the march. On account of the scarcity of grass at Santa Fe and because
he considered infantry the chief reliance, Kearny did not wish so large
a proportion of mounted men. Fischer's company enlisted to serve as
horse. The artillery had twelve brass 6-pounders and four 12-pound
howitzers. Kearny's army, being near states abounding in resources, was
more readily set in motion than Taylor's or Wool's, but on account of
its long march 459 horses, 3658 mules, 14,904 oxen, 1556 wagons, and
516 pack mules were required to transport it, its reinforcements, and
its supplies. (This account is not complete, but on the other hand it
refers not only to Kearny's expedition but to troops that followed him.
Rives's account in U.S. and Mexico, ii, 214-5, is therefore misleading,
and makes the short rations endured on the march seem incredible.) The
Indians drove off many of the cattle, robbed trains and killed not a few
drivers (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 545).
14.4. _S. Fe expedition ordered and organized._ S. Louis _Weekly
Reveille_, May 11, 23. Polk, Diary, May 13, 14, 16, 30. =69=Jones to
Kearny, May 13. =63=Marcy to Kearny, May 27. =240=Kennerly, Narrative.
Sen. 7; 30, 1 (Emory). =69=Kearny, orders, June 19; July 31. Richardson,
Journal, 3-6. =61=Kearny to gov. Mo., June 16; to Cummins, June
20. =60=Marcy to gov. Mo., May 13. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 24. _Nat.
Intelligencer_, Oct. 2. _Monitor Repub._, Mar. 27, 1847. Scharf, St.
Louis, i, 369, 372-3. St. Louis _Republican_, May 13, 22, 30; June 26.
Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 545. _Niles_, July 4, 1846, p. 281; July 3, 1847, p.
279. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 326. Elliott, Notes, 217, 221. Ruxton, Adventures
(1849), 312-3. St. Louis _New Era_, Aug. 20. Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls.,
ii, no. 4. =212=Hastings, diary. =256=Penn, Jr., [May 23]. Bancroft,
Pac. States, xii, 410, note (names of officers). Hughes, Doniphan's
Expedition, 24-7. Cooke, Conquest, 2.
14.5. The route taken by Kearny was not the shortest but it seemed
the best for his purpose (Cooke, Conquest, 13). Distances from Fort
Leavenworth: to Council Grove, 126 miles; to the Arkansas River, 393; to
Bent's Fort, 564; to S. Fe, 873 (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 236).
14.6. _To and at Bent's Fort._ Mexico in 1842, 128. Sen. 7; 30, 1.
=63=Marcy to Howard, May 13, 1846. Ho. 41; 30, 1. =61=Kearny, June 5;
Aug. 1. =61=Kearny, orders, June 27; July 31. =61=Capt. Johnston, diary.
=201=Gibson, diary. Prince, Concise Hist., 164-74, 178. _Niles_, Aug. 1,
1846, p. 343. Cooke, Conquest, 3-4. Elliott, Notes, 222-3. =58=Cooke,
Map of S. Fe Trace. Captain of Vols., Conquest. Ho. 45; 31, 1. Sen.
23; 30, 1. Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls., ii, no. 4. Richardson, Journal.
Sen. Misc. 26; 30, 1, pp. 5-13. Connelley, Doniphan's Exped., 179-81.
=212=Hastings, diary. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 151, 168. Ruxton, Far West,
189. =69=Kearny, July 17. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 30-59. =76=Kearny
to Armijo, Aug. 1. =76=Heredia to S. Anna, Dec. 31, 1846. Bent's Fort
lay about fifteen miles above the mouth of Las Animas River (Cooke,
Conquest, 12).
14.7. _Armijo's motives and preparations._ Sen. 7; 30, 1 (Emory).
Gibson, diary, Sept. 5. _Republicano_, Jan. 13; Feb. 5, 1847 (Armijo).
Twitchell, Milit. Occup., 60. Read, Guerra, 219. Prince, Concise Hist.,
179. =52=Alvarez, Sept. 4, 1846. From =76= the following. M. E. to F.
