CHAPTER LIII._Through Siberia

_RUSSIANS AFLOAT._

Reflections on leaving Siberia.--Departure.--The Russian

navy.--The _Djiguitt_.--Seamen’s food, clothing,

work.--Relation between officers and men.--Received as

captain’s guest.--Progress.--Hospital arrangements.--Arrival

at Hakodate.--Divine service.--Religious professions of

seamen.--Inspection of ship.--A “strong gale.”--Russian sentiments

towards Englishmen.--Cause of dislike.--Misrepresentations by

English press.--Russian writings.--Transhipped to American

steamer.--Arrivals at San Francisco and London.

“_The sailor sighs as sinks his native shore_

* * * * *

_And climbs the mast to feast his eyes once more._”

Siberia was not my native land, and I did not climb for a last fond

look; yet I confess to drawing half a sigh as I was borne away from

Vladivostock. At all events I was not unmoved, and various thoughts

presented themselves--some, I hope, of thankfulness that I had been

permitted to cross the Old World without scratch or bruise.[1]

But my happiest reflections were connected with what has been called my

work. I entered the country very much in the dark as to what could be

done, and what I did was little enough to boast of; yet, to me, it was

a source of gratitude that I had been permitted to place within reach

of at least every prisoner and hospital patient in Siberia a portion of

the Word of God. A few opportunities also for the exercise of clerical

functions had presented themselves, such as the services at Nikolaefsk

and Vladivostock, as also some others of a private character, which

linger pleasingly in the memory. Since my return, news has come from

Archangel that the books I left in 1878 have caused inquiry and demand

for the Scriptures. Again, more than one who has followed me in

Northern Asia has told of the manner in which the books left at the

post-houses are treasured, and, last winter, two gentlemen, travelling

over a large portion of Western Siberia, found the tracts I had left

in great demand. One of them writes that they have been a boon and a

pleasure at many a peasant’s fireside. If, then, the result were no

more than this, it would be something to have ministered gratification

to tens of thousands of readers. But I had higher aims; for I believed

that in those Scriptures and tracts there were germs of new life and

thought and hope. I remembered what reading the Scriptures had done for

men in other lands,--for Luther in his cell, and Bunyan in prison; and

having sown the seed, I was content to leave it with Him in Whose name

I went forth. Then I sailed away with the thought that I had done what

little I could. Those who labour in similar fields will understand and

sympathize with my feelings, and some perhaps will breathe a prayer

that in the great day of account the harvest may be plenteous.

As the _Djiguitt_ steamed out of the harbour we fired a salute of

seven guns, and, gliding past the admiral’s house, saw his Excellency

and Madame Erdmann waving their handkerchiefs from the verandah. Our

captain, Charles de Livron, is the admiral’s son-in-law, so that there

were hearty farewells passing. Madame Erdmann had kindly expressed to

me a wish that our acquaintance thus begun might be continued, and, on

leaving, I felt that I was parting from pleasant friends, not only in

the Governor’s house, but in the town and country too. As I had applied

to Captain de Vries for lodgings, I asked, of course, for my bill; but

Mrs. de Vries would not hear of one, and the old captain said, “Well,

write me a letter, and tell me how you get home, and then come again as

soon as you can.”

We had hardly lost sight of land before I began to inquire about the

Siberian fleet, which I understood to consist of 12 ships, divided

into four classes, some being of iron and some of wood; 1 is for the

China station, and there are besides 5 transports, 2 cruisers, and 4

gunboats, the last with 3 guns each; the whole being manned by 208

officers and 2,240 seamen. Of these about 380 are employed on shore for

mechanical and building purposes, and a far larger number live ashore

in winter. Their pay is much higher (nearly double, I heard) than that

of sailors in the Baltic fleet.[2]

And now a word about the _Djiguitt_ (pronounced “Jee-geet,” and

meaning “a horseman”), on board which I was favoured with a passage

from Vladivostock to Japan. The clipper had been built four years

previously, at a cost of £62,500, and measured 218 feet long, was

of 1,300 tons burden, and fitted with engines of 250 nominal, but

1,200 registered, horse-power. She carried 200 men, with three large

guns in the middle of the deck, and four small ones at the sides. The

captain said he relied less upon his guns than upon his torpedoes,

the apparatus connected with which fired 30 for defensive and 5 for

offensive purposes. By means of wires the torpedoes--a kind supposed

to be in possession only of the Russian navy--could be moved about

under the water, and caused to explode automatically or at will. I

am incapable of judging how far this information was correct, but I

observed subsequently, from one of the English newspapers describing

the _Djiguitt_, and some of her sister ships, that they were said to be

well fitted to damage merchant shipping; and there is no doubt that,

had England and Russia declared war in 1878, this clipper would have

done her best to cripple the English commercial navy in the Pacific.

The _Djiguitt_ had three masts, could spread 15,000 square feet of

canvas, and, under sail and steam, was supposed to make 13 knots an

hour. We were not fortunate enough, however, to get up to anything near

this speed, nine knots on the first day being, if I mistake not, our

best travelling. Often it was not more than six knots, and one day we

made only 103 miles. Everything on board was scrupulously clean. The

same thing struck me at Vladivostock, when steering the boat of the

chief of the staff, in which I was rowed to the end of the harbour.

The boat was manned by six men with 18-feet oars. According to Russian

regulations, the men row up to 42 strokes a minute, and I noticed that

when their arms were outstretched the men simultaneously bobbed their

heads, but whether for obtaining more pulling power, or for appearance’

sake, I did not make out.

The sailors in the Imperial navy are now shorter than formerly. The

Russian plan was to give from recruits, taken from all parts of the

country, the tallest men to the navy, the next to the artillery, and

the next to the infantry; but now they have made an alteration, and the

navy takes the shortest.[3]

The food of the seamen on shore I have already alluded to. At sea, each

man gets 1 lb. of beef per day and plenty of biscuit. As I saw them

eating their meals, sitting at tables, or on deck in circles round a

common soup-bowl, they appeared to have enough and to spare, for a

good deal of broken victuals was at times thrown overboard; and if,

moreover, they do not eat all their allowance (which is usually the

case), they may economise and purchase extras for holidays. Rum was

served out at least once a day (for the notion that this benefits the

men is not yet exploded in Russia), but a man might forego this if he

pleased, and receive a trifling pittance instead.[4]

It was difficult sometimes on so small a ship to find work for 200

men; consequently, a large number of them were employed in labour

of a time-killing character, polishing the fittings of the ship and

guns, making them in some parts as bright as silver plate. Others were

weaving stays, or binding fine wire on telegraph lines for use with the

torpedoes. Once or twice I saw them at gun drill. The smaller guns were

breech-loaders, firing 15-lb. shot, worked by five men each; and the

larger were 90-lb. muzzle-loaders, each worked by 19 men.

There seemed to me to exist an excellent feeling between officers and

men. The captain, on leaving Cronstadt, hinted to his crew that, as he

was proceeding to Siberia, he might leave some of them there if they

misbehaved. He gave them, however, an excellent character, and said

that, on arriving in Japan, he told an officer to let him know the

number of men whose conduct since leaving port had been immaculate, and

out of 180 men more than 100 were found without a bad mark. These, by

way of encouragement, he treated to a special performance in a circus.

On another occasion the captain paid some Chinese jugglers to come

on board and give the men an exhibition, whilst, in the tropics, the

officers had given the men lectures on scientific subjects, illustrated

by a magic lantern.

On boarding the _Djiguitt_ I had as usual “fallen on my feet.” There

was a small berth in the vessel set apart for a chance passenger; but

the captain honoured me with a place at his table in his own cabin,

where things were more than comfortable. My host spoke excellent

English, to say nothing of several other languages; and so well

educated in this respect were the officers that, although the captain

usually invited two of them to dine with us daily, there was seldom or

never an occasion when they could not converse with me in English or

French. Among the officers were some of the Russian nobility, one a

prince, another a baron, and so on; and after sailing with them for 12

days, I came to the conclusion that they were gentlemen and officers

of whom any navy might be proud. The doctor played the violoncello, a

second officer accompanied on the piano, and others sang part songs. A

young baron in Siberia had told me that the officers of the army were

badly educated, and worse “elevé”; but this certainly was not the case

with the officers of the _Djiguitt_.

On Sunday the captain and I were invited to lunch in the officers’

cabin, where I was reminded of the smallness of the world by the

discovery that the first lieutenant sitting next me had been to the

Greenwich Observatory, and as he had gained scholastic distinction in

Russia, and had the privilege of spending two years in foreign study,

he thought of coming again to Greenwich to the Naval College.

We left Vladivostock on Tuesday, the 30th of September, for Yokohama,

and made fair progress till, next morning, a slight derangement of the

machinery caused us to lift the screw and depend on sails. This piece

of brass machinery, weighing nearly five tons, was heaved up by two

lines of seamen on either side of the deck, which operation interested

me, as did also some of the manœuvres for setting the sails, of which

11 were one day hoisted on the foremast, thereby spreading to the wind

about 5,000 square feet of canvas. I accompanied the captain once or

twice on his rounds of inspection, and was surprised at the stock of

carpenters’ tools and stores on board. In the kitchen, divided into two

compartments for officers and men, was a Chinese cook, who received

excellent wages (the Chinese cook at Madame Erdmann’s at Vladivostock

received £60 a year); and to him I paid the ordinary passenger’s tariff

for food of 4_s._ a day. In the fore part of the clipper were two small

compartments almost dark, used, when needed, for a prison.[5] There was

a lazarette on board, and I found that the doctor was obliged to keep

a daily report, showing the number of patients in the ship, the number

of cases standing over, new cases, cured, sent to hospital, remaining,

and dead.[6]

We sighted Japan on Friday, October 3rd, and early on Saturday morning

reached Hakodate, where the ship stayed to get coal. I went on shore,

not dreaming that I should know a creature, but soon found a missionary

with whom, as a student, I had played football and cricket; and then,

walking along the streets, a second surprise awaited me on meeting a

youth whom I had known as a boy in Sussex. We stayed only a few hours,

but I had time to visit the prison with Mr. Dening, the missionary; and

then, getting on board, we steamed away on Saturday afternoon.

On Sunday morning, at half-past nine, a white sail with a red cross

was run up to the mast-head, the bugle and drum sounded, and the crew

assembled on deck for Divine service. Two men, uncovered, reverently

brought an ikon, which was fastened by an officer to the captain’s

bridge. It was a new ikon (about two feet square) of silver gilt,

lately presented by the captain and officers of the ship at a cost of

£20. It had been purchased in Petersburg, been sent to Vladivostock _by

post_, and was used on this particular Sunday for the first time.[7]

When all was ready the officers and choir were ranged in front and the

men behind, and the Commander (in place of Captain de Livron, who is

a Lutheran) read prayers and a psalm, the men responding and singing.

The service was of short duration, but highly impressive, and very

reverential. So, too, was their daily evening prayer, just before going

to their hammocks at dusk, when the men, drawn up in double lines

facing each other, at a signal doffed their caps, and chanted the

Lord’s Prayer.[8]

After Divine service the captain proceeded officially to inspect the

ship, which he did in a very thorough manner, looking into every hole

and corner for the least speck of dust or disorder. Here a cloth had

been left in a recess, and there a piece of biscuit remained on a

shelf. Both were ordered to be removed, and the attention of an officer

was drawn to the broken hook and eye which attached the hen-house to

the bulwarks. The captain even complained because, putting his hand on

the polished brass of a gun, he found it somewhat dusty.

This, however, was fine-weather inspection, and we were to have a

taste of something different. On Tuesday and Wednesday all had been

bright. About two o’clock on Thursday morning a sudden squall struck

the ship from right ahead, and caused a commotion, but did no harm,

and for the remainder of the day the wind blew coldly from the north.

On Friday and Saturday the temperature rose, and on Wednesday, 8th

October, we passed through a warm stream with a temperature of 77°,

whilst the thermometer on deck indicated only 70°. I had frequently

asked how soon we should arrive at Yokohama, and the captain had

prudently declined to say; but on Sunday afternoon he volunteered the

remark that he was able to assure me that we should be at Yokohama in

four days. Luckless boast! for the words had not been long spoken when

there came on a tempest such as I had never experienced. Towards sunset

the wind whistled and blew “a strong gale,” that would be marked 9 in

the Beaufort notation (the remaining three degrees being 10, “a whole

gale”; 11, “a storm”; 12, “a hurricane”). The topmasts were lowered,

the sails furled, and the heavy guns, lest they should break away, were

fastened by two extra lashings. Then followed great running about on

deck, and climbing the rigging, at which I was looking on amused rather

than otherwise. The captain, perceiving this, said, “Ah! we shall soon

have the water rough!” And so it came to pass; there was a pendulum

on the deckhouse to indicate the careen of the ship, the scale being

marked up to 35°, and when I say that the ship heeled over to 32°, the

reader will be prepared for the statement that in the captain’s cabin,

where I was writing, the heavy table and myself behind it quitted

our respective bases, in a very undignified manner, in favour of the

opposite side of the cabin. The carpenter was called, and the table

screwed down, after which, by tucking my knees tightly between it and a

chair, I managed to hold my own. I know not whether the jolting of the

tarantass across Siberia had rendered my nerves sea-proof, but, to my

agreeable surprise, I found myself able to write during three severe

storms on the Pacific and Atlantic. On Monday there ran “a high sea,”

which the captain marked “7” (“8” standing for “very high,” and “9”

for “tremendous,” beyond which my figures to indicate the disturbance

of the water do not go). After the storm came a calm wind with rough

waves. We dropped the screw, used steam, and to some extent steadied

the ship; but, with all our efforts, made little progress, and burnt

a great deal of coal, so that we had not sufficient to steam the

remainder of the voyage. The captain said he had never known, in so

short a space of time, so many changes of wind, barometer, and weather.

I had learned that the steamer left Yokohama for San Francisco on

Saturday, the 11th of October, and as the mail-packet makes the passage

from Hakodate to Yokohama in 64 hours, my hope was that I might land in

the early part of the week, take a peep at the capital, and then embark

for California; but the storm and the calm upset our calculations

completely, and I had nothing to do but to submit, and make the best of

my ebbing opportunities of gaining Russian information, and of getting

my statistics translated.

