G.

GALLS, OR GALLING.—Lacerations occasioned by the too tight pressure and

friction of an uneasy and ill-fitted saddle, or heavy harness, are so

called. They are seldom seen with either the judicious or the

enlightened; experience having taught _both_ how to appreciate

PREVENTION. The prudent SPORTSMAN will never take his horse to the

field, nor the humane driver his carriage-horse to the road, till

personal examination has convinced him the necessary apparatus is not

only _firm_, but proportionally _easy_; and this should become the more

predominant in memory, because it is natural to conclude, no man

existing would, by neglect or inattention, give _pain_ to the very

animal from whose exertions he is to derive his own PLEASURE.

Injuries of this description, if unexpectedly sustained, should be

immediately attended to; a repetition, and _that soon_, upon the part so

injured, is frequently productive of trouble, expence, loss of time, and

disappointment. When the side of a horse is _galled_, as it sometimes

is, by the girth-buckle having been most improperly placed upon the

_edge_ of the _pad_, it is not unlikely, for want of early or proper

attention, to terminate in a SITFAST, and then can only be completely

cured by extirpation with _the knife_. The WITHERS being affected in the

same way, and the saddle or harness continued in use by which the injury

was originally occasioned, the foundation of FISTULA may be laid, and

will be likely to ensue. In all slight and superficial galls, two or

three moistenings of the part with cold vinegar will allay the

inflammation, and harden the surface; but where the long-continued

_heat_ and _friction_ has occasioned a destruction of parts, it must be

dressed and managed as a wound, which can only be completely cured by

incarnation.

GALLOP—is one pace of THE HORSE, well known by that general name; though

it will admit of gradational distinctions. A CANTER is the slowest

gallop, in which a horse bears most upon his haunches, but lightly on

the bit; it is a pace which spirited, good-tempered horses seem to

enjoy, and is peculiarly calculated for the accommodation of a lady. A

RATING-GALLOP is the increase of action to such pace, as the particular

horse may or can go with ease _at his rate_ in common stroke without

being exerted _to speed_; and this is the HUNTING GALLOP of thorough

BRED HORSES, who will always lay by the _side_ of HOUNDS at it, without

being in the least distrest. A BRUSHING GALLOP upon the TURF, implies an

increased degree of velocity, but not equal to utmost speed.

GALLOPADE—is a term in the MILITARY MANEGE.

GALLOWAY—is the appellation given to that useful kind of small horse

from THIRTEEN to FOURTEEN HANDS high; they are rarely to be seen of

exact SYMMETRY, uniform STRENGTH, and adequate ACTION; but, if

_well-bred_, their qualifications, and endurance of fatigue, exceeds

description.

GAMBLERS—consist of two sets; first, those whose thirst for GAMING,

(called PLAY) is insatiate, and who have PROPERTY to LOSE; these are

GENTLEMEN, who, possessing a refined sense of HONOR themselves, never

meanly descend to suspect the INTEGRITY of _others_. An accurate

description of their opponents will be found under the head "BLACK

LEGS," where the practices of "_the family_" are more fully explained.

GAME—for the preservation of which such a succession of LAWS have been

enacted, were, in many of the former preambles to the different ACTS of

PARLIAMENT, extended to "the _Heron_, _Pigeon_, _Mallard_, _Duck_,

_Teal_, _Widgeon_, or any _such Fowl_;" but in the present construction,

GAME is generally considered to imply no more than the HARE, PHEASANT,

PARTRIDGE, HEATH-FOWL, and MOOR GAME, which are the whole of what is

intentionally included in the GAME LAWS; and what persons possessed of

_certain qualifications_, as well as an ANNUAL CERTIFICATE, are

empowered to kill. DEER of every description are also denominated GAME;

but they are protected by LAWS appropriate to their peculiar

preservation. RABBITS were also included in many of the earliest acts

relating to GAME, but are now considered of no consequence, except in

WARRENS, where being private property, and productive of annual profit,

they have LAWS for the security of THE OWNER, with very heavy penalties

annexed to their destruction. PROPRIETORS of DOVE-HOUSE PIGEONS have

likewise legal means of redress, upon their pigeons being _wantonly_

shot at or destroyed. The _mallard_, _wild-duck_, _widgeon_, _teal_, &c.

are not without LAWS for their increase, and proportional preservation.

See DECOY.

GAME COCK.—The true-bred GAME COCK is a species of fowl almost peculiar

to this country; his natural and instinctive courage will never permit

him to yield to an opponent, however he may be superior in WEIGHT and

STRENGTH; but he will, even under those disadvantages, continue to fight

till literally _cut to pieces_. After the _loss of eyes_, with the body

wounded and perforated in every part, when even the _use_ of his _legs_

are _gone_, and he is no longer able to stand, but lays extended upon

_the sod_, with his victorious opponent exultingly CROWING over his

mangled frame, he will continue to _shew fight_ with his _beak_, to the

last remains of life.

Those NOBLEMEN and GENTLEMEN who have (from hereditary rule, and local

custom) continued the sport of COCKING, in the neighbourhoods where

their country mansions and landed estates lay, have been, and are,

exceedingly circumspect and cautious in the BREED, lest any chance of

contamination should _creep in_, by an injudicious, improper, or

unlucky, _cross in the blood_; for as some HUNDREDS of POUNDS are

frequently depending upon ONE MAIN, and that main upon the battle of _a

single cock_, no such money can be betted with a probable or equal

_chance_ of _winning_, unless the unsullied purity of the BREED is most

accurately ascertained. In confirmation of which remark, it is to be

observed, that whenever a COCK, in FIGHTING, declines the battle, no

longer faces his adversary, but repeatedly _turns tail_, and _runs

away_, his blood is no longer to be relied on; and such cock has not

only his neck broke in the Pit, but the whole of that breed are

destroyed, to prevent farther contamination, as well as future loss,

disgrace, and disappointment.

GAME COCKS are bred of various colours, according to the fancy or

opinion of different AMATEURS, many of whom have their favourite

plumage; their colours are technically described by the variations in

feather, and are as follow: The black or pheasant-breasted RED; the

black-breasted GINGER; the speckle-breasted GINGER DUN; the

black-breasted YELLOW DUCKWING; the turkey-breasted DITTO; the SMUTTY

DUN; the BRASS-WINGED BLACK; and the SMOCK, which is a _milk-white_,

having the appearance of a common _barn-door fowl_; and the odds are

proportionally against them whenever they are brought TO PIT, which is

now but seldom, the breed being nearly or quite destroyed.

Two opinions have always been, and still are, entertained respecting THE

COCKS most proper to breed from, admitting the standard of _bone_,

_strength_, _weight_, and _standing_, to be just the same. Some prefer

breeding from A COCK who has WON many _hard-fought_ battles, by which

his _own blood_ is so fairly proved; whilst others maintain the

consistency of breeding only from the _full brothers_ of such, (who are

called MAIDEN COCKS, as never having fought,) under an impression, that

the former must have sustained material injury by the _wounds_ received,

and the _blood lost_, in the battles he had formerly fought. However

those who BREED GAME FOWL may differ upon this particular point, it is

an opinion nearly unanimous, that if you breed entirely for the Pit,

that no cock should be bred from younger than TWO, or more than SIX,

years old. Although it is right to breed from a strong, bony,

close-made, majestic, high-standing cock, yet it is by no means prudent

so to do from cocks _much above_ match weight; that is to say, never to

exceed FOUR POUNDS, TWELVE OUNCES, at the utmost; for should the HENS

prove large also, the _progeny_ might run still more into _size_ and

_bone_, and never fall into any match whatever.

In breeding GAME CHICKEN, to breed with success, there are some general

rules, which should be strictly attended to, and invariably persevered

in. No BROOD-COCK should walk with more than _four hens_; three being,

in fact, fully sufficient. GAME HENS should never be permitted to bring

forth a clutch of chickens before the _last_ week in FEBRUARY, nor after

the _first_ week in MAY; those hatched in MARCH and APRIL are only

adapted to THE PIT, and are always preferable, in SIZE and GROWTH, to

those hatched at _any other_ season of the year. Hens after hatching

should be _cooped asunder_, where the chickens cannot intermix; as the

hens will not only _kill_ the _young_ of _each other_, but FIGHT

THEMSELVES with the same inveteracy as THE COCKS. If a game hen, with

chicken, retreats when attacked by another in the same state, her

produce has been suspected to prove, in future, _defective in courage_;

this opinion has, however, been founded upon false principles; because

it is a very common circumstance for the younger hen to give place to an

older, as it always is for THE STAG to submit to the OLD COCK, who must

and will continue master of his walk.

During the first year after being hatched, they are called individually

CHICKEN; from twelve months to two years old, they are termed STAGS, and

from that period called COCKS, being then thought in _their prime_; but

they are probably more so AT THREE, if properly walked. COCK CHICKENS

should never be permitted to run too long together, but be separated as

soon as they begin fighting _with each other_; and this ought to be the

more strictly attended to, because it frequently happens, that out of a

_whole clutch_, by neglect or inattention, what with _scalped heads_,

_loss of eyes_, _broken beaks_, or _deformed feet_, not one has ever

been brought to the scale.