Pino. N. to F. Pino. J. F. to J. E. Ortiz. J. F. Ortiz to P. Armendaris.
M. Ramírez to Señora Casanoba. N. Quintanar to L. Téllez. D. Vigil to
J. F. Zubia. Decision of the _mesa_. Testimony given at the trial of
Magoffin. S. Anna, Dec. 8, 1846. Summary of four packets of letters,
and conclusion of the _mesa_. Armijo, Sept. 8, 1846; Jan. 20; Mar. 30,
1847. Tornel, Mar. 10, 1846. _Id._ to Ugarte, Mar. 10; June 25; July 25.
Segundo cabo, Chihuahua, July 10. Armijo to Ugarte, July 1. To Armijo,
July 25. Comte. gen. Durango, July 16. Ugarte, July 17; Aug. 23. Letter
from El Paso, Aug. 9.
14.8. The regiment under Price numbered at first about 1000, and the
battalion, commanded by Lieut. Col. Willock, about 300. In July a third
force (infantry) was ordered to take the same route but it was found
unnecessary, and the plans were given up (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 162).
_The second (Price's; Mormons) and third (abortive) expeditions._ Polk,
Diary, May 30; June 2, 3, 5; July 18, 1846; Apr. 28, 1847. =62=Marcy to
gov. Mo., May 11, 1847. =62=Jones to Price, May 18, 22, 1847. =63=Marcy
to gov. Mo., Apr. 28; May 6, 11, 1847. =69=Jones to Scott, Apr. 20,
1847. =61=Doniphan to Marcy, Oct. 20, 1846. =61=Shields, Aug. 9, 1846.
=62=Marcy to gov. Mo., July 18, 1846. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 24, 1846.
Scharf, St. Louis, i, 375-6. _Niles_, July 18, 1846, p. 312. =2=Allred,
recolls. Sen. 439; 29, 1, p. 2. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 49. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
171. Bancroft, Pac. States, xii, 410, note (names of officers). Cooke,
Conquest, 2. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 134, 137-8.
14.9. Kearny's letter to Armijo, found in the Mexican archives, is
stated to have been translated by the American consul from a certified
copy of the original. A little later an American trader, who had married
a Santa Fe woman, was despatched to distribute the proclamation and
sound the people at Taos. A scouting party under Bent went forward to
examine the route.
14.10. Kearny was criticised for undertaking to release the people from
their allegiance to Mexico; but since, as our Supreme Court decided in
the Castine case, the inhabitants of conquered territories pass under
at least a temporary allegiance to the conquering power, they must
necessarily be absolved from their former obligations. See Washington
_Union_, August 21, 1847.
14.11. Kearny returned a conciliatory message by the bearer of Armijo's
letter. See note 13.
14.12. Estimates of the number of the people in arms vary from about
1800 (=76=Armijo) to 4-5000 (Cooke). Armijo's reports minified all his
means of defence. Apparently there were about 3000. So Magoffin stated
on his =76=trial, and this was the conclusion of the war department at
Mexico. Probably Armijo felt surprised and embarrassed by the response
of the people.
14.13. It was charged by Mexicans that Armijo was bought by American
agents. But Kearny had no money to use in this way, and in the absence
of substantial evidence there seems to be no good ground to suppose
that the merchants had a sufficient reason for buying him. Armijo sent
Dr. Henry Connelly back with Cooke to treat in his behalf with Kearny
(Cooke, Conquest, 31, 33), but nothing seems to have been accomplished.
Kearny probably desired (=76=Connelly to Armijo, Aug. 19) that Armijo
should surrender with his troops, and presumably Armijo asked for
impossible concessions. Magoffin went on to Chihuahua, was arrested,
tried, and imprisoned until the end of the war, and later was paid
$30,000 by the U.S. government for his services and losses (Benton,
View, ii, 683). There is little reason to suppose that his services were
of much value.
