on a neuter pronoun, expressing quantity, hence often called the
'partitive genitive,' cf. _aliquid veri, falsi_; _id aetatis_; _nihil
reliqui facere_, 'to leave nothing undone' (Caes.); _quantum mercedis_
(xxxii. 17.); _si quid remedii_ (xxxiv. 8.), and such phrases as _navium
quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant_ (Caes.). _Id_ in this phrase
is in the accusative. Similar adverbial accusatives are--_hoc noctis_,
_magnam partem_, _suam vicem_, _multum_, etc. The use of the acc. has
arisen from an extended use of the cognate acc. after intransitive verbs
(e.g. _servire servitatem_, _dormire noctem_, _dolere aliquid_, etc.).
+quod in eum solum ... incurrerent+, the order is _aeditumi ...
admirati, quod canes, semper in alios saevientes, neque latrarent neque
incurrerent in eum solum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem_,
'because he was the only man who entered the temple at that time, at
whom the dogs, that always attacked others, did not bark and fly.'
14. +re cibaria copiosum+, 'well supplied with provisions.'
15. +eius potiundi+. Gerundival attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.
16. +ius dicebat+, 'he was administering justice,' the technical term.
18. +in iure stare+, or _esse_, 'to stand,' 'present oneself before a
magistrate'; _in ius ire_, 'to go before a magistrate.'
19. +vadimonium promittere+, to promise or give security (bail) for a
man's appearance, 'for what day and what place' (_i.e._ for his
appearance on what day and place) 'he would order security to be given.'
+iuberet+, subj. after the dependent interrog. _quem_. Cf. x. 6. note.
21. +sese+, object. of _sistere_, 'ordered him to present himself on the
third day in yonder place.'
22. +atque ita factum+, 'and so it happened.'
+vadari+. _Vador aliquem_ = 'I bind a man over by bail': the object. of
_vadari_ here is _militem_; "on the third day, on which he had ordered
(them) to bind (the man) over to appear."
XIX.
1. +capite+. _Caput_ denotes the legal status of a citizen: he lost it
"as much if he were struck off the roll of citizens as if his head were
struck off his shoulders" (Wilkins, _R. Lit. Primer_). "I and two others
were trying a friend on a capital charge."
4. +ad casum ... medendum+, 'to remedy so perilous a mischance.'
6. +ad condemnandum+, sc. _hominem_, 'I gave my vote in silence for
condemning the man.'
XX.
1. +Favorinus+ was a native of Arles, in Gaul; he was a famous
philosopher, and resided at different periods of his life in Rome,
Greece, and Asia Minor (about 110-130 A.D.).
3. +Curius+. M' Curius Dentatus, consul in 290, 275, and 274 B.C.,
distinguished himself in the Samnite wars. He was a favourite hero of
the Romans, and celebrated as a type of the old-fashioned virtue and
frugality. The Samnites, it is said, once sent an embassy to him with
costly gifts. The messengers found the great general sitting by his
hearth, and roasting turnips. They proffered their gifts, but he
rejected them, saying that he would rather rule over those who possessed
gold than possess it himself.
4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note.
+Coruncanius+, consul 260 B.C., fought with success against the
Etruscans and against Pyrrus (cf. xxvii. 1. note); he was also a
distinguished lawyer, and the first plebeian who became Pontifex
Maximus.
5. +his+, abl. after the comparative _antiquiores_.
+antiquus+, 'former,' 'ancient,' is used of what has existed in past
time as opposed to _novus_, what has not previously existed, new.
_Vetus_ denotes what has existed for a long time, old, aged, opposed to
_r[)e]cens_, what has not existed for long, recent.
+Horatii+. The three brothers of the Horatian gens, who, according to
the legend, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought against the
Curiatii, three brothers from Alba, to determine whether Rome or Alba
was to exercise the supremacy.
6. +Auruncorum+, etc., genitives depending of _verbis_, 'used the
language of the Aurunci,' etc. The Aurunci, Sicani, and Pelasgi were old
Italian races.
9. +quasi loquare+. Cf. xv. 6. note, '_quasi desiperet_.'