COCK CHICKEN, when first removed, at _three_ or _four_ months old, are

placed where they continue to walk under an OLD COCK, and will continue

obedient and submissive till _nine_ and _ten_, or sometimes TWELVE

MONTHS old; the experiment is nevertheless too hazardous to be made;

they had much better be taken to a MASTER-WALK in proper time, to avoid

the probability of either _one_ or _both_ being SPOILED. The most

eminent BREEDERS, as well as the most enthusiastic BETTERS, have one

mode of endeavouring to fix a criterion, how far they can depend upon

_the heel_, _the fight_, and _the blood_, of any particular BREED or

CROSS they may have been induced to adopt. This experiment (dreadfully

_cruel_ as it is) is termed "CUTTING OUT," and consists in _pitting_

such CHICKEN of _seven_, _eight_, or _nine_ months old, _unarmed_,

against their own brothers, or others of superior _age_, _weight_, and

_strength_, having SILVER SPURS; if the chicken, so unarmed, and without

the least chance of success, continues the combat till completely

_deprived of life_, without displaying the least tendency to cowardice,

or consciousness of defeat, more of his brothers have the same severe

and "fiery ordeal" to undergo, when, if the result is just the same, the

_cross_ is admitted to be _good_, and the BREED is persevered in, till,

from circumstances, the blood is thought to degenerate, when new crosses

are adopted, and new experiments made. See COCKING, COCK-MATCH, and

COCKPIT.

GAMING—is that destructive vice which has annihilated some of the most

princely fortunes in this, and, perhaps, in every other kingdom: it is a

whirlwind of devastating infatuation, which destroys every thing before

it: like the effect of unrestrained fire, it continues its ravages so

long as there is a single combustible to feed the flame. The most

MAGNIFICENT MANSIONS, the most LORDLY POSSESSIONS, the most MAJESTIC

"towering woods," and the most extensive FERTILE VALES, have been in

_one night swept away_ by this infernal and definitive propensity.

Thousands, educated in AFFLUENCE, and left in a state of the most

flourishing INDEPENDENCE, have been reduced to the _greatest want_, and

died _miserable repentants_ within the dreary CONFINES of a PRISON, by

the certain effect of an attachment to this most dreadful of _all

vices_, which the united WISDOM of the LEGISLATURE has so strenuously

endeavoured to suppress. LAWS have been framed, and are rigidly

enforced, for its _prevention_; heavy STAMP DUTIES have been laid upon

CARDS and DICE, that those who use them may voluntarily contribute to

the support of the State, by which both person and property are

protected; and, as a farther proportional prohibition, no GAMING DEBT is

recoverable BY LAW where the sum _sued for_ shall exceed TEN POUNDS. See

BETTING.

GAMING-HOUSES—are those infamous NOCTURNAL RECEPTACLES of the most

abandoned _iniquity_, where such scenes of villainy are in perpetual

practice, that the most fertile pen must be inadequate to even a

tolerable representation. These houses in the Metropolis, are, by the

SPORTING WORLD, denominated "HELLS;" and so truly are they entitled to

that sublime distinction, that the whole FORCE of MAGISTRACY has been

most laudably and successfully exerted against them without exception.

Houses of this description are appropriated only to the _purposes_ of

_play_, and that of the most _unfair_ description. They are kept by

SYSTEMATIC DEPREDATORS, "who shun the light;" men who have no _credit_

to _support_, no _reputation_ to _lose_; and who are as completely lost

to every sense of shame, as they are completely banished from the

respectable classes of society. Here it is where the young, the

inexperienced, the injudicious, and the inconsiderate, sacrifice not

only their OWN, and often the property of OTHERS, but _prostitute_ also

that most invaluable GEM their INTEGRITY, and with it a PEACE of MIND

never to be restored.

From the _first moment_ of entering such an iniquitous sink of

POLLUTION, such a complication of VILLAINY, and such a combination of

the most desperate and abandoned THIEVES, every infatuated adventurer

may date the origin of _future misery_. Whether it be CARDS, DICE, E. O.

or whatever GAME or NAME the speculative sport may be, the _credulous,

unsuspecting dupe_ has no one CHANCE TO WIN, but inevitably every chance

_to lose_, under the _certainty_ of their systematic depredation. Thus

far in explanation of those HELLS, legally considered nuisances to

society, as being prejudicial to the morals, and destructive to the

property, of such individuals as unhappily fall within the vortex of so

fashionable an influence; but there are other GAMING HOUSES of a

superior order, and of the most magnificent description, supported in

all the style of EASTERN SPLENDOR, by _annual_ contribution from the

first characters in the kingdom, and called "SUBSCRIPTION HOUSES," to

which none but their own INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS are admitted under any plea

whatever; and these, as private houses, being ABOVE THE LAW, any member

possesses, of course, the privilege of _ruining himself_, and reducing

his _family_ to _beggary_, without transgressing the LAWS of HIS

COUNTRY, or incurring the _censure_ of his best and most fashionable

friends.

GAME-KEEPERS—are persons delegated by legal prescription, to provide

GAME for the purposes of those by whom they are appointed, to PRESERVE

and PROTECT it against a class of adventurers (denominated _poachers_)

by night, as well as an unfair or improper destruction of it by day.

Every LORD or LADY of a MANOR are authorized, by writing under their

hands and seals, to empower a GAME-KEEPER to kill _within the said

manor_, any HARE, PHEASANT, PARTRIDGE, or other game. If, however, such

game-keeper shall _sell_ or _dispose_ of the game he shall so kill,

without the _knowledge_ or _consent_ of the said LORD or LADY, and shall

be convicted, upon the oath of _one_ witness, before a Justice of Peace,

he shall be committed to the house of correction, and kept to hard

labour for three months.

One GAME-KEEPER only can be appointed to kill game within one manor; in

which he is authorized and empowered, by his DEPUTATION, to take and

seize all guns, bows, greyhounds, setting-dogs, lurchers, ferrets,

trammels, low-bells, hays, or other nets, hare-pipes, snares, or other

engines, for the taking and killing of HARES, PHEASANTS, PARTRIDGES, or

other game, within the precincts of such manor, in the possession of any

person not qualified to keep the same. It does not appear by this act

(23d Charles Second, c. xxv. s. 2) that a GAME-KEEPER is empowered to

seize THE GAME, although he is authorized to take all instruments in use

for the destruction of it.

By the 25th George Third, c. v. s. 2, every _deputation_ of a

GAME-KEEPER granted to any person, by any LORD or LADY of any MANOR in

England or Wales, shall be _registered_ with the CLERK of THE PEACE of

the county in which such manor lies; where he shall receive a

certificate of such registry, upon payment of ONE GUINEA, and one

shilling to the Clerk, for the same. A game-keeper omitting to register

his deputation, and to take out his certificate, for _twenty days_, to

forfeit TWENTY POUNDS. The certificate must be renewed _annually_; and

upon the appointment of a NEW GAME-KEEPER, a _new certificate_ must be

taken out; and the person formerly acting under the old certificate is

no longer _qualified_ to _kill game_, but liable to all the penalties of

this act.

In addition, a few general remarks may be useful. A GAME-KEEPER having

no other qualification than his _deputation_ and _certificate_, is not

entitled to KILL GAME out of the precincts of the manor for which he is

appointed. Nor is he empowered to demand THE NAME, or a SIGHT, of the

CERTIFICATE of any qualified person _out_ of his _own_ district; unless

he is qualified to kill game in his OWN RIGHT, (exclusive of his

deputation,) and is possessed of his THREE GUINEA certificate; in which

case he may do either or both. But let it be remembered, that, although

he is QUALIFIED to KILL GAME in his own right, and acts under a

_deputation_ for a certain specified MANOR, he is liable to the penalty

prescribed by the Act, if he is informed against for, and convicted of,

killing game out of that manor, without being previously possessed of

the three guinea certificate. Any GAME-KEEPER killing or taking a hare,

pheasant, partridge, or other game, under colour of being for the use of

the Lord of the Manor, and afterwards SELLING and DISPOSING thereof,

without the consent of the said LORD of the MANOR, upon conviction, on

the complaint of such Lord, and on the oath of one witness, before a

Justice, shall be committed to the house of correction for three months,

and there kept to hard labour.

GAME LAWS.—The laws framed for the PRESERVATION of THE GAME, are, by the

different ACTS of PARLIAMENT, during several successive reigns, become

so truly voluminous, and in many instances thought so truly complex,

that it is impracticable to reduce any moderate abridgement of the whole

within the intentional limits of this Work. But as many of the former

Acts (at least _many_ of the _clauses_ in those Acts) though unrepealed,

are in practice almost obsolete, it is proposed (divested of legal

tautology) to bring a review of the existing parts of the GAME LAWS as

they now stand, and as they are now acted upon, into as concise a point

of view as the subject will admit; and so perfectly free from ambiguity,

as to be rendered perfectly clear to the most moderate comprehension: at

least as much so, as can be expected upon LAWS, that, after all the

refinement of CENTURIES, after all the investigation and deliberation of

the different LEGISLATURES, and the advantages derived also from the

sage opinions of the most learned in THE LAW, are certainly less

respected, and less effectual, than any other part of the code to be

found in the statute books of this realm. Whether it is, that they are

less understood, less palatable to those interested in their effect, or

but feebly and partially executed, is a matter only to be ascertained by

time, and such future arrangements as may probably take place.