14.14. The Mexican archives contain many letters from New Mexico bearing
upon Armijo's conduct and motives. Most of the writers called him a
traitor; and a war department board (_mesa_), after reviewing the
evidence, decided that he ought to be tried. But of course this was
the opportunity for his enemies to turn upon him. The popular party
naturally insisted that the people wanted to fight, and were betrayed
by him. But he denied this, demanding why, in that case, they did not
select some other chief, and hold their ground. Armijo hovered about for
a time, pretending to coöperate with Ugarte; but, not being permitted to
remain in Chihuahua, he went south with a train of wagons filled with
American merchandise and guarded by Missourians, and finally, making his
way to the capital under an order to come and answer for his conduct, he
repeatedly demanded to be put on trial.
14.15. The population of Santa Fe was about 3000.
14.16. _Events from Aug. 1 to 18 inclusive._ Mexico in 1842, p. 128.
Sen. 7; 30, 1. Polk, Diary, June 15, 17, 1846. Sen. Misc. 26; 30, 1, pp.
17-20. Sen. 18; 31, 1, p. 237. =61=Kearny, Aug. 1. =61=Capt. Johnston,
diary. =62=Marcy to Kearny, June 18. =201=Gibson, diary. _Republicano_,
Sept. 10, 1846; Jan. 13; Feb. 5, 1847. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii,
104. Connelley, Doniphan's Exped., 181, 184. _Anzeiger des Westens_,
Aug. 6; Sept. 5, 7, 24, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 168-70. Wash. _Union_,
Sept. 14; Oct. 2, 27, 1846; July 12, 1847. _Diario_, Sept. 9, 10; Oct.
5. Read, Guerra, 220. Prince, Concise Hist., 179-80. _Niles_, Oct. 10,
pp. 90-2. Robinson, Sketches, 20-1. Elliott, Notes, 225, 231, 234-5,
237, 241. =52=Alvarez, Sept. 4. Sen. 23; 30, 1. Ruxton, Adventures
(London, 1847), 110. Benton, View, ii, 683. Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls.,
ii, no. 4. =212=Hastings, diary. =268=Kearny, letter book. =337=Capt.
Turner, diary. Cutts, Conquest, 44. Cooke, Conquest, 5-43. Richardson,
Journal. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 59-87. From =76= the following.
Letters from N. Mex. (undated letters in note 7). Testimony at trial
of Magoffin. S. Anna, Dec. 8. Summary of four packets of letters and
conclusion of the _mesa_. Armijo, Sept. 8. Armijo to Kearny, Aug. 12.
Connelly to Armijo, Aug. 19. Armijo, Jan. 20; Mar. 30, 1847. Re-extracto
from statement of Sambrano. Reyes, Aug. 25, 1846. Ugarte, Aug. 23; Sept.
5. Kearny to Armijo, Aug. 1. Estados of troops in Zac., Dur., Chih., and
N. Mex.
14.17. _Events from Aug. 19 to Sept. 25 inclusive._ =61=Wooster, Sept.
25. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 169-74 (Kearny). Sen. 7; 30, 1. Sen. Misc. 26;
30, 1, pp. 55, etc. =61=Kearny, Aug. 30; Sept. 24. =69=Kearny, orders,
Aug. 27; Sept. 12. =201=Gibson, diary. _Anzeiger des Westens_, Sept.
26; Nov. 16. =243=Kribben, home letter, Aug. 28. Wash. _Union_, Oct.
27. Prince, Concise Hist., 180, 182. _Niles_, Oct. 10, p. 90. Hastings,
diary. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 169-70. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 100-19.
=76=Vigil, reply to Kearny, Aug. 19. =76=Letter from El Paso, Aug. 9.
=76=Heredia, Oct. 17. Some of the force did not set out until Sept. 26
(Cooke, Conquest, 71).
XV. CHIHUAHUA
15.1. Willock's battalion was under Price's command. The Mormons were
intended for California. Kearny's order to Doniphan anticipated a
suggestion made independently by Scott and by Benton in November, and
forwarded, with Polk's approval, to Kearny on December 10 by Marcy.
Doniphan was anxious to be ordered to Wool, and his men, reacting from
the atrocious conditions prevailing at Santa Fe--of which quite enough
will be heard in chapter xxxi--were eager to be off.
