population; with an
Examination of Bishop Colenso's Calculations on the Subject.
London, 1863.
BARRISTER (A).--History against Colenso. Dublin, 1863.
BARTHOLOMEW, J.--All Scripture given by Inspiration of God.
London, 1863.
BEKE, C. T.--A Few Words with Bishop Colenso. London, 1862.
BENISOH, A.--Bishop Colenso's Objections to the Pentateuch and
Book of Joshua critically examined. London, 1863.
BIBER, G. E.--The Integrity of the Holy Scriptures and their
Divine Inspiration and Authority vindicated. London, 1863.
BIBLE IN THE WORKSHOP.--By two Working Men. London, 1863.
BIBLE (THE) IN THE GOSPELS.--By Alpha. London, 1863.
BIDEN, J.--Religious Reformation, imperatively demanded.
Bishop Colenso's Enquiries answered. London, 1864.
BIRKS, T. R.--The Exodus of Israel; a Reply to Recent
Objections. London, 1863.
BRIGGS, F. W.--The Two Testimonies. Last objections to
Rationalism. Being a Reply to Bishop Colenso's Pentateuch and
Book of Joshua. London, 1863.
BROWNE, G. H.--The Pentateuch and the Elohistic Psalms, in
reply to Bishop Colenso. London, 1863.
BULLOCK, C.--Bible Inspiration. London, 1863.
CANDLISH, R. S.--Lectures on the Book of Genesis, 3 vols.
London, 1862.
CAREY, C. S.--The Bible or the Bishop? London, 1863.
CARYLON, C.--A few more words addressed to the Bishops, &c.
London, 1863.
CHAMBERLIN, W.--A Plain Reply to Bishop Colenso. London, 1863.
COLENSO, BISHOP.--Letter to the Laity of the Diocese of Natal.
London, 1864.
Written on the subject of the Bishop's prosecution.
---- Trial of the Bishop of Natal for erroneous Teaching. Cape
Town, 1864.
---- Foreign Missions and Mosaic Traditions. A Lecture.
London, 1865.
CUMMING, J.--Moses Right and Bishop Colenso Wrong. Popular
Lectures in Weekly Numbers. London, 1863.
DAVIDSON, P.--The Pentateuch vindicated from the Objections
and Misrepresentations of Bishop Colenso. London, 1863.
DREW, G. S.--Bishop Colenso's Examination of the Pentateuch
Examined. London, 1863.
FAMILY OF JUDAH: a Refutation of Colenso's First Objection to
the Pentateuch. By a Layman. London, 1863.
FOWLE, W. H.--A Few Remarks on Bishop Colenso on the
Pentateuch. London, 1863.
FOWLER, F. W.--Vindex Pentateuchi. An Answer to Bishop Colenso
on the Pentateuch. London, 1863.
GARLAND, G. V.--Plain possible Solutions of the Objections to
Bishop Colenso on the Pentateuch. London, 1863.
GAUSSEN, L.--The Canon of Holy Scripture. London, 1863.
GIBSON, J.--Present Truths in Theology. 2 vols. Glasgow, 1863.
GREEN, W. H.--The Pentateuch vindicated from the Aspersions of
Bishop Colenso. New York, 1863.
GRESSWELL, E.--Objections of Bishop Colenso. Part I.
considered. London, 1863.
GRIFFIN, J. N.--Dr. Colenso and the Pentateuch. Dublin, 1863.
HARE, W. H.--Letter to Bishop Colenso. London, 1863.
HAYCROFT, N.--Moses and Colenso; or, the Divine Authority of
the Books of Moses and the Objections of Dr. Colenso. London,
1863.
HIGGINSON, E.--The Spirit of the Bible. 2 vols. London, 1863.
HILL, M.--Christ, or Colenso: a full Reply to Bishop Colenso's
Objections. London, 1863.
HIRSCHFELDER, J. M.--The Scriptures Defended. Reply to
Colenso. Toronto, 1864.
HISTORIC (The) Character of the Pentateuch Vindicated; Reply
to Part I. of Bishop Colenso's "Critical Examination." Lond.,
1863.