Being brought into such close proximity with Russian gentlemen for

several days, we naturally became somewhat intimate; restraint wore

off, and I learned more fully than I had done before the feelings of

educated Russians towards England. When passing through Petersburg

a general had said to me, “_J’adore les Anglais, mais je hais leurs

conseils_,” which, in 1879, was natural enough. Also the _Djiguitt_

had left Europe during the Russo-Turkish war, and I discovered that

her officers had brought away with them unpleasant feelings towards my

nation. One of them observed, though not unkindly, that the English had

interfered most rudely with Russian affairs, for which, he thought,

the English Government was deeply hated by the Russian people, though

Englishmen, he said, were not so. He was ready to discuss, very keenly,

the probability of war between our two nations; and did not attempt

to hide the disappointment of the Russians at being foiled of their

purpose to enter Constantinople. He thought that, if war did break out,

it would, on the Russian side, be intensely popular.

I set myself to discover, if possible, the cause of the alleged

dislike, whereupon I found that, among other reasons, he was extremely

sore about the frequent misrepresentation of Russia in English

newspapers. He complained that there were certain journals always

ready to exaggerate Russian defects; and, to be honest, I could

not help allowing there was a measure of truth in what he said.

Misrepresentation, however, may arise from two different sources--from

ignorance or from malevolence. When passing through the northern

capital, I myself saw, in some of the best English newspapers,

statements to the effect that Petersburg was then in such a state that

it was penal for anyone to stir out after nine without a certificate;

that no evening party might be given without leave from the police;

that no student might burn the midnight oil; and that a curfew law

forbade a light to be seen in a dwelling after ten: all of which I read

with amazement, for I myself was out as I pleased till past midnight,

and burned a light in packing nearly all the night through. When I

returned to London I said so to the editor of one of the papers, and

found that his statements had been due to wrong information.

But complaint was made not merely of mistakes arising from ignorance or

wrong information. It was urged that false statements were frequently

put forth, and not properly and honorably rectified, when it afterwards

became manifest that they were wrong.[9] I had not up to that time

realized to what an extent this was true; but, after reading various

books and papers for the present work, I cannot but acknowledge that

some of the writers upon Russian affairs do, to put it in the mildest

form, make the most extraordinary statements. Some of these, as I have

said, arise from ignorance, and are pardonable; but others, it is to

be feared, arise from something far worse, which I prefer not to have

to name. What, for instance, will the reader think of the following

extract from an article in the _Sheffield Daily Telegraph_ of December

6th last, which has come to my hand just before going to press?--“The

Russian Government does a regular and an important business with

Sheffield. Our Russophiles will be charmed. The Government of ‘the

Divine figure from the North’ takes from Sheffield five tons per week

of horseflesh. The horses killed for Holy Russia are those which,

through decay or disease, are worthless. The dogs’ meat thus obtained

is bought as food for human beings in Siberia, and, having to travel so

far, it is often in a putrid condition when it arrives there, and in

all its horrible putrescence it is so served out.”

This is remarkable information. The cheapest cost of carriage known

to me from Petersburg to the Siberian _frontier_ is £5 a ton, taking

12 months in transit (no wonder that the meat is putrid!); and if to

this sum be added the cost of the horseflesh and its conveyance from

Sheffield, and salt (for the _Telegraph_ is kind enough to say, on

Dec. 3rd, that the meat is salted, although it becomes putrid!), then

how strange it will seem that the Russian Government should come to

Sheffield to buy meat, when live stock, as I have already stated, can

be purchased in Western Siberia at less than ½_d._ per pound! This,

with a vengeance, is “carrying coal to Newcastle”! But the article

goes on to speak of the prisoners working “in quicksilver-mines, where

the mercury produces an artificial leprosy that rots blood, bones,

and skin”; and then the writer pathetically adds that this “is the

unspeakable fate of thousands of Russians in whom education and a

disposition and temperament naturally brave have aroused thoughts too

deep for tears, and a devoted courage worthy of the Christian martyrs.”

These “martyrs,” moreover, are fed with “flesh swept up from English

knackers’ yards”--that is to say, with horseflesh carried overland

8,000 miles!--I suppose to Nertchinsk, for the writer wisely abstains

from naming the locality of his mines. O wonderful information from

the _Sheffield Daily Telegraph_! Would that I could be informed where

there exists in Siberia a quicksilver-mine at all, that I might hasten

thither if only to clear up this mystery about--Sheffield horseflesh!

To return, however, to serious writing. Is it surprising if Russians

feel annoyed at calumnies so gross? and ought one who knows them to

be so to abstain from giving such statements the lie? Few Englishmen,

one trusts, will be proud to read misstatements like these, and the

exposure of them, it is to be hoped, may lead the unimpassioned to

reflect on such injustice, and to call it by its proper name. For my

own part (humiliating as it is to acknowledge), I have learned to

expect from certain quarters exaggerations and misstatements respecting

Russian affairs. If any complain to me of the character of Russian

diplomacy I reply that I do not defend it. I say nothing of Russians

as politicians, and so long as human nature remains as it is there

will probably not be wanting writers to fan national jealousies and

misgivings to a flame; but no right-minded persons will ever look upon

misstatements like those I have quoted, other than with shame and

disgust. Such misrepresentations carry also their own Nemesis, for the

uninformed, led astray thereby, when they see themselves duped often

espouse the opposite cause. Such unfairness has taught me at least

to sympathize with Russians who are thus misrepresented; and perhaps

I ought to confess that this feeling had something to do with my

resolving to write this book.

It does one an immensity of good sometimes to have to listen calmly

to an opponent, and I was thankful for the plain speaking I heard on

the _Djiguitt_. I am indebted for other similar thoughts to various

writings by Russians, among them to Madame Novikoff’s “Russia and

England--a Protest and an Appeal” (by “O. K.”); all the more forcibly

put because so politely written. I have said in my preface that of

politics I know next to nothing, and it is not in this connection that

I agree or disagree with what that accomplished lady has published;

but I perceive that “O. K.” has found in England what I have found in

Russia--a number of warm and generous friends, between whom one would

desire that only the best of feelings should exist. If Russia were

but better known, a similar feeling would grow, I feel sure, between

Englishmen and Russians generally, and both would be gainers thereby.

There are many who wish to know the truth respecting Siberia, and to

form an unbiassed opinion, and if what I have written should tend in

any degree to this end, I shall be thankful indeed.

On Saturday morning, October 11th, the _Djiguitt_ was creeping along,

without coal and almost without wind, when a five-masted steamer

was seen on the horizon, coming away from Yokohama. “That,” said

the captain, “is your steamer. Shall I ask them if they will take a

passenger?” I quickly decided in the affirmative, packed my luggage,

and embarked in a gig. The commander of the _City of Peking_ did not

stay to read the signals, but, seeing a boat put off from a man-of-war,

concluded that it could be nothing short of an officer with important

dispatches, and came to a standstill, to discover, however, that it was

only to pick up a man “escaped from Siberia.” San Francisco was reached

in sixteen days. From thence I visited the Yo-Semite Valley, Salt Lake

City, Chicago, and Niagara; and then, pushing on to New York, crossed

the Atlantic to Liverpool, and on November 25th re-entered London,

having compassed the world in nearly a straight line of 25,500 miles.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For the Author’s itinerary round the globe, _see_ Appendix F.

[2] The pay of sailors in the Siberian fleet, afloat and on shore,

per month, is as follows:--Deck sailors, 4_s._; rigging sailors,

4_s._ 4_d._; steersmen and gunners, 4_s._ 9_d._; cooks, firemen,

carpenters, divers, and assistant clerks, 9_s._; quartermaster,

machinists, and head firemen, 15_s._; boatswain’s mate and foreman of

machine room, 18_s._; boatswain and clerks, 54_s._ Some have extras

as perquisites, thus:--Hospital servants, per month, 9_d._; chief

gunners, 1_s._; and torpedo men, 9_s._ The pay of officers, per month,

is as follows:--Midshipmen from £7 10_s._ to £14 14_s._; lieutenants,

£7 10_s._ to £17 10_s._; commander, £13 to £80; captain of second

rank (frigate), £15 10_s._ to £100; and captain of first rank (ship),

£17 4_s._ to £100. Seamen have all found for them. Officers provide

themselves with everything except cabin and furniture, the captain

having one man from the ship’s company for a servant, the higher

officers having one servant for two cabins, and the midshipmen one

servant for four cabins. The mess on the _Djiguitt_ cost each officer

about £6 a month, including holiday wines, and entertainment to guests

in port. The officers gave an entertainment before leaving Vladivostock.

[3] The method of Russian conscription is as follows:--The empire is

divided into districts, each of which has annually to send a number of

men according to the requirements of the Government. Lots are drawn

from the men of 21 years of age, and those thus taken are examined as

to size of chest, eyes, ears, teeth, pulling force and general health;

and the faulty ones rejected. If sound, they have to serve seven,

three, two, one, or half a year, according to their education; after

which they pass into the first reserve. Those who escape the lot fall

at once into the first reserve. They may then marry; and, if following

certain callings, are free from further conscription, and in any case

are liable to be drawn again only in time of war or emergency. At 28

these escaped ones fall into the second reserve, which is called up

only in case of home invasion. There are besides for those upon whom

the lot falls several exemptions, by reason of which they are either

free or their service may be postponed.

[4] The clothing served out to the men was similar in character to

that of the soldiers already referred to, with the following yearly

additions: a flannel shirt and two blue flannel jerseys, two pairs

white shoes, two pairs white trousers, and three white shirts with

collars, also five yards of towelling and two white cap-covers for

hot climates. There is allowed them also 1_s._ for ribbons, 4_s._ for

bed-linen, 1_s._ for spoon and knife, and the quartermaster 4_s._ for

whistles. The machinists and firemen have each a further addition of

two pairs of shoes and a black canvas coat.

With regard to work, Russian sailors usually lift half-a-ton a day. In

harbour they work eight hours, and on shore 12 hours, with two hours

for rest. On the _Djiguitt_ the men rose soon after five, breakfasted,

stowed away hammocks, washed the decks and got all clean before 8

o’clock. They then worked till 11, at which hour they dined and

rested till 2; then worked again till 5.30, supped, and at 7 retired;

but this programme varies, of course, according to time, place, and

circumstances. The watches for the men were divided into two of six

hours each by day, and three of four hours each by night; but the

officers took in rotation five watches of four hours each.

[5] I met at Vladivostock the officer who had to do with the legal

affairs of the Siberian fleet, acting as judge (aided by three or four

others), but whose sentences had to be approved by the admiral.

[6] The form to be filled up for a patient was something to this

effect:--Name of patient, To what duty assigned, Number of his ship at

Cronstadt, Age, How long in service, From what province, How often in

hospital before, How often ill on board before, Name of disease, When

taken ill, When cured or died, How many days ill; and beneath this was

a form for showing diagnosis of the disease, heat of body, internal and

external treatment, and food. A monthly report also had to be forwarded

by the medical officer to Petersburg.

[7] Each ship has, I believe, its particular ikon, as I found at Kara

was the case with each company of Cossacks, who carry the picture in a

special carriage. Some of the ikons that have accompanied Tsars to the

battlefield are treasured very highly in Russia. Private individuals,

when travelling, frequently carry with them ikons, before which in

their lodging they light lamps, as I saw in the case of a merchant at

Tomsk.

[8] The religious professions of the seamen (excluding officers) in the

Russian fleet I gathered from the Naval Almanack for April, 1879, to be

as follows:--

BALTIC. BLACK.

Orthodox Russian Ch. | 16,669 | 289 | 4,729 | 31 |

Gregorians | | | 1 | |

Protestants | 759 | 16 | 8 | 7 |

Roman Catholics | 51 | 8 | 13 | |

Mohammedans | 47 | | 5 | |

Sects {Molokans | | | | |

{Pomorski | | | | |

| ------ | ---- | ----- | ---- |

| 17,526 | 313 | 4,756 | 38 |

\-------v------/ \------v------/

17,839 4,794

CASPIAN. ARAL. SIBERIAN. TOTAL.

Orthodox Russian Ch. | 1,281 | 291 | 2,028 | 308 | 25,626

Gregorians | 3 | | | | 4

Protestants | | 8 | 7 | 3 | 808

Roman Catholics | 1 | 9 | 3 | | 85

Jews | | | 2 | | 2

Mohammedans | 43 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 119

Sects {Molokans | 3 | | | | 3

{Pomorski | 3 | | | | 3

Pagans | | 3 | | | 3

| ----- | ---- | ----- | ----- | -------

| 1,334 | 330 | 2,044 | 312 | 26,653

\--v--/ \--v--/ \------v------/ \---v---/

1,334 330 2,356 26,653

[9] As a flagrant instance, they complained of the falseness of the

_Daily Telegraph_, respecting the carriage of convicts by the _Nijni

Novgorod_, to which I have alluded in my first volume (page 45). I

learn from the same paper of November 16th, 1881, that the Russians

have been further annoyed by some untrue statements published by the

_Daily Telegraph_ on June 28th of this year, concerning “judicial

and administrative abuses in Russia.” These misrepresentations were

copied by other papers, from which Mr. Tallack, compiling his report

for the Howard Association, and falling into the pit, reproduced

the matter thus: “Yet even an Imperial commissioner has recently

reported atrocious cruelties to prisoners in Central Russia, including

the torture of women with red-hot tongs; the killing of numbers by

imprisoning them in dark dungeons; other prisoners reduced to almost

naked skeleton figures in hideous caverns; inhuman floggings, 125

lashes being inflicted even for addressing warders in the old peasant

style of ‘thou’ instead of ‘you’; and other brutalities.” When I read

these charges I felt sure they were untrue, but as I had not visited

the prisons of Orenburg, where the atrocities were alleged to have

occurred, all I could say was that I had seen prisons nearly all over

Russia, and had witnessed nothing answering to such abominations. I

ventured, however, to write to the editor of the _Daily Telegraph_

for information respecting the Russian paper, the _Sjeverny Viestnik_

(suppressed, I have since learnt, at least three years ago), from which

the statements were said to have come, and I received a polite reply

that the writer of the article was travelling in Russia. I then wrote

to Mr. Tallack, who inquired concerning the matter of Mr. Kokovtzeff,

one of three inspectors-general of prisons, who denied the truth of

what had appeared. Accordingly Mr. Tallack (whose zeal in the cause of

prison reform is well known), finding that he had been deceived, wrote

to the _Daily Telegraph_ to say so; but I was sorry to see that, though

this paper had given a whole column in bold type to the misstatements,

which had been multiplied therefrom by hundreds of thousands, yet all

the space they could spare for contradiction was 15 lines in very small

type!