15.2. Arriving at Santa Fe without provisions, the soldiers soon ate up
what supplies could be obtained there, and as the people were declared
to be American citizens, nothing could be taken without the consent
of the owners. Besides, Kearny had no adequate funds. By a surprising
blunder the contracts for the supplies that followed him called for
delivery, not at Santa Fe, but at Bent's Fort. Doniphan's setting out
for the south was delayed by a lack of provisions. The description of
his men is based upon a large number of documents (particularly the
diaries of Gibson and Hastings and Ruxton's Adventures) which will be
cited when the occupation of New Mexico comes to be considered (chap.
xxxi).
15.3. Ruxton speaks of tents, but perhaps he was thinking of Clark's
men. Doniphan stated that they marched across the Jornada without tents
(St. Louis _Republican_, July 3, 1847).
15.4. December 19 Heredia reported to Santa Anna that there were 108
infantry and 320 cavalry at El Paso. There is no reason to suspect the
honesty of this report, and none of the other troops in the state had
time to reach that town before Christmas. Some ex-soldiers, however, are
said in Apuntes, 141, to have joined the colors, making some 1200 in
all, including militia.
15.5. It is impossible to state positively how many men Ponce de León
had. The American accounts run as high as 1300 (Hughes), but evidently
they were not based on reliable information, and very likely the
writers assumed that all of Vidal's troops were under Ponce. From the
Mexican accounts it would appear that such was not the case. Vidal
would naturally keep men back to act as a reserve, hold what he called
his "line of defence," and guard his person; and this probability is
strengthened by the fact that three of his four guns were not used in
the fight. The figures of several Mexican accounts are about 500. The
reports of the details of the skirmish are equally irreconcilable. El
Brazito (The Little Arm) was the smaller (eastern) of the two channels
into which the river was here divided by an island.
15.6. _Doniphan's operations to Dec. 25 inclusive; Mex. preparations
at the Chihuahua frontier._ =61=Wooster, Sept. 25. =268=Portrait of
Doniphan. =240=Kennerly, narrative. =61=Kearny, special orders 11. Sen.
7; 30, 1. Richardson, Journal. Sen. Misc. 26; 30, 1, p. 61. =61=Kearny,
orders, Sept. 23. =61=Doniphan, Oct. 20. =61=Price, Feb. 26, 1847.
=61=Scott, Nov. 24 and Marcy's endorsement, Dec. 9. Cooke, Conquest, 51.
=201=Gibson, diary. _Republicano_, Jan. 26; Apr. 10, 1847. _Picayune_,
Mar. 6, 18, 1847. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 105. _Anzeiger des
Westens_, Apr. 11, 14; May 17, 18, 1847. =243=Kribben, letters, Oct. 20,
etc., 1846. Wash. =Union=, Mar. 18, 21, 1847. St. Louis _Republican_,
July 3, 1847. _Niles_, Mar. 6, 1847, p. 7; Apr. 3, p. 71; July 3, p.
279. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 496-7 (Don.). Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 171, 1128.
Apuntes, 141-3. Elliott, Notes, 227, 229. Sen. 23; 30, 1, pp. 90-6. Sen.
439; 29, 1, p. 2. (Loss) Ho. 24; 31, 1. Ruxton, Adventures (London,
1847), 171-2, 176, 178, 183. Statement _re_ Doniphan from Hon. Champ
Clark, Jan. 27, 1906. Benton, View, ii, 686-8. Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls.,
ii, no. 4. =212=Hastings, diary. Cooke, Conquest, 39. Hughes, Doniphan's
Exped., 256-67. Connelley, Doniphan's Exped., 589. From =76= the
following. Trias, proclam., Nov. 19, 1846. _Id._, Nov. 23; Dec. 18.
Balmúdez, El Paso, Oct. 28. Vidal, proclam., Dec. 21. _Id._, Dec. 26.
Heredia, Dec. 25. Ponce to Vidal, Dec. 26. Gov. Chih. to prefect El
Paso, Sept. 19.