HOARE, W. H.--Letter to Bishop Colenso. London, 1863.
HOUGHTON, W.--Some of Bp. Colenso's objections examined.
London, 1863.
INGRAM, G. S.--Bishop Colenso answered. London, 1863.
JEWISH (A) Reply to Dr. Colenso's Criticism on the Pentateuch.
London, 1865.
JONES, E. R.--Christ's Testimony to Moses. London, 1863.
JONES, SIR W.--Christianity and Common Sense. London, 1863.
JUKES, A.--The Types of Genesis considered. London, 1863.
KIRKUS, W.--Orthodoxy, Scripture, and Reason. London, 1864.
LAYMAN (A) of the Ch. of England. Historical Character of the
Pentateuch. Reply to Colenso's "Critical Examination." London,
1863.
LAYMAN (A).--New Testament and the Pentateuch. London, 1863.
MCCAUL, A.--An Examination of Bishop Colenso's Difficulties
with regard to the Pentateuch. London, 1864.
MCCAUL, J. B.--Bishop Colenso's Criticism criticised. London,
1863.
MCNEILE, H.--Historical Veracity of the Pentateuch. London,
1863.
MAHAN, M.--Spiritual Point of View; an Answer to Bishop
Colenso. New York, 1863.
MANN, J. H.--Moses defended against the Attacks of Dr.
Colenso. London, 1863.
MARSH, J. B.--Is the Pentateuch Historically True? Lond.,
1863.
MARSHALL, JUDGE.--Full Review and Exposure of Bishop Colenso's
Errors and Miscalculations in his work. London, 1864.
MAURICE, F. D.--Claims of the Bible and of Science. Lond.,
1864.
MOON, R.--The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua considered with
Reference to the Objections of the Bishop of Natal. Lond.,
1863.
MOORE, D.--Divine Authority of the Pentateuch Vindicated.
London, 1864.
MOREAU, E. B.--Examination of some of Bishop Colenso's
Objections. London, 1863.
MOSAIC ORIGIN OF THE PENTATEUCH, in connection with Parts 2
and 3 of Bishop Colenso's Critical Examination. London, 1864.
MOZLEY, J. B.--Subscription to the Articles. London, 1863.
OLLIVANT, A.--A Second Letter to the Clergy of Llandaff.
London, 1863.
PAGE, J. R.--The Pretensions of Bishop Colenso considered.
London, 1863.
PALMEE, G.--Scripture Facts and Scientific Doubts. London,
1863.
PENTATEUCH (THE) AND ITS OPPONENTS. London, 1863.
PHILLPOT, H.--The Textual Witness to the Truth and Divine
Authority of the Pentateuch. London, 1863.
POSSIBILITIES OF CREATION. London, 1862.
POST, J.--The Bible for All. London, 1862.
PRESBYTER ANGLICANUS.--Critical Analysis of the Pentateuch.
London, 1863.
PRITCHARD, C.--Vindiciæ Mosaicæ. London, 1863.
RASK, R.--A Short Tractate on the Longevity ascribed to the
Patriarchs. London, 1863.
RATIONALISM UNPHILOSOPHICAL, AND FAITH THE GIFT OF GOD.
London, 1863.
REMARKS ON BISHOP COLENSO'S WORK; OR, RATIONALISM SHOWN TO BE
IRRATIONAL. London, 1863.
ROGERS, B. B.--Free Inquiry into Colenso's Difficulties.
Lond., 1863.
ROGERS, H.--A Vindication of Bishop Colenso. Edinburgh, 1863.
SAVILE, B. W.--Man; or, the Old and New Philosophy. Lond.,
1863.
The author controverts the views of Darwin, Owen,
Huxley, Bunsen, Colenso, and others.
SCOTT, W. A.--Moses and the Pentateuch: a Reply to Bishop Colenso.
London, 1863.
SILVER, A.--The Holy Word in its own Defense: addressed to Bishop
Colenso. New York, 1863.
SINCLAIR, J.--On Free Thought. London, 1865.
SPRY, W. J.--Bishop Colenso and the Descent of Jacob into Egypt. Pt. I.
London, 1863.
