_Handbook of American Indians_, vol. i, p. 265. Heriot (loc. cit., p.
344) mentions six to seven years as not uncommon. Schoolcraft (loc.
cit., vol. v, p. 655) gives eighteen months to two years for the
Oregon Indians.
Footnote 538:
Keating, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 417.
Footnote 539:
Hawtrey, _J. A. I._, vol. xxi, p. 295. Grubb gives three to four years
(_An Unknown People_, p. 142).
Footnote 540:
Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 633.
Footnote 541:
Ibid., vol. ii, p. 281.
Footnote 542:
im Thurn, _Savages of Guiana_, p. 219; Joest, _Int. Arch. Eth._, vol.
v, p. 94.
Footnote 543:
D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, vol. i, p. 47.
Footnote 544:
Forbes, _Journ. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii (new series), p. 224.
Footnote 545:
Joyce, loc. cit., p. 162.
Footnote 546:
Weld, loc. cit., p. 373.
Footnote 547:
Heriot, loc. cit., p. 339.
Footnote 548:
Le Beau, _Aventures, ou Voyage curieux et nouveau_, vol. ii, p. 200.
Footnote 549:
Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 5. Ashe (_Travels_, p. 276) says
that the Shawnees abstain for nine weeks after birth.
Footnote 550:
Holder, _Am. Journ. Obstet._, vol. xxv, p. 44.
Footnote 551:
Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 281.
Footnote 552:
D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, vol. i, p. 47.
Footnote 553:
Hyades and Deniker, loc. cit., vol. vii, p. 195.
Footnote 554:
Ashe, loc. cit., p. 272.
Footnote 555:
Hrdlicka, _S. I. B. E._, Bull. 34, p. 163.
Footnote 556:
Weld, loc. cit., p. 373.
Footnote 557:
Le Beau, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 199.
Footnote 558:
Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 5.
Footnote 559:
p. 99.
Footnote 560:
p. 99.
Footnote 561:
Keating, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 415.
Footnote 562:
Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. v, p. 684.
Footnote 563:
Nordenskiöld, _Zeit. für Eth._, vol. xxxviii, p. 98.
Footnote 564:
Forbes, _Journ. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii, p. 224.
Footnote 565:
Spix and Martius, _Travels_, vol. ii, p. 246.
Footnote 566:
Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 59.
Footnote 567:
Ibid., p. 179.
Footnote 568:
Rengger, loc. cit., p. 133.
Footnote 569:
Ibid., p. 335.
Footnote 570:
von Martius, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 642.
Footnote 571:
D’Orbigny, loc. cit., vol. i, pp. 46 and 47.
Footnote 572:
Pöppig, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 323.
Footnote 573:
Keating, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 394.
Footnote 574:
Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 243.
Footnote 575:
Holder, loc. cit., p. 44.
Footnote 576:
Hrdlicka, loc. cit., p. 163.
Footnote 577:
Russell, 26th _A. R. B. E._, p. 186.
Footnote 578:
Stevenson, 23rd _A. R. B. E._, p. 296.
Footnote 579:
Grinnell, _Am. Anth._, vol. iv, p. 15.
Footnote 580:
Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 183 and 269.
Footnote 581:
Von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brazilien_, p. 123.
Footnote 582:
Ehrenreich, _Königliches Museum zu Berlin_, vol. i, Heft 2, p. 27;
Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 116.
Footnote 583:
Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 243.
Footnote 584:
Ibid., vol. ii, p. 272.
Footnote 585:
Yarrow, _A. R. B. E._, vol. i, p. 99.
Footnote 586:
Hrdlicka, loc. cit., p. 165.
Footnote 587:
Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 93.
Footnote 588:
Ibid., p. 116.
Footnote 589:
Hawtrey, _J. A. I._, vol. xxi, p. 295.
Footnote 590:
Grubb, loc. cit., p. 223.
Footnote 591:
Bonaparte, _Suriname_, p. 48.
Footnote 592:
Smythe and Lowe, _Narrative_, p. 240.
Footnote 593:
Catlin, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 119.
Footnote 594:
Jones, _Ojebway Indians_, p. 64.
Footnote 595:
Neill, _History of Minnesota_, p. 68.
Footnote 596:
Catlin, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 42.
Footnote 597:
Neill, loc. cit., p. 70.
Footnote 598:
Matthews, _U.S. Geog. and Geol. Survey_, Misc. Publications, No. 7, p.
61. For the wars of the Iroquois see Perrot, _Mémoires_, pp. 9 ff. and
pp. 78 ff.
Footnote 599:
Long, loc. cit., p. 29.
Footnote 600:
Speck, _Univ. of Pennsylvania Publications_, vol. i. No. 1, p. 84.
Footnote 601:
Russell, loc. cit., p. 200.
Footnote 602:
Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon_, p. 516. See also Church, loc. cit.,
p. 77.
Footnote 603:
Church, _South America_, pp. 78, 99, and 137. See also Von Martius,
loc. cit., vol. i, p. 129.
Footnote 604:
White, _J. A. I._, vol. xiii, p. 244.
Footnote 605:
Grubb, loc. cit., p. 105.
Footnote 606:
Brett, _Indian Tribes_, p. 357.
Footnote 607:
Wallace, loc. cit., p. 500.
Footnote 608:
Catlin, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 228.
Footnote 609:
Le Beau, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 93 and 98.
Footnote 610:
Speck, loc. cit., p. 14.
Footnote 611:
Ashe, loc. cit., p. 270.
Footnote 612:
Spix and Martius, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 249.
Footnote 613:
For the North American Indians see _Handbook of American Indians_, p.
238.
Footnote 614:
Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 238.
Footnote 615:
Domenech, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 295.
Footnote 616:
Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, vol. ii, p. 90.
Footnote 617:
Heriot, _Travels_, p. 343. Dumarest, speaking of the Cochiti, says
that ‘sometimes, in the midst of winter, the child’s father will take
him out and, after breaking the ice, ... will immerse him in the
river. Formerly when, in winter, children came from bathing in the
river, they were not allowed to approach the fire until their hair was
thawed out’ (_Mem. Am. Anth. Ass._, vol. vi, No. 3, p. 144).
Koch-Grünberg states the mortality is heavy among the children of the
Amazon tribes and that they are dipped in cold water (_Zwei Jahre_,
vol. ii, pp. 59 and 150).