15.7. October 22 Marcy, learning from Kearny that surplus troops might
be ordered to report to Wool at Chihuahua, directed Taylor to notify
and instruct any such detachment in case he (Taylor) should decide to
have Wool join him (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 365). It was probably possible to
have a Mexican spy go from Parras to Chihuahua and thence north to meet
Doniphan, but so far as we are aware no attempt to do this was made.
15.8. The insurrection will be described in chap. xxxi.
15.9. During the stay at El Paso some of the traders stole away, went to
Chihuahua, and sold ammunition to the enemy.
15.10. Lieut. Col. Mitchell had been ordered south by Price in December
to open communication with Wool, who was believed to be approaching
Chihuahua, and Mitchell had organized the Rangers as an escort.
Christian Kribben, who commanded one of the two companies, wrote (Nov.
30) that Mitchell selected the best men then at S. Fe. The commander was
named Hudson. (See also Richardson, Journal.) Mitchell nearly reached
El Paso while Doniphan was engaged with the Indians; but, alarmed by
reports of Mexican troops, he returned and joined Doniphan. There was no
engineer in Doniphan's command.
15.11. _Events from Dec. 26 to Feb. 27 inclusive._ Sen. Misc. 26; 30,
1, p. 61. =61=Price, Feb. 26, 1847. =61=Wooster, Mar. 7. Gibson, diary.
_Picayune_, Mar. 18. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 105. Wash. _Union_,
Mar. 18. Richardson, Journal. =228=Hughes to Miller, Jan. 26. _Id._
to war dept., Jan. 25. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 498-9 (Don.), 503 (Gilpin).
Apuntes, 143. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 365, 1128. Elliott, Notes, 245.
Ruxton, Adventures (London, 1847), 156, 158, 168. Kendall, Narrative,
ii, 35. Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls., ii, no. 4. Hastings, diary. Hughes,
Doniphan's Exped., 256, 269, 271-4, 280, 286, 289-95, 301-2. From =76=
the following. García Conde, Apr. 5. Comte. gen. Chih., Oct. 10, 1846.
Heredia, Jan. 9, 1847. _Id._ to S. Anna, Dec. 31, 1846; Jan. 5, 1847.
Gov. Sonora to Bustamante, Feb. 28, 1847. Trias, Feb. 7. The artillery
arrived on Feb. 1, but the baggage and provision train not until Feb. 5.
15.12. After the battle the Mexicans represented their forces as small;
but, as Trias himself wrote on February 20 that he would set out the
next day from Chihuahua City with 2000 troops (it is not probable that
he looked upon the rancheros as troops), and García Conde was then north
of the Sacramento with about 800 cavalry, it seems impossible to reduce
the total given in the text.
15.13. _Mexican preparations to defend Chihuahua; the ground and
the fortifications._ Sen. Misc. 26; 30, 1, p. 53. Gibson, diary.
_Republicano_, Mar. 25; Apr. 10; June 8. _Anzeiger des Westens_, May
17, 18. _Diario_, Nov. 5, 1846. Edwards, Campaign, 127. Sen. 1; 30, 1,
pp. 498-513. Apuntes, 143-6. Ruxton, Adventures (London, 1847), 159.
=47=Conner, May 31, 1846. Memoria de ... Guerra, Mar., 1845, p. 28.
Kendall, Narrative, ii, 63. Hastings, diary. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped.,
303-5. From =76= the following. García Conde, Apr. 5, 1847. Martínez,
Oct. 10, 1846. Reyes, Oct. 9, 1846. J. M. Conde, Feb. 24; Mar. 15, 1847.
S. Anna, Oct. 12; Nov. 11; Dec. 24, 1846; Jan. 4, 1847. Tornel, June
25, 1846. Gov. Durango, July 27; Sept. 3, 1846. Re-extracto of Sambrano
letter. Boletín no. 8, Chih. Reyes to Trias, Oct. 7, 1846. Comte. gen.
Durango, Aug. 22; Sept. 3; Oct. 30, 1846. To Reyes, Aug. 31; Sept. 9,
18, 25, 1846. Reyes, Aug. 25; Sept. 14; Oct. 2, 6, 1846. Memo., Sept 9.