Persons held legally qualified to kill game, must be in the full and

undisputed possession of a FREEHOLD LANDED ESTATE, producing a clear

100_l._ _per annum_; or possessed of a lease, or leases, for ninety-nine

years, or any longer term, of the clear yearly value of 150_l._ other

than the heir apparent of an Esquire, or other person of higher degree.

ESQUIRES, as defined by LAW, are the younger sons of NOBLEMEN, and their

heirs male for ever: the four Esquires of the King's body: the eldest

sons of BARONETS, of KNIGHTS of the BATH, of Knights Bachelors, and

their heirs male in the right line. A JUSTICE of the PEACE is also an

Esquire for the time he is in the commission, but no longer.

Persons of higher degree than Esquires, are COLONELS, SERJEANTS AT LAW,

and DOCTORS in the three learned Professions; but neither Esquires, nor

any of these, are qualified to kill game, unless they have the requisite

estate mentioned; though their SONS are qualified without _any_ estate.

This, however unreasonable it may seem, has been fully decided to be the

true construction of the Act. In addition to every necessary

QUALIFICATION by ESTATE, according to the construction of all former

Acts, it is enacted, by 25th George Third, c. 1. s. 2, That every person

in Great Britain who shall use any dog, gun, net, or other engine, for

the taking or destruction of game, shall every year, previously to his

using the same, deliver in a paper, or account in writing, containing

his name and place of abode, to the CLERK of THE PEACE of the county

where he shall reside, (or his deputy,) and annually take out A

CERTIFICATE of having so done, for which he is to pay THREE GUINEAS, and

one shilling to the Clerk for his trouble in making out the same; which

certificate shall bear date on the day whereon it is issued, and remain

in force from thence until the first day of July then after, and no

longer. Such certificate may be demanded by the _unqualified_ as well as

QUALIFIED; and if the Clerk of the Peace shall refuse to grant such

certificate when demanded, he is liable to the penalty of TWENTY POUNDS.

Any person, qualified or unqualified, who shall be in pursuit of game,

without having obtained such certificate, shall be liable to the penalty

of TWENTY POUNDS. It is also provided in the said Act, That every person

having obtained a certificate, who shall find _any other_ person in

pursuit of game also, it shall be lawful for him (after having produced

his own certificate) to demand from such other person, the certificate

to him issued of having conformed to the said Act; and on such demand,

such person shall produce such certificate, and permit the same to be

inspected; and on refusing to produce the same, and also refusing to

give his CHRISTIAN and SURNAME, and place of residence, or giving _a

false name_ or place of residence, he shall forfeit the sum of FIFTY

POUNDS.

It is to be observed, that persons taking out A CERTIFICATE, who are

_not qualified_ by former Acts to KILL GAME, derive no privilege from

their certificate so to do; but, nevertheless, remain liable to all the

penalties of former acts, if informed against, and prosecuted to

conviction. It, however, appears, upon the experience of the last seven

years, that since the privilege of killing game has contributed so

largely to the exigencies of the State, less _litigation_ has prevailed

upon the score of PRESERVATION. Indeed, there is now so little fear of

an information, that almost every person having taken out a certificate,

erroneously considers himself _nominally_ entitled TO KILL; in full

confirmation of which, the list of those who have obtained certificates

in the different counties, may be inspected at the STAMP OFFICE, upon

the payment of _one shilling_, where will be found the names of hundreds

who do not individually possess an independent TWENTY POUNDS _per annum_

upon the face of THE GLOBE.

In all cases where the penalty does not exceed 20_l_. the JUSTICE of

PEACE shall, upon information or complaint, summon the party and

witnesses to appear, and proceed to hear and determine the matter in a

summary way; and, upon due proof, by confession, or the OATH of _one_

witness, give judgment for the forfeiture; and issue his warrant for

levying the same on offenders goods, and to sell them, if not redeemed

within six days; rendering to the party what overplus there may happen

to be; and if goods sufficient are not found to answer the PENALTY, the

offender shall stand committed TO PRISON for _six calendar months_,

unless the penalty be sooner paid. Any offender feeling himself

aggrieved by such judgment, may, upon giving security, amounting to the

value of the forfeiture, with the costs of affirmance, APPEAL to the

next GENERAL QUARTER SESSIONS, when it is to be heard and finally

determined; and in case the judgment be affirmed, Sessions may award

such costs incurred by appeal as to themselves shall seem meet. JUSTICES

may mitigate penalties; so that the reasonable charges of officers and

informers for discovery and prosecution, be always allowed over and

above mitigation, and so as the same does not reduce the penalty to less

than a moiety, over and above the costs and charges.

Restrictions for killing GAME are as follow: No PARTRIDGE to be killed

between the 12th of February and 1st of September, under a penalty of

FIVE POUNDS. No PHEASANT between the 1st of February and 1st of October,

under the like penalty. GROUSE, or RED GAME, only from August 12th to

December 10th. HEATH FOWL, or BLACK GAME, from August 20th to December

10th. BUSTARDS from December 1st to March 1st. No time is limited for

the killing of HARES, provided they are not illegally taken. No GAME

whatever is to be killed or _taken_ sooner than ONE HOUR before SUN

RISING, or later than ONE HOUR after SUN SET, under a penalty of 5_l_.

to the qualified or unqualified. Killing game on SUNDAY, or

CHRISTMAS-DAY, liable to the same penalty as killing game during the

night.

Any unqualified person exposing a HARE, PHEASANT, PARTRIDGE, or other

game, to sale, is liable to a penalty of 5_l_. For selling a HARE,

PHEASANT, PARTRIDGE, or other game, qualified or unqualified, 5_l_. If

either are found in the shop, house, or possession of any POULTERER,

SALESMAN, FISHMONGER, COOK or PASTRY-COOK, or of any person not

qualified in his _own right_ to KILL GAME, or entitled thereto under

some person so qualified, it shall be deemed an exposing thereof to sale.

Unqualified persons _using_ any _engine_ to kill or destroy HARES,

PHEASANTS, PARTRIDGES, or other game, liable to a penalty of 5_l_. as

well as _keeping_ and _using_ GREYHOUNDS, SETTING DOGS, or any engines

to kill or destroy HARES, PHEASANTS, PARTRIDGES, or other game, are

liable to a penalty of 5_l_. The _keeping_ or _using_ being individually

or jointly liable to the forfeiture of 5_l_. as well as for killing, so

it should appear, from the plain construction of the Acts, that if the

informations are _separately laid_, first for "_keeping_ and _using_,"

and secondly "for KILLING," conviction must inevitably follow for both,

if sufficient evidence is produced to confirm the offence. Informations

must be laid within SIX CALENDAR MONTHS, before a JUSTICE of PEACE, or

by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information. The whole penalty to be

given to the informer, with _double costs_, if brought on in WESTMINSTER

HALL. Summary conviction, half to the _informer_, and half to _the

poor_. These are the penalties annexed to former Acts, independent of

the Act respecting annual certificates to be taken out from the CLERK of

the PEACE, to KILL (or go in pursuit of) GAME; without which, incurs an

_additional_ penalty of 20_l_. to the unqualified, making the forfeiture

25_l_. and of 20_l_. to the QUALIFIED, who becomes only liable to that

single penalty, for killing, or attempting to kill, game without the

annual certificate so prescribed to be taken out.

A QUALIFIED PERSON cannot come upon another man's ground to KILL GAME,

without being liable to an ACTION for _trespass_; and an unqualified

person for trespassing, shall pay full costs: but if a person qualified

to kill game, sustains an ACTION for _trespass_, and the damage shall be

found under 40_s_. he shall in such case pay no more COSTS than DAMAGES;

this being a most equitable construction, to prevent paltry and personal

litigations. It has been decided by the highest legal authority, that

any unqualified person may go out to beat hedges, bushes, and mark

birds, in company with any qualified person, to see the game pursued and

taken, without being liable to any penalty, provided he has no DOG, GUN,

or ENGINE, of his own, individually, to assist in its destruction.

It would be unfair to conclude this subject, which has for centuries

occasioned such a diversity of opinions amongst the SUPERIOR CLASSES,

and diffused so much discontent amongst the _lower_, without submitting

to _both_, a very EMPHATIC and literal extract from JUDGE BLACKSTONE, in

his comment upon the Forest Laws, in which he has this particular

passage.

"From a simple principle, to which, though the FOREST LAWS are now

mitigated, and by degrees grown entirely obsolete, yet, from this root

has sprung a _bastard-slip_, known by the name of the GAME LAWS, now

arrived to, and wantoning in, its highest vigour; both founded upon the

same unreasonable notions of permanent property in wild creatures, and

productive of the same tyranny; but with this difference, that the

Forest Laws established only one MIGHTY HUNTER throughout the land; the

GAME LAWS have raised a little NIMROD in every manor."