Footnote 618:
Partridge, _Cross River Natives_, p. 254.
Footnote 619:
Thomas, _Ibo-speaking Peoples_, p. 62.
Footnote 620:
Hutereau, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, tome i, p. 4; Cureau,
_Sociétés Primitives_, p. 109.
Footnote 621:
Torday and Joyce, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, tome ii, p. 110.
Footnote 622:
Van Overbergh, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 4, p. 309.
Footnote 623:
Delhaise, ibid., No. 5, p. 157. He thinks, however, that the practice
was introduced by the Arabs.
Footnote 624:
Rochebrune, _Rev. d’Anth._, vol. iv, sér. 2, p. 281.
Footnote 625:
Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 442.
Footnote 626:
Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 288.
Footnote 627:
Ibid., vol. xxxv, p. 420.
Footnote 628:
du Chaillu, _Explorations and Adventures_, p. 162.
Footnote 629:
Johnston, _Uganda Protectorate_, vol. ii, pp. 824 and 878.
Footnote 630:
Dundas, K. R., _J. A. I._, vol. xliii, p. 60.
Footnote 631:
Velten, _Sitten und Gebräuche der Swaheli_, p. 28.
Footnote 632:
Fabry, _Globus_, vol. xci, p. 221.
Footnote 633:
Weule, _East Africa_, p. 305.
Footnote 634:
Reichard, _Z. G. E._, vol. xxiv, p. 253.
Footnote 635:
Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 409, note.
Footnote 636:
Stannus, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 309.
Footnote 637:
Maugham, _Zambezia_, p. 333.
Footnote 638:
Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, p. 206.
Footnote 639:
Ellis, _Yoruba-Speaking Peoples_, p. 185.
Footnote 640:
Delacour, _Rev. d’Eth._, 1912, p. 45.
Footnote 641:
Buttikoffer, _Inter. Arch. Eth._, vol. i, p. 82.
Footnote 642:
Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 174.
Footnote 643:
Tremearne, _Hausa Superstitions and Customs_, p. 93.
Footnote 644:
Torday and Joyce, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, vol. ii, p. 112.
Footnote 645:
Cureau, loc. cit., p. 180.
Footnote 646:
Overbergh, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 3, p. 296.
Footnote 647:
Harris, _Mem. Anth. Soc._, vol. ii, p. 68.
Footnote 648:
Overbergh and Jonghe, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 2, p. 217.
Footnote 649:
Wilson and Felkin, _Uganda_, vol. i, p. 187.
Footnote 650:
Hollis, _Nandi_, p. 65.
Footnote 651:
Plas, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 6, p. 205.
Footnote 652:
Fülleborn, _Nyassa- und Rowuma-Gebiet_, p. 61.
Footnote 653:
Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 55.
Footnote 654:
Gutmann, _Globus_, vol. xcii.
Footnote 655:
Reichard, loc. cit., p. 257.
Footnote 656:
Burton, _Central Africa_, vol. i, p. 117.
Footnote 657:
Junod, _Ba-Ronga_, p. 19.
Footnote 658:
Felkin, _Trans. Edin. Obstet. Soc._, vol. ix, p. 19.
Footnote 659:
Lichtenstein, _Travels_, vol. i, p. 260.
Footnote 660:
Kidd, _Essential Kaffir_, p. 19.
Footnote 661:
Denham and Clapperton, _Narrative_, p. 319.
Footnote 662:
Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 417.
Footnote 663:
Junod, _South African Tribe_, p. 183.
Footnote 664:
Stannus, loc. cit., p. 310.
Footnote 665:
Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 347.
Footnote 666:
Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, p. 206.
Footnote 667:
Ellis, _Yoruba-Speaking Peoples_, p. 185.
Footnote 668:
Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 174.
Footnote 669:
Ibid., vol. xxxvi, p. 93.
Footnote 670:
Ling Roth, _Great Benin_, p. 39.
Footnote 671:
Granville, _J. A. I._, vol. xxvii, p. 106.
Footnote 672:
Mungo Park, _Travels_, p. 402.
Footnote 673:
Tremearne, _Head Hunters of Nigeria_, p. 239.
Footnote 674:
Harris, loc. cit., p. 36.
Footnote 675:
Desplagnes, _Plateau Central Nigerien_, p. 227.
Footnote 676:
Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_, p. 11.
Footnote 677:
Reade, _South Africa_, p. 45.
Footnote 678:
Cureau, loc. cit., p. 378.
Footnote 679:
Johnston, _George Grenfell and the Congo_, p. 671.
Footnote 680:
Ward, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiv, p. 289.
Footnote 681:
Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 418.
Footnote 682:
Overbergh and Jonghe, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 1, p. 199.
Footnote 683:
Ibid., No. 2, p. 219.
Footnote 684:
Halkin, ibid., No. 7, p. 260.
Footnote 685:
Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 51.
Footnote 686:
Gaud, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 8, p. 154.
Footnote 687:
Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 154.
Footnote 688:
Hutereau, loc. cit., p. 46.
Footnote 689:
Plas, loc. cit., p. 203.
Footnote 690:
Ibid., p. 205.
Footnote 691:
Hollis, _Nandi_, p. 66.
Footnote 692:
Ibid., p. 65.
Footnote 693:
Hobley, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxiii, p. 358.
Footnote 694:
Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 187.
Footnote 695:
Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 55. Ratzel (_History_, vol. iii, p. 16) gives
three years.
Footnote 696:
Thomson, _Geog. Journ._, vol. iv, p. 73.
Footnote 697:
Velten, loc. cit., p. 73.
Footnote 698:
Dundas, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 60.
Footnote 699:
Reichard, loc. cit., p. 257.
Footnote 700:
Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 352.
Footnote 701:
Fabry, loc. cit., p. 223.
Footnote 702:
Cole, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 312.
Footnote 703:
Stannus, loc. cit., p. 311.
Footnote 704:
Felkin, loc. cit., p. 31.
Footnote 705:
Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 415.
Footnote 706:
Junod, _Ba-Ronga_, p. 490.
Footnote 707:
Kidd, _Essential Kaffir_, p. 19.
Footnote 708:
Pechuel-Loesche, _Loango-Expedition_, p. 31.
Footnote 709:
Junod, _South African Tribe_, vol. i, p. 488.
Footnote 710:
Junod, ibid. See Macdonald, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 117.