+Euandri+. The legend says that Euander, son of Hermes and an Arcadian
nymph, about 60 years before the Trojan war, led a Pelasgian colony from
Arcadia in Greece to Italy, and built the town of Pallantium at the foot
of the Palatine hill. Vergil represents Euander as still alive when
Aeneas came to Italy. (_Aeneid_, viii. 51.)
10. +abhinc multis annis+, 'many years ago.' To express 'how long ago,'
_abhinc_ and _ante_ are used with either abl. or acc. case. Cf. _abhinc
triennium huc commigravit_, 'she came hither three years ago' (Ter.
_An._ i. 70).
11. +quae dicas+, 'anything that you say.' The subj. (a consecutive
subjunctive) after the relative marks the statement as indefinite; _quae
dicis_ would mean the particular words which you are actually using.
14. +sit+, subjunctive, because a dependent sentence in the _oratio
obliqua_ after _ais_.
16. +C. Julius Caesar+, the Dictator, 100-44 B.C. This quotation is from
his lost work _De Analogia_, written, it is said, when he was crossing
the Alps.
18. +ut tamquam+, 'that you should avoid a rare word, as (you would
avoid) a rock.'
XXI.
1. +T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus+ was another of the favourite heroes
of Roman history. His exploit here mentioned happened in 361. In 353 and
again in 349 he was Dictator; in 347, 344, and 340, Consul. In this last
year Torquatus and P. Decius Mus gained a great victory over the Latins
near Mt. Vesuvius, and established the Roman supremacy in Latium. It was
shortly before this battle that the disobedient act of his son occurred,
mentioned at the end of xxii.
3. +torquis+, a 'twisted neck chain,' as opposed to _monile_ (cf.
ix. 6), which was made of beads, stones, etc., strung together.
+ex hoste detractam induit+, 'he had taken from an enemy, and put on
himself.' A participle and verb are frequently used in Latin where in
English two verbs are employed, e.g. _scripsit se profectum celeriter
adfore_, 'he wrote (to say) that he had set out and would soon arrive.'
4. +fuerit+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _quis_. Cf. x. 6.
note.
6. +cum ... processit+, etc. The indicative is used in past time after
_cum_, when the conjunction is purely temporal, and equivalent to _et
tum_. Cf. vi. 8 note.
7. +nudus+, 'unarmed.' _Nudus_ is used in many senses besides its usual
one of 'unclothed,' 'naked': _e.g._ 'without a _toga_,' _i.e._ 'in a
tunic only,' _nudus ara, sere nudus_ (Verg. _G._ i. 299); 'uncovered by
turf,' _silex nuda_ (Verg. _E._ i. 15); 'leafless,' _nudum nemus_;
'without a garrison,' _urbs nuda praesidio_ (Cic. _Att._ vii. 13-1);
'destitute,' _nuda senectus_ (Juv.); 'unadorned,' _nuda oratio_ (Cic.),
etc.
12. +si quis ... vellet, uti prodiret+, 'that if any one was willing to
fight him, he should step forward.' The tenses are historic, because
_conclamant_ is the historical present, and therefore equivalent to a
past tense. Primary tenses are sometimes used after a historic present,
but historic tenses are more common.
17. +scuto pedestri+. The _scutum_ was an oblong or oval shield (4 ft.
by 2½ ft., Polybius), made of wood or wickerwork. It was borrowed from
the Sabines and made the shield of the whole Roman army, superseding the
large circular _clipeus_, when the Roman soldiers first began to receive
pay, and to form a permanent army instead of an irregular militia (Livy,
viii. 8. etc.).
+cinctus+ in this connection is properly 'surrounded' with a girdle to
support a shield or sword, hence 'armed with.'
XXII.
1. +metu magno+, 'amid great anxiety.' An ablative of manner, closely
akin to the "ablative absolute."
2. +sua disciplina+, 'according to his custom,' _i.e._ way of fighting.
Cf. _eadem nos disciplina utimur_, 'our habits are the same' (Plaut.
_As._ i. 3. 49), and _disciplina militiae, bellica militaris_, etc.,
'the art of war.'
3. +cunctabundus+. Cf. _moribundus_, vi. 11. note. The Gaul stood on the
alert ready to parry a blow, and waiting his opportunity. Manlius
disconcerted him by suddenly dashing him backwards.