To director gen. of artill., Sept. 18. Patriotic junta, plan, July 27,
1846 (reported upon by generals, Sept. 4). Comte. gen. Chih., [Sept.]
15, 1846. Trias, Sept. 19; Dec. 26, 1846; Feb. 20; Oct. 26, 1847. Gov.
Chih., July 23, 1846. Comte. gen. Zacatecas, July 31. Segundo cabo,
Chih., July 18, res., 21, 25; Aug. 17. Estados of troops in Zac., Dur.,
Chih. and N. Mex. Heredia to S. Anna, Dec. 31, 1846; Jan. 5; Feb. 13,
20, 1847. To Heredia, Mar. 13, 1847. Memo, on defence of Chih. Heredia,
Oct. 10; Nov. 2; Dec. 7, 1846; Jan. 19, 26, 30; Feb. 20; Mar. 2, 22,
1847. Estado of Dur. troops sent to Chih., dated Feb. 20, 1847. To
comte. gen. Dur., Sept. 9, 1846. And many others.
15.14. A letter of May 18, 1847, from Chihuahua said that in the opinion
of sensible persons commercial interest in the caravan had much to do
with Doniphan's victories, and that certain extraordinary events could
be explained in no other way (_Republicano_, June 8). =76=Heredia
suspected that Chihuahua merchants were secretly working to bring about
the arrival of the caravan.
15.15. Doniphan might have crossed the cordillera bounding the eastern
side of the valley and turned the Mexican position entirely, wrote
=76=García Conde; but he did not say that the wagons could have gone
that way. If they could not, the plan was impracticable.
15.16. Doniphan said later: "There was no particular generalship at
the battle. You were marched within the proper distance, when you were
turned loose. The enemy first recoiled, then gave way, then fled." To
a great extent this was true. Doniphan knew that he was not a general,
and did not try to play the part. For a time at least he merely watched
and whittled (Edwards, Campaign, 112). Affairs were mostly in the hands
of his subordinates. But he gave some directions. Lieut. Wooster of the
Fourth Artillery, who had arrived at Santa Fe on August 28, was on the
ground, and according to his own report was mainly responsible for the
conduct of the battle.
15.17. _Events of Feb. 28._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 498 (Doniphan),
502 (Mitchell), 503 (Gilpin), 508 (Clark). (Loss) Ho. 24; 31, 1.
=201=Gibson, diary. =212=Hastings, diary. _American Eagle_, V. Cruz, May
26. Richardson, Journal, 61-4. Polk, Diary, May 4. =188=Edwards, diary.
Sen. Misc. 26; 30, 1, p. 53. =61=Wooster, Mar. 7. _Republicano_, Mar.
25; Apr. 10. México á través, iv, 644. _Anzeiger des Westens_, May 18
(Kribben). Wash. _Union_, July 12. _Diario_, Mar. 17; Apr. 8. Edwards,
Campaign, 111-2, 117. _Niles_, July 3, 1847, p. 279. Robinson, Sketches,
57-8. Apuntes, 146-9. Elliott, Notes, 245. =13=Bankhead, no. 29, 1847.
Captain of Vols., Conquest, 38. Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 159. Mo.
Hist. Soc. Colls., ii, no. 4. Benton, View, ii, 686. Cooke, Conquest,
89. =240=Kennerly, narrative. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 306-13.
Connelley, Doniphan's Exped., 418, 590. From =76= the following. García
Conde, Apr. 5. J. M. Conde, Mar. 15. Yáñez, Mar. 23. To Heredia, Mar.
2, 13. Heredia, Mar. 2; Apr. 1. Ugarte, Mar. 10. It is hardly necessary
to point out that howitzers and cavalry should not ordinarily be used
in storming entrenched positions. Ibarra's list of officers killed
during the war (p. 8) mentions but one as falling here. This fact seems
to suggest the true character of the battle. Drawing the fire of the
Mexican fortifications by sweeping to the left prepared the way for our
decisive charge.