Footnote 711:
Cureau, loc. cit., p. 189.
Footnote 712:
Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 552, note.
Footnote 713:
Junod, loc. cit., p. 55.
Footnote 714:
Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 550.
Footnote 715:
Mungo Park, loc. cit., p. 403.
Footnote 716:
Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 174.
Footnote 717:
Talbot, _Shadow of the Bush_, p. 12.
Footnote 718:
Burton, _Abeokuta_, vol. i, p. 207.
Footnote 719:
Mondière, _Rev. d’Anth._, vol. iv, p. 75.
Footnote 720:
Buttikoffer, loc. cit., p. 82.
Footnote 721:
Overbergh and Jonghe, loc. cit., No. 1, p. 201.
Footnote 722:
Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 420.
Footnote 723:
Cureau, loc. cit., p. 138.
Footnote 724:
Plas, loc. cit., p. 208.
Footnote 725:
Schmitz, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 9, p. 595.
Footnote 726:
Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxv, p. 51.
Footnote 727:
Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 157.
Footnote 728:
Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 4, p. 297.
Footnote 729:
Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 51.
Footnote 730:
Velten, loc. cit., p. 28.
Footnote 731:
Routledge, _Prehistoric People_, p. 136. Owing to the fact that the
families are incomplete, there is some uncertainty about these
figures.
Footnote 732:
Roscoe, _Man_, vol. ix, p. 118. See also same author’s _Northern
Bantu_, p. 151.
Footnote 733:
Reichard, loc. cit., p. 255.
Footnote 734:
Stannus, loc. cit., p. 310.
Footnote 735:
Elton, _Journal_, p. 6.
Footnote 736:
Barrow, _Travels_, vol. i, p. 97. See also Theal, _Yellow- and
Dark-Skinned People_, p. 86.
Footnote 737:
Little, _Madagascar_, p. 64.
Footnote 738:
Delacour, loc. cit., p. 45.
Footnote 739:
Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 171.
Footnote 740:
Johnston, _George Grenfell and the Congo_, p. 671.
Footnote 741:
Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 449; Overbergh and Jonghe, loc.
cit., No. 1, p. 201.
Footnote 742:
Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 228.
Footnote 743:
Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 147.
Footnote 744:
Halkin, loc. cit., p. 259. Hutereau (loc. cit., p. 101) says that it
is not often employed.
Footnote 745:
Rochebrune, loc. cit., p. 283.
Footnote 746:
Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 4, p. 298.
Footnote 747:
Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 111.
Footnote 748:
Lübbert, _Mitth. der Forschungsreisenden_, vol. xiv, p. 88.
Footnote 749:
Hobley, _Akamba_, p. 58.
Footnote 750:
Velten, loc. cit., p. 29.
Footnote 751:
Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 352.
Footnote 752:
Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 417; Angus, _Azimba and
Chipitaland_, p. 324.
Footnote 753:
Maugham, _Zambezia_, p. 339.
Footnote 754:
Maclean, _Kaffir Laws and Customs_, p. 62.
Footnote 755:
Ellis, _History of Madagascar_, vol. i, p. 55.
Footnote 756:
Kolben, _Cape of Good Hope_, vol. i, p. 144.
Footnote 757:
Ellis, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 155; Little, loc. cit., p. 60.
Footnote 758:
Tremearne, _Hausa Superstitions_, p. 93.
Footnote 759:
Ibid., _Head Hunters of Nigeria_, p. 239.
Footnote 760:
Cureau, loc. cit., p. 177; Ward, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiv, p. 291. Torday
(_Camp and Tramp_, p. 142), when speaking of the Bayaka, mentions them
as an exception to the general rule that Congo tribes kill misshapen
children.
Footnote 761:
Gaud, loc. cit., p. 257.
Footnote 762:
Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 3, p. 241.
Footnote 763:
Halkin, loc. cit., p. 260.
Footnote 764:
Torday and Joyce, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, tome ii, p. 113.
Footnote 765:
Krapf, _Travels_, p. 193.
Footnote 766:
Hildebrand, _Recht und Sitte_, p. 293.
Footnote 767:
Livingstone, _Labours and Travels_, p. 577.
Footnote 768:
Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 62.
Footnote 769:
Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 417.
Footnote 770:
Maugham, _Portuguese East Africa_, p. 270.
Footnote 771:
Barrow, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 157; Kidd, _Essential Kaffir_, p. 202;
Shooter, _Kaffirs of Natal_, p. 88.
Footnote 772:
Theal, _History and Ethnography_, vol. i, p. 48.
Footnote 773:
Harris, loc. cit., p. 27.
Footnote 774:
Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, p. 190; Maclean, _Compendium_, p. 62.
Footnote 775:
F. E. Forbes, _Dahomey_, p. 15.
Footnote 776:
Ling Roth, _Great Benin_, p. 125.
Footnote 777:
See Forbes, loc. cit., p. 23.
Footnote 778:
Tremearne, _Head Hunters of Nigeria_, _passim_.
Footnote 779:
Beecham, _Ashantee_, p. 207.
Footnote 780:
See Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, pp. 117 ff.
Footnote 781:
Cureau, loc. cit., p. 348.
Footnote 782:
Weeks, _Congo Cannibals_, p. 222.
Footnote 783:
Du Chaillu, loc. cit., p. 161.
Footnote 784:
Ibid., p. 386.
Footnote 785:
Burrows, loc. cit., p. 38. For the Azanda and Abandia see Hutereau,
loc. cit., p. 36 and p. 44.
Footnote 786:
Coquilhat, _Haut-Congo_, p. 287; Overbergh and Jonghe, loc. cit., No.
1, p. 413.
Footnote 787:
Torday, loc. cit., pp. 97 ff.; Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol.
xxxv, p. 416.
Footnote 788:
Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 289.
Footnote 789:
Ibid., vol. xxxv, p. 49.
Footnote 790:
Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 346.
Footnote 791:
Hollis, _Masai_, _passim_.
Footnote 792:
Hobley, _Akamba_, p. 45. See also Dundas, _J. A. I._, vol. xliii, p.
505.
Footnote 793:
Routledge, _Prehistoric People_, p. 13.
Footnote 794:
Dundas, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 51.
Footnote 795:
Roscoe, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvii, p. 108.
Footnote 796:
Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 470.
Footnote 797:
Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 344.
Footnote 798:
Same author, _History_, vol. i, p. 38.