7. +eo pacto ei ... +, etc., 'in that way he got to close quarters with
him (_ei successit_) under his Gallic sword, and wounded his chest with
his Spanish sword (sc. _gladio_).' The "Spanish sword" was a short
weapon, fitted for thrusting and stabbing at close quarters; the "Gallic
sword" a much longer and heavier weapon.
9. +pectus hausit+. _Haurire_ of a weapon in the sense of 'wounding,'
'tearing open,' is found in Lucretius, Vergil, and often in Ovid:
probably the sword, etc., is regarded as devouring the flesh or drinking
the blood (Conington). Cf. Verg. _Aen._ x. 313--
_Huic gladio perque aerea suta,
Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum._
'With his sword, through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with gold,
he wounded his unguarded side.'
17. +speculatum+. The supine is _-um_, expressing purpose after a verb
of motion.
+pugna interdicta+, 'though he had been forbidden to fight.' Abl.
absolute.
XXIII.
1. +Agrum Pomptinum+. The Ager Pomptinus was a low plain on the coast of
Latium, between Circeii and Terracina; it was originally a fertile
cornland, but after the third century B.C., it became more and more
marshy, till at last the Pomptine marshes were the most malarious
district in Italy. They were partially drained from time to time, but no
permanent relief was afforded till the time of Pius VI. (1778). The
district is still the most unhealthy in Italy.
3. +vasta proceritate+, abl. of description.
+armis auro fulgentibus+, abl. abs., 'a man of enormous stature, with
armour gleaming with gold.'
5. +per contemptum et superbiam+, 'scornfully and haughtily.' Cf. _per
vim_, 'forcibly,' etc.
6. +venire iubet+, etc., 'bids anyone out of the whole Roman army who
dares to fight, to come forward and meet him,' lit. 'bids (him) come, if
anyone dares.' _Auderet_ is in historical time, because _iubet_ is the
historic present, standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.
8. +tribunus militaris+. The _tribuni militum_, or _militares_, were the
chief officers of the legion; there were originally three, afterwards
six, to each legion.
+ceteris ... ambiguis+. Abl. absol., 'since the rest hesitated.'
11. +progreditur ... obviam+, 'advances to meet him.'
13. +vis quaedam divina fit+, 'a miracle happens': lit., a divine power
is manifested.
16. +laniabat ... revolabat+, the imperfects denote repeated action.
21. +statuam statuendam curavit+, 'had a statue set up': for this use of
_curo_ cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.
+Augustus+. Cf. xxix. 2. note.
+in foro suo+, the 'Forum Augusti.' There were three great _fora_ at
Rome, the F. Augusti, the F. Magnum, Vetus, or Romanum, and the F.
Julii.
23. +monimentum+, in apposition to _simulacrum_.
XXIV.
1. +Aesopus+ lived about 570 B.C. Little is known about his life. He was
a slave, but was freed by one of his masters, Iadmon of Samos. He is
said to have visited Croesus, king of Lydia, and Pisistratus of Athens,
and to have been sent by the former to Delphi to distribute a gift of
money among the citizens. A dispute however arose, and he refused to
give any of the money, so the angry men of Delphi threw him over a
precipice. Later stories, without good authority, represent him as
deformed.
+e Phrygia+. Cotioeum in Phrygia, Mesembria in Thrace, Samos, and Sardis
each claimed to be the birthplace of Aesop.
2. +utilia monitu suasuque+. The abl. of the supine in _-u_ is regularly
used as an abl. of respect. Cf. _nefas visu_, _turpe dictu_, _facile
factu_ (xxvii. 7.), etc.
5. +cum audiendi quadam inlecebra+, lit. 'with some charm of hearing.'
7. +spem+, etc., 'that in matters (_rerum_) which a man can manage
himself, hope and trust ought never to be placed in another, but in
himself,' _i.e._ that a man ought not to rely upon another for what he
can do himself.
10. +Q. Ennius+. Cf. xxxviii. 9.
+satiris+. _Satira_ or _satura_ (_satur_ = full), properly a mixture of
all sorts of things, originally denoted a work which dealt with many
subjects; then the title was applied to poems which treated
'didactically' the follies and vices of mankind.