STANLEY, A. P.--A letter to the Lord Bishop of London on the State of
Subscription in the Church of England and in the University of Oxford.
London, 1863.
SWETE, H. B.--What is the Right Method of conducting the Defense of the
Old Testament in the Rationalistic Controversy which has come upon the
Church? London, 1863.
TAYLOR, I.--Considerations on the Pentateuch. London, 1863.
THORNTON, T.--Life of Moses. London, 1863.
TURNER, J. B.--An Answer to the Difficulties in Bishop Colenso's Book on
the Pentateuch. London, 1863.
TYLER, T.--Christ the Lord; with a Reply to Bishop Colenso. London,
1863.
WHAT IS TRUTH? A Letter to Bishop Colenso. London, 1864.
WICKES, W.--Moses or the Zulu? London, 1863.
WORDSWORTH, C.--Inspiration of the Bible. London, 1863.
DAVIDSON, DR. S.--Treatise on Biblical Criticism. London, 1855.
DEWAR, E. H.--Brief History of German Theology. London, 1844.
DONALDSON, T. W.--Essay on Christian Orthodoxy. London, 1857.
DRAPER, J. W.--Intellectual Development of Europe. New York, 1863.
ELLIOTT, W.--Old Theology the True Theology. London, 1861.
ESSAYS AND REVIEWS. London, 1861.
WORKS ARISING FROM THE ABOVE OXFORD ESSAYS.
AIDS TO FAITH, Replies to Essays and Reviews. London, 1863.
BAYLAY, C. F. R.--"Essays and Reviews" compared with Reason.
London, 1861.
BUCHANAN, J.--"Essays and Reviews" Examined. London, 1861.
CLOSE, F.--Critical Examination of "Essays and Reviews."
London, 1861.
DENISON, G. A.--Analysis of "Essays and Reviews." London,
1861.
DIALOGUES ON ESSAYS AND REVIEWS. London, 1862.
GIRDLESTONE, E.--Remarks on Essays and Reviews. Lond., 1861.
JELF, R. W.--Evidence of Unsoundness in Essays and Reviews.
London, 1861.
KENNARD, R. B.--Essays and Reviews. Protest addressed to the
Bishop of Salisbury. London, 1861.
---- The Essays and Reviews: their Origin, History, General
Character and Significance, Persecution, Prosecution, the
Judgment of the Arches Court, Review of Judgment. London,
1863.
LUSHINGTON, S.--Judgment delivered on Essays and Reviews.
London, 1862.
MILTON, J.--Prophecy of Essays and Reviews and his Judgment.
London, 1861.
MOBERLY, G.--Remarks on Essays and Reviews. London, 1861.
REPLIES TO ESSAYS AND REVIEWS, by Goulburn, Rose, and others.
London, 1862.
WORN-OUT NEOLOGY.--Strictures upon Essays and Reviews. London,
1861.
FARRAR, A. S.--A Critical History of Free Thought in Reference to the
Christian Religion. London, 1863.
FISHER, G. P.--Essays on the supernatural Origin of Christianity. With
special reference to the Works of Renan, Strauss, and the Tübingen
School. New York, 1865.
FRANKLAND, B.--Intuitionalism; or, Insufficiency of Pure Reason. London,
1861.
FROTHINGHAM, O. B.--Tales from the Patriarchs. Boston, 1864.
FURNESS, W. H.--Jesus and his Biographers. Boston, 1838.
GAGE, J. A.--The Life of Jesus a Fact, not a Fiction. A Response to M.
Renan's Vie de Jésus. London, 1863.
GARBETT, E.--Bible and its Critics. Boyle Lectures for 1861. Lond.,
1861.
GOULBURN, E. M.--Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures. London, 1857.
GREG, W. R.--The Creed of Christendom. London, 1863.
HAMILTON, W. T.--Defense of the Pentateuch against Scepticism. London,
1852.
HEBERT, C.--Neology not True and Truth not New. 2d Ed. London, 1861.
HEDGE, F. H.--Reason in Religion. Boston, 1865.
HEURTLY, C. A.--Inspiration of Holy Scriptures. London, 1861.