Footnote 799:
Kolben, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 282.
Footnote 800:
Hutchinson, _Western Africa_, p. 150. See also same author’s _Ten
Years’ Wanderings_, p. 54.
Footnote 801:
Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 98.
Footnote 802:
Torday, loc. cit., p. 137.
Footnote 803:
Maugham, _British Central Africa_, p. 276.
Footnote 804:
Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 205.
Footnote 805:
Wilson, _Western Africa_, pp. 115 and 179; Beecham, loc. cit., p. 227.
Footnote 806:
Burrows, loc. cit., p. 43.
Footnote 807:
Du Chaillu, loc. cit., p. 271.
Footnote 808:
Werner, _Native Races_, p. 168.
Footnote 809:
Macdonald, loc. cit., p. 106.
Footnote 810:
Junod, _South African Tribe_, vol. i, p. 417.
Footnote 811:
Parker, G. W., _J. A. I._, vol. xii, p. 478.
Footnote 812:
Weeks, _Congo Cannibals_, p. 341.
Footnote 813:
On this subject see Davidson, _Geographical Pathology_; Clemow,
_Geography of Disease_; Hirsch, _Geographical and Historical
Pathology_; and Johnston, _Negro in the New World_, pp. 15 ff.
Footnote 814:
Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 174.
Footnote 815:
Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 174.
Footnote 816:
Ellenberger, _Basuto_, p. 295.
Footnote 817:
Barrow, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 109.
Footnote 818:
Harris, loc. cit., p. 68.
Footnote 819:
Talbot, loc. cit., p. 12.
Footnote 820:
Mungo Park, loc. cit., p. 403.
Footnote 821:
Du Chaillu, loc. cit., p. 163.
Footnote 822:
Johnston, _George Grenfell and the Congo_, vol. ii, p. 672.
Footnote 823:
Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 4, p. 297.
Footnote 824:
Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 418.
Footnote 825:
Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 3, p. 244.
Footnote 826:
Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 157.
Footnote 827:
Gutmann, loc. cit., p. 3.
Footnote 828:
Leslie, _Zulus and Amatongas_, p. 198.
Footnote 829:
Casalis, _Basutos_, p. 193.
Footnote 830:
Holden, loc. cit., p. 172.
Footnote 831:
Best, _Man_, vol. xiv, p. 32.
Footnote 832:
Dieffenbach, _Travels_, vol. ii, p. 16; Angas, _Australia and New
Zealand_, vol. i, p. 314; Tuke, _Edinburgh Medical Journal_, vol. ix,
part 1, p. 224; Tregear, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 101.
Footnote 833:
Dumas, _Collection des Thèses_, p. 18.
Footnote 834:
Kubary, _Journal des Museum Godeffroy_, vol. i, p. 53. See also same
author, _Ethnographische Beiträge_, p. 148.
Footnote 835:
Brainne, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_, p. 250.
Footnote 836:
Codrington, _Melanesians_, p. 235.
Footnote 837:
Danks, _J. A. I._, vol. xviii, p. 288.
Footnote 838:
Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 297.
Footnote 839:
Murray, _Papua_, p. 195.
Footnote 840:
Seligman, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 302.
Footnote 841:
Epp, _Holländisch-Ostindien_, p. 393.
Footnote 842:
Kreutz, _Zeit. Soc. Wiss._, vol. ii, p. 201.
Footnote 843:
Pritchard, _Polynesian Reminiscences_, p. 141.
Footnote 844:
Ribbe, _Zwei Jahre_, p. 144.
Footnote 845:
Bernard, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_, p. 288. See also Glaumont, _Rev.
d’Eth._, vol. vii, p. 80; Lortsch, _Globus_, 1885, p. 107; and
Moncelon, _Bull. Soc. Anth._, vol. ix, p. 361.
Footnote 846:
Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 176.
Footnote 847:
Thurmwald, _Forschungen_, p. 123.
Footnote 848:
Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_, p. 233.
Footnote 849:
Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, p. 100.
Footnote 850:
Jenks, _Ethnological Survey Publications_, vol. i, p. 61.
Footnote 851:
Hitchcock, _A. R. B. E._, 1890, p. 465.
Footnote 852:
Moerenhaut, _Voyages_, p. 62.
Footnote 853:
_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. v, p. 247.
Footnote 854:
Tregear, loc. cit., p. 103.
Footnote 855:
_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. v, p. 199.
Footnote 856:
Thomson, _Savage Island_, p. 141.
Footnote 857:
Kubary, _Journal des Museum Godeffroy_, vol. i, p. 54.
Footnote 858:
Krämer, _Samoa-Inseln_, vol. i, p. 38.
Footnote 859:
Seligman, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 302. See also Seligman,
_Melanesians_, p. 86.
Footnote 860:
Schellong, _Zeit. für Eth._, vol. xxviii, p. 19.
Footnote 861:
Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 144.
Footnote 862:
Glaumont, loc. cit., p. 80.
Footnote 863:
Lambert, _Néo-Calédoniens_, p. 104.
Footnote 864:
Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 37.
Footnote 865:
Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 176.
Footnote 866:
Ibid., p. 178.
Footnote 867:
Seeman, _Viti_, p. 191.
Footnote 868:
Seligman, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 303.
Footnote 869:
Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 165.
Footnote 870:
Pfeil, _Studien und Beobachtungen_, p. 31.
Footnote 871:
Angas, loc. cit., p. 314.
Footnote 872:
Dieffenbach, loc. cit., p. 33.
Footnote 873:
Brown, _New Zealand_, p. 40.
Footnote 874:
Haddon, _J. A. I._, vol. xix. p. 359.
Footnote 875:
_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. iii, p. 108.
Footnote 876:
Krämer, _Die Samoa-Inseln_, p. 335.
Footnote 877:
Turner, _Samoa_, p. 83.
Footnote 878:
Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 194.
Footnote 879:
Kubary, _Journal des Museum Godeffroy_, vol. i, p. 54.
Footnote 880:
Melville, _Narrative_, p. 213.
Footnote 881:
Tautain, _L’Anthropologie_, vol. ix, p. 418.
Footnote 882:
Jenkins, _Voyage_, p. 404.
Footnote 883:
Seligman, _Melanesians_, p. 80.
Footnote 884:
Stone, _New Guinea_, p. 93.