+versibus quadratis+, _versus quadrati_ (square) are those containing
eight or seven feet. These lines of Ennius are called _Septenarii_ or
_Tetrameter Catalectic_ verses. The principal feet in them are the
_trochee_ ¯ ¯ ), and _spondee_ ¯ ¯.
H[-o]c [)e]r|[-i]t t[)i]b(i) | [-a]rg[)u]|m[-e]nt[-u]m | s[-e]mp[)e]r
| [-i]n pr[-o]mp|t[-u] s[)i]|tum,
N[-e] qu[)i]d | [-e]xp[-e]c|t[-e]s [)a]|m[-i]c[-o]s, | quod t[)u]t(e)
| [)a]g[)e]r[)e] | poss[)i]|es.
12. +semper in promptu situm+, 'ever ready at hand.'
13. +ne quid+, etc., 'not to wait for your friends at all (_quid_) in a
matter which (_quod_) you yourself can do.'
+possies+, old form of _possis_, pres. subj. of _possum_.
XXV.
2. +id temporis+. Cf. xviii. 7. note, 'at such a time, as a rule, that
the harvest is at hand when its young ones are just becoming fledged.'
3. +ea cassita+, that particular lark about which the story is told.
+congesserat+, used absolutely (_i.e._ without an object) in the sense
of making a nest, as we used the word 'to build.' Cf. Verg._ Ecl._
iii. 69, _locum aeriae quo congessere columbae_.
5. +dum iret+. _Dum_, like other temporal conjunctions, takes the indic.
(in Oratio R.) when _strictly_ temporal, but the subj. is required when
the notion of time is complicated with that of purpose, consequence,
etc. In other words, _dum_, 'whilst,' always takes the indic., _dum_,
'until,' the indic. usually, the subj. sometimes, viz., when the idea of
expecting or waiting for something comes in. Here purpose is expressed:
'to enable her to meanwhile go ...,' 'till she should go.' Cf.
_priusquam emeret_, xxxiii. 4. note.
6. +quaesitum+, 'to seek for food ...'; the supine in _-um_ expressing
purpose after a verb of motion. Cf. xvi. 13, xxii. 17.
7. +si quid+, etc., 'if anything unusual happened.' For the genitive
_quid rei_, cf. _id temporis_, xviii. 7. note.
11. +fac eas et roges+, a less peremptory way of expressing a command
than the simple imperative. Cf. _scribas velim_, _cura ut scribas_,
_scribe sis_ (for _si vis_), instead of _scribe_.
12. +veniant+, etc., subj. after _roges_, 'ask them to come ...'
15. +orare+, the historical infinite, used instead of a finite verb. In
this construction, which is frequent in an animated description of a
scene, the pres. inf. only is used (besides the two perfects _odisse_
and _meminisse_, which have a present meaning). Dr. Kennedy (Pub. Sch.
Lat. Gr., 332) treats it as analogous to the omission of parts of the
verb _sum_ (e.g. _occisus_ for _occisus est_), as it leaves out the
expression of time, number, and person. 'It is used to express the
occurrence of actions without marking the order of time.' (Roby.)
17. +misit qui amicos roget+. _Roget_ is in subj., because the relative
expresses purpose: 'has sent me to ask ....' _Misit_ is the perfect
proper, 'has sent,' a primary tense, hence _roget_ is in the pres. subj.
18. +otioso animo esse+, abl. of quality, lit. 'bids them be of an easy
mind,' _i.e._ 'bids them be easy in mind.'
XXVI.
4. +isti+, ironical, 'those friends of yours are laggards.'
+quin ... imus+, 'why do we not rather go ...?' The conjunction _quin_
(= _quî_, an old ablative, and _-ne_) is thus used in exhortations and
remonstrances (_a_) usually with the pres. indic., e.g. _quin
conscendimus equos?_ (Livy), 'why do we not mount?' _i.e._ 'nay, mount
at once': (_b_) sometimes with the imperative, _quin aspice me_, 'nay,
look at me'; _quin dic uno verbo_, 'just answer in a single word.'
5. +cognatos+. _Cognatus_ is a kinsman by blood, either on the father's
or the mother's side; _agnatus_, a blood relation on the father's side;
_gentilis_, a member of the same _gens_, and bearing the same gentile
name, _e.g._ Cornelii, Fabii; all these three classes were
_consanguinei_, related by blood; _adfinis_, a relation by marriage, or
sometimes merely a neighbour.