GRATIAS DEO.

APPENDIX A.

THE HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN CHURCH.

(_From page 162._)

The history of the Russian Church may be treated under the four periods

of its foundation, consolidation, transition, and reformation. Its

foundation period extends from the end of the tenth century to the

beginning of the fourteenth. In the year 957 a Russian princess,

named Olga, visited Constantinople, was baptized, and returned with

the Christian name of Helena. About thirty years afterwards there

came to her grandson, Vladimir, envoys from the different religious

communities of the known world,--from the Mussulmans, the Pope, the

Jews, the Greeks,--inviting him to adopt their respective creeds. To

these he replied by sending elders and nobles to examine their various

religions; and shortly afterwards, in 988, he was baptized and joined

the Greek Church. Vladimir then gave orders for a wholesale baptism of

his docile subjects at Kieff. A church was built there, and the work of

conversion advanced rapidly. The Holy Scriptures had been translated

into Sclavonic a century before for the nations on the Danube; so that

the Greek priests, on going to Russia, had this powerful lever ready to

hand in the language of the people.

The period of the _consolidation_ of the Russian Church dates

from the beginning of the fourteenth century to the middle of the

seventeenth, during which time the local centre of ecclesiastical

history was transferred from Kieff to Moscow, and three great powers

came prominently forward--the Tsars, the Metropolitans, and the

Monks. The Tsar, in his ecclesiastical position, represented the

laity of the Church, and received the unbounded veneration of the

people; and the Metropolitans, second only to the Tsar, almost without

exception supported the authority of the Sovereign. In the middle of

the fifteenth century the Metropolitans became independent of the See

of Constantinople; and in 1589, Job, the Metropolitan of Moscow, was

elevated to the dignity of a patriarch. Again, the hermits and monks

acquired an immense influence. In 1338 was founded the famous Troitza

monastery--a seminary, cathedral, church, and fortress all in one--the

monks and clergy of which have more than once taken an active part in

the deliverance of their country from the Tatars and Poles.

The _transition_ period of the Russian Church extends from the middle

of the seventeenth to the beginning of the eighteenth centuries,

during which time lived Nikon, the famous Patriarch of Moscow. He has

been called a Russian Chrysostom, a Russian Luther, a Russian Wolsey.

Ivan the Terrible, in his own savage way, had done something towards

rectifying the abuses of the Church. The Patriarch did more; he took

in hand the Russian hierarchy, whom he found idle and drunken. He

set them a good example, on one hand, by founding hospitals, feeding

the hungry, visiting prisons, and, above all, after the silence of

many centuries, by preaching; but, on the other hand, he administered

clerical discipline with uncommon severity. He was perpetually sending

his officers round the city, with orders that, if they found priest

or monk in a state of intoxication, they were to imprison, strip, and

scourge him; and numbers of dissolute clergy he banished to Siberia.

His name, however, is chiefly remembered by reason of his innovations,

or perhaps resuscitation of forgotten details in ritual. Finding that

copyists’ errors had crept into the service books, which were in

manuscript, he sent deputations to Mount Athos, and throughout the

Eastern Churches, for correct copies, put the printing press to work to

circulate new rubrics, and set on foot a work of revision, which met

with frantic opposition on the part of the ignorant among the people,

and was ultimately made the occasion of the secession of a large part

of what are now known as the Russian _raskolniks_, or dissenters.

The fourth period, which has been called--though, alas! in only a

very limited sense--the _reformation_ of the Russian Church, extends

from the time of Peter the Great to our own day. The patriarchate had

attained to a position of great power, and the great Peter was not

the man to brook such a rival as Nikon had been to his father Alexis;

accordingly, on the death of the Patriarch Adrian, in 1700, his chair

was allowed to remain vacant for twenty years, at the end of which

time Peter abolished the patriarchate and appointed a synod. He also

carried out many reforms and improvements, which he had the good sense

to see were sorely needed. He established schools for the children of

the clergy, abolished anchorites, reformed the monasteries, and issued

regulations enjoining bishops to read the Scriptures carefully, and not

to be absent from their dioceses without permission of the synod. Many

of his changes, however, excited great dissatisfaction. The measures of

Nikon had sadly perturbed the orthodox Russians; those of Peter drove

them to desperation and to further schism. Among the charges brought

against the Tsar were such as these: that he had introduced into the

churches pictures by Western artists; and this was said to be a mortal

sin. Besides this, at the opening of the eighteenth century, Peter

changed the calendar, gave his people the 1st of January for their

New Year’s Day, and began to reckon the year from the birth of Christ

instead of from the creation of the world. This, among other like

things, was regarded as the very sign of Antichrist, inasmuch as he was

“to change times and laws”; and Peter the Great is still designated

Antichrist by a large proportion of the Russian dissenters. Since the

time of the great reformer the Russian Church has gone on very much as

he left it, the few minor reforms introduced by the Emperors Alexander

the First and Second being in the right direction.

APPENDIX B.

THE DOCTRINES OF THE RUSSIAN, ROMAN, AND ENGLISH CHURCHES.

(_From page 163._)

The doctrines of the Russian Church are not set forth in any one

public document like the “Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion,” but must

be sought in its creeds, councils, Church services, and catechisms.

Generally speaking, it may be said that the Bible and tradition form

the Russian rule of faith, and excommunication is the penalty of

heterodoxy. The Nicene Creed we know the Russians receive, with the

exception of the clause relating to the procession of the Holy Ghost

from the Son; and the Athanasian Creed finds a place in their Church

books, though it is not read in the public services. There are likewise

certain works by eminent Russian divines which have been promulgated or

received with more or less authority by councils or the general consent

of the Eastern Church. Such are the treatise of St. John Damascene

on the Orthodox Faith; the Answers of the Patriarch Jeremiah to the

Lutherans, 1574-1581; Peter Mogila’s Orthodox Confession of Faith of

the Catholic and Apostolic Church of the East, 1643-1662; the Eighteen

Articles of the Synod of Bethlehem, 1672; and the Orthodox Doctrine

of Platon, 1762. We get a better insight, however, into the doctrines

of the Russian Church, as they are taught in the present day, from

Mr. Blackmore’s translation of the Russian Primer, the Catechisms,

and the Treatise on the Duty of Parish Priests--a perusal of which

last seems to me to bring the Russian Church nearer to the English,

and further from the Roman, than is generally supposed. Some idea of

the divergences of the three Churches will be obtained by briefly

enumerating their differences, thus:--

1. The principal differences between the Russian and English Church are

upon--

(1) The number of the Œcumenical Councils.

(2) The number of the sacraments.

(3) Confirmation by priests.

(4) Marriage of clergy after ordination.

(5) Consecration of married priests to the episcopate.

(6) Transubstantiation.

(7) Invocation of saints.

(8) Reverence to sacred pictures and relics.

(9) Prayer for the faithful departed.

(10) The procession of the Holy Ghost.

2. The differences between the Russian and English Churches on one

side, and the Roman on the other, are upon--

(1) Papal supremacy.

(2) Purgatory.

(3) Communion in one kind.

(4) Celibacy of priests and deacons.

(5) Indulgences.

(6) Works of supererogation.

(7) Judicial absolution.

(8) The doctrine of intention in priestly acts.

(9) The Apocrypha.

(10) Service in an unknown tongue.

(11) Withdrawal of the Scriptures from the laity.

(12) Use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.

(13) The immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary.

(14) Papal infallibility.

3. Once more, the differences between the English Church and the

Russian and Roman combined are upon--

(1) The number of the sacraments.

(2) Married bishops.

(3) Invocation of saints.

(4) Reverence of pictures and relics.

(5) Prayer for the faithful departed.

(6) Compulsory confession.

These are some of the principal differences between the three branches

of the Catholic Church, besides which there are others connected with

usage and ritual.

APPENDIX C.

THE SCHISMS OF THE RUSSIAN CHURCH.

(_From page 163._)

It cannot be denied that there is a very considerable amount of

toleration of foreign religions in the Russian Empire. The Tsar does

not emulate the Roman Pontiff, who, as long as he could prevent it,

which was up to about 12 years ago, would not allow a Protestant

place of worship to be built within the walls of his capital. On the

contrary, at the fair of Nijni Novgorod, the Mohammedan mosque and the

Armenian church stand side by side with the orthodox cathedral, and

I am not sure that I did not see in the Chinese quarter a Buddhist

temple. Notwithstanding all this, however, the religious toleration of

the Tsar is of a somewhat one-sided character. A man is usually left

in peace to practise the religion in which he was born, so long as he

does not try to proselytize. Again, should an English Churchman, or any

one else living in Russia, be convinced that the Greek Church is more

scriptural and catholic than his own, the Greek Church will receive him

into her communion. But not _vice versâ_. On the contrary, should a

Russian Churchman living in Russia be convinced that the English Church

is more scriptural and catholic than his own, and should he attempt to

carry out his convictions, he would thereby render himself liable, I

believe, to expatriation, confiscation of property, and other pains and

penalties too dreadful to mention; and to receive the convert into the

English Church would be more than the Chaplain at Petersburg or Moscow

dare do. Again, in mixed marriages--that is, when either father _or_

mother is “orthodox”--the children _must_ be orthodox, and follow the

religion of the State. Russians abroad sometimes change their religious

profession, in which case they remain Russian subjects, but are not

permitted to return to their country unless they recant.

The matter therefore stands thus, that whilst the Russian Church is

ready to receive from all, she gives to none--that is, if she can

help it. Consequently, what she will not give, there are some who

choose to take. The rich, who are possessed of broad acres, be they

ever so convinced that some of the doctrines of the Greek Church are

unscriptural and uncatholic, naturally think twice before they render

their estates liable to confiscation. But there are others, who have

less to lose, for whom confiscation has no such terrors; or, if it has,

dare to face them, and bid the law do its worst.

Persecution, however, such as we have known in England, has never

been a characteristic of the Church of Russia. I do not mean that

her repressive measures have never taken a form which can with

difficulty be distinguished from persecution. But she has never had

an Inquisition; neither Petersburg nor Moscow has a Smithfield; and

the plains of Russia have never heard such cries as once resounded

through the valleys of Piedmont. On the whole, I am disposed to think

that, in religious matters at all events, the hug of the bear is not so

bad as might be expected from his growl; and that the powers that be,

when they see a religious point cannot be carried, meet the difficulty

half-way.

I left Siberia in a Russian man-of-war, and heard a story that will

illustrate this. Formerly the law obtained in the Russian navy that

all the seamen should have shaven chins. Now, at the Council of Moscow

in the seventeenth century, to shave the beard was pronounced “a sin

which even the blood of martyrs could not expiate”; and some of the

Russian dissenters still believe that to cut the hair or the beard is

altogether unscriptural and unorthodox. Accordingly, one fine day two

recruits appeared in the navy with flowing beards. They were ordered

to cut them off, but they obstinately refused. Their insubordination

was reported to higher quarters, and an order was returned that the

men must shave or be shaved. The men still refused, and in consequence

were shaved, to the saving of their consciences, but the loss of their

beards. But nature gave them new ones, and the difficulty came up

again, the men once more refusing to obey orders. Their obstinacy was

again reported, this time to very high authorities--to one of the Grand

Dukes, if not to the Emperor himself--when it occurred to one of them,

in his wisdom, to ask _why_ these men should be made to shave; and, no

satisfactory answer being forthcoming, another question followed--why

should _any_ of the men be made to shave? and shortly there went forth

a regulation that, throughout the whole of the navy, men should be left

to do as they liked with their beards. So in many things respecting

religion: when the Government of the present day cannot carry a point,

they not unfrequently give it up, or cease what looks like active

persecution.

The Russians have, however, certain fanatical sects to deal with,

whose tenets are so outrageous that no enlightened Government could

do otherwise than try to repress them. Some of their ideas are

sufficiently ludicrous. “Cursed be the man,” said one of these people

to an acquaintance of mine--“Cursed be the man who presumes to pray to

God in a pair of trousers!” from which, I suppose, we are to infer that

in public worship these individuals think it right to divest themselves

of their nether garments. I am not aware, however, that persons such as

these are persecuted. Among the fanatical sects also are the Scoptsi,

some of whom are banished to a village on the Yenesei. There are

certain sectarians also who have no settled home, but wander about as

strangers and pilgrims. We met some of them in the Siberian wilds.

The great mass, however, of the Raskolniks, or Russian dissenters,

estimated at eight millions in number, are very different from those I

have mentioned.

When, in the seventeenth century, the Patriarch Nikon began to have

the Church books revised and corrected, he met with fierce opposition.

He was charged with interpolating instead of correcting the books, and

nothing would persuade many of the ignorant people to the contrary.

Many thus became unsettled and broke away--not, they would say,

because they were leaving the Church, but because the Church, with

its new-fangled notions, was leaving them. Then when, in addition to

Nikon’s changes, Peter the Great introduced others, things were looked

upon as becoming worse than ever. There was, accordingly, a large

section of the most ultra-Conservative Russians, both of priests and

people, who clung to old books, old pictures, and old ways, under the

impression that thus only could they worship God according to the

customs of their forefathers; and it is from these secessionists that

the great mass of the _Staroveri_, or Old Believers, are descended. We

heard, at Tiumen, that some are very strict in their habits of living;

that, for instance, they will not drink tea or wine, and will not drink

out of the same vessel with one who is not of their sect. The Staroveri

are split into two principal parties. They had a bishop with them at

the time of their secession, and he ordained many priests; but as these

priests died they asked, How shall we fill their places? They had no

second bishop to ordain more. Some decided that they would do without

priests, and these are called _Bezpopoftschins_, or priestless. The

others for a time got priests from the Established Church as best they

could, but eventually came to a compromise with the Government, and,

by certain concessions made to them, saved their scruples and obtained

their priests. These are called _Popoftschins_. The differences,

however, between both parties on the one side, and the Established

Church on the other, were not questions of doctrine, but such points

as these: the Starovers gave the benediction holding up two fingers,

the established clergy holding up three, which latter practice was

regarded by the Old Believers as a mortal sin. The Starovers’ form of

the cross had three transverse beams, instead of the Russian two or the

Latin one. Again, to say the name of Jesus in two syllables instead of

three (as in Greek) was condemned by the Starovers, as was also the

repetition of the hallelujah in the service thrice instead of twice. It

became also an alarming innovation to read or write, for ecclesiastical

purposes, a word in modern Russ. I had a reminder of this in 1878 on

the Dwina, where Old Believers exist, for I sometimes found my tracts

objected to because not printed in Sclavonic.