Footnote 885:
Krieger, loc. cit., pp. 165, 293, and 390. Neuhaus confirms this
(_Deutsch Neu-Guinea_, vol. i, p. 150).
Footnote 886:
Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 37.
Footnote 887:
Pfeil, loc. cit., p. 32. See also Stephan and Graebner,
_Neu-Mecklenberg_, p. 16.
Footnote 888:
Lortsch, loc. cit., p. 107; De Vaux, ‘Les Canaques’, _Rev. d’Eth._,
vol. ii, p. 330.
Footnote 889:
Blyth, _Glasgow Medical Journal_, vol. xxviii, p. 178.
Footnote 890:
Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, vol. i, p. 106.
Footnote 891:
Brooke, _Sarawak_, vol. ii, p. 335.
Footnote 892:
Wallace, _Malay Archipelago_, vol. i, p. 141.
Footnote 893:
Bock, _Head Hunters_, p. 211.
Footnote 894:
Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_, p. 27.
Footnote 895:
Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, p. 219.
Footnote 896:
Modigliani, _Viaggio_, p. 554.
Footnote 897:
Bickman, _Travels_, p. 278.
Footnote 898:
Kreutz, loc. cit., p. 40.
Footnote 899:
Batchelor, _Ainu_, p. 19.
Footnote 900:
Hitchcock, loc. cit., p. 465.
Footnote 901:
Dieffenbach, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 12; Goldie, _Trans. and Proc. N.
Z. Inst._, vol. xxxvii, p. 110; Tuke, loc. cit., p. 735.
Footnote 902:
Hunt, _J. A. I._, vol. xxviii, p. 9.
Footnote 903:
Haddon, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 359.
Footnote 904:
_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 197.
Footnote 905:
Dumas, loc. cit., p. 18.
Footnote 906:
Jenkins, loc. cit., p. 404; Krämer, loc. cit., p. 335; Thomson,
_Fijians_, p. 211.
Footnote 907:
Krämer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 53; Turner, _Samoa_, p. 79.
Footnote 908:
Gardiner, _J. A. I._, vol. xxvii, p. 480.
Footnote 909:
Thomson, _Savage Island_, p. 141.
Footnote 910:
Pritchard, _Polynesian Reminiscences_, p. 423; Waterhouse, _King and
People of Fiji_, p. 327; Thomson (_Fijians_, p. 180) thinks that it
has been introduced lately. On the other hand Blyth says that it was
formerly more prevalent than it is now (loc. cit., p. 181).
Footnote 911:
Hagen and Pineau, _Rev. d’Eth._, vol. vii, p. 332.
Footnote 912:
Jamieson, _Aust. Med. Journ._, new series, vol. vii, p. 53.
Footnote 913:
Bernard, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_, p. 288; Rochas, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_,
p. 200.
Footnote 914:
Codrington, _Melanesians_, p. 229; Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 144;
Parkinson, _Int. Arch. Eth._, vol. xiii, p. 8; Elton, _J. A. I._, vol.
xvii, p. 93.
Footnote 915:
Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 33; Danks, _J. A. I._, vol. xviii, p. 291;
Pfeil, loc. cit., p. 313; Stephan and Graebner, loc. cit., p. 18.
Footnote 916:
Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 194.
Footnote 917:
Riedel, _Rev. Col. Inter._, vol. ii, p. 71.
Footnote 918:
Krieger, loc. cit., p. 165 (German New Guinea), p. 292 (British New
Guinea), and p. 390 (Dutch New Guinea).
Footnote 919:
Ibid., p. 392.
Footnote 920:
Murray, _Papua_, p. 194.
Footnote 921:
Rosenberg, _Malayische Archipel_, p. 454.
Footnote 922:
Williamson, _Mafulu People_, p. 176.
Footnote 923:
Seligman, _Melanesians_, p. 135.
Footnote 924:
Ibid., p. 568.
Footnote 925:
Modigliani, loc. cit., p. 554.
Footnote 926:
Kreutz, loc. cit., p. 201.
Footnote 927:
Jenks, loc. cit., p. 60.
Footnote 928:
Turner, _Samoa_, p. 280.
Footnote 929:
Angas, _Australia and New Zealand_, vol. i, p. 312.
Footnote 930:
Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui_, p. 338.
Footnote 931:
Tuke, loc. cit., p. 221.
Footnote 932:
Polack, _Manners and Customs_, vol. ii, p. 92. See also Meade, _Ride_,
p. 163, and Dieffenbach, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 16.
Footnote 933:
Brown, _New Zealand_, p. 41; Earle, _Narrative_, p. 243.
Footnote 934:
Haddon, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 359; _Cambridge Anthropological
Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 107.
Footnote 935:
_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 107.
Footnote 936:
Tuituila, _Journ. Pol. Soc._, vol. i, p. 267.
Footnote 937:
West, _Ten Years_, p. 270.
Footnote 938:
Turner, _Samoa_, p. 79; Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 47.
Footnote 939:
Krämer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 53.
Footnote 940:
Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 141.
Footnote 941:
Rivers, _Melanesian Society_, vol. i, p. 313.
Footnote 942:
Thurmwald, _Zeit. für Eth._, vol. xlii, p. 111.
Footnote 943:
Gill, _Coral Islands_, vol. ii, p. 13.
Footnote 944:
Edgeworth David, _Funafuti_, p. 195.
Footnote 945:
Lutteroth, _Insel Tahiti_, p. 12.
Footnote 946:
Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, vol. i, pp. 249 ff.; same author,
_Tour through Hawaii_, p. 325.
Footnote 947:
Kotzebue, _Voyage_, p. 211.
Footnote 948:
Ellis, _Narrative_, pp. 324 ff.; Angas, _Polynesia_, p. 144; Dumas,
loc. cit., p. 19. The last-named author says that it was undoubtedly
more prevalent before the arrival of Europeans than later.
Footnote 949:
Waterhouse, loc. cit., p. 328.
Footnote 950:
Glaumond, loc. cit., p. 79.
Footnote 951:
Bernard, loc. cit., p. 288.
Footnote 952:
Moncelin, loc. cit., p. 357.
Footnote 953:
Somerville, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiii, p. 4. According to Paton,
‘Infanticide is systematically practised’ (_New Hebrides_, p. 452).
Footnote 954:
Meinecke, _Z. G. E._, vol. ix, p. 340.
Footnote 955:
Codrington, _Melanesians_, p. 229.