8. +cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme ...+, lit. 'as a rule no kinsmen
and neighbours were so good-natured,' she said, 'as to make no delay in
undertaking work, and to obey orders at once.'
14. +valeant+, 'good-bye to ...,' _i.e._ let us have no more to do
with....
18. +id ubi ...+, the order is, _ubi mater audivit ex pullis dominum
dixisse id...._
19. +tempus cedendi et abeundi+, 'it is time to go and be off.'
20. +in ipso enim+. The order is, _vertitur enim iam in ipso, cuia res
est, non in alio, unde petitur_, lit. 'for (the work) now depends upon
the man himself, whose the property is, not upon another, from whom (the
work) is asked,' _i.e._ who is asked to do the work.
XXVII.
1. +Pyrrus+ (318-272 B.C.), king of Epirus, was one of the most famous
generals of his age. In 280 he was invited to Italy by the Tarentines to
aid them in their struggle with Rome. He defeated the Romans in two
great battles, near Heraclea on the Siris in 280, and near Asculum in
279, but his own troops suffered so severely that he concluded an
armistice, and in 278 crossed to Sicily to help the Greek colonies in
that island against the Carthaginians. The incident mentioned in this
selection afforded the pretext for the truce. In 276 Pyrrus returned to
Italy, but he was decisively defeated by Curius Dentatus near Beneventum
and compelled to leave Italy. He went back to Epirus, and engaged in
many new warlike enterprises. In 272, when retreating from Argos, he was
stunned by a tile thrown by a woman, and slain by the pursuing soldiers.
Hannibal is reported to have said, that of all the great generals the
world had seen, Alexander was the greatest, Pyrrus the second, himself
the third; or, according to another version, Pyrrus the first, Scipio
the second, and himself the third.
+in terra Italia+, 'in the land of Italy'; cf. xxxi. 7, _in terra
Graecia_, so _urbs Roma_, etc., the two substantives being in
apposition.
4. +Fabricius+. Cf. viii. 1. note.
7. +facile factu+, 'easy to do.' Cf. xxiv. 2., _utilia monitu et suasu_,
note.
12. +salutem tutaretur+, 'should protect himself from...,' 'be on his
guard against;' lit. 'protect his safety.'
13. +laudes ... scripsisse+, 'it is said that Pyrrus wrote to the Roman
people, praising and thanking them ...,' lit. 'wrote praises and
thanks.'
+populo Romano+. Cf. _ad senatum scripsit_, line 9. The rule is that, if
the verb expresses or implies motion, _ad_ with the acc. is used to
express the remoter object; if no motion is implied, the dative is used;
so, _misit hoc ad me_, but _dedit hoc mihi_. Hence many verbs admit both
constructions, as they fall on the line between expressing motion and
not expressing it. _Scribo_ is one of these, for the letter has to be
sent, so motion is implied, but the verb itself expresses no motion.
This rule, however, is not always observed even in prose, and far less
so in poetry.
XXVIII.
1. +In circo maximo+. The early Roman legends say that when Tarquinius
Priscus had taken the town of Apiolae from the Latins, he commemorated
his success by holding races and games in the Murcian Valley, between
the Palatine and Aventine hills. Round the valley temporary platforms
and stands were erected, and the course with its surroundings was called
'_Circus_,' either because the spectators stood in a circle or because
the races went round in a circle. Soon a permanent building was erected
in this valley. This was enlarged and beautified from time to time, and
known as the Circus Maximus, to distinguish it from the many similar
buildings which were erected in various parts of Rome. In the time of
Julius Caesar the Circus Maximus was about 600 yards in length, and 200
in width, and held 150,000 people: a century later it could hold twice
as many. The building was used chiefly for chariot-racing; but sometimes
the area was flooded, and naval battles were represented, and often
beasts were let loose in it to fight with one another, or with men,
either condemned criminals and captives, or _bestiari_, specially
trained for the purpose. This latter exhibition was called _venatio_, or
_pugna venationis_. Animals were brought in almost incredible numbers
from all parts of the Roman world to be thus slaughtered. Julius Caesar
once turned 500 lions into the arena together, and Augustus, in the
Monimentum Ancyranum, boasts that he had thus killed 3,500 elephants
during his reign.