HOOKER, W.--Philosophy of Unbelief. New York.
HUGHES, T.--Religio Laici. London, 1861.
IRRATIONALISM OF INFIDELITY, a Reply to Newman's "Phases." London, 1853.
JAMES, H.--The Old and New Theology. London, 1861.
JELF, W. E.--Supremacy of Scripture, a Letter to Dr. Temple. London,
1861.
KINGSLEY, C.--Sermons for the Times. London, 1858.
---- Sermons; Good News of God. London, 1859.
LANGFORD, J. A.--Religions Skepticism and Infidelity. London, 1850.
LECKY, W. E. H.--History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of
Rationalism in Europe. 2 vols. London, 1865.
LEE, W.--Recent Forms of Unbelief; Some Account of Renan's Vie de Jésus.
London, 1864.
MCCAUL, A.--Rationalism and Deistic Infidelity. Three Letters. London,
1861.
MCCOMBIE, W.--Modern Civilization in Relation to Christianity. London,
1863.
MACKAY, R. W.--The Tübingen School and its Antecedents: a Review of the
History and Present Condition of Modern Theology. London.
---- Rise and Progress of Christianity. London, 1854.
MALAN, S. C.--Philosophy or Truth? London, 1865.
MANSEL, H. L.--Limits of Religious Thought; Bampton Lectures. London,
1859.
---- Examination of Maurice's Stricture on Bampton Lecture. London,
1859.
MAURICE, F. D.--Claims of the Bible and of Science. London, 1862.
---- Theological Essays. 2d Ed. London, 1853.
---- What is Revelation? London, 1859.
MIALL, E.--Basis of Belief: Examination of Christianity. London, 1861.
NELSON, D.--Infidelity; its Cause and Cure. London, 1853.
NEWMAN, F. W.--Phases of Faith. London, 1860.
---- Essays towards a Church of the Future. London, 1854.
---- Theism, Doctrinal and Practical. London, 1858.
---- The Soul: its Sorrows and Aspirations. London, 1861.
---- Sermons on Theory of Religious Belief. London, 1844.
---- Development of Christian Doctrine. London, 1846.
NOYES, G. N.--Theological Essays. 3d Ed. Boston, 1860.
This work contains essays by Rowland Williams, Jowett, Powell,
Stanley, and others. It advocates the Broad Church theories.
O'CONNOR, W. A.--Miracles not Antecedently Incredible. London, 1861.
PALMER, G.--Scripture Facts and Scientific Doubts. Edinburgh, 1863.
A Defense of Scripture from the objections of Geologists,
Statisticians, and others.
PARKER, THEO.--Discourses on Religion. Boston, 1842.
---- Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and Popular Theology. Boston, 1853.
---- Ten Sermons on Religion. Boston, 1853.
---- World of Matter and Mind. Boston, 1865.
Extracts from unpublished sermons.
PARKINSON, R.--Rationalism and Revelation. London, 1838.
PATON, J. B.--A Review of the "Vie de Jésus" of M. Renan. London, 1864.
PEABODY, A. P.--Christianity the Religion of Nature. Boston, 1863.
PEARSON, T.--Infidelity. Republished from London Ed. in N. Y., 1853.
PORTER, J. L.--The Pentateuch and the Gospel. London, 1864.
PROGRESS OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT, as illustrated in the Protestant Church
of France. Ed. by J. R. Beard. London, 1861.
This work contains essays by Messrs. Colani, Scholten,
Réville, Scherer, and Renan.
PUSEY, E. B.--Historical Inquiry into German Rationalism. London, 1828.
---- Daniel the Prophet. London, 1865.
RATIONALISM AND REVELATION.--(Anon.) London, 1865.
RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF THE AGE. New York, 1858.
RIGG, J. H.--Modern Anglican Theology. London, 1859.
RIPLEY.--Latest Forms of Infidelity. Boston, 1840.
ROBINS, S.--Defense of the Faith: Forms of Unbelief. London, 1861.
ROSE, H. J.--State of Protestantism in Germany. 2d Ed. London, 1829.
RYDER, A. G.--Scriptural Doctrine of Acceptance with God, considered in
reference to Neologian Hermeneutics. London, 1865.