GAMES OF ART—are those in which the skill, judgment, and penetration of

the player are immediately concerned, and upon which alone his success

must entirely depend. In this class are included BILLIARDS, CHESS,

DRAUGHTS, CRICKET, FIVES, TENNIS, BOWLS, and some others, as well as a

few upon the CARDS; but as the latter are always subject to DECEPTION,

and completely subservient to the _slipping_, _sliding_, and _cutting_

of the most FAMILIAR FRIENDS, (even in private families,) they are, with

propriety, much more entitled to the appellation of CHANCE than of ART,

particularly where the unsuspecting player has the _perpetual chance_ of

being ROBBED, without the mortification of knowing the main-spring of

depredation. However expert those may be, who indulge and excel in GAMES

of ART, two things should ever be predominant in memory; always to play

with an invariable philosophic PATIENCE and SERENITY, never to seem

affected by a temporary run of ill-luck or momentary advantage, any more

than agitated by the exulting irritation of a successful opponent. The

run on one side may as suddenly be reversed to the other; a chance that

petulance and ill-humour may probably destroy. PRUDENT PLAYERS never

engage in matches of any kind where _four_ or _more_ are concerned,

except amongst their most intimate acquaintance; particularly at the

public tables of the Metropolis, where it is the custom for _three_ to

poll _one_, and divide the spoils after the PIDGEON has been _plucked_;

a very fashionable mode of playing at both BILLIARDS and WHIST; by which

an infinity of necessitous and unprincipled adventurers procure a daily

subsistence.

GAMES OF CHANCE.—Those games are so called, which depend solely upon the

turning up of a CARD, or the uncertain "HAZARD of THE DIE." When fairly

played, without any latent deception on _one_ side or the _other_, they

are considered truly equitable between the players, who are then said

"to PLAY UPON THE SQUARE," without a point of advantage, the whole being

dependent upon, and decided by, the EFFECT of CHANCE. The celebrated

nocturnal game of HAZARD, at which such immense property is annually

LOST and WON, at the most fashionable and powerfully-supported GAMING

HOUSES, is known to be the first and fairest GAME of CHANCE, upon which

an adventurer (determined to encounter the probability of ruin) can

possibly venture to STAKE HIS MONEY: on the contrary, it must be

admitted, that the torrent of villainy, and unprincipled prostitution of

_affected_ integrity, have made such rapid and unprecedented strides to

perfection, that the most experienced SPORTSMEN must despair of being

enabled to _play upon the square_, after so many GAMBLERS of FASHION

have, within a few years, been detected with _loaded dice_ in their

possession.

The game of E O, so plausibly deluding to all classes, particularly to

rustics upon the different country COURSES and RACE GROUNDS, is the most

_deceptive_, and most _destructive_, of any ever yet displayed for the

purpose of public attraction; it may be very candidly placed in a

parallel line with those _low_ and _rascally_ inventions of HUSTLING in

the HAT, and PRICKING in the BELT, to both which an infinity of _cunning

countrymen_ become infatuated dupes, to the great emolument and

gratification of that horde of miscreants, who subsist only upon the

credulity and ignorance of the inexperienced, avaricious, and

unsuspecting.

GANGRENE—is a _technical_ term, which in FARRIERY, as in SURGERY,

implies the first stage of MORTIFICATION or PUTREFACTION.

GASCOIN, OR GASKIN,—of a horse, is that part of the hind quarter

extending from the stifle (or inferior point of the thigh approaching

the belly) to the bend of the hock behind; upon the shape, strength, and

uniformity of which, the property, action, and excellence of the horse

very much depends. If the GASKINS are wide, and divide below the tail in

a curvilinear arch on the inside, with a prominent swell of the muscle

on the outside, it is not only indicative of great strength, but adds

considerably to the symmetry and value of the horse, when viewed behind.

A horse well formed in the gaskins, is seldom badly shaped in the fore

quarters; nor are they, in general, horses of inferior action; exclusive

of which, they are insured from the very aukward DEFECT of _cutting_; no

small inconvenience to a TRAVELLER with a _weary_ horse upon a _long_

journey.

GATE-NET.—A GATE-NET is a principal part of the _stock in trade_ of an

expert and experienced POACHER; and, in respect to HARES, the most

destructive nocturnal instrument that can be brought into use. They, at

a certain hour in the dead of night, when hares are sure to be at feed,

are fixed to the third bar of the gates of such fields as have _green

wheat_, _young clover_, or any other where (by daily observation) they

are known to use; when being fattened to the ground under the lower bar

by means of wooden forked pegs, _a lurcher_ is turned over the gate, who

having been trained to the business, and _running mute_, scours the

field in a circuitous direction; when the _victims_, thus suddenly and

unexpectedly alarmed, make immediately for the gate, (by which they

entered,) when the dog being close at their heels, at least not far

behind them, they have no alternative, but to rush into the net, where

becoming entangled, they meet their destruction. In this way _three_ or

_four brace_ are taken in a plentiful country at one adventure. The only

likely mode of rendering such attempts _abortive_, is by painting the

lower bars of the gate _white_, which will occasion the hares to shun

the gateway, and have recourse to their meuses; if GAME-KEEPERS and

SPORTSMEN will but occasionally examine which, to take up the

_well-intended wires_, it will, at any rate, go a great way towards

preventing such incredible havoc and wholesale destruction.

GAZEHOUND;—the name by which the species of DOG we now term GREYHOUND

was formerly called. With what propriety an animal of almost _every

colour_ should be equally denominated _grey_, does not appear; any more

than at what particular period the change in appellation may have taken

place. As the pursuit of the GREYHOUND is entirely by _sight_, and not

by _scent_, it should seem that GAZEHOUND would be the most proper

distinction of the two, and that the present is no more than a

perversion from the original.

GELDING—implies a horse divested of his TESTICLES, by which he is

deprived of the act of COPULATION, and of farther PROPAGATION. For

particulars of the operation, see CASTRATION.

GIFT OF GOING—is a phrase from the sublime vocabulary of the

horse-dealing fraternity, and implies a horse's possessing a much

greater portion of _speed_ in _action_, particularly in TROTTING, than

could well be expected from his shape and external appearance. When a

horse is shewn for sale, having little to recommend him, rough in his

coat, low in condition, aukward in shape, and without a single _point_

of _attraction_, if he can scramble along at the rate of twelve or

thirteen miles an hour, he is then said to possess the "gift of going,"

which is to compensate for every other deficiency.

GIMCRACK,—the name of a horse who was of great celebrity upon the turf,

and for two or three years beat most of his time. He was foaled in 1760;

got by CRIPPLE, (a son of the Godolphin Arabian;) dam by GRISEWOOD'S

_Partner_, and his pedigree was of the best blood; but being too small

for a stallion of eminence, produced no winners of note. He was followed

by YOUNG GIMCRACK, a good horse for GIVE and TAKE PLATES, particularly

at four heats.

GINGER—is an aromatic spicy root, brought to us from the EAST and WEST

INDIES, in a preserved as well as in its natural state. In the former it

is used as a stomachic and sweetmeat by the superior orders: in the

latter it is common in all the shops, consisting of flat-knotted

branches, of which the whitest, and least stringy or fibrous, are the

best. It is a very useful ingredient in many compositions for the

internal diseases of horses, particularly in the FLATULENT CHOLIC,

commonly called FRET. Houses in the country, remote from towns, where

horses are used and fed upon peas haum, and other winter fodder,

frequently producing such disorders, should never be without a small

quantity of this article: two ounces bruised, and boiled in ALE or

GRUEL, then drained off, and the liquor given with a horn, would prove

an excellent substitute for medicine upon many emergencies.

GIGS;—a term almost obsolete for what are now called FLAPS, a kind of

flaccid fleshy enlargement on each side a horse's jaw, which, in his

mastication, frequently falling between the grinders, is productive of

pain, and prevents the horse from eating. If they are long and thin,

they may be completely taken off by a pair of scissars, and the wounds

washed with a strong solution of alum in water: if they are too fleshy

and substantial for this mode of extirpation, they may be slightly

scarified with a BISTORY, or ABSCESS LANCET, and after having been left

to bleed for a proper length of time, may be stopped, and the parts

constringed by the solution already described.

GIRTHS—are those well-known articles made from woollen web, and used for

keeping the saddle in a safe and proper position. These, to prevent

GALLING, should be made of ELASTIC, and not the _tight_ wove web, which

being more _rigid_ and _harsh_, is the more likely to LACERATE during

the _heat_ and _friction_ of a long chase. Observation should be made

that girths are never too short, so as to have the buckle below the pad

of the saddle, either on one side or the other; for want of which

judicious and sportsman-like attention, WARBLES, SITFASTS, and WOUNDS,

very frequently ensue.

GIVE AND TAKE PLATES—are those where the HORSES carry WEIGHT according

to their HEIGHT, by the regulated standard of _four inches_ to a HAND.