Footnote 956:
Kotzebue, loc. cit., p. 173.
Footnote 957:
Turner, _Samoa_, p. 284.
Footnote 958:
Hale, _U.S. Exploring Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 15.
Footnote 959:
Elton, _J. A. I._, vol. xvii, p. 93.
Footnote 960:
Guppy, _Solomon Islands_, p. 42.
Footnote 961:
Elton, loc. cit., p. 93; Somerville, _J. A. I._, vol. xxvi, p. 393;
Parkinson, loc. cit., p. 8; Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 144.
Footnote 962:
Verguet, _Rev. d’Eth._, vol. iv, p. 206.
Footnote 963:
Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 36; Pfeil, loc. cit., p. 18.
Footnote 964:
Seligman, _Melanesians_, p. 568.
Footnote 965:
Ibid., p. 705.
Footnote 966:
Williamson, _Mafulu People_, p. 176.
Footnote 967:
Murray, loc. cit., p. 194.
Footnote 968:
Erdweg, _Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_,
vol. xxxii, p. 281.
Footnote 969:
Newton, _New Guinea_, p. 189.
Footnote 970:
St. John, _Forests of the Far East_, vol. i, p. 48; Brooke, loc. cit.,
vol. ii, p. 337.
Footnote 971:
Ratzel, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 268; Romilly, _Western Pacific_, p. 68.
Footnote 972:
Moerenhaut, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 30, says that ‘Tous ces peuples
étaient très fréquemment en guerre’.
Footnote 973:
Dieffenbach, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 16; Tregear, _J. A. I._, vol. xix,
p. 110.
Footnote 974:
Hunt, loc. cit., p. 10.
Footnote 975:
_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. iv, p. 6; vol. v, p. 229;
and vol. vi, p. 189.
Footnote 976:
Ibid., vol. v, p. 298.
Footnote 977:
Ellis, _Narrative_, p. 4; Dumas, loc. cit., p. 19.
Footnote 978:
Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, p. 293; Lutteroth, loc. cit., p. 17.
Footnote 979:
Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, p. 294.
Footnote 980:
Turner, _Samoa_, p. 189; Pritchard, loc. cit., p. 55; Angas,
_Polynesia_, p. 270.
Footnote 981:
Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 173.
Footnote 982:
Gardiner, _J. A. I._, vol. xxvii, p. 470.
Footnote 983:
Ibid., p. 474.
Footnote 984:
Gill, _Coral Islands_, vol. ii, p. 12.
Footnote 985:
Jenkins, loc. cit., p. 407.
Footnote 986:
Kubary, _Journal des Museum Godeffroy_, vol. i, p. 62; Wilson, _Pelew
Islands_, p. 334.
Footnote 987:
Seligman, _Melanesians_, p. 671.
Footnote 988:
Williams, _Fiji_, p. 43.
Footnote 989:
Ibid., p. 203. He calculates the annual loss as from 1,500 to 2,000,
and adds that this should be increased in order to include widows
strangled on the death of their husbands (p. 53).
Footnote 990:
Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 86.
Footnote 991:
Hagen and Pineau, loc. cit., p. 336.
Footnote 992:
Lambert, loc. cit., pp. 173 ff.; Moncelon, loc. cit., p. 358; de
Rochas, p. 304; Brainne, loc. cit., pp. 244 ff.
Footnote 993:
Guppy, loc. cit., p. 33; Verguet, loc. cit., p. 215.
Footnote 994:
Romilly, _Western Pacific_, p. 69.
Footnote 995:
Seligman, _Melanesians_, p. 121.
Footnote 996:
Abel, _New Guinea_, pp. 129 ff.; Williamson, _Mafulu People_, p. 180;
Reche, _Südsee-Expedition_, 1908–10, p. 289.
Footnote 997:
Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, vol. ii, p. 117; Hose and McDougall, _Pagan
Tribes_, pp. 158 ff.
Footnote 998:
Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, vol. ii, p. 120.
Footnote 999:
Batchelor, loc. cit., p. 15.
Footnote 1000:
Chalmers, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxiii, p. 123.
Footnote 1001:
Thomson, _British New Guinea_, p. 23.
Footnote 1002:
Woodford, _Head Hunters_, p. 154; Guppy, loc. cit., p. 16; Romilly,
_Western Pacific_, p. 73.
Footnote 1003:
Hickson, _New Hebrides_, p. 275.
Footnote 1004:
Hose and McDougall, loc. cit., p. 187.
Footnote 1005:
Ibid., p. 187.
Footnote 1006:
Gomes, _Sea Dyaks_, p. 5.
Footnote 1007:
Brooke, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 121; Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, vol. ii, p.
143.
Footnote 1008:
Brooke, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 121; St. John, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 68.
Footnote 1009:
Jenks, loc. cit., p. 172.
Footnote 1010:
Ibid., p. 182.
Footnote 1011:
Romilly, _From my Verandah_, p. 52.
Footnote 1012:
Von der Sande, _Nova Guinea_, vol. iii, p. 270. Neuhaus, loc. cit.,
vol. i, p. 131, attributes considerable importance to this factor.
Footnote 1013:
It is again noticeable that in the accounts of the older observers the
general good health of these races is remarked upon. See, for
instance, Kotzebue, loc. cit., p. 129 (for the Sandwich Islands) and
p. 170 (for Radeck); Cheyne, _Western Pacific Ocean_, p. 9 (for Island
of Pines).
Footnote 1014:
Newton, loc. cit., p. 189. For New Ireland see Stephan and Graebner,
loc. cit., p. 18, where the high child mortality is attributed to
exposure.
Footnote 1015:
Kreutz, loc. cit., p. 202.
Footnote 1016:
Turner, _Samoa_, p. 135.
Footnote 1017:
Jenks, loc. cit., p. 61. For the whole question of child mortality
among primitive races see Gerland, _Über das Aussterben der
Naturvölker_, p. 24 to p. 39.
Footnote 1018:
Bogoras, _Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, p. 690.
Footnote 1019:
Jochelson, ibid., vol. ix, p. 110.
Footnote 1020:
Ibid., vol. vi, p. 413.
Footnote 1021:
Ibid., vol. ix, p. 104.
Footnote 1022:
Sumner, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxi, p. 79.