SAWYER, L. A.--Daniel with its Apocryphal Additions. Boston, 1863.
SCHAFF, P.--Germany; its Theology, &c. Philada., 1857.
---- The Person of Christ; The Miracle of History, with a Reply to
Strauss and Renan. Boston, 1865.
One of the best of the recent replies to the Rationalists.
SCHAFF AND ROUSSELL.--The Christ of the Gospels, and the Romance of M.
Renan. London, 1864.
SCHMUCKER, S. M.--Errors of Modern Infidelity Refuted. Phila., 1848.
SEAMAN, M.--Christian Armed against Infidelity. London, 1837.
SEWELL, W.--On the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture. London, 1861.
SMITH, C.--Prize Essays on Infidelity. London, 1861.
SMITH, G.--Rational Religion and Objections of Bampton Lectures for '58.
London, 1861.
SQUIER, M. P.--Reason and the Bible. New York, 1860.
STANLEY, A. P.--The Bible: Its Form and Substance. London, 1865.
TAYLOR, J. J.--Retrospect of Religious Life in England. 1845.
TESTIMONY of Skeptics to the Truth of Christianity. London, 1861.
THOMPSON, R. A.--Christian Theism. London, 1863.
TRACTS FOR PRIESTS AND PEOPLE, by various writers, 1st and 2d series.
London, 1862.
TUCKER, L.--Lectures on Infidelity. New York, 1837.
TULLIDGE, H.--Triumphs of the Bible. New York, 1863.
A defense of Scripture against the objections of the Skeptical
Scientific School.
WALKER, J. B.--Philosophy of Skepticism and Ultraism. New York, 1857.
WALTHER, D.--Reply to Newman's Phases of Faith. London, 1851.
WHATELY, ABP.--Essays on Dangers to Christian Faith. London, 1857.
WESTFIELD, T. C.--Seven Essays on Universal Science, embracing
Investigations of the Mosaic Cosmogony, and the Interpretation of the
Scriptures. London, 1863.
A Defense of the Harmony of Science and Revelation.
WILLIAMS, R.--Rational Godliness after the Mind of Christ. Lond., 1855.
WOODMAN, W.--Is the Bible a Divine Revelation? London, 1862.
WOODSWORTH, C.--Inspiration of the Bible. Five Lectures. London, 1862.
YOUNG, J.--Christ of History: an Argument. 3d Ed. London, 1861.
---- Province of Reason; a Criticism on Mansel. London, 1860.
YOUNG, J. R.--Modern Skepticism, viewed in Relation to Modern Science.
London, 1865.
This work is an excellent answer to the doctrines of Colenso,
Huxley, Lyell, and Darwin, respecting the Noachian Deluge, the
Antiquity of Man, and the Origin of Species.
LITERATURE OF UNITARIANISM AND UNIVERSALISM.
For the bibliography of the Trinitarian Controversy in
England, extending through the former half of the eighteenth
century, consult Watts' Bibliotheca Britannica, 4 vols.
Edinburgh, 1824; and Biographia Britannica, 7 vols. folio,
1747. Concerning the discussion on 1 John, v. 7, consult
Darling, Cyclopædia Bibliographia; London, 1854. For other
Unitarian publications, in addition to those mentioned below,
see Beard, _Unitarianism in its Actual Condition_, pp. 327-29.
The following table of Unitarian and Universalist Literature has
reference to only two doctrines: the Trinity and Future Punishment.
BAKER, A.--Our God a Consuming Fire. London, 1864.
BARCLAY, J.--Socinianism and Irvingism Refuted. London, 1845.
BARLING, J.--Review of Trinitarianism. London, 1847.
BARLOW, J. W.--Eternal Punishment and Eternal Death. London, 1864.
BARRET, B. F.--Letters on the Divine Trinity. New York, 1860.
---- Christ the Interpreter of Scripture. London, 1865.
BEARD, J. R.--Historic and Artistic Illustrations of the Trinity.
London, 1864.
---- Unitarianism in its Actual Condition. London, 1849.
---- Reasons why I am a Unitarian. London, 1860.