The fixed rules for a GIVE and TAKE are, that horses measuring FOURTEEN

HANDS, are each to carry nine stone; above or below which height, they

are to carry seven pounds, _more_ or _less_, for _every inch_ they are

HIGHER or LOWER than the FOURTEEN HANDS fixed as the criterion.—Example:

a horse measuring FOURTEEN HANDS, _one inch and a half_, will carry nine

stone, ten pounds, eight ounces; a horse measuring THIRTEEN HANDS, _two

inches and a half_, will carry only eight stone, three pounds, eight

ounces; the former being one inch and a half above the FOURTEEN HANDS,

the other one inch and a half below it. The weight is, therefore, added,

or diminished, by the eighths of every inch, higher or lower weight in

proportion; and these PLATES were so exceedingly popular some few years

since, that very few country courses were without one of this

description.

GLANDERS—is, perhaps, without exception, the most dreadful, and

certainly destructive, disease to which the horse is incident. No

exertions have been wanting on the part of the most eminent professional

men (particularly in France) to discover the means of successfully

counteracting the justly-dreaded virulence of this disorder; but

hitherto with so little the appearance of progress, that it is almost an

invariable custom to render the subject an immediate VICTIM to DEATH, so

soon as he is ascertained to have become the VICTIM of DISEASE. There

are never wanting SPECULATORS, or SPECULATIVE WRITERS, so long as "a

doubt remains to hang a loop upon;" and many of these both _speak_ and

_write_ as prompted by their _pecuniary_ sensations, and the sale of the

NOSTRUM it is their personal interest to promote. These, of course,

promulgate not the probability, but the _certainty_, of _cure_, and may,

in so doing, possibly prey upon the credulity of those who are equally

strangers to the origin of this disease, its progress, its effects, or

its termination.

After the great variety of opinions which have taken place; after all

the investigations made by every class of the most diligent inquirers in

anatomical dissections, as well as by various other means, three facts

are incontrovertibly established: first, that the disease is INFECTIOUS;

secondly, that it is CURABLE; and lastly, that the LUNGS of every HORSE

_dying_ under the _disorder_, or _killed_ during _its progress_, have

been either partially, or totally, destroyed. This demonstrated beyond

the power of contradiction, what does it prove? Why, very clearly, to

the judicious and scientific, who are inquisitive to experience, and

open to conviction, that this disorder is in direct affinity to the

PULMONARY CONSUMPTION of the HUMAN SPECIES; but that the horse having no

means of throwing off the morbid matter by _expectoration_, as is the

case with us, NATURE, in her strong and inexplicable efforts for relief,

propels the putrid discharge through the nostrils of the animal; whereas

with the HUMAN FRAME, the _wasting_ of the _lungs_ passes through, and

is discharged by, the mouth; and this, to the experienced practitioner,

and learned inquirer, will hold forth the most unequivocal and

satisfactory proof, that the GLANDERS is a virulent CONSUMPTION of THE

LUNGS, by the _corrosive_ property of which discharge (become

inveterate) the glandular passages are proportionally affected.

Much judicious observation, and professional knowledge, is requisite to

discriminate between this disease, and others bearing _a part_ of its

_appearances_: many horses are too hastily deemed GLANDERED, which are

_not so_; and others as ignorantly said to be labouring under A COLD,

and its _consequence_, till a whole stable has been affected, and every

horse lost. The distinguishing traits are a discharge from one or both

nostrils, of a viscid, slimy, and fœtid matter, having a kind of greasy

tinge upon the surface: it is glutinous in its property, hanging to, and

becoming dry and barky, upon the internal edges of the nostrils: it is

white at the beginning, and grows darker in proportion to the duration

and inveteracy of the disease; it becomes yellow, ash-colour, green, and

lastly, tinged with blood, at which time, as well as before, it is

dreadfully offensive: previous to this stage, indurated tumefactions

have taken place under the jaws, the frame is daily more and more

emaciated, the eyes sink gradually in their orbits, the appetite totally

ceases, the body becomes almost motionless, seeming a mere lifeless

trunk, till it falls to the ground a mass of perfect putrefaction.

GNAWPOST—was a country PLATE HORSE of some celebrity, winning several

for some years in succession. He was bred by MR. SHAFTOE; was foaled in

1767; and got by SNAP out of _Miss Cranbourne_, who was got by the

Godolphin Arabian, and bred by the then great Duke of Cumberland.

GOLDFINDER;—the name of one of the molt valuable and successful horses

ever bred or trained in this kingdom: he beat nearly every horse of his

time, and won almost every stakes he started for. He was bred by MR.

SHAFTOE; foaled in 1764; got by SNAP; dam by BLANK; grand-dam by

REGULUS, and the six preceding generations by ARABIANS, BARBS, and

TURKS, up to the natural Barb mare, constituting one of the richest

pedigrees in the annals of RACING BLOOD.

GODOLPHIN ARABIAN—was the property of LORD GODOLPHIN, and produced more

capital winners as A STALLION, than any horse that covered before his

time in this kingdom. His progeny became equally eminent as stallions,

to the whole of which are we principally indebted for the unprecedented

eminence and superiority of the various studs so plentifully established

in different parts of the country. He was the sire of _Cade_, _Regulus_,

_Blank_, _Babraham_, _Bajazet_, and a long list of _et ceteras_. See

BARBS.

"GONE AWAY!"—is the exhilarating communicative HOLLOA! from one

sportsman to another in STAG or FOX hunting, when the game breaks from

large coverts, and _goes away_; at which time, if it was not for this

friendly rule, invariably observed, those who happen to be _up the

wind_, would be inevitably _thrown out_, and the hounds have got miles,

before the most distant part of the field knew any thing of the matter.

To prevent the mortifying probability of which, those nearest the chace

and the hounds, instantly vociferate the enlivening signal of, "GONE

AWAY!". This being repeated by the _next_ in succession, it is re-echoed

by _a third_, and so on till it vibrates through the whole chain; and it

must be acknowledged, there is not a more gratifying moment in the

progress of a chase, than to see the distant effort of every individual,

to recover his lost ground, and get in with the hounds.

GORGED;—the common and vulgar term for swelled legs, when their enlarged

and distended state has been occasioned more by _severe_ and _hard_

work, than the effect of HUMOURS originating in a fizey or morbid state

of the blood. A horse having his back sinews flushed, and legs

thickened, so as to go short and stiff in action, but not _broken down_,

is said to be _gorged_. Having the same appearances from humours, or a

viscidity of the blood, he is then said to be _foul_, and must be

relieved by PURGATIVES or DIURETICS, assisted by a great deal of

hand-rubbing and regular friction. Gorged horses should be blistered,

and turned out in time, by which they frequently get _fresh again_:

continued at work too long, they _break down_, and become cripples.

GOULARD.—The article so well known by this name, and so constantly

brought into use upon many emergencies, is the EXTRACT of LEAD; which is

prepared by, and may be obtained of, almost every druggist in the

kingdom. Its excellent properties are universally admitted as a

CORROBORANT, a REPELLENT, a SOLVENT, and an almost infallible remedy in

well-proportioned topical applications to _inflammations_, _strains_,

_bruises_, or _recent tumefactions_: but some degree of professional

knowledge, and experimental practice, is necessary to insure a probable

certainty of effect. Upon the first discovery of this article, it was

brought into use in _very small_ quantities, and a teaspoonful or two

only were directed to be added to a quart of spring water, which was

then termed _Vegeto Mineral Water_, and in certain cases (particularly

of the eyes) looked up to as A SPECIFIC. Long experience, and attentive

observation, have, however, justified its utility in _much larger_

proportions, particularly with HORSES; where, in severe strains, or

long-standing lamenesses, less than _four ounces_ to a pint of

CAMPHORATED spirits cannot be brought into use with any expectation of

success.——As a mild repellent to SWELLINGS, BRUISES, WARBLES, &c. two

ounces of the extract, two ounces of camphorated spirits, and a pint of

water, will be a proper proportion. In defluxions and inflammation of

the eyes, one ounce of each, with a pint and half of water, will be

found a very useful composition.

GOURDINESS—is another rustic or provincial term for SWELLED LEGS, but of

a different description, implying the kind of _dropsical laxity_ of the

SOLIDS, submitting to pressure, and recovering from its indentation when

the pressure is removed. This kind of swelling is a gradual approach to

the disorder called GREASE, at which it will soon arrive, if not

counteracted speedily, by such EVACUANTS and ALTERATIVES as may be

thought most applicable to the case.

GRASS—is that well-known produce of the earth, which is the proper food

for horses in a state of NATURE, EASE, and INDOLENCE; but not of

sufficient nutritive property for horses engaged in either SEVERE,

LABORIOUS, or ACTIVE exertions. Horses taken up from grass, and put

suddenly to work, labour under an immediate and perceptible disquietude;

the contents of the intestines are soon evacuated in a STATE of LAXITY,

the frame displays a profusion of FOUL and FŒTID PERSPIRATION, the body

bespeaks its own DEBILITY, and the perseverance of a few days

demonstrates its EMACIATION. To horses having been whole months in

constant use and work, alternately accustomed to diurnal drudgery, and

the routine of the manger, GRASS, with its conjunctive LIBERTY, must

prove a sweet, a comfortable, a proper, and a healthy change: it not

only, by its own attenuating property, proportionally alters the

PROPERTY of the BLOOD, but affords, by the comforts of EASE and

EXPANSION, a renovation of elasticity and vigour to the relaxed sinews,

the exhausted spirits, and the battered frame.