But there are many among the Raskolniks of Russia who dissent from

the Established Church on points less diminutive than those of the

Starovers; as the _Dukhobortsi_, or “wrestlers with the Spirit,” who

spiritualize to a high degree both doctrines and sacraments. Also they

reject pictures, do not cross themselves, nor observe the appointed

fasts. In their meetings they pray for one another, sing psalms, and

explain the Word of God. They call themselves “Christians,” and their

great dogma is to worship God in spirit and in truth. They have no

magistrates, but govern their own society; they practise brotherly

love, have all things common, and are remarkable for the orderly and

cleanly manner in which they live. An officer whom I met last year in

the Caucasus spoke to me in the highest terms of their blameless lives.

There are many other sects of the Russian Church, many followers of

which are found in Siberia, either because banished or born there, or

having migrated by their own choice for the sake of greater liberty.

Not the least interesting among them are the _Molokans_, some of whom I

found on the Amur, and others more recently in the Trans-Caucasus.

APPENDIX D.

THE DISCOVERIES OF WIGGINS AND NORDENSKIÖLD.

(_From page 196._)

From various papers in the Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion

of Marine Enterprise and Trade in Russia, together with information

gathered by Mr. Oswald Cattley, it seems that Mr. M. K. Sidoroff of

Petersburg was the agitator, and, in a certain sense, the originator,

in modern times, of sea-trading adventure in the north of the Russian

empire. He was largely interested in gold-mining in the Yenesei, and

his efforts to open up marine communication with the north date from

1841. In 1860, thanks to his enterprise, the first foreign vessel

entered the Bay of Petchora. At the Universal Exhibition of 1862, in

London, Mr. Sidoroff exhibited, and obtained two medals for, products

from the Turukhansk district--graphite, skins, coal, salt, mammoth

tusks, etc.--all of which he presented to the South Kensington Museum.

In 1867 he began agitating the possibility of communicating with Europe

by sea _viâ_ the Yenesei and Obi rivers and the Arctic Ocean. In 1868

he communicated with the Norwegian whalers, and at his initiative

Captains Foyne, Carlsen, and others ventured into the Kara Sea, but

none reached to the mouth of either of the two great rivers. This

success was to be reaped by Captain Wiggins, of Sunderland, who fitted

out, at his own expense, a small steamer, the _Diana_, in which he

reached the mouth of the Obi in 1874. He was resolved upon repeating

the voyage in 1875, and to that end invited capitalists to assist him

in organizing a trade between Siberia and England. These overtures were

not successful to any considerable extent, though two gentlemen came

forward with subscriptions in Sunderland, and the captain added more

from his own means; but the whole amounted to less than was needed

for efficient operations. Determined, however, not to be baffled,

Wiggins purchased a small cutter, the _Whim_, that might have been

put in a good-sized drawing-room (it was only 45 feet long, and of

27 tons register!), and in _that_ he sailed direct for the Kara Sea.

The weather was adverse, and he was compelled to return in the autumn

of 1875. Another explorer, however, had followed suit, for Professor

Nordenskiöld, seeing what Wiggins had done in 1874, took the same track

in 1875, and reached the mouth of the Yenesei. Thence he sent back his

walrus sloop to Hammerfest, ascended the river, and returned overland

to Petersburg.

Captain Wiggins was now asked to meet his brother explorer,

Nordenskiöld, at Petersburg, where they both addressed crowded

audiences; after which the Russian merchants offered subscriptions

towards the equipment of another expedition, under the command of

Captain Wiggins, who was to return at once to England and secure a

steamer suitable to the work. But jealousy of a “foreign element”

subsequently seized some of the Russian merchants, and they desired

that a Russian naval officer should head the expedition--in other

words, that Captain Wiggins should be pilot, which he declined. Many

of the Russian subscriptions were in consequence withheld, but not

that of Mr. Sibiriakoff, who placed his money in the hands of the

editor of the _Times_. This money, with the assistance furnished by Mr.

Gardiner, of Goring, enabled Wiggins to attempt a third voyage, and

he now purchased the screw-steamer _Thames_--doing so, however, under

protest, for she was not the vessel he ought to have had. In this, in

1876, he started for the mouth of the Obi, and reached it; but, owing

to the unsuitability of his ship, he could not ascend the river. He

lay, therefore, in the Baidaratsky Gulf of the Kara Sea, employing

himself usefully in making nautical surveys, dredging, etc. He then

directed his course to the Yenesei, entered the river, and reached

the village of Dudinsk, about 400 miles from the ocean. Here he was

informed that the nearest port or river of safety was the Kureika. I

have since been told, by one in Siberia, that this was a mistake, the

river not being a suitable place for winter quarters. But the captain

proceeded without chart, without pilot; time was of importance; and he

had not got his steamer into the Kureika more than two or three days

before the ice formed, and she was locked up for eight months. This had

been anticipated; and the captain now returned overland, post-haste to

London, which he reached in January 1877.

Meanwhile Professor Nordenskiöld had also been following up his

discoveries, in proceeding again to the Yenesei, in 1876, with an

object mostly, but not entirely, scientific. It was arranged that his

expedition, consisting of Swedish geologists, botanists, zoologists,

and men of science, should be divided into two parties; one going with

the Professor, in the steamship _Ymar_, through the Kara Sea, was to

enter the mouth of the river and ascend to Mesenkin; whilst the other

party, under the direction of M. Théel, was to proceed overland to

Krasnoiarsk, and then descend the river to meet their comrades. The

Professor ascended to Mesenkin, but M. Théel could not get so far. The

two parties therefore failed to effect a meeting; but they added much

valuable information to what had been hitherto known of the natural

history of the Yenesei, and which was printed in two reports--the one

from Professor Nordenskiöld, and the other from M. Théel, addressed to

Messrs. Oscar Dickson, of Gothenburg, and Alexander Sibiriakoff, at

whose joint expense the expedition had been sent.

In the spring of 1877 Wiggins went overland from England through

Siberia, and down the Yenesei to the _Thames_, intending to steam back

to Europe. But the vessel was damaged by the breaking-up of the ice,

and became a wreck; and Wiggins was once more compelled to return by

land. He had been accompanied on the outward journey by Mr. Henry

Seebohm, who proceeded to the Yenesei to study its ornithology, and who

has since published some of the results of his researches, as well as

a book called “Siberia in Europe,” on the ornithology of North-eastern

Russia and part of Siberia. Besides these travellers and their

journeys, there have been several voyages undertaken, with a view to

bring Siberia into maritime contact with Europe. The _Newcastle Daily

Chronicle_ for November 28th, 1878, records several voyages as having

been made up to that time, with more or less success; and thus from the

years 1875 to 1878 we learnt more than had ever been previously known

of these two ancient rivers, the Obi and the Yenesei--to which latter,

another vessel has made its way during the present year.

That Western Siberia is capable of being made to play an important

part in the supply of European markets seems certain. The country

possesses immense stores of minerals, from gold down to excellent

coal, and agricultural produce both of fibre and cereals, the latter

including wheat, to be purchased at from 12 to 15 shillings per

quarter, first hand, which in England commands from 45 to 50 shillings.

A thousand miles of land between the Tobol and the Obi is capable of

producing an almost unlimited supply of wheat, oats, barley, rye, hay,

linseed, flax, and hemp; and to these might be added for export, to

be purchased very cheaply, hides, tallow, wool, and other products.

Already, on the rivers of the Obi system alone, there are no less

than 46 passenger and tug steamers plying annually, and ranging from

30 up to 120 horse-power. If, then, two central warehouses could be

established, at, say, Tiumen and Tomsk, it would be easy from thence

to purchase and carry produce to the mouth of the Obi. The difficult

part of the navigation lies between the mouth of the Obi and the Kara

or the Waigatz Straits, west of the Kara Sea; and what is required is

a powerful steamer, adapted for working among ice if needed, to ply

between the Obi Gulf and a depôt, say, on Waigatz Island, or even at

the North Cape, whence ordinary vessels could bring the produce away.

The ice steamer might then, in her last voyage for the season, return

with foreign merchandise, to be sold at the establishments in the

interior, and, in February, at the annual fair of Irbit where merchants

congregate from all parts of Siberia. Mr. Seebohm goes so far as to

say that, could the talked-of canal be formed from the Obi Gulf across

the Yamal peninsula, it might prove almost as important as that across

the Isthmus of Suez. Captain Wiggins thinks the canal impracticable,

but is sanguine as to the possibilities of trade on the Obi; and it

has been computed by Mr. Oswald Cattley that with a strong steamer, a

tug, six barges, and a couple of lighters, there might be exported from

Siberia, in a single navigation season, 6,000 tons of wheat; but, of

course, this would involve the outlay of considerable capital, and the

location of responsible agents in the country.

APPENDIX E.

THE EARLY EXPLORATION OF SIBERIA BY SEA AND LAND.

The north-east passage to China was attempted as far back as the

16th century, after the discovery of America had given such zest to

geographical exploration. Willoughby, Chancellor, and Burroughs started

on a route indicated to them by Sebastian Cabot, but with the result

that Willoughby perished in 1554; Chancellor landed in the White Sea

and laid the foundation of Anglo-Russian commerce; and Burroughs was

stopped before entering the Kara Sea. Thinking that China might,

perhaps, be reached by way of the Obi gulf, thence up the river, and by

a fabulous lake of Kitaï (or China) marked upon the map of Herberstein,

the English renewed their efforts. In 1580 two English ships, commanded

by Pet and Jackman, sailed towards the Russian Polar Seas, their

navigators being counselled by Hakluyt and Mercator, the foremost

geographers of their day; but both were baffled by the ice of the Kara

Sea. The Dutch were not more fortunate, and in the three voyages, in

which the illustrious Barentz took part, 1594-1597, no progress was

effected beyond the Seas of Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. In 1608, the

Dutch Hendrick Hudson, sailing in the English service, endeavoured but

in vain to pass the limits where his predecessors had been stopped, and

after his name should be mentioned those of Wood and Flawes, bringing

us to 1676. There was subsequently a lull in the efforts made by the

navigators of Western Europe for two centuries, and then we have the

voyage in the _Tegetthoff_, under Payer and Weyprecht. The fishermen

and Russian merchants from the White Sea, however, knew perfectly the

route to the gulfs of the Obi and Yenesei. Of this there is proof in

the map of Boris Godunof in the year 1600, although it is true that

to travel by this route was forbidden sixteen years later under pain

of death, lest the Russians should pilot foreigners to the coasts of

Siberia.

Cut off thus by a frozen sea, the sailing of which was considered by

the navigators and geographers of Western Europe an impossibility,

the exploration of the North Siberian littoral could go on only from

Siberia itself, which was done by means of river craft. In 1648,

the Cossack Dejnev, leaving the mouth of the Kolima in command of a

little fleet of seven boats, had succeeded in rounding the extreme

northern point of Asia, and in clearing, long before Behring was

born, the strait which bears the name of that navigator. Stadoukhin

also traversed the seas of Eastern Siberia, looking for islands

covered with fossil ivory, of which the natives had told him. In 1735

Prontchichtchev and Lasinius descended the Lena to examine its delta

and coast along to the east and west. The former proceeded round Cape

Cheliuskin (so named after his pilot), but did not reach the Yenesei

Gulf, and the expedition brought back their leader’s corpse. Again, an

expedition set out in 1739 under Laptev, and, after being shipwrecked,

crossed overland the most northern cape of the Old World, and explored

the Taimur peninsula. The littoral between the estuaries of the Obi and

Yenesei was discovered two years previously by Ovtzin and Minin.

Navigation towards the Siberian Sea had already commenced, however, by

way of the Pacific. In 1728 Behring, a Dane in the Russian service,

crossed Siberia by land, and, embarking on the Pacific, penetrated the

famous straits which bear his name, and it was through him that the

geographers of Western Europe learned the existence of this passage,

already known for eighty years to the Siberian Cossacks; but the

archives of Yakutsk had so closely kept the secret that the great Peter

himself did not know it when he charged Behring to go and explore the

coasts of Eastern Siberia.

The explorations of Cook, in 1778, confirmed the points laid down by

Behring, and added much to our knowledge of these north-eastern waters.

After the voyage of Cook, only the seas about Sakhalin, Yesso, and the

Kuriles remained to be explored. La Perouse laid down the first tracing

of the islands and the shores of the continent, and he recognized the

insular character of Sakhalin and the existence of a passage uniting

the seas of Japan and Okhotsk.

Thus all the coast lines of Siberia were mapped out as to their

principal features, and there matters remained until, at the instance

of Mr. Sidoroff, in 1868, some Norwegian whalers ventured to the Kara

Sea, which, however, was not successfully navigated, I believe, by an

_ocean_ craft till 1874, when Captain Wiggins accomplished it by steam.

He reached the gulf of the Obi, and would willingly have steamed on to

“the land of Kitaï,” but he was unsupported by such enterprise as sent

out Willoughby, Chancellor, and Burroughs, and the rose was honorably

snatched from the Englishman’s hand by Nordenskiöld, the Swedo-Finn,

whose voyage may, in a manner, be said to have closed the maritime

discovery of Siberia.

The scientific exploration of this vast country by land can hardly

be said to have commenced till the 18th century, with Messerschmidt.

Some years later, Gmelin, Müller, and Delisle de la Croyère, during

an absence of nine years, from 1733 to 1742, recorded valuable

observations on the physical geography of the country. In those days,

however, the Russian Government regarded with considerable jealousy

the publication of documents relative to the resources of the empire.

Pallas travelled over Siberia to the Baikal and beyond, with several

scientists, and brought back much valuable information, especially

concerning geology and natural history. Scientific travels in Siberia

were then suspended till after the political events of 1815. In

1828 the Norwegian Hansteen, accompanied by Erman, went on those

travels which proved of such importance to the study of terrestrial

magnetism, whilst Erman’s astronomical determinations were of great

use in correcting the maps which hitherto had been only approximately

correct. Humboldt went to Siberia when Hansteen and Erman were there;

and though his visit, by reason of its shortness, was not very fruitful

in observations, it proved important in the history of science, because

he brought back documents which proved valuable for his work on Central

Asia. The explorations of Middendorf in Northern and Eastern Siberia

had considerable importance, and in 1854 Schwartz, Schmidt, Glehn,

Usoltzoff, and their companions made a remarkable expedition, which

explored the immense region stretching from the Za-Baikal to the Lena,

including the northern affluents of the Amur.