BELLOWS, H. W.--Phi Beta Kappa Oration. 1853.
Until the middle of the year 1850, this author was the
principal writer for the _Christian Inquirer_, New York.
BELSHAM, T.--Calm Inquiry into Script. Doctrine concerning the Person of
Christ.
BROOKS, E. G.--Universalism a Practical Power. New York, 1863.
BROTHERS' CONTROVERSY ON UNITARIAN OPINIONS. London, 1835.
BURNAP, G. W.--Unitarianism. Boston, 1855.
---- Trinity. Boston, 1845.
---- Evidences. Boston, 1855.
CARPENTER, L.--Examination of the Charges against Unitarians. Bristol,
1820.
CHANNING, W. E.--Complete Works. 6 vols. Boston, 1841-46.
CHANNING, W. H.--Memoir of W. E. Channing. 3 vols, 1843.
CLARK, D. W.--Man all Immortal. Cincinnati, 1864.
COUTE, J.--Essays on Socinianism. London, 1850.
DENISON, H. M.--Review of Unitarian Views. Louisville, Ky., 1855.
DEWEY, O.--Discourses; Controv. Theol., etc. 6 vols. 1846-47-63.
DEXTER, H. M.--Verdict of Reason on the question of the Impenitent Dead.
Boston, 1865.
DISNEY, J.--Remarks on Tomline's Charge. London, 1812.
---- Sermons. 4 vols. London, 1793-1818.
ELLIS, G. E.--Half Century of the Unitarian Controversy. Boston, 1857.
FARLEY, F. A.--Unitarianism Defined. Boston, 1860.
FURNESS, W. H.--Jesus and His Biographers. Boston, 1838.
---- History of Jesus. Boston, 1850.
---- Veil Partly Lifted. 1864.
The author repudiates the atonement. "The doctrine of the
Atonement," says he, "which is especially cherished as the
distinguishing idea of Christianity, is only a form of the
radical error from which false religion has sprung ever since
the world began; the error, namely, of supposing that human
guilt is to be expiated, not by change of character, but by
offerings and sacrifices." The sacrifice of Christ "is the
world-old error, thinly disguised, culminating in its most
monstrous form. Even if it were new, it has no place among the
teachings of Jesus. He never taught this nor any of its
associated dogmas. Not a word of his gives them the slightest
color of authority." Pp. 4, 5. Such language comes with an ill
grace from one who attacks M. Renan. See Chapter on Christ's
"childlikeness." Wherein, we ask, is the Frenchman worse than
the Philadelphian?
GAGE, W. L.--Trinitarian Sermons to a Unitarian Congregation. Boston,
1860.
HARE, E.--Principal Doctrines of Christianity Defended against the
Errors of Socinianism. New York.
HOVEY, A.--State of Impenitent Dead. Boston, 1859.
HUDSON, C. F.--Debt and Grace. Boston, 1857.
---- Human Destiny; a Critique of Universalism. Boston, 1861.
JOB THE ABBOT.--Reasons for Abandoning Trinitarian Doctrines. London,
1841.
JONES, T.--Immanuel; or, Scriptural views of Jesus Christ. Lond., 1856.
KENRICK, T.--Unitarian Exposition of the New Testament. New York.
KER, W.--The Popular Views of Immortality, Everlasting Punishment, and
the State of Separate Souls, brought to the Test of Scripture. London,
1865.
KIDD, W. J.--Reflections on Unitarianism. London, 1835.
KOHLMAN, A.--Complete Refutation of Unitarianism. Washington, 1821.
LAKE, C. W.--The Inspiration of Scripture and Eternal Punishment.
London, 1864.
LANDIS, R. W.--Immortality of the Soul, and Final Condition of the
wicked. New York, 1859.
One of the best arguments in favor of Eternal Punishment.
LARDNER, N.--Complete Works. 17 vols. London, 1727-57.
LETTERS ON NATURE AND DURATION OF FUTURE PUNISHMENT. London, 1835.
LINDSEY, T.--Apology. London, 1774.
---- Sequel. London, 1776.
---- Historical View of Unitarian Doctrine from Reformation. London,
1783.