To the penurious and the unfeeling (equally insensible) it is

sufficient, that a horse, worn to the bone with _constant work_, and

_want_ of _food_, is "TURNED TO GRASS" in the winter, when there is

_none to be eaten_; or during the months of JULY and AUGUST, when a

horse loses more FLESH by persecution from _flies_ (if not well

protected by shade, accommodated with plenty of water, and an equal

plenty of grass) than he can acquire by any advantage arising from

LIBERTY alone; which some people seem to conceive all that is required,

and that the poor animal, CAMELION like, "can live upon the air." It

should be recollected, that in the animal œconomy, substance only can

beget substance, (see ALIMENT;) and no horse will be likely to

accumulate flesh, or become FAT, whose means of living are _poor_.

Impoverished rushy moors, and lank half-rotten autumn grass,

(particularly after _wet_ summers,) will prove much more likely to

produce DISEASE, than produce CONDITION. Those who turn out horses to

grass with a cough upon them, particularly if from a WARM STABLE in a

_cold season_, may expect to take them up with a short, husky, laboured

asthmatic increase of the original complaint, or with tubercles formed

upon the lungs; and those who _turn out_ in the winter season, with a

hope of obtaining the cure of CRACKED HEELS, or SWELLED LEGS, may

probably _take up_ with a confirmed GREASE, particularly if the

constitution should lean a little to _blood_, and _pedigree_ of that

description.

The utility and advantages of physic were never better understood, or

more clearly ascertained, than at the present moment of general

improvement: experienced sportsmen, and rational observers, however

doubtful they may have been, are now convinced of its propriety, and

never deviate from its practice. They invariably _cleanse_ at the _end_

of the HUNTING SEASON, and repeat the ceremony _after_ taking their

horses up from grass, previous to getting them into condition. Let those

who doubt the consistency, try the experiment, and they will be soon

convinced, how little _one_ will be enabled to stand a WINTER'S WORK

with the _other_.

GRAVELLED.—A horse is said, by the lower classes, to be GRAVELLED, when

broken particles of _flints_, or small _pebbles_, are insinuated between

the outer SOLE of the FOOT and the WEB of the SHOE. This injury is

seldom sustained, but where the shoe is formed _too flat_ upon the

_inner surface_, (without its proper protecting concavity,) when

pressing too close, whatever extraneous substance gains admission, is

there confined, and, from the stricture, has no possible chance of

extrication. The degree of pain, or tenderness, depends entirely upon

the mildness or severity of the case, and the length of its duration.

The road to relief is the same; the shoe should be tenderly taken off,

by one nail at a time, in preference to tearing it off by main and

sudden force, (according to custom;) the sole should be well fomented

with good hot milk and water, then covered with an EMOLLIENT POULTICE of

linseed powder, milk, and two table spoonsful of olive oil, letting the

same be repeated daily, till the inflammation has subsided, and the

tenderness gone off; when the bottom of the hoof may be hardened by

_two_ or _three_ applications of a sponge dipt in vinegar _boiling hot_

before THE SHOE is replaced.

GREASE.—The GREASE is a disorder particularly affecting the CART or

DRAFT HORSES of this country, but is seldom or rarely observed amongst

horses of a superior description: its seat is cutaneous, and it first

discovers itself by a stagnation of the fluids, and as consequent

inflammatory enlargement above and about the fetlock, attended with pain

and stiffness, _more_ or _less_, according to the state of the subject,

or the severity of the attack. If proper means are not immediately

taken, and judiciously persevered in, a degree of virulence, much

trouble, and tedious attendance, unavoidably ensue. The skin, by its

preternatural distension, soon assumes a greasy kind of transparency,

having an irregular scaly appearance upon the surface, from whence

(particularly when put into action) exudes a thin oily ICHOR, which,

when become of long duration, is frequently tinged WITH BLOOD, but

always of a _filthy unctuous_ property, and _greasy_ to the _touch_.

As it advances in unrestrained progress, it increases the growth of the

hoof around THE CORONET, rendering it of a _soft_, _spongy_, and

_diseased_ appearance: by the corrosive and fœtid property of the

discharge, it soon affects and putrifies THE FROG, which it centrically

_corrodes_, and lays the foundation of CANKER in the FOOT. As it becomes

more inveterate, so it proportionally extends itself, and affects the

surrounding parts; the small apertures from whence the ferous ichor

originally oozed, now become malignant ULCERS, intersected by warty

excrescences, and watery bladders of a _poisonous_ appearance. Arrived

by length of time, want of care, and probably by the use of improper

medicines, or injudicious treatment, at this its second stage, it

assumes a more formidable appearance, and every symptom, as well as the

limb, continues to increase: what were before only CADAVEROUS ULCERS,

now become (in a partial degree) _barky eschars_, intermixed with

_growing tetters_, from amidst which trickles down, in smoaking heat,

the acrimonious sanies, or corrupted matter, which seems to excoriate as

it passes, and soon deprives the part of hair; the little that is left

serving only as so many conductors, from whence flows in streams the

morbid matter, now become so truly offensive, that a horse, in such

state, should be separated from others, lest fumes so incredibly noxious

should, from the miasma, lay the foundation of disease with horses

perfectly sound.

The GREASE may originate in either an INTERNAL or an EXTERNAL cause; as

well as be transmitted by hereditary taint (of SIRE or DAM) from one

generation to another. An impure and acrimonious state of the blood,

unattended to till it has acquired morbid malignity, must display itself

in some part; and with horses of the kind described, it generally

appears in the extremities, where the CIRCULATION is _languid_, and the

_least able_ to make RESISTANCE. Horses too long continued in MOORS of

long _lanky_ grass, intermixed with rushes, or in MARSHY MEADOWS of a

_swampy_ soil, where, in the dreary months of AUTUMN and WINTER, their

heels are _never dry_ for _weeks together_, is a very probable

foundation of permanent GREASE, or some other CHRONIC complaint, the

original cause of which is _seldom_ adverted to, perhaps _never_

recollected. Cutaneous disorders not properly eradicated by MERCURIALS

or ANTIMONIALS, but injudiciously thrown upon the circulation by

REPELLENTS; the sudden absorption of a plentiful flow of milk, when a

colt is taken from the dam; an extreme plethora, with a fizey viscidity

of the blood; or any of those causes which too much relax the texture of

THE SOLIDS, or impoverish and stagnate THE FLUIDS, may be more

immediately or remotely productive of this disease.

EXTERNAL CAUSES also frequently give rise to its appearance; a sudden

check to perspiration by change of weather, or change of situation, from

one stable to another; or from either to the external air, by turning

out to grass from a warm and comfortable stable, unfavourably followed

by a succession of cold nights, bleak winds, and rainy weather; washing

the heels in hard well water after profuse perspiration; standing too

constantly upon stale and filthy dung, for days and nights, impregnated

with urine, so evidently prejudicial to the feet and frogs. Horses fed

upon grains are remarked to be much subject to the disorder in a slight

degree, and this tendency is probably strengthened by a want of cleanly

attention, or a little assistance from medicinal counteraction.

Much mischief is frequently occasioned by the rash and injudicious

interposition of some illiterate practitioner, who, with a degree of

_self-cunning_, (peculiar to professional ignorance,) piques himself

upon the superiority of his art, and confidently proceeds to oppose the

predominant efforts which NATURE has been induced to make for her OWN

RELIEF. Influenced by the deceptive impression of _imaginary_ success,

he begins with mild _repellents_, drying _washes_, sharp _waters_,

strong _astringents_, then _styptics_, and lastly MERCURIAL or VITRIOLIC

_caustics_ and _escharotics_, where having reached the utmost extent of

his fertile faculties, he is _surprized_, but not MORTIFIED, at finding

what he erroneously thought a _remedy_ has proved TEN TIMES WORSE than

the original disease. The Grease, upon its first appearance, is, by a

proper course of medicine, and judicious management, very easily

subdued, and radically cured. In its second stage, great PATIENCE and

PERSEVERANCE is required; and no expence should be spared, or necessary

means omitted. In the third and last, DEATH is preferable to any attempt

at cure.

GREY.—The COLOUR of a HORSE is so called, where dark-coloured or BLACK

hairs are proportionally intermixed with WHITE: some of those are

beautifully mottled upon the rump, down the hind quarters, and across

the gaskins, and are then called DAPPLED GREYS. It is admitted by the

old proverb, and verified by all opinions, that "a GOOD horse can never

be of a BAD colour:" there is, however, an exception to the adage, in a

white or a light grey; for, by laying down with the hind quarter, on one

side or the other, in the dung newly fallen, it is no uncommon thing to

have a daily _washing_, and _drying_, before a horse of such colour can

be taken out of the stable either to WORK or to EXERCISE.