15.18. Trias made active efforts but in vain. Heredia had only 200 men
on April 10; and Ugarte on April 15 merely expected to have two small
parties afoot before long. Arlégui, comandante general of Durango,
was anxious to protect his own state by recovering Chihuahua, but the
governor showed no interest in that project.
15.19. Sen. Misc. 26; 30, 1, pp. 61-2. Frost, Taylor, 304. =61=Wooster,
Mar. 7. Gibson, diary. _Republicano_, Apr. 10; June 8. Wash. _Union_,
July 12. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 501 (Doniphan); 503 (Mitchell). Apuntes,
149. Robinson, Sketches, 62. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1088 (Mora); 1128
(Doniphan). Rondé, Voyage, 136. Hastings, diary. Hughes, Doniphan's
Exped., 316, 327, 335. Richardson, Journal. From =76= the following.
Ugarte, Mar. 15; Apr. 8, 15. To comtes. gen. in Jalisco, Zacat., Guanaj.
and Dur., Mar. 13. To Filisola, Apr. 1, 30. Gov. Dur. to comte. gen.,
Mar. 7; Apr. 3. Arlégui, Mar. 31. _Id._, proclam., Apr. 11. Heredia,
Mar. 2, 18; Apr. 8. Trias, May 26. Olivares and Maceyra to Doniphan,
Mar. 5. Gov. Zacatecas, Mar. 18. The news that Mexican forces were
coming was not without foundation. Gen. Filisola, a veteran officer, had
now been given Heredia's place, the comandantes general of three states
had been ordered to the north, and the governor of Durango was expecting
1000 men.
15.20. About sixty-five Comanches had raided Parras just before the
Americans arrived there, killing eight or ten persons. As the people of
the town had been friendly to Wool, Captain Reid with about thirty-five
men pursued the Indians, and without losing a life killed seventeen,
wounded at least twenty-five, and recaptured nineteen boys and girls
besides hundreds of horses and mules. Doniphan's men were reviewed by
Wool at Buena Vista.
15.21. _The return home._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1127, 1131, 1136, 1143,
1170 (Taylor); 1128 (Doniphan); 1144 (Reid). Richardson, Journal.
Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 339-51, 359, 363-5, etc. Sen. Misc. 26;
30, 1, pp. 62-82. =61=Wooster, Mar. 7. =65=Wool, gen. orders 293.
Cutts, Conquest, 89. _Republicano_, June 8. Richardson, Journal.
_Independiente_, May 29. Wash. _Union_, July 12. Scharf, St. Louis, i,
379. Connelley, Doniphan's Exped., 591. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 502. Captain
of Vols., Conquest, 37, 39. Cooke, Conquest, 90, note. =148=Chamberlain,
recolls. =65=Taylor, gen. orders 59. S. Anna, Apelación, app.,
15-7. Connelley, Doniphan's Exped., 596. Mo. Hist. Soc. Colls., ii,
no. 4. Hastings, diary. _Niles_, July 3, 1847, p. 279; July 17, p.
316; Aug. 14, p. 372. Robinson, Sketches, 64-71. =76=Ugarte, May 3.
=76=Relaciones, May 20. =76=Arlégui, May 7, 14. =76=Aguirre, May 14.
=76=Jefe político, Mapimi, May 10. The distance from Chihuahua to
Saltillo was called 675 miles. Doniphan resumed the practice of law,
managed his fine farm, and served in the Missouri senate. When the Civil
War broke out, he supported the Union; but apparently he felt too much
tenderness for his neighbors to take up arms.
XVI. THE CALIFORNIA QUESTION
16.1. In 1845 there entered at Monterey, the only port of entry,
twenty-seven American vessels (9435 tons), eighteen Mexican (2620), four
British (966), three French (756) and three German (525).
16.2. Mexico tried to keep the emigrants out with proclamations and
orders to the California authorities, but the Americans appealed
successfully to the treaty of amity and commerce and (it may be
presumed) to the self-interest of local authorities.
16.3. The Mexican government was urged to buy New Helvetia, and
negotiations began; but it was said that the Americans in the valley
declared they would not permit Sutter to sell, and it seemed doubtful
whether Mexico could hold the place even if she purchased it.