2. +multae ibi ferae+, sc. _erant_.
7. +quasi admirans+. Cf. _quasi desiperet_, xv. 6. note.
15. +videres+, 'you might have seen.' Cf. Livy, _maesti, crederes
victos, redeunt in castra_, 'you would have thought they had been
defeated.' This use is confined to the second person singular ('you'
indefinite = one); the subjunctive is explained by treating the
expression as part of a conditional sentence, the condition understood
being the reality of the subject. 'If you had been there, you might have
seen....'
XXIX.
2. +Caesar+, probably Claudius, emperor 41-54 A.D.; he was the fourth
emperor--Augustus being the first, Tiberius the second, and Caligula the
third. Caesar was originally the name of a patrician family of the
Julian _gens_. The name was taken by Augustus (Octavianus), as the
adopted son of the Dictator, C. Julius Caesar: by Tiberius, as the
adopted son of Augustus Caesar: and it continued to be used by Caligula,
Claudius, and Nero, as members, by adoption, or female descent, of
Caesar's family. This family became extinct with Nero, but succeeding
emperors employed the name as part of their official title.
3. +uni+ with +illi+, 'had spared him alone.'
+pepercisset+, subj. after the dependent interrogative _cur_.
5. +proconsulari imperio+. The _Proconsulare Imperium_ is the power held
by a man who acts _pro consule_, 'in the place of a consul.' As the
number of Roman provinces increased, it became the custom under the
Republic for men, who had held the office of consul, to accept the
government of provinces for a year, and rule these with the "_Imperium
Proconsulare_," which was conferred by a special decree of the Senate
and of the people. Under the Empire the provinces were divided into two
groups: (1) the Senatorial Provinces (the more peaceful ones in which no
large armies were maintained), which were governed with _Imperium
Proconsulare_ by men who had been consuls or praetors: (2) the Imperial
Provinces, which were governed with _Praetorian_ power by _Legati
Caesaris_, who acted as the Emperor's deputies.
+Africam+, the Roman name for the district round Carthage.
10. +consilium fuit+, 'my plan was,' 'I purposed.'
14. +debili ... pede+. Abl. absol., 'with one foot lame and
bloodstained.'
22. +volnere intimo expressi+, 'I pressed out from the bottom of the
wound.' Words compounded with _ab_, _cum_, _de_, and _ex_ usually govern
an abl., either with or (less frequently in prose) without the
preposition repeated.
23. +cruorem+: _cruor_ is 'gore,' _i.e._ blood which has flowed from a
wound; _sanguis_, either 'gore,' or blood circulating in the body.
XXX.
1. +triennium totum+, acc. of duration of time; 'for three whole years.'
2. +eodemque et victu+, abl. of matter; 'on the same food also.'
+nam quas+, etc. The order is--'_ferebat ad specum mihi_ (to the cave
for me), _membra opimiora ferarum quas venabatur_,' the antecedent
_ferarum_ being attracted into the relative sentence, and so becoming
_feras_.
7. +viam ... permensus+, 'having travelled a journey of almost three
days.'
9. +rei capitalis+, the genitive of the charge used after verbs of
condemning and acquitting. _Res capitalis_ is a crime punishable by
death or loss of civil rights, _caput_ denoting both life and civil
status. Cf. xix. 1. note.
10. +damnandum curavit+. Cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.
11. +quoque+, the lion, as well as I, having been captured.
XXXI.
1. +in terra Graecia+. Cf. _in terra Italia_, xxvii. 1. note.
+fama celebri+, abl. of quality, 'of great reputation.'
5. +Athenis+, 'at Athens,' the locative case. Cf. xi. 1. note.
+Electram+, etc. The order is--_acturus Electram Sophoclis, debebat
gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus_, 'being about to play the part
of Sophocles' Electra (_i.e._ the part of Electra in the play of
Sophocles called 'the Electra') he had to carry an urn, supposed to
contain (_quasi cum_) the bones of Orestes.' Women's characters were
played by men both on the Greek and on the Roman stage.