GREYHOUND.—The particular species of DOG passing under the denomination

of GREYHOUND, was formerly called GAZEHOUND, and is at the present day

more universally known by the appellation of LONG DOG in many parts of

the kingdom. The breed has been at all times carefully cultivated by the

lovers of coursing, but has never been brought to so great a degree of

enthusiastic perfection, as since the establishment of the different

COURSING CLUBS and SOCIETIES in Norfolk, Essex, Berkshire, and the

Flixton Wolds of Yorkshire. The members of each have, with an

unremitting perseverance, endeavoured to excel each other with an

unalloyed spice of SPORTING EMULATION: the late LORD ORFORD; the MARQUIS

of TOWNSEND; COLONEL THORNTON, of Thornville Royal; MAJOR TOPHAM, of the

Wolds, and the _Reverend_ H. BATE DUDLEY, of the Bradwell and Tillingham

Club, in Essex, are those who have excelled every competitor, and

improved the breed to the highest possible state of perfection.

_Czarina_ was bred by the late LORD ORFORD; _Jupiter_ and _Claret_, by

COLONEL THORNTON; _Snowball_, by MAJOR TOPHAM; _Miller_, by the Reverend

H. B. DUDLEY; and _Schoolboy_, by the celebrated MR. (Vauxhall) CLARKE.

Czarina, the grand-dam of Snowball, was purchased at the late Lord

Orford's sale by Colonel Thornton, with an intent to improve the breed,

in which he was not disappointed. She won FORTY-SEVEN matches in

Norfolk, Wiltshire, and Yorkshire, and _never_ was beat. She displayed

no signs of producing progeny till _thirteen years old_, when she

brought forth _eight whelps_, got by _Jupiter_, who all lived, and ran

in high form.

_Snowball_ was got by _Claret_, (one of the eight whelps of Czarina,)

and supposed to be, taken "for all in all," the surest dog to _kill_ and

_take up_ that ever ran. He won FOUR CUPS, COUPLES, and upwards of

thirty matches; one of which was so severe, that his opponent (a dog of

MR. PLUMER'S) died immediately after the course. _Claret_ was got by

young _Jupiter_, out of old _Czarina_; he challenged all Yorkshire,

which was twice accepted; one match he won; and received forfeit for the

other.

That truly celebrated dog, the _Miller_, was so large, awkward, and

clumsey, when a puppy, that he had been nearly thrown aside, and not

thought worthy of being brought into the field; but a friend of Mr.

Dudley's having borrowed him, took him to the Marshes at St. Osyth,

where, at only twelve months old, he won several matches in one day

against the best dogs in the field. Having thus accidentally _ran_

himself into _reputation_, he was, at his return, introduced to more

powerful, at least more _popular_, opponents, where, however, he for

SEVEN YEARS maintained his superiority, during SEVENTY-FOUR successive

MATCHES, without having been beaten. He is at present a stallion in

great estimation, as all the stock he has yet produced are excellent

runners.

_Schoolboy_ was of great celebrity; he was bred by SIR C. BUNBURY, and

got by Dr. Frampton's _Fop_, out of Sir Charles's _Miss_: he ran a great

number of MATCHES for very considerable sums, particularly over

NEWMARKET, and _never_ was _beat_. Several of his get have been sold for

twenty guineas each, as _Troy_, _Traveller_, and _Lilly_; all very good

runners.

MR. DANIEL, who, in his "RURAL SPORTS," has given most beautiful and

admirably executed portraits of _Czarina_, _Maria_, _Venus_, and

_Claret_, engraved by Scott, has also introduced the following, as a

criterion of comparative speed between the race-horse and the greyhound.

"A match was to have been run over Doncaster course, in the December of

1800, for one hundred guineas; but one of the horses having been drawn,

a mare started alone, to make good the bet, and, after having gone the

distance of about a mile, a greyhound bitch started from the side of the

course, and ran with her the other three miles, keeping nearly head to

head, which produced a singular race; and when they reached the distance

post, five to four was betted on the GREYHOUND; when they came to the

stand, it was _even betting_; but the mare won by about a head."

A variety of singular occurrences respecting the invincible ardour and

velocity, as well as persevering fortitude, of greyhounds, might be

introduced, but a few must suffice. In February, 1800, a BRACE of

GREYHOUNDS coursed a hare upwards of _four miles_ in a straight line

from where she was found, (exclusive of turns,) when she _ran herself

dead_ before she was touched by the dogs.

A famous dog of the Reverend Mr. Corsellis, who chanced to be wind-bound

at Dover, coursed a hare, who had beat a variety of pursuers in that

neighbourhood, when the dog proved so superior to her in speed, and

pressed her so close, that she ran immediately for the cliff, as her

only chance of escaping; but the greyhound threw at, and caught her at

the brink, going with her in his mouth to the _bottom_ of the

_precipice_, where they were literally _dashed_ to _pieces_. In 1797, a

brace of greyhounds coursed a hare over the edge of a chalk-pit, at

Offham, in Sussex, and both hare and dogs were found dead at the bottom.

In December, 1794, a company of gentlemen were coursing at

Finchingfield, in Essex, when a hare was started, and a brace of

greyhounds starting from two different points, ran against each other

with so much violence that they both _died on the spot_.

The greyhound is always mild and inoffensive, and his fidelity cannot be

better described than in the words of the unfortunate CHARLES I. who

said, amidst his courtiers, during his troubles, that "the GREYHOUND had

all the good-nature of the SPANIEL, without his _fawning_."

GRIPES.—The disorder this term is meant to imply, is more properly

distinguished by the appellation of INFLAMMATORY CHOLIC, and is much

more painful and dangerous than that species of intestinal complaint

known by the name of FLATULENT CHOLIC, or FRET. The inflammatory cholic,

or GRIPES, proceeds from a painful obstruction in the intestines,

occasioned by an accumulation of indurated excrement, which must be

_mollified_, and _removed_, before EASE can be obtained. In cases of

this kind, no time should be lost, the intestines being preternaturally

distended beyond the original intention of Nature, the pain is most

excruciating, the state of the animal dreadful; and, unless relief is

very speedily procured, INFLAMMATION of the BOWELS immediately comes on,

MORTIFICATION follows, and DEATH ensues.

GROGGY—is a knowing term, peculiar to the lower order of stabularian and

horse-dealing gentry, and implies a _tenderness_ and _defect_ in action,

either from a CHEST or FOOT FOUNDER, or an injury sustained in the _back

sinews_, as mentioned under the head GORGED. Horses of this description,

although they come apparently _crippled_ out of the stable, yet, when

the circulation is increased by action, and the stiffness gone off as

the perspiration comes on, their exertion is incredible, and their

endurance of fatigue beyond conception. These are the kind of horses by

which the _inferior_ kind of JOBBERS obtain a livelihood, in supplying

the POST-WORK upon the _roads_, and the HACKNEY COACH-MASTERS of the

_Metropolis_.

GROOM—is the appellation by which a person is known who is a complete

and perfect master of every part of stable discipline; if he is not so,

it is a prostitution of the word to admit the term; and in any other

point of view, he can rank in _no_ other degree than a _common

stable-boy_. The qualifications necessary to form A GROOM of superior

excellence, are almost as numerous and distinguishing as those admitted

to be requisite for the formation of a MINISTER of STATE: obedience,

fidelity, patience, mildness, diligence, humanity, and honesty, are

equally indispensible; without the whole of which, he may be _entitled_

to the denomination of _a strapper_ in a stable-yard; but will never

prove worthy to be thought A GROOM.

If a groom is judicious, honest, and industrious, intending DUTY to his

MASTER, and justice to himself, he will never be prevailed upon to

undertake more than he can perform: the MASTER who wishes it, will

always be instrumental to his own deception and disappointment. Those

who expect GROOMS to dress hair, as well as their horses; or to leave

the latter _wet_ and _dirty_, or half dressed, in the stable, while they

dance attendance at the back of the chair, during the _hour_ of

_dining_, must be content to see their horses in _equal condition_ with

those of the DANCING, MUSIC, and DRAWING MASTERS, so frequently seen,

_in all weathers_, standing the disconsolate hour, at different doors,

in almost every respectable street of the Metropolis.

The department in which A GROOM is placed, if the stud is valuable, must

always be considered an office of very considerable trust; where great

confidence is placed on ONE SIDE, and strict integrity should be

observed on THE OTHER. It is upon the sobriety, steadiness, and

invariable punctuality, of the groom, that the HEALTH, SAFETY, and

CONDITION, of every horse depends; and by his incessant attention only

can they be insured. GROOMS (at least those completely qualified to be

termed so) are men who, from the arduous talk they stand engaged in, the

variegated nature of their servitude, and the property entrusted to

their care, lay claim, and are entitled to, (their _sobriety_,

_steadiness_, _fidelity_, and _punctuality_, once established,) all the

equitable pecuniary compensation, and personal kindness, their employers

can possibly bestow.

GROOMS and coachmen, deprived of _free agency_ by their situation in

life, and doomed to eat the bread of DEPENDENCE, _exist_ to act solely

upon compulsion; they receive (sometimes the most supercilious)

injunctions only to _obey_, and are not permitted the privilege of

either remonstrance or expostulation. Tacitly submissive, they encounter

the severity of the elements at _all hours_, and in _all seasons_; and

what should more influence the reflecting mind in their favor, is, that

when the inclemency of the weather compels the RICH and OPULENT to take

shelter under the ROOF of HOSPITALITY, servants must bear the "_pelting_

of the _pitiless_ storm" unprotected; and when a satiety of pleasure

drives the reluctant frame of their superiors to the downy pillow of

nocturnal relief, their task as yet "is but half performed," and not

unfrequently, till the broad sun serves only to remind them of a speedy

renewal of their daily labour.