These are some of the prominent names connected with the scientific

exploration of Siberia in general. Several specialists also have pushed

their way to various parts of the country--Castrén the philologist

to the Samoyede country, 1842-3; Maack, Venyukoff, and Radde, to the

Amur and Ussuri, 1854-9; Müller and Czekanovski to the country of the

Chukchees, 1869-70, and to the Yenesei in 1873-4. Two years later

Seebohm, the ornithologist, descended the Yenesei, as also did the

Swedish expedition under Professor Théil; and in the same year Finsch,

Brehm, and Zeil explored the basin of the Irtish and Obi. For the names

of other travellers in Northern Asia the reader is referred to the

Bibliography of Siberia, and list of works consulted, in the following

appendix.

* * * * *

P.S.--This appendix was written before the publication of “The Voyage

of the _Vega_ round Asia and Europe, with an Historical Review of

Previous Voyages along the North Coast of the Old World. By A. E.

Nordenskiöld,” whose book will doubtless be regarded as a standard

work, and to it, accordingly, the reader is referred for fuller

information on the maritime coast of Siberia.

APPENDIX F.

THE AUTHOR’S ITINERARY ROUND THE WORLD.

The following shows the dates of the Author’s arrivals and departures,

with distances in miles travelled by rail, water, and road, together

with the number of post-horses employed:--

| | | | |

April 30 | London to Petersburg | 1,683 | 23 | |

| | | | |

May 12 | Petersburg to Moscow | 402 | | |

| | | | |

May 16 | Nijni Novgorod to Kasan | | 266 | |

| | | | |

May 19 | Kasan to Perm | | 686 | |

| | | | |

May 22 | Perm to | 312 | | |

| | | | |

May 27 | Ekaterineburg to Tiumen | | | 204 | 74

| | | | |

May 30 | Tiumen to Tobolsk | | | 172 | 65

| | | | |

| | | | |

June 12 | Tomsk to Barnaul | | | 238 | 51

| | | | |

June 16 | Barnaul to Tomsk | | | 238 | 51

| | | | |

June 19 | Tomsk to Krasnoiarsk | | | 369 | 165

| | | | |

| | | | |

June 27 | Krasnoiarsk to Irkutsk | | | 671 | 267

| | | | |

| | | | |

July 10 | Irkutsk to Kiakhta | | | 312 | 80

| | | | |

| | | | |

July 16 | Kiakhta to | | | 148 | 35

| | | | |

July 18 | Verchne-Udinsk to Chita | | | 294 | 112

| | | | |

July 21 | Chita to Stretinsk | | | 242 | 78

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Aug. 9 | Khabarofka to | | 628 | |

| | | | |

Aug. 31 | Nikolaefsk to | | 628 | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Sept. 11 | Kamen-Ruiboloff to | | | 88 | 27

| | | | |

| | ----- | ----- | ----- | -----

| | 2,670 | 5,753 | 3,132 | 1,005

| | | | |

| | | SEA | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Oct. 4 | Hakodate to Yokohama | | 645 | |

| | | | |

Oct. 11 | Yokohama to | | 5,261 | |

| | | | |

Oct. 29 | San Francisco to Ogden | 883 | | |

| | | | |

Oct. 29 | Lathrop to Yo-Semite | 182 | | 170 |

| | | | |

Nov. 5 | Ogden to Salt Lake City | 74 | | |

| | | | |

Nov. 6 | Ogden to Omaha | 1,032 | | |

| | | | |

Nov. 8 | Omaha to Chicago | 502 | | |

| | | | |

Nov. 10 | Chicago to New York | 961 | | |

| | | | |

Nov. 15 | New York to Liverpool | | 3,482 | |

| | | | |

Nov. 25 | Liverpool to Blackheath | 207 | | 3 |

| | ----- | ------ | ----- | -----

| | 6,511 | 15,694 | 3,305 | 1,005

\________ __________/

25,510

From the foregoing it will appear that the total distance travelled was

25,510 miles, of which 3,305 miles were accomplished by the hire of

1,005 post-horses. The whole time occupied was 210 days, of these, 50

days were stationary; thus leaving 160 days, during which was covered

an average of 159 miles per day.

APPENDIX G.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SIBERIA,

AND LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED OR REFERRED TO IN THE FOREGOING VOLUMES.

_Adams, A. L._, Travels of a Naturalist in Japan and Manchuria, 1870.

_Agar, Mrs._, Adventures of a Serf’s Wife. _London_, 1866.

Amur and Adjacent Districts. “Royal Geographical Society’s Journal,”

vol. xxviii. _London_, 1858.

Amur River Explorations. _Washington_, 1859.

_Andreoli, M. Emile._ De Pologne en Sibérie: Journal de Captivité,

1863-1867. “Revue Moderne,” August and September, 1868.

_Atkinson, T. W._, Oriental and Western Siberia. _London_, 1858.

_Atkinson, T. W._, Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower

Amoor. _London_, Hurst, 1861.

_Author of_ “Member for Paris,” The Russians of To-day. _London_,

Smith and Elder, 1878.

_Banished Lady, A_, Revelations of Siberia. 1853.

_Barry, H._, Ivan at Home; or, Pictures of Russian Life. _London_,

1872.

_Bax, B. W._, The Eastern Seas. _London_, Murray, 1875.

Bible of Every Land; a History of the Sacred Scriptures in every

Language and Dialect. _London_, Bagster, 1851.

_Blackmore, W. R._, Doctrines of the Russian Church, being the Primer,

or Spelling Book, the Shorter and Longer Catechisms, and a

Treatise on the Duty of Parish Priests. _Aberdeen_, 1845.

_Blackmore, W. R._, Mouravieff’s Doctrines of the Russian Church.

_Oxford_, Parker, 1842.

_Burney, James_, Chronological History of North-Eastern Voyages of

Discovery, and of the Early Eastern Navigations of the Russians.

_London_, 1819.

_Bush, R. J._, Reindeer, Dogs, and Snow-Shoes; Siberian Travel in

1865-7. _London_, Low, 1871.

Calendar (Russian) for 1880. _Petersburg_, Hoppe, 1880.

_Chappé d’Auteroche_, Journey into Siberia, made by order of the King

of France in 1761. Translated. _London_, 1770.

_Chester, H. M._, Russia, Past and Present, adapted from the German of

Lankenau and Oelnitz. _London_, Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge, 1881.

_Cochrane, J. D._, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey through Russia

and Siberian Tartary from the Frontiers of China to the Frozen Sea

and Kamchatka. _London_, 1825.

_Collins, P. M._, Siberia to Japan. _New York_, 1860.

_Collins, P. M._, A Voyage Down the Amoor. _London_, 1860.

_Cottin, Madame de_, Elizabeth; or, the Exiles of Siberia. Translated.

_London_, 1808.

_Cottrill, Herbert_, Recollections of Siberia in the Year 1840-1.

_London_, Parker, 1842.

_Covel, John, D.D._, Some Account of the Greek Church compared with

Goar’s Notes on the Greek Ritual. _Cambridge_, 1722.

_De Foe, Daniel_, Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. _London_,

Cadell, 1820.

_De Lagny, G._, The Knout and the Russians. _London_, Bogue, 1854.

_Dobell, P._, Travels in Kamtchatka and Siberia. _London_, Bentley,

1830.

Documents of the United States Senate about Alaska. _Washington_, 1876.

_Dostoyeffsky, F._, (A. P. Goryantchikoff) Buried Alive; or, Ten

Years’ Penal Servitude in Siberia. Translated from the Russian.

_London_, Longmans, 1881.

_Eden, C. H._, Frozen Asia. _London_, Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge, 1879.

Education, Plan of, in the Boys’ Gymnasia (in Russ). _Petersburg_,

1872.

_Erman, Adolph_, Travels in Siberia. _London_, Longmans, 1848.

_Finsch, O._, Reise nach West Sibirien, im Jahre 1876. _Berlin_, 1879.

_Fowkes, F._, The Greek and Latin Churches. _London_, Whittaker, 1854.

_Gayarin, Father_, Russian Clergy. Translated from the French by

Charles du G. Makepeace. _London_, Burns, 1872.

_Gordon, Peter_, Fragment of a Tour through Persia in 1820, containing

Voyages to and from Ochotsk in Siberia. _London_, 1833.

_Goryantchikoff, A. P._, Buried Alive; or, Ten Years’ Penal Servitude

in Siberia. Edited by Dostoyeffsky. Translated. _London_,

Longmans, 1881.

_Grant, C. M._, Gold Mines of Eastern Siberia. From the “Mining

Magazine.”

Greek and Eastern Churches. _London_, Religious Tract Society.

Greek Church, Articles on:--

“Bibliotheca Sacra,” vol. xv.

“British and Foreign Review,” vol. ix.

“Christian Examiner” (American), vol. lix.

“Church Quarterly Review” (American). _New York_, 1859.

Greek Church: A Sketch. _London_, Darling, 1850.

_Grieve, James_, History of Kamchatka and the Kurilski Islands.

Translated from Russian, 1764.

_Hansteen_, Travels in Siberia. _London_, “Leisure Hour,” 1879.

_Hardy, Mrs._, Up North; or, Lost and Found in Russia. _London_,

Nimmo, 1878.

_Hertzen, A._, My Exile in Siberia. _London_, Hurst, 1855.

_Hill, S. S._, Travels in Siberia. _London_, Longmans, 1854.

_Hovgaard, A._, Nordenskiöld’s Voyage around Asia and Europe:

a popular account of the North-East Passage of the _Vega_.

Translated by H. L. Brækstad. _London_, Sampson Low and Co., 1882.

_Huc, Abbé_, Life and Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China.

Translated by W. Hazlitt. _London_, 1867.

_K. O._ (Madame Novikoff), Russia and England from 1876-80: a Protest

and an Appeal. _London_, Longmans, 1880.

_Kennan, G._, Tent Life in Siberia. _London_, Low, 1870.

_King, John G._, Rites and Ceremonies of the Greek Church in Russia.

_London_, 1772.

_Knox, T. W._, Overland Through Asia. _Hartford_, Connecticut, 1871.

_Kotzebue, Augustus Von_, The Most Remarkable Year in the Life of,

containing an account of his Exile into Siberia. Translated.

_London_, 1802.

_Latham, R. G._, Native Races of Russian Empire. _London_, Baillière,

1854.

_Leslie, Alexander_, Arctic Voyages of A. E. Nordenskiöld. _London_,

Macmillan, 1879.

_Lesseps, M. de_, Travels in Kamchatka during the years 1787 and 1788,

2 vols. Translated. _London_, 1790.

_Littledale, R. F._, Holy Eastern Church, a Popular Outline of its

History. _London_, Hayes, 1872.

_Littledale, R. F._, Offices from the Service Books of the Holy

Eastern Church, with translations. 1863.

_Lover of Truth, A_, The Antidote; or, The Inquiry into the Merits of

a Book entitled “A Journey into Siberia made in 1761,” by the Abbé

Chappé. Translated. _London_, 1772.

_Maack, R._, Travels on Amur (in Russ.). _Petersburg_, 1859.

_Maistre, X. de_, Jeune Sibérienne, and Index. _London_, Dulau, 1878.

_Masson, E._, Apology for the Greek Church. _London_, Hatchards, 1844.

_Mayhew, H._, Criminal Prisons of London, and Scenes of Prison Life.

_London_, Griffin, 1862.

_Michie_, Siberian Overland Route from Peking to Petersburg. _London_,

Murray, 1864.

_Middendorff, A. T. Von_, Siberie Reise. _Petersburg_, 1860.

_Milne, J._, Journey Across Asia. “Transactions of Asiatic Society of

Japan,” vol. vii. _London_, Trübner, 1879.

_Mouravieff_, Harmony of Anglican and Eastern Doctrine. 1846.

_Muller, G. F._, Conquest of Siberia. 1842.

_Neale, J. M._, History of the Holy Eastern Church. _London_, Masters,

1850.

_Nordenskiöld, A. E._, Arctic Voyages of. By Alexander Leslie.

_London_, Macmillan, 1879.

_Nordenskiöld, A. E._, The Voyage of the _Vega_ round Asia and Europe,

with an Historical Review of previous voyages along the North

Coast of the Old World. Translated by Alexander Leslie. _London_,

Macmillan, 1881.

“Oriental Church Magazine,” Quarterly. _New York_, from 1878.

_Overbeck, J. J._, A Plain View of the Claims of the Orthodox Catholic

Church as opposed to all other Christian Denominations. _London_,

Trübner, 1881.

_Palmer, Adam H._, Memoirs, Geographical and Political, The Amur,

etc., 30th Congress, 1st Session, etc.

_Palmer_, Patriarch and Tsar. _London_, Trübner, 1871.

_Pietrowski, R._, My Escape from Siberia. _London_, Routledge.

_Pietrowski, R._, Story of a Siberian Exile. _London_, Longmans, 1863.

_Pinkerton, R._, Russia; or, Miscellaneous Observations on the Past

and Present State of that Country, etc. _London_, Seeleys, 1833.

_Pinkerton, R._, Present State of the Greek Church in Russia; or, a

Summary of Christian Divinity. _Edinburgh_, 1816.

_Platon_, Present State of the Greek Church. Translated by Pinkerton.

_Edinburgh_, 1815.

Post-Book of Russian Empire. _Petersburg_, 1875.

_Prejevalsky, N._, Mongolia, etc. Translated from Russian, by E. D.

Morgan. _London_, Low, 1876.

_Prinsep, H. T._, Thibet, Tartary, and Mongolia. _London_, 1852.

_Rae, Edward_, Land of the North Wind; or, Travels among Laplanders

and Samoyedes. _London_, Murray, 1875.

_Ravenstein, E. G._, The Russians on the Amur. _London_, Trübner, 1861.

_Réclus, E._, Nouvelle Géographie Universelle VI. L’Asie Russe.

_Paris_, Hachette et Cie, 1881.

_Reisen in Russ Asien II._ _Leipzig_, Otto Spamer, 1866.

Report, Meteorological, “Annalen des Physikalischen

centralobservatoriums” (in Russ and German). _Petersburg_, H.

Wild, 1878.

Report of the Orthodox Missionary Society for 1876 (in Russ).

_Moscow_, 1878.

Report of Directors of Convict Prisons for 1877. _London_, Eyre and

Spottiswoode, 1878.