Footnote 1023:
For instance, by Sumner, loc. cit., p. 79, for the Yakuts; by Jackson,
_Great Frozen Land_, p. 82, for the Samoyeds; and by Georgi,
_Bemerkungen_, vol. i, p. 265, for the Tunguses.
Footnote 1024:
Krasheninicoff, _History of Kamtchatka_, p. 216. De Lesseps
(_Travels_, vol. i, p. 133) puts the average at four to five children.
It may be noticed that according to Pallas (_Reise_, vol. iii, p. 77)
the Samoyeds do not cohabit for two months after the birth of a child.
Footnote 1025:
Sograff, _Arch. für Anth._, vol. xiv, p. 293.
Footnote 1026:
Jochelson, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 414.
Footnote 1027:
Krasheninicoff, loc. cit., p. 217.
Footnote 1028:
Stellers, _Kamtchatka_, p. 349.
Footnote 1029:
Sarytschev, _Collection of Voyages_, vol. vi, p. 50; Bogoras, loc.
cit., p. 513.
Footnote 1030:
Finsch, _Reise_, p. 538. See Georgi, loc. cit., p. 263, for the
Tunguses and Bogoras, loc. cit., p. 33, for the Chuckee.
Footnote 1031:
See Finsch, loc. cit., p. 538, for the Ostyaks and Samoyeds;
Jochelson, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 423, for the Koryak; and Sumner,
loc. cit., p. 79, for the Yakuts.
Footnote 1032:
On this subject see Cannan, _Theories of Production and Distribution_,
ch. v. Professor Cannan’s work has been used in this and in the two
following sections.
Footnote 1033:
Nicholson, _Political Economy_, vol. i, p. 182, note.
Footnote 1034:
Cannan, loc. cit., p. 143.
Footnote 1035:
Cannan, loc. cit., p. 144.
Footnote 1036:
Nicholson, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 163.
Footnote 1037:
Cannan, _Wealth_, p. 68. This is frequently misunderstood. Thus we
read that ‘occasionally, from accidental circumstances, England was
for a short time under-populated, and these were the periods when ...
the labourer was well off’ (Inge, loc. cit., p. 90). The evidence
alluded to would tend to show that there was previously a condition of
over-population. In any case a people as a whole is not better off
when under-population arises.
Footnote 1038:
Cannan, _Theories of Production and Distribution_, p. 181.
Footnote 1039:
See Leroy-Beaulieu, _Question de la Population_, ch. iii.
Footnote 1040:
Quoted by Nicholson, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 180.
Footnote 1041:
Ling Roth, _Tasmania_, p. 116.
Footnote 1042:
Bonwick, loc. cit., p. 83.
Footnote 1043:
Wheeler, _Tribe in Australia_, p. 35.
Footnote 1044:
Wheeler, loc. cit., p. 45. Malinowski (loc. cit., p. 152) comments on
this tribal over-right, which, he says, is shadowy.
Footnote 1045:
See, for instance, Brown, _J. A. I._, vol. xliii, p. 144, for Western
Australia; Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes_, p. 7, for Central
Australia; and Stanbridge, _Trans. Eth. Soc._, new series, vol. i, p.
286, for Victoria.
Footnote 1046:
Malinowski, loc. cit., p. 156.
Footnote 1047:
Brown, _J. A. I._, vol. xliii, p. 145. Spencer and Gillen describe the
ownership by local groups of quarries where stone suitable for making
instruments is found (_Native Tribes_, p. 590).
Footnote 1048:
Ibid., p. 146. See, too, Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes_, p. 27.
Footnote 1049:
Stanbridge, loc. cit., p. 286. See also Parker, _Aborigines_, p. 12.
Footnote 1050:
Brown, _Geog. Journ._, vol. i, p. 12.
Footnote 1051:
Eyre, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 297.
Footnote 1052:
Smyth, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 145.
Footnote 1053:
Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_, p. 147.
Footnote 1054:
See Grosse, _Die Formen der Familie_, p. 35.
Footnote 1055:
Stow, loc. cit., p. 35.
Footnote 1056:
Ibid., p. 86.
Footnote 1057:
Klutschak, loc. cit., p. 227.
Footnote 1058:
Rink, loc. cit., p. 31.
Footnote 1059:
‘Captain Cook found among the Ahts “very strict notions of their
having a right to the exclusive property of everything that their
country produces”, so that they claimed pay for even wood, water, and
grass. The limits of their tribal property are very clearly defined,
but individuals rarely claim any property in land’ (Bancroft, loc.
cit., vol. i, p. 191). See also Dellenbaugh, _North Americans_, pp.
410 ff.
Footnote 1060:
_Handbook of American Indians_, Article ‘Land Tenure’.
Footnote 1061:
Harmon, loc. cit., p. 255.
Footnote 1062:
Hill Tout, _British North America_, p. 147. See also Bancroft, loc.
cit., vol. i, p. 118.
Footnote 1063:
Ibid., p. 157.
Footnote 1064:
Ibid., p. 159.
Footnote 1065:
_Handbook of American Indians_, Article ‘Property’. See Teit, loc.
cit., vol. ii, p. 255, for a description of this among the Lillooet
Indians; also Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 230, and Niblack, loc.
cit., pp. 298 and 337.
Footnote 1066:
Swanton, _Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. v, p. 71.
Footnote 1067:
Elliot, _Arctic Province_, p. 54.
Footnote 1068:
Krause, loc. cit., p. 167. Before leaving the Indians it is worth
noticing that each family had, as a rule, its own store of food. Many
different methods of storing food are known; the more migratory tribes
of the Salish and the Tinneh stored food either in detached sheds
elevated on posts several feet from the ground, or where the soil was
unusually dry in well-like holes. See Hill Tout, _British North
America_, p. 108.
Footnote 1069:
Sarasins, loc. cit., vol. iii, pp. 475 ff. See also Seligman, loc.
cit., p. 106.
Footnote 1070:
Cooper, loc. cit., p. 178.
Footnote 1071:
Hobhouse, Wheeler, and Ginsberg, _Institutions of the Simpler
Peoples_, pp. 243 ff.
Footnote 1072:
_Handbook of American Indians_, Article ‘Property’.
Footnote 1073:
Ibid., Article ‘Land Tenure’.
Footnote 1074:
Fletcher and La Flesche, 27th _A. R. B. E._, p. 269. Dorsey (loc.
cit., p. 366) gives further details.