These observations are impartially introduced, to demonstrate their

utility in the great scale of OPULENT SOCIETY, as well as to bring home

to the reflection of the _illiberal_ and _penurious_, palpable

conviction how highly they stand entitled (upon many particular

occasions, and distressing emergencies) to _their_ salutary tenderness

and kind consideration. It should be always held in remembrance by

SUPERIORS, that the services are _reciprocal_; and that, in strict truth

and candour, the obligation is no greater on _one side_ than the

_other_. GRATITUDE and AFFECTION is much more likely (in a good soil) to

be excited by _kindness_ than _severity_; and instances are very rare of

a SERVANT'S fidelity having been _obtained_, or _preserved_, by the

unkind treatment, or unjust _rigidity_, of the MASTER.

GROOMS of a certain description are, in general, too much disposed to a

degree of self-consequence, and studiously endeavour to obtain an

ASCENDANCY in the stabularian department, to which, if the master

imprudently and _pusillanimously_ submits, he becomes in some degree a

non-entity, and bids adieu to every particle of power upon his own

premises. The groom once possessed of _this power_, and conscious of the

ground he stands upon, becomes so confident of his own _imaginary_

superiority, that the master is little more than an instrument of mere

passive convenience; barely permitted _to think_, hardly presuming TO

SPEAK, or, in fact, _daring_ to _obtrude_ an OPINION even where his own

horses, their health, and safety, are concerned. Grooms, so long as they

continue to execute the trust reposed in them with fidelity, that is,

with _care_, _kindness_, _punctuality_, and _attention_ to their HORSES,

and a dutiful attachment to their employers, will ever find themselves

respected; but when, from a false, ridiculous, and ill-founded

confidence, they exceed the bounds of consistency, and go beyond their

own sphere, in an _affected_ knowledge of the PROPERTY of MEDICINE,

QUACKING their masters' HORSES, and becoming _self-coined

Veterinarians_, they, in the eye of every judicious observer, abandon

their own merits, and render themselves objects of both pity and

contempt.

This _affectation_ of MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE is so very prevalent with

_stabularian gentlemen_, that they support it with a great degree of

irritable tenacity; and would sooner have even their HONESTY, than their

_medical ability_ called in question. To stem the torrent of this

dangerous practice, should be the first principle, and persevering

determination, of every GENTLEMAN, who expects to see his HORSES in good

CONDITION, and his _servants_ in a state of _uniformity_: and if he

wishes to shield himself from mental disquietude, and his horses from

perpetual persecution, he will lay a serious injunction, that no

_medicine_, or _nostrum_, whatever, shall be administered to any horse

or horses under the GROOM'S care, without the MASTER'S acquiescence

first had and obtained.

If GENTLEMEN will condescend to give the subject a trifling

consideration, they will instantly perceive, that the symptoms of

disease, the state of the body, the languor or velocity of the

circulation, and the property of the blood itself, must require a

greater degree of SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION, than people of this

description have the power of going into; from which palpable fact may

be inferred, the sole reason why they so often miscarry in their

experiments, and so frequently render that a matter of permanent

difficulty, which, _properly treated_, would have proved no more than a

mere temporary inconvenience.

GROOMS (as well as Coachmen) should have it strongly impressed on their

memory, and never lose sight of the reflection, that by a slight, or

almost momentary, deviation from the line of rectitude, in either

_error_, _inattention_, _inadvertence_, or _neglect_, injuries may be

sustained that neither _months_ or _money_ can repair. Their minds

should be always alive to the interest of their employers; they should,

in all seasons (but more particularly in the colder months) have it in

perpetual recollection, that COLDS are sooner _caught_ than _cured_;

that SWELLED LEGS, and CRACKED HEELS, are much easier _obtained_ than

_obliterated_; that LAMENESS (either by accident or indiscretion) is

easier _got_ than _gotten rid of_; and that _bad eyes_ are much more

frequently the effect of a _careless_ or a _malicious blow_, than of

"HUMOURS," to which they are upon all occasions so industriously

attributed.

COLDS and COUGHS are suddenly acquired, and by means at the time but

little thought of, till the event first _prompts_, and then _reproaches_

retrospection. A horse in fine condition, standing in a warm and

comfortable stable when _at home_, is always liable to inconvenience

_abroad_; accidentally exposed to a _long_, _wet_, and _dirty_ journey,

or a severe chase in sharp winds and unfavourable weather, with a cold

and comfortless stable after either, he insures it almost to a

certainty, without incessant care and unremitting circumspection. A

horse after one or the other, should never be left _one minute_ without

the precaution of substantial and unwearied wisping, so long as a _wet_

or _damp_ hair is to be found about him. He should never be permitted to

stand still _in rain_, even with HOUNDS, so great is the _danger_ of

throwing the perspirative matter _suddenly_ upon the CIRCULATION;

thereby constituting a _sizey viscidity_ of the BLOOD, and laying the

foundation of various diseases.

HORSES kept in good style, should never have their customary cloathing

reduced, but with the strictest care and attention: the internal air of

a stable should be regulated, and its temperature equally preserved

entirely by the _state_ of the _season_, (or, in other words, by the

SEASON of the YEAR;) and external air should never be additionally

admitted in _cold_ and _chilling_ winds, but with the greatest

circumspection; as it is to be remembered, it is not the admission of

such air _in itself alone_, by which the injury is sustained, but by the

contrast it constitutes, when opposed to the previous warmth of the

stable.

GROUSE;—the name of a HORSE who promised much celebrity on the TURF. He

was bred by the DUKE of GRAFTON, and was got by _Highflyer_ out of

_Georgina_, who was got by _Matchem_, and was own sister to _Conductor_.

He was foaled in 1790; and at three years old beat _Monkey_, _Silver_,

_Tick_, _Æacus_, _Agamemnon_, _Black Puss_, _Edwin_, _Rally_, and MR.

VERNON'S filly by _Florizel_ out of _Eve_, three miles over the Beacon;

but soon after falling lame, he became a STALLION in the Duke's

possession, and having already produced _Chuckle_ and _First Fruits_,

both good runners, he is in considerable estimation, and will no doubt

contribute to TURF STOCK with increasing reputation.

GROUSE, OR RED GAME,—that species of game for the protection of which

the Legislature has provided, is a native inhabitant of HILLS and

MOUNTAINS, difficult of access, and much more common to the remote than

the centrical parts of the kingdom. They are beautiful in the

variegations of their plumage, but inferior to the PHEASANT

(particularly the cock) in both feather and size. They are included with

PHEASANTS and PARTRIDGES in every act for the PRESERVATION of GAME; but

differ individually in respect to the time limited for the commencement

and termination of the shooting season.

It is enacted by the 13th George Third, c. lv. s. 2, That no person

shall _kill_, _destroy_, _carry_, _sell_, _buy_, or _have in his

possession_, any GROUSE, commonly called RED GAME, between the _tenth_

day of _December_ and the _twelfth_ day of _August_ in any year, upon

pain of forfeiting, for the _first offence_, a sum not exceeding 20_l_.

nor less than 10_l_. and for the _second, and every subsequent offence_,

a sum not exceeding 30_l_. nor less than 20_l_. one moiety thereof to go

to the informer, and the other moiety to the poor of the parish: and in

case the penalty be not paid, and there be no distress to be had, the

offender may be committed to prison, to be kept to hard labour for any

time not exceeding SIX, nor less than THREE MONTHS.

And for the further preservation of both BLACK GAME and GROUSE, or RED

GAME, it is enacted, That any person who shall, between the _second_ day

of _February_ and the _twenty-fourth day_ of June, in any year, burn any

_grig_, _ling_, _heath_, _furze_, _goss_, or _fern_, on any mountains,

hills, heaths, moors, forests, chases, or other wastes, shall be

committed to the house of correction for any time not exceeding _one

month_, nor less than _ten days_; there to be whipped, and kept to hard

labour.

GUN.—A GUN is that well-known instrument of pleasure used in the

destruction of GAME, for the privilege of carrying which, its devotees

voluntarily contribute so largely to the exigencies of State, and the

support of Government. FASHION, that great centre of fluctuation, has in

this, as in almost every thing else, wrought a very considerable change.

GUNS formerly in use for this purpose, were principally constructed from

three feet eight and ten inches, to five and even six feet in the length

of the barrel only; which, by the effect of constantly increasing

ingenuity and persevering invention, are now reduced to a standard

varying but little _below_ two feet nine, or _above_ three feet and an

inch; these having been improved to such a degree of perfection, as to

bring down a bird from FORTY to SIXTY yards _distance_; and at no

greater would any SPORTSMAN wish to put a gun to his shoulder. Guns with

longer barrels are generally appropriated to the killing of _water

fowl_, and are called FOWLING-PIECES.