Revelations of Russia, 2 vols. _London_, H. Colburn, 1844.

_Romanoff, H. C._, Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. _London_, 1871.

_Romanoff, H. C._, Rites and Customs of the Græco-Russian Church.

_London_, Rivington, 1868.

_R[osen], Baron_, Russian Conspirators in Siberia. Translated from the

German. _London_, Smith and Elder, 1872.

Russia, Recollections of. By _A German Nobleman_, during 33 years’

residence. 1855.

Russian Church, History of. “Christian Remembrancer,” vol. x.

Russians of To-day. By the Author of “The Member for Paris.” _London_,

Smith and Elder, 1878.

_Sauer, M._, Account of a Geographical and Astronomical Expedition to

the North Parts of Russia, the mouth of the Kolyma to East Cape,

and Islands in the Eastern Ocean, performed by Joseph Billings,

1785-94. _London_, 1802.

_Seebohm, Henry_, Contributions to the Ornithology of Siberia. The

“Ibis,” April, 1878.

_Seebohm, Henry_, A Visit to the Valley of the Yenesei. _London_,

Clowes, 1879.

_Shaw, Robert_, Visits to Chinese Tartary. _London_, Murray, 1871.

_Shepherd, Captain W._, Homeward through Mongolia and Siberia. “Royal

Engineers’ Journal,” 1880.

Siberia, Article on. “Contemporary Review,” September, 1879.

Siberia, Article on. “Revue de deux Mondes,” September, 1879.

Siberia, Revelations of. By _A Banished Lady_. 1853.

_Smith, Thomas_, Doctrines of the Greek Church, 1680.

_Spalding, Captain_, Venyukoff’s “Saghalien.” “Royal Geographical

Society’s Journal,” vol. xlii. _London_, 1872.

_Stanley, A. P._, History of the Eastern Church. _London_, Murray, 2nd

ed., 1862.

_Strahlenberg, P. G._, Description of North and East of Europe.

_London_, 1738.

_Théel, M._, Rapport de, sur les Expéditions Suédoises de 1876 au

Yéneséi. _Upsal_, Edquist, 1877.

_Ure, A._, Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. _London_,

Longmans, 1863.

_Venyukoff_, Saghalien. Translated by Captain Spalding. “Royal

Geographical Society’s Journal,” vol. xlii.

_Waddington, G._, Present Condition and Prospects of the Greek or

Oriental Church. _London_, Murray, 1854.

_Wahl, O. W._, Land of the Czar. _London_, Chapman and Hall, 1875.

_Wallace, D. Mackenzie_, Russia. _London_, Cassells, 1877.

_Whyte, W. H._, Land Journey from Asia to Europe. _London_, Low, 1871.

_Wiggins, J._, The Austro-German Polar Expedition. Translated.

_Bishopwearmouth_, Wm. Carr, 1875.

_Williamson, A._, North China, Manchuria, Corea. _London_, 1870.

INDEX.

Åbo, Prison of, 63

Aboriginal population of Siberia, 52

Aborigines’ love of drink, 102

---- of Manchuria, 547

---- of the Yenesei, 205

Accident on tarantass journey, 251

Account of a Russian prison, 380

Across Europe, 9

Lake Baikal, 309

Adamson, Mr., the catechist, 229

Advocate, Profession of an, 582

Afloat with Russians, 732

Aged prisoners at Kara, 470

Agriculture of the Daurians, 549

Aigun, Difficulty of entering, 558

---- Government buildings at, 557

---- Population of, 556

---- Temple at, 558

---- Theatre at, 558

---- Town of, 495, 556

Aïno, Appearance of an, 650

---- language, 650

---- mission, 650

---- Translation into, 650

Akatuya, Prisoners in irons at, 421

Akmolinsk, Distribution of tracts in province of, 186

---- Dr. Finsch in, 159

Albazikha River, 515

Albazin, Country surrounding, 515

---- Sieges of, 515

---- Trees in vicinity of, 515

Alcohol and _vodka_, 544

Alcoholic liquors at Irkutsk, Price of, 265

Alexander, Peter, Protodiakonoff of Khabarofka, 673

---- Baptisms of Goldi by, 674

---- House of, 677

---- Translation of Gospels by, 673

---- Visit to, 673

Alexandreffsky, Inquiries concerning Author at, 249

---- Journey to, 243

---- Photography at, 250

---- Prison, 70, 245

Amusements, 83

Book for description of prisoners, 76

Books for, 249

Brickmaking, 247

Cigarette-paper making, 247

Convicts, Number of, 70

Director of, 244

Ethnography of, 246

Food, 79

Formerly a factory, 245

Gardening, 248

Hospital, 248

_Petchka_, 246

Prisoners in irons, 248

---- Number of, 246

---- seeing friends, 246

_Scorbutus_ among prisoners, 249

Secret cell in, 245

Shoemaking in, 247

Work, 82, 446

---- Lack of, 247

Altai mountains, boundary of Russia in Asia, 19

---- Discovery of metals in, 153

---- Extent of, 148

---- Minerals in, 104

---- silver-mines, 411

Altars of sacrifice, 591

American animals, 644

Amur, Arrival on the, 503

---- Atkinson, Mr., on the, 440

---- Chernigovsky’s expedition, 492

---- Collins on the, 499

---- Colonists, 502

Amur, Cucumbers on the, 588

---- Difficulties with China, 501

---- History of the, 489

---- _Ingoda_ steamer on the, 510

---- Khabarof’s expedition, 490

---- Length of the, 504

---- Lower:

Animals, 599

Boundary of, 580

Cats, Price of, 600

Cliff at Tyr, 589

Depth of, 580

Fish, 581

Flowers, 579

Fruit, 583

Gilyak habitation, 591

Hotsprings, 588

Ravenstein on the, 581

Religious services on the, 725

Scenery, 580

Settlers’ village, 588

Temperature of, 579

Trees of, 579

Weather, 627

Width of, 580-85

---- Middle:

Climate of, 532

Manyargs on, 507

Province, Area of, 543

Scenery of, 535

Scripture distribution, 538

---- Military Governor of the, 500

---- Muravieff, the Governor, 496

---- Pashkof’s expedition, 492

---- Population of province, 543

---- Poyarkof’s expedition, 490

---- Route through Siberia, 52

---- Russian conquests on the, 489

---- Source of the, 19

---- Stepanof’s expedition, 491

---- Territory of the, 504

Tribes’ appeal to China for help against Russia, 493

---- Upper:

Cliffs on the, 516

Flora of, 516

Peoples on Chinese bank, 506

---- Ust-Strelka, The river at, 514

---- Venyukoff’s mission, 494

---- _Zeya_ steamer aground, 511

Amusements of the Chinese, 342

---- Dancing, 622

---- Gilyak, 602

---- Prison, 83

Amusements, Russian, 621

---- Swings, 621

Anadir River, 639

---- Fish in the, 640

Anadirsk, Fort of, 640

Andreoli, M., Exile of, 43

---- on flogging, 93

---- on the _knout_, 91

Andreyeff, M., Introduction to, 615

Anecdote concerning an “equipage,” 439

Angara River, Rapids of the, 311

---- Temperature of the, 310

Anglo-Chinese War, Influence of the, 501

Animals, American, 644

---- Asiatic, 644

---- Distribution over Siberia, 697

---- of chase in Yeneseisk, 207

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- on Lower Amur, 599

---- Wild, 188

Aniva Bay, Scriptures for, 660

Annexation, Russian, of Siberia, 109

Antiquities, Bulgarian, 13

Appeal, Court of, 73

Apple-tree mountains, View of, 360

Archangel, Distribution of Scriptures at, 733

---- tour of Author, 4

“Archangel Gabriel” mine, 218

Archbishop of Irkutsk, Interview sought with, 274

---- of Tobolsk on tract distribution, 183

Archery in Manchuria, 556

Area of Russia in Asia, 18

---- of Tobolsk, 97

---- of Trans-Baikal province, 400

_Argols_ as fuel, 368

Army officers, Pay of, 668

Arrests for drunkenness, Number of, 545

Arrival at Kamen-Ruiboloff, 686

---- at Petersburg, 9

Arrows and bows of Ostjaks, 126

Art in Siberia, 433

Asia and Europe, Frontier of, 18

---- Ethnography of Russia in, 19, 52

Asiatic animals, 644

---- boundary-line, 49

---- Russia, Population of, 20

Assaying gold at the mine, 223

Assizes, Court of, 73

Asylum at Krasnoiarsk, 229

---- for prisoners’ children, 77

Atchinsk, Ispravnik of, 195

Atkinson, Mr., on the Amur, 440

---- on Buriat missions, 375

---- on Kirghese, 159

---- on Nertchinsk climate, 425

Atmosphere of prisons, 381

Author, Dilemma of, at Khabarofka, 574

---- Distance travelled by, 770

---- Farewell of exile life by, 726-8

---- Impressions of, concerning exile life, 726-8

---- Inquiries concerning, at Alexandreffsky, 249

---- Itinerary of, round the world, 770

---- Object of journey of, 1

---- Opinion of, on prisons, 662

---- Religious services of, 701, 709, 725

---- Work of, in Western Siberia, 733

---- Works consulted by, 772

Awaking a Russian at Nijni Udinsk, 241

Baikal, Lake, 19

---- Area of, 312

---- Basin of, 312

---- Destination for political prisoners, 37

---- Fish of, 312

---- Flora of neighbourhood, 315

---- Storms on, 312

Bail found by prisoners, 74

Bank at Khabarofka, 578

---- Siberian State, 578

Bankova River, Fair held by Cossacks, 488

Baptism, Author’s administration of, 701, 709

---- Certificate of, 709

---- in the Russian Church, 167

---- of Goldi, 674

---- Service of, 167

Barge transport of exiles, 29, 120

Barnaul, Cemetery at, 152

---- Flora in district of, 149

---- Hospital at, 153

---- Journey to, 148

---- Land at, Cost of, 158

---- Museum at, 157

---- Poor-house at, 153

---- Population of, 152

---- Provisions at, Cost of, 158

---- Silver-smelting at, 156

---- Tatars at, 62

---- _Usine_ at, 153-6

Barracks at Blagovestchensk, 526

---- at gold-mines, 223

---- at Kara, 452

---- at Nikolaefsk, 620

---- at Vladivostock, 718

Bath-room in Petersburg Model Prison, 66

Battle with cockroaches at Rasdolnoi, 702

Bays in the Primorsk, 562

Bazaar at Tomsk, 128

Bears, Mode of capturing, 209

---- venerated by Gilyaks, 606, 608

Beds in Siberia, 444

Beef at Irkutsk, Cheapness of, 265

Beggars at Krasnoiarsk, 228

---- at Tomsk, 228

_Beljetchenko_ steamer, 117

---- Card-playing on the, 119

Bell exiled, 113

Bells of Russian churches, 332

Benediction of water, 169

Betrothal of Gilyaks, 601

Beverages of gold-miners, 224

_Bezpopoftschins_, Sects of, 759

Bible distribution on the Shilka, 539

---- possessed by priest at Krasnorechinska, 195

---- Russian Church and the, 181

---- Society:

Finnish grant of, 3

Irkutsk, Contemplated depôt at, 268

Kansk, 238

Roumanian grant, 3

Russian Scriptures printed for the, 8

Tomsk, Depôt at, 237

Bibliography of Siberia, 772

Bigotry of the Russian Church, 756

Biisk, Prison at, 133

Billings, Joseph, on Kamchatka, 631

Birching of prisoners, 89

---- Effects of, 473

Birch-trees on the Upper Amur, 515

Birds known to the Goldi, 600

---- of prey in Western Siberia, 189

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 202

---- on Mongolian frontier, 357

---- on the Yenesei, Seebohm on, 763

Bishop, Consecration of a, 167

“Black” Nihilists, 34

Blagovestchensk, Cossack barracks at, 526

---- Flood at, 532

---- Foundation of, 500

---- Government establishments at, 526

---- Meaning of, 518

---- Merchants’ stores at, 526

---- Meteorology of, 532

---- Missionary effort at, 518-19

---- Prison at, 525

---- Provisions at, Cost of, 527

---- Seminary for priests, 523

---- Students’ education at, 523

---- Temperature of, 532

Board at post-houses, 141

Boats of the Goldi, 600

---- of the Manchu, 554-5

---- on the Lena, 285

Bogotol, Hospitality at, 194

Bolan, Mission school at, 604

Books at Irkutsk hospital, 276

---- Church, Revision of, 758

---- English, on Siberia, at Nikolaefsk, 629

---- for prison, 113

---- for prisoners at Irkutsk, 277

---- for the Trans-Baikal, 400

Letters concerning them, 401, 402

---- left with Gen. Ismailoff, 279

---- left with M. Lochwitzky, 279

---- for Alexandreffsky prison, 249

---- on Siberian prisoners, 379

---- Stock of, at Irkutsk, 280

Boot-making in prison, 247

Bothnian tour of Author, 540

Boundaries of Siberia, 49

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 199

Boundary of Russia and China, 323

Bows and arrows of the Ostjaks, 126

Boys’ Industrial School at Vladivostock, 723

Branding prisoners abolished, 464

Bread, A substitute for, 642

---- Black, 141

Bribery by prisoners, 39

Bribery in trading transactions, 626

---- of guards by exiles, 39

---- of prison officials, 277

Brickmaking at Alexandreffsky, 247

_British Workman_ in Russ, 7

Brunière, De la, missionary to Gilyaks, 612

Buddhist praying machine, 373

---- temple at Maimatchin, 344

Building a Siberian prison, 70

Buildings at Nikolaefsk, 625

Bulgarian Antiquities, Museum of, 13

Bureya district, Climate of, 542

---- mountains, Coal in the, 536

---- Scenery of, 537

Burial service of the Russian Church, 152

Buriats as drivers, 356-69

---- attitude towards exiles, 40

---- Conversion of, 374

---- feast of boiled mutton, 367

---- Fuel of, 368

---- habitations, 366

---- lamasery, or monastery, 335

---- method of salutation, 356

---- Missions to the, 357

Atkinson, Mr., on, 375

Cochrane, J. D., on, 375

Hill, Mr. S. S., on, 375

---- _Obos_ of the, 405

---- Occupation of the, 369

---- opposition to invasion, 281

---- Physiognomy of, 364

---- Population of, 369

---- Possessions of the, 369

---- Religion of the, 370

---- Respect of, for Lamas, 371

---- treatment of escaped convicts, 40

---- Women’s head-dresses, 365

“Buried Alive,” by Goryantchikoff, on flogging, 654

---- on political prisoners, 384

Burney, Capt., on Kamchatka, 631

Burning of Irkutsk, 253

Bush, Mr., on Kamchatka, 633

Busse, General, Military Governor of the Amur, 500

Butter, Siberian, 188

---- Cost of, 317

Butterflies on the Alexandreffsky route, 240

Camels, Caravan route by, 351

---- on Mongolian frontier, 357

Candidates for holy orders, Lack of, 171

Candle worship, 164

Caravan transport in Siberia, 354

Card-playing at Sakhalin, 656

---- by prisoners, 388

---- on the _Beljetchenko_, 119

---- on the Ussuri, 680

Carriage, Siberian, Cost of, 105, 746

Carts of the Manchu, 552

Catechist at Krasnoiarsk, 229

Cathedral at Kiakhta, 332

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 230

---- singing, 165

Cats, Price of, on Lower Amur, 600

Cattle in the Primorsk, 697

---- of the Manchu, 550

---- of the Yeneseisk province, 204

Cattley, Oswald, Loan of tarantass by, 27

---- on Obi trade, 27, 108, 761

Cavalry, Mongolian, in Kiakhta, 326

Cells at Blagovestchensk, 525

---- Dark, in Model Prison at Petersburg, 66

---- in Kara prison, 469

---- Solitary, 88

Cemeteries, Russian, 152

Cemetery at Barnaul, 152

Certificate of baptism, 709

Chains worn by prisoners, 154

Changing horses, 140

Chapel in Model Prison at Petersburg, 67

---- Lutheran, at Krasnoiarsk, 228

Chaplain for prisoners at Kara, 458

Chaplains of prisons, 663

Character of Koriaks, 640

Cheese-making, 188

Cheliuskin, Cape, Discovery of, 767

---- rounded by Nordenskiöld, 292

Chernigovsky’s expedition on the Amur, 492

Children of prisoners’ asylum, 77

China, Boundary of, 323

---- Difficulties with, on Amur question, 501

---- Ethnography of empire, 206

---- High road to, 52

---- North-east passage to, attempted, 766

---- Population of, 206

---- Travellers on Mongolian route, 349

---- Treaties with Russia, 323

Chinese amusement, 342

---- appealed to by Amur tribes, 493.

---- chopsticks, 347

---- clerks at Maimatchin, 340

---- demand for silver money, 715

---- dinner at Maimatchin, 345

---- exports into Russia, 341

---- in the Primorsk, Number of, 714

---- junks and houses at Vladivostock, 716

---- merchant at Maimatchin, 339

---- method of salutation, 356

---- _samovar_, 347

---- use of tea, 340

Chita, 70

---- Cucumbers at, 426

---- Flora in neighbourhood of, 404

---- _Plète_ at, 94

---- Population of, 361

---- Prison at, 362

The “Black-cart” at, 362

---- Situation of, 361

Baron R[osen] on, 425

Christian Goldi, Photograph of, 674

Christmas presents to scholars at Vladivostock, 723

Chukchee coast, Fauna of, 643

_Vega_ frozen in on the, 646

---- country, Flora of, 644

---- language, 647

Chukchees, Marriage customs of the, 643

---- Number of the, 639

Church affairs in province of Irkutsk, 273

---- at Kozloffskaya, 670

---- at Nikolaefsk, 624

---- Baptism, 167

Certificate of, 709

---- Bells, 332

---- Bigotry, 756

---- Bishop, Consecration of a, 167

---- books, Revision of, 758

---- Candles, 164

---- Cathedrals, 165

---- Clergy, 163

---- committees, 163

---- Confession, contrition, and communion, 169, 237

---- “Consistory,” 164

---- Consolidation of the, 751

---- Dioceses, 163

---- “Directory,” 163

---- discipline, 175

---- Doctrines of Russian, Roman, and English, 754

---- Eastern, Greek, and Russian, Distinction between, 162

---- Fanatical sects, 758

---- Fasting, 177

---- Foundation of, 751

---- History of the, 751

---- Holy oil, 169

---- Images, Worship of, 164

---- Journal of priest, 174

---- knowledge, Sources of, 161

---- Liturgy, 166

---- Lutheran, at Vladivostock, 717

---- Metropolitans, 176

---- Missionary collections, 520

---- Monasteries, 163-77

Clergy of, 176

---- music, 165

---- Nunneries, 179

---- Obligation of clergy to be married, 524

---- Orders, 166

---- Ordinations, 166

---- Parish priest: Position, pay, and tithes of, 172-3

---- Parishioners, 163

---- Penance, Sacrament of, 169

---- Picture worship, 164

---- Priests, Social disadvantages of, 173

---- processions, 174

---- Protestants in Siberia, Number of, 726

---- Reformation period, 753

---- Registers, 174

---- Relation of Greek to English, 181

---- Ritual, 166

---- Rural deaneries, 163

---- schisms, 756

---- Seminary for priests at Blagovestchensk, 523

---- Sermons, 460, 671

Number of, yearly, in Petersburg, 460

---- Services:

Burial, 152

Commemoration of the Virgin, 165

Marriage, 168

---- Transition period, 752

---- Unction, Sacrament of, 169

---- Vestments, 163-4

Churches at Irkutsk, 265

Churching of women, 167

Cigarette-making at Alexandreffsky, 247

City on fire, 253

Civic arrangements in Russian towns, 716

Classification of exiles, 29, 33

---- of prisoners, 72, 450

Clergy of Siberian Church, 163

---- Fasting of, 177

---- Monastic, 176

Clerical vestments, 164

Cliffs on the Upper Amur, 516

---- on the Shilka River, 483

Climate of the Middle Amur, 532

---- of Bureya district, 542

---- of Kamchatka, 635

---- of Kansk, 240

---- of Lake Khanka district, 690

---- of Nertchinsk, 426

Atkinson, Mr., on, 425

---- of Nikolaefsk, 563

---- of the Lower Primorsk, 564

---- of Tomsk, 127-46

Clothing, 50

---- of Cossacks, 683

---- of prisoners, 80, 455

---- of seamen, 737

Club, Officers’, at Nikolaefsk, 624

Coal at Dui, 81

---- at Sakhalin, 651

---- at Vladivostock, 678

---- in Bureya mountains, 536

Coat of fish-skin, 597

Cochrane, Capt., on Buriat missions, 375

---- Travels of, 282-5

---- Visit of, to Nertchinsk, 412

Cockroaches at Rasdolnoi, Battle with, 702

Coldest town--Yakutsk, 296

Collections at church doors for missions, 520

Collins, Mr., Descent of, in a silver-mine, 412

---- on the Amur, 499

---- Visit of, to Nertchinsk, 417

---- Voyage of, down the Shilka, 441

Colonies of Finns in Siberia, 131

Colonists, Exile, in Eastern Siberia, Number of, 451

---- “Little” Russians as, 32

---- on the Amur, 502

---- Penal, at Vladivostock, 726

---- Privileges granted to, 698

Colonization of the Lower Amur, 500

Commandant of Kara Prison: Government allowance to, 474

---- Hospitality of, 480

---- Namesday of, 479

---- Salary of, 461

Commemorations of the Virgin, 165

Commerce of Tiumen, 27

---- of Vladivostock, 716

---- Russo-Chinese:

Kiakhta as a centre of, 324

---- The Obi as an outlet for, 51

Commercial school at Tiumen, 28

Committees in connection with prisons, 77

Communication by Siberian roads, 51

Confession and Communion, 237

---- Priestly, 169, 237

Confinement, Solitary, 88

Conquests of Russia on the Amur, 489

---- of Yermak, 57

Conscription, Russian, Method of, 736

Consecration of a Bishop, 167

Consolidation of the Russian Church, 751

_Contemporary Review_ on political exiles, 413

Contraband articles in Model Prison of Petersburg, 67

Conversion of a learned lama, 521

---- of Buriats, 374

---- of the Yakutes, Tzar’s ukase for the, 305

Convict clothing and chains, 155

exiles as servants, 730

Convicts at Alexandreffsky, Number of, 70

---- at Kara, Freedom of, 448

Number of, 445

---- in the mines, 462

---- labour compared with English, 662

---- opinions of Tobolsk prison, 115

Convicts, Runaway, hunted down by Buriats, 40

Cooking not usually needed, 512

---- “Rob Roy” cuisine, 145

Copper-mine, Descent of a, 21

---- at Nijni Tagilsk, 138

---- Malachite in, 21

Corean fugitives, 714

---- houses, 715

Corporal punishment, 423

Correspondence with exiles, 38

Cossacks, Barracks for, at Blagovestchensk, 526

---- Buriats’ opposition to, 281

---- Clothing of, 683

---- combing goats, 26

---- fair on Shilka, 488

---- Food of, 682-3

---- Houses of, 683

---- in Lower Primorsk, 568

---- on the Ussuri, 681

---- Pay of, 682

---- Summer barracks at Kara, 452

Cost of carriage in Siberia, 105, 746

---- of salmon at Nikolaefsk, 628

---- of Siberian butler, 317

Costume of a Tunguse _Shaman_, 158

---- of the Kirghese, 158

---- of the Manchu, 551

---- The _Mala-Russiá_, 250

Cottin, Madame de, “Story of Elizabeth,” 379-83

Country of the Daurians, 548

---- of the Samoyedes, 98

---- round Albazin, 515

Courier travelling, 134

Courts of law, Russian and Siberian, 73

Cows near Tomsk, 188

Creed, Religious, of exiles, 29

Crime attributed to drunkenness, 29

---- in district of Kansk, 235-6

Crimean war, Influence of the, 497

Crimes of exiles, 34

---- of prisoners at Kara, 448

Criminals at Nikolaefsk, Birching of, 89

---- Desperate, 655

---- Statistics of, 72

---- Zavod work for, 82

Cucumbers at Chita, 426

---- on the Amur, 588

Curiosity of fellow-passengers concerning Scripture distribution, 539

Custom at leave-taking, 353

---- of addressing friends, 406, 620

Customs of Goldi, 672

---- Trade, 627

_Daily Telegraph_ on number of political prisoners, 396

Dancing at Mikhailofsky, 622

Daurians, Agriculture of the, 549

---- Country of the, 548

---- Howorth, Mr., on the, 548

---- Religion of the, 549

Dead, Gilyaks’ treatment of the, 611

---- Manchurian treatment of, 554

Deaneries, Rural, of the Russian Church, 163

Decembrists, Sympathy of Russians for, 32, 378

Decocq’s hotel at Irkutsk, 254

Deer in Southern Manchuria, 696

---- of the Koriaks, 642

De la Brunière, Missionary to Gilyaks, 612

De Lagny on Siberian political prisoners, 380

---- on the _knout_, 380

De Lesseps on Kamchatka, 631

---- travels in Siberia, 282

Demidoff hospital at Tagil, 24

---- mines at Nijni Tagilsk, 21

---- works at ditto, 21

Demidoffs, Riches of the, 23

Deportation of exiles, Localities, 37

---- Modern plan of, 42

---- of political prisoners to the Trans-Baikal, 377

---- of vagrants to Sakhalin, 37

Depôt for sale of Scriptures at Krasnoiarsk, 232

Description of a Siberian village, 190

---- of the _plète_, 90, 92

Deserted village at Pashkova, 671

Desperate criminals, 655

Destination of exiles, Walking to, 44

Destruction of property by fire at Irkutsk, 263

De Vries, Capt., of Vladivostock, 712

Dialect of Koriaks, 640

Diet of prisoners at Kara, 453

Dinner among Chinese at Maimatchin, 345

---- at a Siberian hotel, 431

---- at Nikolaefsk, 619

Diocese of Irkutsk, Number of churches, 274

Dioceses of Siberian Church, 163

Director of Alexandreffsky prison, 244

---- Pay of, at Irkutsk prison, 277

Directories of Siberian Church, 163

Discipline, Ecclesiastical, 175

Discoveries of Nordenskiöld and Wiggins, 761

Discovery of the Shilka River, 492

Dissent, Exiled for, 34

---- _Scoptsi_ village of, 205

Dissenters, Efforts to reclaim, 518

---- Number of, 519-27

Distance travelled by Author, 770

Distress at Irkutsk after fire, 269

Distribution of exiles, 43

---- of Scriptures and tracts, 3, 7, 8, 11, 121-9, 183-6, 401, 538,

665-6, 703-33

_Djiguitt_, Divine Service on board the, 740

---- in a squall, 742

---- Inspection of the, 741

---- Officers of the, 738

---- Prison on board the, 739

---- Speed of the, 735

Dobell, Peter, Travels of, 283

Doctors in Siberian towns, 619

Doctrine of the _Scoptsi_, 205

Doctrines of the Russian, Roman, and English Churches, 754

Dogs of Kamchatka, 636

---- used by Gilyaks and Goldi, 600

---- Yakute, Breeding of, 304

Dostoyeffsky’s “Buried Alive” and political prisoners, 384

_Douga_, Description of the, 137

Dress of Gilyaks in winter, 597

---- of penal colonists at Vladivostock, 728

---- of the Samoyedes, 99

---- of the Yakutes, 302

---- The _Mala-Russia_, 250

Drink, Aborigines’ love of, 102

---- and its follies, 225

---- Madness through, 229

---- Murder under influence of, 155

Drivers, Buriats as, 356

Drunkards exiled by Russian villagers, 34

Drunkenness: Alcohol and _vodka_, 544

---- Arrests for, Number of, 545

---- as a cause of crime, 29

---- at social leave-taking, 118

---- Comparison of Russian with English, 544

---- Effect on trade, 627-30

---- of gold-miners, 225

---- of _yemstchik_, 252

---- on board the _Zeya_, 506

Dubininskaya, Arrival at, 692

Dui coal-mines, 81

---- _Plète_ in prison at, 653

---- Prison food at, 656

Officers at, 660

---- Prisons at, 652

---- Scriptures for, 660

_Dukhobortsi_, Sect of, 760

Dutch explorers, 766

Duty of Priests, Treatise on the, 181-2

Dwellings of the Manchu, 549

---- Yakutes’, 500

Eagles tamed by Kirghese, 189

Earthquakes in Kamchatka, 635

Eastern and Western Siberia, 51, 188

---- Greek, and Russian Church, Distinction between, 162

Ecclesiastical discipline, 175

_Echo_ on exiles’ march, 415

Eden, C. H., on quicksilver, 410

Education in Russia, Cost of, 719

Subjects of study, 720

---- in Western Siberia, 150

---- of exiles, 32

---- clerical, at Blagovestchensk, 523

Ekaterineburg, Englishmen at, 25

---- Prisoners, Money allowance to, 78

---- Railway to, 17

---- Town of, 25

---- Transport of exiles to, 43

Ekaterino-Nicolsk, Distribution of Scriptures at, 538

---- Garden at, 537

“Elizabeth, Story of,” by Madame de Cottin, 379-83

Elk, Hunting of the, 209

Emeralds of the Odon Tchelon mountain, 407

Emery, Mr. Enoch, 614

Employment of prisoners in ship-yards, 420

Engineering firm at Tiumen, 27

Engines, Fire, 573

English and Russian drunkenness compared, 544

---- books at Nikolaefsk, 629

---- graves at Selenginsk, 319

---- mission to Buriats, Story of the, 318

---- newspaper accounts of exiles’ passage, 45

---- suspected at Petersburg, 329

Englishmen at Ekaterineburg, 25

“Equipage,” Description of an, 439

Erdmann, Admiral, Governor of Vladivostock, 717

---- Madame, Introduction to, 717

Erman on the valley of the Lena, 284

Escape of prisoners at Kara, 465

Étape prisons, 44, 69, 616

---- Number of soldiers employed for, 667

Ethnography in Kasan government, 14

---- of Alexandreffsky prisoners, 246

---- of Russia in Asia, 19, 52

---- of Russian and Chinese empires, 206

---- of Tobolsk province, 98

Europe and Asia, Frontier of, 18

---- Weather in crossing, 24

Exchange of money, 731

Exchanging names and punishments, 75

Excitement at Petersburg, 328

Exile convict servants, 730

---- life, Author’s farewell and impressions of, 726-8

Exiles accompanied by wives, 36

---- as colonists, 451

---- bribing guards, 39

---- Buriats’ attitude towards, 40

---- Classification of, 29, 33

---- Correspondence, 38

---- Crimes of, 33

---- Deportation, Localities of, 37

Modern plan of, 42

---- destination, Walking to, 44

---- Distribution of, 43

---- Education of, 32

---- Étape prisons for, 44

---- for dissent, 34

---- Fund for, at Moscow, 43

---- Gilyaks’ attitude towards, 40

---- in Kansk, 32

---- Lemke on treatment of, 413

---- March of, _Echo_ on, 415

---- Marriage rites of, 35

---- Number of, 32, 39

---- on the march, 48

---- Passage of, English newspapers on, 45

---- passing through Tiumen, 395

---- _Perisylnie_ prisons for, 44

---- Political:

_Contemporary Review_ on, 413

Whyte, Mr., on number of, 394

---- Presents to, 42

---- Proportion condemned to hard labour, 37

---- _Raskolnik_, 32

---- receiving the _plète_, 35

---- Réclus, M., on the first, 31

---- Release, A, 38

---- Religious creed of, 29

---- Religious scruples respected, 460

---- Returned, Number of, 729

---- route, _viâ_ Suez Canal, 44

---- Runaways, Capture of, 40

---- Sentences of, 35

---- Social ties of, 41

---- Transport by barge and rail, 29, 42, 43

Expedition of Chernigovsky on the Amur, 492

---- of Khabarof, 490

---- of Pashkof, 492

---- of Poyarkof, 490

---- of Stepanof, 491

Explorations, Early, by sea and land, 766

---- of Nordenskiöld, 51, 107, 292

---- Scientific, in Siberia, 768

Export of furs from Siberia, 295

Exports at Vladivostock, 714

---- Chinese, into Russia, 341

---- from Siberia, 341

---- Probable future of, 105

Extravagance of gold-miners, 225

“Fabric” work, 82

Fair at Nijni Novgorod, 12

---- on the River Bankova, 488

Fanatical sects, 758

Fasting of clergy, 177

Fasting of prisoners, 79

Fauna of Chukchee coast, 643

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- of the Primorsk, 565

Feast of mutton by Buriats, 367

Female prisoners at Kara, 467-8

Ferry, A Siberian, 139

Fertility of Tobolsk, 104

Finland: Grant of Bible Society, 3

---- Prisons in, 63

Finnish colonies, Transport of prisoners to, 131

---- pamphlets, Gift of, 53

Finns at Ruschkova, 5

Finsch, Dr., in Akmolinsk, 159

in Semipolatinsk, 159

Fire at Irkutsk, 253

---- at Perm, 16

---- engines, 573

Fires due to incendiarism, 269

Fish eaten by Gilyaks, 596

---- Gilyak mode of catching, 598

---- in Lake Khanka, 679

---- in Primorsk, Price of, 569

---- in River Sungacha, 679

---- in River Ussuri, 679

---- in the Anadir, 640

---- Manchurian method of catching, 555

---- of Lake Baikal, 312

---- of the Yenesei, 201

---- on the Lower Amur, 581

---- pie a Siberian luxury, 432

---- skin coat, 597

---- trade at Nikolaefsk, 628

Fisheries of the Obi and Taz, 123

Fishing in Manchuria, Method of, 555

---- boat of the Manchu, 555

Fleas and vermin in prisons, 363

Fleet, Siberian:

Officers, Pay of, 734

Sailors, Clothing of, 736

---- Food of, 736

---- Pay of, 734

---- Religious professions of, 741

Flight of inhabitants from Irkutsk fire, 257

Flogging prisoners, Andreoli on, 93

---- Goryantchikoff on, 654

Flood at Blagovestchensk, 532

Flooding of the Yenesei, 198, 219

Flora at Kansk, 239

---- between Tomsk and Barnaul, 149

---- in Kamchatka, 636

---- in neighbourhood of Chita, 404

---- in private houses, 231

---- of Chukchee country, 644

---- of Lake Baikal vicinity, 315

---- of North-east Siberia, 645

---- of Sakhalin, 649

---- of the Primorsk, 565

---- of the Upper Amur, 517

---- of the Yenesei, 219

Flour sold at Nikolaefsk, 569

Flowers at Khabarofka, 579

Food of Cossacks, 682-3

---- of Gilyaks, 596

---- of miners, 419

---- of natives at Sakhalin, 650

---- of prisoners, 78, 276, 453, 656

Cost of, 80

Difficulty in procuring, 659

Horseflesh reported as, 746

---- of sailors in Siberian fleet, 736

Forçats, Classification of, 449

---- Escape of, 466

---- Meaning of, 449

Forests near Krasnoiarsk, 220

---- of Yeneseisk, 200

Formation of the Shilka River, 482

Fort of Anadirsk, 640

Fortress of Sibir, 110

Fortunes of gold-miners, 226

Foundation of Krasnoiarsk, 112

---- of Mariinsk, 585

---- of Nikolaefsk, 615

---- of Russian Church, 751

---- of town of Yakutsk, 112, 281

Foxes, Hunting of, 209

Franklin, Sir John, and his “equipage,” 439

Free colonists, Privileges of, 698

---- school at Vladivostock, 722

Freedom of convicts at Kara, 448

Frontier of Europe and Asia, 18

Frozen butchers’ meat, 265

Fruit at Vladivostock, 690

---- in Kamchatka, 636

---- on Lower Amur, 583

---- Siberian, 149

Fuel, _Argols_ used as, 368

Fugitives, Corean, 714

Furniture of Siberian prisons, 71

---- of Yakutes’ houses, 301

Furs from Siberia, Export of, 295

Gambling, Effects on trade, 627

---- of Russians, 119

Game, Abundance of, 696

Garden at Ekaterino-Nicolsk, 537

---- at Vladivostock, 717

Gardening by prisoners, 248

_Gaulois_ on number of political prisoners, 396

Gems in neighbourhood of Nertchinsk, 407

---- in Trans-Baikal province, 378

_General Korsakoff_, On board the, 314

“Géographie Universelle” of M. Réclus, 631

Geological Museum at Barnaul, 157

Gilyaks, Amusements of the, 602

---- attitude towards exiles, 40

---- Bears, Veneration for, 606, 608

---- Betrothal of, 601

---- Children of, 595

---- Country, Extent of, 594

---- Dead, Treatment of the, 611

---- Dogs used by, 600

---- dress in winter, 597

---- Etymology, 593

---- Family of, 603

---- Fish eaten by, 596

---- Fishing, 598

---- Food of, 596

---- Foreign relationships, 602

---- habitations on Amur, 591

---- Habits of, 599

---- Hotsprings at village of, 588

---- Idols of, 606

---- Mission schools for, 604

---- Missionaries to the, 612-66

---- Occupation of, 598

---- Polygamy among, 601

---- Population, 594

---- Religion of, 609

---- Shamanism, 609

---- Stature of, 594

---- Superstitions of, 605

---- Tigers, Fear of, 606

---- Villages of the, 593

---- Winter habitations of, 595

---- Women, Estimation of, 601

Ginseng of Manchuria, 691

---- on Upper Ussuri, Plantations of, 566

Girls’ Institute at Vladivostock, 721

Glaisher, Mr., Introductions from, 10

---- Meteorological instruments, 147

Gluttony of the Yakutes, 301, 307

Goats of the Kirghese, 26

Goitre, Siberians afflicted with, 285

Gold deposits, 213

---- digging, 214

---- found in the Trans-Baikal province, 378, 428

---- in the Primorsk, 583

---- in the Za-Baikal, 462

---- in Yakutsk, 295

---- mine, The “Archangel Gabriel,” 218

---- miners at Irkutsk, 264

Drunkenness of, 225

Extravagance of, 225

---- mines, 223

Beverages for workmen, 224

Subterranean work of, 216

Wages at, 223

(_See also_ “Mines”)

---- mining, Season for, 462

---- Prospecting party, A, 213

---- Russian, 211

---- seekers, 212-13

---- washing, 477, 583

Goldi, Appearance of, 583

---- Baptisms of, 674

---- Birds known to, 600

---- boats, 600

---- Customs of, 672

---- Dogs, Use of, 600

---- language, 604

---- lexicon, 604

---- Missionary to, 671

---- Number of, 672

---- Photograph of, 674

---- Physiognomy of, 672

---- Polygamy among, 601

---- weddings, 601, 674

---- wives, Price of, 601, 674

---- women, Estimation of, 601

Gordon, Peter, Travels of, 284

Goryantchikoff on flogging of prisoners, 654

Gospels translated by Archdeacon of Khabarofka, 673

_Gostinnoi Dvor_, or Bazaar, at Tomsk, 128

Government allowance to Commandant of Kara, 474

Government buildings at Aigun, 557

---- establishments at Blagovestchensk, 526

---- grant to Vladivostock Girls’ Institute, 721

“Governments” in Siberia, 50

Governor of a province, 51

---- of Tobolsk, 113

Governors-General, 51

---- Houses of, 192

Granite rocks on the Shilka, 487

Graves of English missionaries at Selenginsk, 319

Greek Church, Penance in, 169

Relation of, to English Church, 181

---- Russian, and Eastern Church, Distinction between, 162

Guards bribed by exiles, 39

Habitations of Buriats, 366

---- of Gilyaks, 591-5

---- of Koriaks, 641

Habits of Gilyaks, 599

Hakodate to Yokohama, 743

Harbour of Vladivostock, 712

Hard-labour prisons at Tobolsk, 70, 82

---- of exiles, Proportion condemned to, 37

Hardships of gold-miners, 216

---- of _isvostchiks_, 627

Harness of Siberian horses, 137

---- The _douga_, 137

Head-dress of Buriat women, 365

---- of Tatar women, 58

Hearthrugs for tarantass travelling, 136

Heathen rites at Kasan, 13

Hellman, Miss Alba, 5

---- Gift of pamphlets by, 53

_Helsingfors Dagblad_, Author’s Bothnian tour in the, 540

Herbaceous plants in the Lower Primorsk, 566

Hertzen, Alex., on political prisoners, 380

High school at Vladivostock, 719

Hill, Mr., on Buriat missions, 375

---- on the Lena, 284

---- Travels of, 230

History of the Amur, 489

---- of the Russian Church, 751

Holy Oil in Church service, 169

Holy Orders in the Russian Church, 166

Scarcity of candidates, 171

---- Unction, Office of the, 169-70

Honesty of the Ostjaks, 102

---- of the Samoyedes, 102

Horns of the reindeer, 209

Horse-eating by the Yakutes, 301

---- flesh reported as food for prisoners, 746

Horses, Changing of, 140

---- Harness of, 137

---- Orochons’, 508

---- Shoeing of, 232

---- Siberian, 123

---- Yakutes’ treatment of, 308

Hospital at Alexandreffsky, 249

---- at Barnaul, 153

---- at gold-mine, 223

---- at Irkutsk, Books for, 276

---- at Kara, 471

---- at Tagil, 24

---- at Tomsk, 229

Hospitality at Bogotol, 194

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 232

---- in Siberia, 353, 431

---- of Commandant at Kara, 480

---- of Kamchatdales, 639

Hospitals at Nikolaefsk, 617

---- at Vladivostock, 617

---- Impressions of, 618

Hotel at Irkutsk, 254

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 228

---- Siberian, Method of dining, 431

Hot-springs at Gilyak village, 588

Hours of labour at a gold-mine, 224

Houses at Kozloffskaya, 671

---- at Krasnoiarsk, 230

---- at Maimatchin, 339

---- Flora in, 231

---- of Buriats, 366

---- of Chinese, 716

---- of Coreans, 715

---- of Cossacks, 683

---- of Gilyaks, 595

---- of Governors-General, 192

---- of Kamchatdales, 639

---- of Manchu, 550

---- of Siberians, 190

---- of Yakutes, 301

Howard Association Report, Mistake of Mr. Tallack in, 745

Howorth, Mr. on Daurians, 548

---- on the Manchu, 548

---- on the Samoyedes, 98

Hunting by the Orochons, 509

---- Eagles trained for, 189

---- Methods of, 207

---- of foxes, 209

---- the elk, 209

Idols, Gilyak, 606

---- of the Yurak-Samoyedes, 103

---- Tchuvash and Tcheremisi, 14

Ignatoff, Mr., at Tiumen, 29

---- Influence of, 118-60

Ikons, Worship of, 331

Image-worship, 164

Immorality, Effects on trade, 627

Importation of tea into Russia, 325

Imports at Vladivostock, 714