Footnote 1075:
Joyce, _Mexican Archaeology_, p. 116.
Footnote 1076:
Spix and Martius, vol. i, p. 83.
Footnote 1077:
Bartle Frere, _J. A. I._, vol. xii, p. 260.
Footnote 1078:
Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking People_, p. 217.
Footnote 1079:
Ibid., _Yoruba-Speaking People_, p. 188.
Footnote 1080:
Talbot, loc. cit., p. 262.
Footnote 1081:
Scott Elliot, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiii, p. 82.
Footnote 1082:
Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 187.
Footnote 1083:
Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 123.
Footnote 1084:
Ibid., p. 129.
Footnote 1085:
Torday and Joyce, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, tome ii, p. 91.
Footnote 1086:
Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 2, p. 465.
Footnote 1087:
Hobley, _Akamba_, pp. 82 and 136 ff.
Footnote 1088:
Halkin, loc. cit., p. 493.
Footnote 1089:
Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 15.
Footnote 1090:
Routledge, _Prehistoric People_, p. 39.
Footnote 1091:
Werner, loc. cit., p. 179.
Footnote 1092:
Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 471.
Footnote 1093:
Junod, _South African Tribe_, vol. i, p. 307.
Footnote 1094:
Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 230.
Footnote 1095:
Conder, _J. A. I._, vol. xvi, p. 86.
Footnote 1096:
Hahn, _Z. G. E._, vol. iii, p. 255. For Madagascar, where conditions
are much the same, see Parker, _J. A. I._, vol. xii.
Footnote 1097:
Wilson, _Pelew Islands_, p. 297.
Footnote 1098:
Tregear, loc. cit., p. 106.
Footnote 1099:
Ling Roth, loc. cit., p. 419.
Footnote 1100:
Thomson, _British New Guinea_, p. 194.
Footnote 1101:
Müller, _Unter Tungusen_, p. 46.
Footnote 1102:
Howitt, _Native Tribes_, p. 759.
Footnote 1103:
Howitt, _Native Tribes_, p. 765.
Footnote 1104:
Ibid., p. 767.
Footnote 1105:
Stow, loc. cit., p. 41. See also Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned
People_, p. 48.
Footnote 1106:
Nansen, _Eskimo Life_, p. 113.
Footnote 1107:
See, for instance, Klutschak, pp. 231 ff., and Whymper, _Voyages et
Aventures_, p. 346.
Footnote 1108:
Rink, loc. cit., p. 31.
Footnote 1109:
Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 121.
Footnote 1110:
Teit, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 256.
Footnote 1111:
MacGee, 17th _A. R. B. E._, p. 273.
Footnote 1112:
Hill Tout (_British North America_, p. 159) describes an exceptional
case of a Salish tribe in which ‘even the food was held and the meals
taken in common, the presiding elder or headsman calling a certain
family each day to provide the meals for all the rest, every one
taking it in turn to discharge this social duty’.
Footnote 1113:
Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 229.
Footnote 1114:
Angas, loc. cit., p. 373.
Footnote 1115:
Haseman, _Am. Anth._, vol. xiv, p. 338.
Footnote 1116:
Some authors have assumed without producing any evidence that these
practices—especially infanticide—have increased, if they have not been
initiated, after contact with Europeans. It is, therefore, of interest
to note that according to Rivers there is definite genealogical
evidence from Tikopia of the disappearance of infanticide (_Melanesian
Society_, vol. i, p. 352).
Footnote 1117:
According to Neuhauss for instance, both abortion and infanticide were
formerly prevalent in parts of New Guinea where they are now rare
owing to missionary teaching. No accurate account has been given of
these tribes in their former state, and thus quite possibly a modern
observer might well merely record the practices as being ‘rare’—a
statement which would be misleading for our present purpose but which
is of the kind likely to be relied on by those who do not admit the
wide prevalence of these customs (_Deutsch Neu-Guinea_, vol. i, p.
31).
Footnote 1118:
As will be pointed out later, this statement of Tacitus is undoubtedly
incorrect.
Footnote 1119:
Curr, _Recollections_, p. 252.
Footnote 1120:
Curr, _Recollections_, p. 263.
Footnote 1121:
Taplin, loc. cit., p. 14.
Footnote 1122:
Howitt, _Native Tribes_, p. 748.
Footnote 1123:
Howitt, _Native Tribes_, p. 749.
Footnote 1124:
Bonney, _J. A. I._, vol. xiii, p. 125.
Footnote 1125:
Beveridge, loc. cit., p. 26.
Footnote 1126:
Wilhelmi, loc. cit., p. 181. See also Eylmann, loc. cit., p. 261.
Footnote 1127:
Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes_, p. 608.
Footnote 1128:
Foelsche, loc. cit., p. 192.
Footnote 1129:
Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes_, p. 264.
Footnote 1130:
Curr, _Australian Race_, vol. i, p. 76. In another work, however, the
same author says that he often spoke to the natives on this subject,
and is ‘sure that the idea of over-population never entered their
heads’ (_Recollections_, p. 263). Smyth (loc. cit., vol. i, p. 52)
thinks that there may be some fear of over-population.
Footnote 1131:
Schürmann, loc. cit., p. 223.
Footnote 1132:
Gason, loc. cit., p. 8.
Footnote 1133:
Foelsche, loc. cit., p. 192.
Footnote 1134:
Eyre, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 376.
Footnote 1135:
Mathew, _Two Representative Tribes_, p. 165.
Footnote 1136:
Guinnard, loc. cit., p. 143.
Footnote 1137:
Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 405.
Footnote 1138:
Edgeworth David, _Funafuti_, p. 195.
Footnote 1139:
Rivers, _Melanesian Society_, vol. i, p. 313.
Footnote 1140:
Neuhaus, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 150.
Footnote 1141:
Jenkins, loc. cit., p. 404. See also Krämer, loc. cit., p. 335.
Footnote 1142:
Ellis, _Narrative_, p. 324.
Footnote 1143:
Ibid., p. 327.
Footnote 1144:
Tuituila, loc. cit., p. 267.
Footnote 1145:
Waterhouse, loc. cit., p. 327.
Footnote 1146:
Hunt, _J. A. I._, vol. xxviii, p. 9.
Footnote 1147:
Codrington, loc. cit., p. 229.
Footnote 1148:
Williamson, _Mafulu People_, p. 177.
Footnote 1149: