the congress, for they had secured the convention hall for the
afternoon meeting, but the women did not like to discourage such
exceptional interest. Woman Suffrage and Men's Economic, Ethical and
Political Interest in it was discussed by Professor Emanuel Beke,
Hungary; Dr. Emil von Hoffmansthal, Austria; Frederick Nathan and
Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, United States. Vigorous speeches were made by
Malcolm Mitchell, Great Britain; Leo Gassman, Germany; the Rev. Benno
Haypal, and Alexander Patay, Hungary. The hall was restored to the
women at 5 o'clock for their final program under the general topic,
How may women still bound by ancient custom, tradition and prejudice
be awakened to a realization that these new times demand new duties
and responsibilities? How to Reach the Home Woman, Mrs. Gisela Urban,
Austria; Mrs. Irma V. Szirmay, Mrs. von Fürth, Hungary; How to Reach
the Church Woman, Mme. Jane Brigode, Belgium, Mme. Girardet-Vielle,
Switzerland; How to Reach the Society Woman, Miss Royden, Mme.
Schlumberger; How to Reach the Woman of Higher Education, Mrs. Crystal
Eastman Benedict, United States; How to Reach the Wage-earning Woman,
Miss Isabella O. Ford, Mrs. Clinny Dryer, Great Britain; How to Reach
the Woman Social Worker, Miss Addams.
At the last business session the convention placed on record its
appreciation of the unsurpassed hospitality shown by the Hungarians.
The delegates from this country expressed the pleasure it had been to
welcome the women of all nations and the inspiration that had been
received. The president, Mrs. Catt, asked them to part with the
intention of coming to the next conference, each with a victory in her
own country to celebrate.
There were many luncheons, teas and dinners in beautiful private
homes. The social entertainment which will be longest remembered was
the evening trip down the Danube with supper and music on board, a
happy, congenial party with three hours of the exquisite scenery along
the shores. Usually suffrage conventions closed in a burst of oratory
at a grand mass meeting but not so in this pleasure loving Hungarian
city. The last evening was given over to a banquet which taxed the
capacity of the big convention hall. There were toasts and speeches
and patriotic songs, and the presentation of the international pin,
set with jewels, by the ladies of Budapest to Miss Schwimmer. She said
in a clever acceptance that the women had done what the men never had
succeeded in doing; it was the desire of all Hungarians to make this
city the resort of the world and the women of the world had been the
first to come. "These ambassadors," she said, "who came, to quote the
words of Mazzini, 'in the name of God and humanity,' will report to
their countries the friendly reception they have met and will surely
help the cause of international good feeling."
Several countries competed for the honor of the conference of the
Alliance in 1915 and its regular convention in 1917. Mrs. May Wright
Sewall, honorary president of the International Council of Women,
presented an official invitation from the managers of the Panama
Pacific Exposition to be held in San Francisco in 1915, endorsed by
the California Suffrage Association; the executive committee of the
National Suffrage Association of Germany extended an urgent request
for the conference and that of France for the congress. The answer was
referred to the board, and it later accepted the invitations to Berlin
and Paris. This had been the largest meeting of the Alliance. Never
had the prospects seemed so favorable for accomplishing its objects;
never had the fraternity among the women of the different nations
seemed so close. When they parted with affectionate farewells and the
bright hope of meeting two years hence in Berlin they little dreamed
that it would be seven long years before they came together again;
that during this time the world would be devastated by the most
terrible war in history and that the task must be once more commenced
of developing among the women of the nations the spirit of confidence,
friendship and cooperation.
EIGHTH CONFERENCE OF THE ALLIANCE.
On call of its president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt of the United
States of America, the International Woman Suffrage Alliance was
summoned to its Eighth congress June 6-12, 1920, in Geneva,
Switzerland, seven instead of the usual two years after the last one.
The reason for the long interim was given in the opening sentences of
the president's address on the first day: "It is seven years since
last we met. In memory we live again those happy days of friendly
camaraderie in Budapest. All the faces were cheerful. On every side
one heard joyous laughter among the delegates and visitors. Every
heart was filled with buoyant hopes and every soul was armored with
dauntless courage. We had seen our numbers grow greater and our
movement stronger in many lands and here and there the final triumph
had already come.... Alas, those smiling, shining days seem now to
have been an experience in some other incarnation, for the years which
lie between are war-scarred and tortured and in 1920 there is not a
human being in the world to whom life is quite the same as in 1913....
So we do not come smiling to Geneva as to Budapest."
On Sunday morning, June 6, for the first time in the history of Geneva
a woman spoke in the National Church, the Cathedral of St. Peter, and
standing in the pulpit of Calvin Miss A. Maude Royden of Great Britain
preached in French and English to an audience that filled the ancient
edifice to the doors. That morning at 9 o'clock Father Hall, sent by
the Catholic ecclesiastical authorities from England for the purpose,
delivered a sermon to the congress at a special mass in Notre
Dame.[227] In the afternoon a reception was given by Mlle. Emilie
Gourd, president of the Swiss National Suffrage Association, in the
lovely garden, Beau Sejour. At a public meeting in the evening at
Plainpalais, M. J. Mussard, president of the Canton of Geneva; Mme.
Chaponnière Chaix, president of the Swiss National Council of Women,
and Mlle. Gourd gave addresses of welcome, to which responses were
made by Miss Annie Furuhjelm, Finland; Mme. De Witt Schlumberger,
France, and Mrs. Anna Lindemann, Germany, officers of the Alliance.
Mrs. Catt then delivered her president's address. She described the
physical, mental and moral chaos resulting from the war, the immense
problems now to be solved, and said: "For the suffragists of the world
a few facts stand forth with great clarity. The first is that war, the
undoubted original cause of the age-old subjection of women the world
around; war, the combined enemy of their emancipation, has brought to
the women of many lands their political freedom!"
Mrs. Catt showed how the suffrage had come in some countries where no
effort had been made for it, while in others where women had worked
the hardest they were still disfranchised, and she gave a scathing
review of the situation in the United States, where it had been so
long withheld. She paid eloquent tributes to Susan B. Anthony, a
founder of the Alliance, and to Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, who had helped
to found it and had attended every congress but had died the preceding
year. She pointed out to the enfranchised delegates the great
responsibility that had been placed in their hands and through it the
vast power they would have in re-creating the world and said: "I
believe had the vote been granted to women twenty-five years ago,
their national influence would have so leavened world politics that
there would have been no world war." Among the many objects for the
Alliance to accomplish she named the following: (1) Stimulate the
spread of democracy and through it avoid another world war; (2)
Discourage revolution by demonstrating that change may be brought
about through peaceful political methods; (3) Encourage education and
enlightenment throughout the world; (4) Keep the faith in
self-government alive when it fails to meet expectations. Methods for
achieving these results were suggested and it was impressed on the
younger women that this would be their task, as the older ones had
practically finished their work. This address of surpassing eloquence
closed with these words:
God's order will come again to the world's stricken, unhappy,
much-suffering people. It will come because the divine law of
evolution never ceases to operate and the destiny of the race
leads eternally on without pause. So much sacrifice and sorrow as
the war has cost the world can not have been endured in vain....
As I view world politics the only possible hope for the
happiness, prosperity and permanent peace of the world lies in
the thorough democratization of all governments. There can be no
democratization which excludes women and no safe or sound
democracy which is not based upon an educated, intelligent
electorate. Nor is it enough to establish democracy in individual
nations--it must be extended to world politics. The old
militarism must go and with it the old diplomacy, with its secret
treaties, distrust and intrigues. No League of Nations can
abolish war unless every government in the world is based on
democracy.
In our home countries we should urge support of every movement
for the extension of popular education, foster every agency which
helps men and women to think for themselves, promote every
endeavor to maintain honest elections, judicially conducted
campaigns and high ideals in parties and parliaments, for
democracy succeeds when and where independence and intelligence
are greatest.
A few of the delegates wished to disband the Alliance; a few others
desired to change the character of its objects, but by an overwhelming
majority it was voted to continue it along the original lines,
although broadened, until the women of all countries were
enfranchised. The Congress was held in the Maison Communale de
Plainpalais, the large town hall in a suburb of Geneva, and here one
evening its municipality gave a reception to the members. The shady
gardens and sunny terrace were the scene of many social
gatherings.[228] The congress opened with a roll call of the suffrage
victories and the responses showed the almost unbelievable record that
twenty countries had enfranchised their women during the years of the
war! The Official Report was edited by Miss Chrystal Macmillan,
recording secretary of the International Alliance, and the
Introduction was a graphic review, which said in part:
"Despite the difficulties of travel and the fact that only three
months' notice had been given the gathering at Geneva was more widely
representative than any previous meeting. Women were present from
thirty-six countries. Of the twenty-six affiliated with the Alliance
at the time of the last meeting, in 1913, the auxiliaries of nineteen
showed their continued vitality by sending fully accredited delegates
to Geneva. Representatives were also present from the former
auxiliaries in Austria and Germany, who were accorded full membership
rights. The Russian national president, a fugitive from her country,
was unable to come but sent her greetings. The Belgian society
abstained from taking part and from the Polish and Portuguese
auxiliaries no answer was received.
"Four countries, Greece, Spain, Argentina and Uruguay, sent delegates
from newly formed National Suffrage Societies, which were accepted in
the Alliance. In addition there were present women from Armenia, the
Crimea, Lettonia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, New Zealand, Poland, Turkey
and Ukrainia. For the first time women from India and Japan came to
tell of the beginnings of the organized movement among the women of
the East. It was only the difficulties of travel which prevented the
delegates who had started on their journeys from China, Egypt and
Palestine from arriving in time for the congress. For the first time
more than half the voting delegates represented countries in which
women had the full suffrage. The consequent increased political
importance of the congress was recognized by the governments of the
world, of which eighteen in Europe appointed official representatives,
and the United States of America and Uruguay of South America. The
Secretariat of the League of Nations also sent a representative....
"The outstanding feature of the first business session was the
announcement of particulars by representatives of the many nations
which had given the political and suffrage and eligibility to women
between 1913 and 1920--Austria, British East Africa, Canada, Crimea,
Czecho-Slovakia, Denmark, Esthonia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary,
Iceland, Lettonia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Poland,
Rhodesia, Russia, Sweden, Ukrainia and six more of the United States.
It was announced that women sit as members of Parliament in the
majority of these countries, while large numbers are members of
municipal councils. In the United States of America the Federal
Suffrage Amendment had passed both Houses of Congress and had been
ratified by thirty-five of the necessary thirty-six States. Serbia,
Belgium and Roumania had granted Municipal suffrage to women and the
Zionists of Palestine and the Commune of Fiume had given to them full
equal suffrage and eligibility.... It was decided to arrange at the
next congress a session at which only enfranchised women should
speak.... The Catholic Woman Suffrage Society of Great Britain was
accepted as a member of the Alliance....
"Each of the three evening meetings, besides that of Sunday, which
were all crowded and enthusiastic, was characteristic of a different
aspect of the present development of the suffrage movement. On Monday,
a special feature was the speeches of five women members of
Parliament--Helen Ring Robinson (State Senate), Colorado; Elna Münch,
Denmark; Annie Furuhjelm, Finland; Lady Astor, Great Britain; Tekla
Kauffman, Wurtemberg. In all, nine women members of Parliament
attended the Congress. The others, who spoke at later meetings, were
Frau Burian and Adelheid Popp of Austria; Mme. Petkavetchaite of
Lithuania and Adele Schrieber-Krieger, whose election to the German
Reichstag was announced during the Congress. On Wednesday at the great
meeting in the Hall of the Reformation, three-minute speeches were
given by representatives of each of the enfranchised countries in the
Alliance. Yet another new aspect was illustrated by the meeting of
Thursday, addressed by women from India and China. The speeches showed
how similar are the difficulties of the women of both the East and the
West and how much new ground has still to be broken before the object
of the Alliance is achieved."
The forenoons were devoted to business meetings relating to the future
work of the Alliance and they were in session simultaneously in
different rooms in the great building--Women and Party Politics, Legal
Status of Women, Civil Equality, Economic Value of Domestic Work of
Wives and Mothers, Equal Pay for Equal Work, Single Moral Standard,
Protection of Childhood--questions affecting the welfare of all
society in all lands, pressing for solution and in all practically the
same. The afternoons were given largely to the reports from many
countries.[229] _The Woman's Leader_, organ of the National Union of
Societies for Equal Citizenship of Great Britain, in its account of
the Congress said:
The effect of these reports was intensely dramatic, mingled, as
it inevitably was, with the memories of the strange and bitter
conditions under which the change had come. In some of the
countries that had been at war enfranchisement came in the midst
of revolution, riot and disaster; in others it came fresh and new
with the beginning of their independent national life and almost
as a matter of course. "Our men and women struggled together for
our national freedom," said delegate after delegate from the new
States of Europe, "and so when any of us were enfranchised we
both were." The report on the election of women to national or
municipal bodies was deeply interesting and in many respects
surprising. Germany easily surpassed other countries in this
respect, having had 39 women members in the last National
Assembly, 155 in the Parliaments of the Federated States and
4,000 on local and municipal bodies. In Denmark the record of
success that followed the election of women was astonishing. "We
have done," said the spokeswoman, "what we set out to do; we have
introduced equal pay and equal marriage laws; our equality is a
fact."
Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the Alliance, welcomed
each new representative in the name of all the countries, and,
although the victories had been won in times of stress and war,
the rejoicing was without rivalry, for in the Congress from the
first day until the last no sign or mark of ill-feeling or enmity
was to be found. Not that the delegates forgot or disregarded the
recent existence of the war; no one who saw them would suppose
for a moment that they were meeting in any blind or sentimental
paradise of fools. Their differences and their nations'
differences were plain in their minds and they neither forgot nor
wished to forget the ruined areas, the starving children and the
suffering peoples of the world. They met differing perhaps
profoundly in their national sentiment, their memories and their
judgments but determined to agree where agreement was to be
found; to understand where understanding could be arrived at and
to cooperate with the very best of their will and their
intelligence in assuring the future stability of the world.
An important report was that of the Headquarters Committee, consisting
of Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Millicent Garrett Fawcett, first vice-president of
the Alliance, Mrs. Adela Stanton Coit, treasurer, and Miss Macmillan.
Mrs. Coit was chairman the first two years and Mrs. Fawcett the rest
of the time. After the Congress at Budapest in 1913 the official
monthly paper _Jus Suffragii_ was removed from Rotterdam to London and
the international headquarters established there. For the next seven
years the three members of the committee resident in London held
regular meetings, seventy altogether, consulting Mrs. Catt by letter
or cable when necessary. Miss Mary Sheepshanks was editor and
headquarters secretary. "She occupied that post with great acceptance
till 1919," said the report, "when it was with much regret that her
resignation was accepted. Mrs. Elizabeth Abbott was appointed to the
place, where in connection with the preparations for the present
Congress her organizing capacity has been of special value." Miss
Rosika Schwimmer of Hungary was appointed press secretary to furnish
the news to the international press but her work had hardly begun
when the war broke out and she resigned the position to take up work
for peace.
The report told of the meeting of the international officers and a
number of the national presidents which took place in London in July,
1914, to make arrangements for the Congress in Berlin the next year.
Among the many social receptions given were one in the House of
Commons and one at the home of former Prime Minister Balfour. Mrs.
Catt had just started on her homeward voyage when the war began. The
officers in London at once issued a Manifesto in the name of the
Alliance and presented it to the British Foreign Office and the
Ambassadors and Ministers in London, which after pointing out the
helplessness of women in this supreme hour said: "We women of
twenty-six countries, having banded ourselves together in the
International Woman Suffrage Alliance with the object of obtaining the
political means of sharing with men the power which shapes the fate of
nations, appeal to you to leave untried no method of conciliation or
arbitration for arranging international differences which may help to
avert deluging half the civilized world in blood." They decided to
cooperate with the British branch of the Alliance in a public meeting,
which was held August 3 with Mrs. Fawcett in the chair, and a
resolution similar to the above was adopted. In the next issue of the
_International News_, when war had been declared, Mrs. Fawcett in her
official capacity wrote:
We are faced by the disruption, the animosity, the
misunderstanding caused by war but notwithstanding the cruel
strain we must firmly resolve to hold our International Alliance
together. We must believe all through that good is stronger than
evil, that justice and mercy are stronger than hatred and
destruction, just as life is stronger than death. We women who
have worked together for a great cause have hopes and ideals in
common; these are indestructible links binding us together. We
have to show that what unites us is stronger than what separates
us. Between many of us there is also the further link of personal
friendship cemented by many years of work together. We must hold
on through all difficulties to these things which are good in
themselves and must therefore be a strong help to us all through
these days of trial.
"In this spirit the Headquarters Committee has endeavored to carry out
its task," said its report, "and it has so far succeeded that it is
in a position today to lay down its work without any society having
been lost to the Alliance and with a considerable group of countries
never before associated with it now seeking affiliation." The great
difficulty of getting the paper into the various countries was
described but it was accomplished; the paper never missed an issue; it
remained absolutely neutral and the number of subscribers largely
increased. It was the one medium through which the women of the
warring nations came in touch during the four and a half years of the
conflict. All through the war it had news of some kind from the
various countries showing that their women were still engaged in
organized work for many useful purposes. It was evident that in
practically all of them they were demanding that women should have a
voice in the government.
The headquarters cooperated with other international organizations in
forming the International Woman's Relief Committee and the work was
conducted in its rooms. More than a thousand foreign girls were sent
or taken to their countries and hundreds of British, French and
Belgian women brought from Germany and Belgium to London. The work
among Belgian refugees would require many pages to describe.
Mrs. Fawcett and Mrs. Catt were preparing to send a deputation from
the Alliance to the Peace Conference to ask for a declaration for
woman suffrage when the National Woman Suffrage Association of France,
through its president, Mme. DeWitt Schlumberger, took the initiative
and called for the national associations of the allied countries to
send representatives to Paris to bring pressure on it. They were
cordially received by the members of the Conference and a
pronouncement in favor of the political equality of women and
eligibility to the secretariat was placed in the constitution of the
League of Nations, which attracted the attention of the world.
When the plan of holding the Congress of the Alliance at Berlin in
1915 had to be given up Holland sent an urgent invitation for that
year but its acceptance was not considered feasible. The Swedish
Auxiliary wanted it held at the time and place of the Peace Conference
but this was found to be inadvisable. The majority of the officers and
auxiliaries in the various countries wished to have a congress the
next spring after the Armistice but there proved to be insurmountable
obstacles. Toward the end of 1919 an invitation was accepted from the
suffrage societies in Spain to come to Madrid in 1920. Preparations
were under way when local opposition developed which made it necessary
to abandon the plan. Switzerland had already invited the congress and
it gladly went to Geneva.
In the report of Mrs. Coit, the treasurer, she said:
You will remember that at Budapest in 1913 a sum of about 2,000
pounds was raised, mostly by promises of yearly donations for the
period of two years. This sum was to finance headquarters and the
paper till we met in Berlin in 1915. In August, 1914, not even
all the first instalments had been received, and from then on,
owing to war conditions, it became impossible for some of our
biggest donors to redeem their pledges. By the beginning of 1917
we found ourselves with an empty exchequer and facing the
possibility of closing down our work. It was then that help came
from our auxiliary in the United States. Mrs. Catt, with the help
of her many devoted friends, raised a sum of $4,333, which was
placed at our disposal and has enabled the Alliance to keep
going. When speaking of the United States' help I wish to make
special mention of the splendid work for the Alliance by Miss
Clara M. Hyde, private secretary for Mrs. Catt. To her incessant
interest and energy it is due that the number of honorary
associates in the U. S. A. now is at least three times as high as
in any other country; also she has quite trebled the number of
subscribers to the _International News_ in the States. Her
devoted work is an example of what can be done by a single
national auxiliary to further the development of the Alliance,
and I recommend her example for universal imitation.
The United States Auxiliary continued to add to the above sum and from
May, 1916, to May, 1920, it sent in membership dues, subscriptions to
the paper and donations $9,337. Mrs. Frank M. Roessing, president of
the Pennsylvania Suffrage Association, was responsible for collecting
over $5,000 of this amount.
The money for the Congress in Geneva, about $3,500, was raised by a
British committee of which Miss Rosamond Smith was chairman and Mrs.
Pethick Lawrence treasurer. To this fund the United States, which had
not suffered from the war to the extent of European countries, was a
large contributor. At the close of the congress there were no funds on
hand for the coming year and the delegates from all countries were
feeling the effects of the war financially. At this critical moment
Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick of the United States, corresponding
secretary of the Alliance, made a contribution of $5,000, and a little
later the Leslie Commission added $4,000. This with individual
subscriptions raised the amount of about $15,000 and guaranteed the
expenses for resuming and continuing the work of the Alliance.
From the organization of the Alliance in Berlin in 1904 Mrs. Catt had
been the president and at no election had there been another
candidate. Her strong desire to relinquish the office was overruled at
Budapest. She went to Geneva with the positive determination not to
accept it again but she faced an equally determined body of delegates.
Not only was she supported by all from the Allied Countries, as they
were known during the war, but she was equally acceptable to those
from the Central Countries. She was literally compelled to retain the
office.
Nominations for the other officers were made by ballot and submitted
to the convention and the ten receiving the highest number of votes
constituted the board. They were as follows: Mme. DeWitt Schlumberger
(France), Miss Chrystal Macmillan (Great Britain), Mrs. Anna B.
Wicksell (Sweden), Mrs. Corbett Ashby (Great Britain), Dr. Margherita
Ancona (Italy), Mrs. Anna Lindemann (Germany), Miss Eleanor Rathbone
(Great Britain), Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick (U. S. A.), Mme.
Girardet-Vielle (Switzerland), Mrs. Adele Schreiber-Krieger (Germany).
Most of them were officers of the National Association in their own
countries. Miss Rathbone was also a member of the city council of
Liverpool.
Among the twenty-two sent as Government delegates were Viscountess
Astor, member of the British House of Commons; Mrs. Marie Stritt, city
councillor of Dresden, and Mrs. Josephus Daniels, wife of the
Secretary of the Navy, U. S. A. Invited members were present from nine
countries, including ten from India, one from Japan and the wife of
the Tartar president of the Parliament of Crimea. There were fraternal
delegates from six international associations; from associations in
nearly every country in Europe (fourteen in Great Britain) and from
South Africa, Australia, Argentina and Uruguay. Greetings were sent
from associations in many countries including China.
A number of the resolutions adopted have been foreshadowed in this
report of the proceedings. Others were for the equal status of women
with men on legislative and administrative bodies; full personal and
civil rights for married women, including the right to their earnings
and property; equal guardianship of their children by mothers; that
the children of widows without provisions shall have the right to
maintenance by the State paid to the mothers; that children born out
of wedlock shall have the same right to maintenance and education from
the father as legitimate children, and the mother the right of
maintenance while incapacitated. Resolutions called for the same
opportunities for women as for men for all kinds of education and
training and for entering professions, industries, civil service
positions and performing administrative and judicial functions, and
demanded that there shall be equal pay for equal work; that the right
to work of women, married or unmarried, shall be recognized and that
no special regulations shall be imposed contrary to the wishes of the
women themselves. A higher moral standard for both men and women was
called for and various resolutions were adopted against traffic in
women, regulations of vice differentiating against women and State
regulation of prostitution.
The Congress took a firm position on the League of Nations and its
recognition of women in the following resolution: "The women of
thirty-one nations assembled in congress at Geneva, convinced that in
a strong Society of Nations based on the principles of right and
justice lies the only hope of assuring the future peace of the world,
call upon the women of the whole world to direct their will, their
intelligence and their influence towards the development and the
consolidation of the Society of Nations on such a basis, and to assist
it in every possible way in its work of securing peace and good will
throughout the world."
A resolution was adopted that a conference of representative women be
summoned annually by the League of Nations for the purpose of
considering questions relating to the welfare and status of women; the
conference to be held at the seat of the League, if possible, and the
expenses paid by the League. The Board instructed Mrs. Ashby Corbett
to arrange a deputation to the League of Nations to present
resolutions and to ask for the calling of the conference as soon as
possible.[230]
On the last day of the Congress from 5 to 7 o'clock the State Council
of the Canton and the Municipal Council of Geneva gave an official
reception and tea to the delegates and visitors. The resolutions of
thanks for the assistance and courtesies received from committees and
individuals filled two printed pages. The _Woman's Leader_ thus closed
its account: "The immense hospitality of Geneva and of the Swiss
Consulate, the superb weather and the beautiful excursions by land and
lake were above all praise.... Taking the Conference as a whole, with
its concrete work and its general spirit, it is clear that it marks a
new step forward. A new force has come into the politics of almost all
the world. It is a force inspired at present with good will, a
humanitarian and an internationalizing force, drawing together the
thoughtful and disinterested women of all countries. It is a force
that the world has need of and no Government should be so blind as to
ignore it."
FOOTNOTES:
[221] _History of Woman Suffrage_, Volume IV, page 124.
[222] Delegates and alternates present besides those already mentioned
were Misses L. G. Heymann and Marta Zietz, Germany; Mrs. Stanton Coit,
Great Britain; Mrs. Henrietta von Loenen de Bordes, Mrs. Hengeveld
Garritson, Miss C. C. A. Van Dorp, Netherlands; Mrs. Vibetha Salicath,
Miss Eline Hansen, Mrs. Charlotte Eilersgaard, Miss Rasmussen,
Denmark; Mrs. Anna B. Wicksell, Mrs. Frigga Carlberg, Miss Jenny
Wallerstedt, Sweden; Miss Fredrikke Mörek, Miss Marie Scharlenberg,
Norway; Mrs. Saulner, Switzerland; Mrs. Henry Dobson, Australia; Miss
Rosika Schwimmer, Hungary; Mrs. Mary Wood Swift, Miss Belle Kearney,
Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, Miss Lucy E. Anthony, Miss Nettie Lovisa
White, Mrs. Lydia Kingsmill Commander, United States.
[223] The reports from the various countries prepared for this
congress filled fifty-seven pages of the printed report and fully
justified Mrs. Catt's statement.
[224] The committee which had been appointed to prepare for the
congress and had been working for many months beforehand consisted of
the Executive Committee of the central board of the National Suffrage
Association and the presidents of sub-committees formed for different
purposes. Miss Signe Bergman acted as president, Miss Axianne
Thorstenson as vice-president, Miss Anna Frisell as treasurer, Miss
Nini Kohnberger and Miss Elise Carlson as secretaries. Mrs. Virgin was
at the head of the Finance Committee. The work of the Press Committee
was directed by Mrs. Else Kleen. Mrs. Lily Laurent was at the head of
the Committee on Localities. Mrs. Lizinski Dyrssen headed the
Committee for Festivities. Mrs. Ezaline Boheman was the head of the
Information Bureau. Miss Lamm and Miss Anden directed the work of the
thirty university students who served as pages and whose kindness and
swift and silent service none will ever forget. At the head of the
Travelling Committee was Dr. Malin Wester-Halberg, who arranged the
journey to Lapland, gave information about all excursions, etc.
[225] International headquarters were established in London, the paper
was greatly enlarged and published there under the title, _Jus
Suffragii, International Woman Suffrage News_, and Miss Mary
Sheepshanks was appointed editor, a post which she filled most
satisfactorily during the following six troubled years.
[226] Because of the war which devastated Europe for the next five
years these pledges could not be kept and the Alliance did not meet
again until 1920. Meanwhile the United States contributed enough so
that the London headquarters were kept open and the paper did not miss
an issue.
[227] The English church of Geneva also for the first time admitted a
woman to its pulpit, which was occupied on the following Sunday, June
13, by Miss Edith Picton Turberville of Great Britain.
[228] Among the many entertainments during the congress were a
reception given by the British delegation; a motor excursion by
invitation of Mrs. McCormick and the American delegates; a dinner
party at Hotel Beau Rivage by Lady Astor for British and American
delegates; a delightful "tea" by the French delegation and a garden
party by M. and Mme. Thuillier-Landry. Excursions were arranged by the
Geneva Committee and visits to the schools, museums, parks and endless
points of attraction in this most interesting city.
[229] These valuable accounts of the status of women in the various
countries were published in full in the 252-page Report of the
Congress.
[230] They called on Sir Alec Drummond, head of the Secretariat, in
London. He received them cordially but said it would be impossible for
the League to undertake such expenses and advised them to appoint a
committee to act as a source of communication between the League and
the Alliance. Thenceforth the League recognized the Alliance as an
authority and accepted its recommendation to place Mrs. Anna B.
Wicksell on its Mandates Commission and Miss Henni Forchhammer on its
White Slave Traffic Commission. These women had already been sent to
the League meetings by Sweden and Denmark as alternate delegates.
APPENDIX.
NEBRASKA MEN'S ASSOCIATION OPPOSED TO WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
To the Electors of the State of Nebraska:
At a meeting of men lately held in the city of Omaha the following
resolution was unanimously adopted: "Resolved, That it is the sense of
this meeting that a Manifesto be prepared, issued and circulated,
setting forth the reasons for our opposition to the pending
constitutional amendment providing for equal (woman) suffrage and
requesting the cooperation of the voters of the State, and that such
Manifesto be signed by all the men present."
We yield to none in our admiration, veneration and respect for woman.
We recognize in her admirable and adorable qualities and sweet and
noble influences which make for the betterment of mankind and the
advancement of civilization. We have ever been willing and ready to
grant to woman every right and protection, even to favoritism in the
law, and to give her every opportunity that makes for development and
true womanhood. We have a full appreciation of all the great things
which have been accomplished by women in education, in charity and in
benevolent work and in other channels of duty too numerous to mention,
by which both men and women have been benefited, society improved and
the welfare of the human race advanced. We would take from women none
of their privileges as citizens but we do not believe that women are
adapted to the political work of the world.
The discussion of all questions growing out of the social and family
relations and local economic conditions has no direct relationship to
the right of women to participate in the political affairs of
government. The right of suffrage does not attach of right to the
owners of property, for, if so, all other persons should be
disfranchised. It is not a fundamental right of taxpayers, for a great
body of men are not taxpayers, and nine-tenths of the women who would
become voters, if woman suffrage were adopted, would be non-taxpayers.
It is not an inherent right of citizenship, for the time never was in
the whole history of the world when the franchise was granted to all
citizens.... Franchise is a privilege of government granted only to
those to whom the Government sees fit to grant it. As a law-abiding
people men and women alike should recognize once and for all that the
right of suffrage is not a natural or inherent right of citizenship
but can only come by grant from the Government. [Legal authorities
quoted.]
We must also recognize that woman suffrage is inconsistent with the
fundamental principles upon which our representative government was
founded and to accept it now involves revolutionary changes. The
framers of the Federal Constitution, a body of the wisest men the
country has ever produced, did not recognize or provide for woman
suffrage. No one of the original thirteen States which adopted it
provided in their constitutions for woman suffrage. True it was
permitted in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807, a period of thirty-one
years, when it was taken away by statute, by reason of unsatisfactory
conditions and results. After the close of the Civil War, the southern
States which had gone into rebellion were admitted back into the
Union under constitutions limiting suffrage to men. These precedents
in our governmental history were never departed from until in recent
years.
The greatest danger to the Republic of the United States today, as it
always has been in governments where the people rule, is in an
excitable and emotional suffrage. If the women of this country would
always think coolly and deliberate calmly, if they could always be
controlled and act by judgment and not under passion, they might help
us to keep our institutions "eternal as the foundations of the
continent itself"; but the philosophers of history and the experience
of the ages past and present tell us in unanswerable arguments and
teach us by illustrations drawn from actual experience, that
governments have been overturned or endangered in periods of great
excitement by emotional suffrage and the speech and writings of
intolerant people....
Open that terrible page of the French Revolution and the days of
terror, when the click of the guillotine and the rush of blood through
the streets of Paris demonstrated to what extremities the ferocity of
human nature can be driven by political passion. Who led those
bloodthirsty mobs? Who shrieked loudest in that hurricane of passion?
Woman. Her picture upon the page of history is indelible. In the city
of Paris, in those ferocious mobs, the controlling agency, nay, not
agency but the controlling and principal power, came from those whom
God had intended to be the soft and gentle angels of mercy throughout
the world....
It has been said that if woman suffrage should become universal in the
United States, in times of great excitement arising out of sectional
questions or local conditions this country would be in danger of State
insurrections and seditions and that in less than a hundred years
revolutions would occur and our republican form of government would
come to an end. The United States should guard against emotional
suffrage. What we need is to put more logic and less feeling into
public affairs. This country has already extended suffrage beyond
reasonable bounds. Instead of enlarging it there are strong reasons
why it should be curtailed. It would have been better for wise and
safe government and the welfare of all the people if there had been
some reasonable standard of fitness for the ballot.
During the intense feeling and turbulent conditions growing out of the
Civil War, suffrage was so extended that many of the southern States
were turned over to the political control of those not sufficiently
informed to conduct good government. It has taken half-a-century of
strenuous effort to correct that mistake. The granting of universal
woman suffrage would greatly increase the existing evil and put it
beyond the possibility of correction except by an ultimate revolution.
We hear it frequently stated that there is no argument against woman
suffrage except sentiment. We can reply with equal force that there is
no argument for woman suffrage except sentiment, and that often
misguided and uninformed. Some suffragists insist that if woman
suffrage became universal "it would set in motion the machinery of an
earthly paradise." It was a woman of high standing in the literary and
journalistic field who answered, "It is my opinion it would let loose
the wheels of purgatory." ... Suffragists frequently ask the question,
"If we want to vote why should other people object?" If it is wrong
they should not ask it any more than they should ask the privilege of
committing a crime. If it is a wrong against the State every other
man and woman has a right to object and it is their duty to object....
There are spheres in which feeling should be paramount. There are
kingdoms in which the heart should reign supreme. That kingdom belongs
to woman--the realm of sentiment, the realm of love, the realm of
gentler and holier and kindlier attributes that make the name of wife,
mother and sister next to the name of God himself, but it is not in
harmony with suffrage and has no place in government.
We submit these considerations in all candor to the men of this State.
Ultimately the decision of this question at the polls is a man's
question. We ask your cooperation....
Omaha, July 6, 1914.
JOSEPH H. MILLARD, ex-U. S. Senator and president Omaha National Bank.
(Largest creditor of Willow Springs Distillery.)
JOHN A. MCSHANE, ex-Congressman and retired capitalist.
JOHN LEE WEBSTER, lawyer, representing Omaha Street Railway.
LUTHER DRAKE, president Merchants' National Bank.
JOHN C. COWIN, prominent lawyer.
WILLIAM F. GURLEY, prominent lawyer.
WILLIAM D. MCHUGH, lawyer representing Standard Oil Company.
FRANK T. HAMILTON, president Omaha Gas Co. and officer Street
Railway Co.
WILLIAM WALLACE, former cashier Omaha National Bank.
JOHN A. MUNROE, vice-president Union Pacific Railway Company.
FRANK BOYD, employee Omaha National Bank.
GERRIT FORT, Union Pacific Railway official.
_Joseph Barker_, insurance official.
EDWARD A. PECK, general manager Omaha Grain Elevator Company.
HENRY W. YATES, president Nebraska National Bank.
MILTON C. PETERS, president Alfalfa Milling Co.
WILLIAM H. KOENIG, of firm of Kilpatrick & Co., dry goods merchants.
W. H. BOCHOLZ, vice-president Omaha National Bank.
FRED H. DAVIS, president First National Bank.
BENJAMIN S. BAKER, lawyer.
L. F. CROFOOT, lawyer for Omaha Smelting Co. and Chicago & Milwaukee
R. R.
E. E. BRUCE, wholesale druggist.
GEORGE W. HOLDREGE, manager Burlington & Missouri River R. R. Co.
FRED A. NASH, President Omaha Electric Light Co.
NELSON H. LOOMIS, General Attorney Union Pacific R. R.
EDSON RICH, assistant attorney Union Pacific R. R.
FRANK B. JOHNSON, president Omaha Printing Co.
THOMAS C. BYRNE, president Wholesale Dry Goods Co.
REV. THOMAS J. MACKAY, Minister All Saints' Church (Episcopal).
REV. JOHN W. WILLIAMS, Minister St. Barnabas' Church (Episcopal).
* * * * *
This Manifesto with the signatures is given almost in full because in
language and in the business interests of the signers it is thoroughly
typical of the open opposition to woman suffrage. The other classes
who were opposed--the "machine" politicians, the liquor interests and
those directly or indirectly connected with them--for the most part
worked more secretly.
INDEX
The contents of this volume are so arranged that the reader will have
little difficulty in finding the references desired. The first
forty-nine chapters are devoted exclusively to the work for woman
suffrage which was done in the various States of the Union through
annual conventions, effort with the Legislatures for the submission to
the voters of an amendment to the State constitutions which would
fully enfranchise women and campaigns to secure a majority vote for
it. There was also an attempt to obtain from the Legislatures laws
which did not have to be approved by the voters, giving women the
right to vote at Municipal elections and every four years for
Presidential electors. In addition the women in every State constantly
assisted the National American Woman Suffrage Association in its
supreme effort to obtain from Congress the submission to the
Legislatures for the ratifying of three-fourths of them of an
amendment to the Federal Constitution which would give the complete
franchise to all the women of the nation.
These State chapters are arranged alphabetically and near the end of
each an account is given of the action taken on Ratification, and also
of the forming of a League of Women Voters. It is manifestly
impracticable to index the names of all the thousands of women who
gave devoted service in these States. Only a comparatively few of
those who worked longest and most prominently or are mentioned in
other parts of the books can be listed. The names of many more will be
found in the various chapters. This is also true of the many members
of Congress and Legislatures and of other men who were sympathetic and
helpful in this long contest.
In the chapters on the effort for woman suffrage in the Territories
and possessions of the United States the principal points and workers
are indexed. This is the case in the chapter on Great Britain and her
Colonies and on the countries of the world, each listed under its
proper head. The long chapter on the International Woman Suffrage
Alliance forbids an accurate index, as it contains the names of scores
of workers for woman suffrage in most civilized countries. Some but
not all of the most prominent are noted and in the well indexed
chapters on its seven congresses the reader will find a satisfactory
roster.
The Table of Contents will act as a trustworthy guide.
A
Abbott, Frances M, in N. H., 400.
Abbott, Dr. Lyman, 291; 401.
Aberdeen, Lord and Lady, 572.
Adams, Gov. Alva (Colo.), 62.
Adams, Annette Abbott, 58; 112.
Adams, John T, 191.
Adams, Lida Stokes, 88; 559-60.
Addams, Jane, speaks for wom. suff.
in Ga, 127; 146; 184;
in Kans, 198;
Mass, 271, 274;
Mo, 356;
Neb, 376;
Nev, 387, 397;
S. Dak, 590;
Wis, 700-1-2;
Budapest, 857, 858.
Aked, Rev. Chas. F,
in Calif, 48-49;
Nev, 387;
N. Y., 457;
Ore, 548.
Alabama, effort for wom. suff, workers, legis. action; see St.
chapter, 3.
Alaska, Legis. grants wom. suff, status of women, 713-715.
Alberta, gaining of wom. suff, 755.
Alberti, Sophie (Denmark), 812-13.
Aldrich, George W, 483.
Aldrich, Margaret Chanler, 454; 462; 466.
Algeo, Sara M, 568-9; 572-3; 658.
Allen, Florence E, 453;
appointed Judge, 514.
Allen, Gov. Henry J, 202; 204; 351;
see Kans. chap.
Allen, Mrs. Henry Ware, 203-4.
Allen, Mrs. J. D., 596-7; 607-8; 613.
Amendments, State,
in Ariz, 14;
Ark, 26;
Calif, 37;
vote on it, 50;
Colo, 59;
Iowa, 186;
vote, 189;
Kans, 196;
vote, 201, 205;
Ky, 211-12-13;
La, 223;
vote, 228;
Me, 238;
vote, 243, 244;
Mass, vote, 287;
Mich, 306;
vote, 307;
second, 308;
vote, 309;
third, 311;
vote, 314;
Miss, 339;
vote, 341;
Mo, 347, 354-5;
vote, 356;
Mont, 363;
vote, 367;
Neb, 369;
vote, 377;
Nev, 385-387;
vote, 389, 398-9;
N. H., 400;
vote, 402;
N. J., 421, 423, 431;
vote, 426;
N. Mex, prohibits, 439;
N. Y., 458, 460 et seq;
vote in City, 464;
in State, 474-5;
second campaign, 465, 468, 471, 476-7;
vote, in State, 482;
in City, 467;
Me, 238, 242;
vote, 243;
effect on N. Y., 479;
N. Dak. (law), 502;
vote, 503, 506-7;
Ohio, 509-10;
vote, 511;
second, 512;
vote, 513;
Okla, 524;
vote, 526;
second, 528-9 et seq.;
vote, 529, 535;
Ore, 539, 541;
vote, 544, 548;
Penn, 554;
vote, 557; 560, 562;
R. I., 575;
S. Dak, 587;
second, 588;
vote, 590;
third, 591;
vote, 594;
Texas, 639-40;
vote, 642;
Va, 672;
Wash, 675;
vote, 682;
W. Va, 688;
vote, 692, 698;
Wis. (law), 700, 707;
vote, 703.
See Federal Wom. Suff. Amend.
American Constitutional League (anti suff.), 621; 625.
Ames, Marie B, 204; 351; 358-9; 690.
Ammons, Prof. Theodosia, 60.
Anderson, Frances B, 113; 115.
Anderson, Chief Justice John C, 7.
Anthony, Lucy E, 87; 442; 542-3; 812; 816.
Anthony, Mary B, 570-1-2; 577.
Anthony, Mary S
in N. Y., 442;
memorial, 443;
in Ore, 542-3; 570-1-2; 577;
Berlin, 810.
Anthony, Susan B,
greetings to Calif, 29; 30;
entertained in Calif, 32;
S. B. A. Club, 52;
in Del, 86;
Life and Work, 87;
Memorial Fund, 88;
birthday celebr, 90;
in Wash, 105, 109;
memorial service in Ga, 123;
honored in Md, 248;
memorial, 249;
in Minn, 317;
memorial, 318;
birthday, 320;
Mont, 360;
memorial in Neb, 371;
in Nev, 384;
in N. J., 414,
memorial, 415;
in N. Y., 440; 443
memorial, 443;
birthdays celebr, 449; 454; 455;
letter to Okla, 520;
in Ore, 540-1;
in Phila, 551;
in R. I., 565;
memorial in Vt, 652;
urges suff. for Hawaiian women, 716;
for Filipino women, 719; 772; 774;
work for Intl. Suff. Assn, 805;
presides at first conf. for it in Wash, 806-808;
at second in Berlin, 809-811;
memorial service in Copenhagen, 816;
tribute at Geneva, 861.
Anti Suffragists,
in Ala, 7;
Ariz, 15;
Calif, 36, 43;
Natl. Assn, work in Calif, 44;
falsehoods denied in Colo, 62;
in Conn, 85;
Del, 96, 99, 102-3;
Ga, Macon _Telegraph_, 138;
in Legis, 139;
Ind, 176;
Iowa, 188;
Kans, 201;
La, 232;
Maine, 242-3, 245, 247;
Md, 254-255, 258-260;
Men's Assn, 261;
Mass, 273, 280;
Men's League, 288; 291-2, 294, 296, 301;
Mich, 307;
Men's League, 308;
Miss, 335, 338;
Mont, 365;
Neb, 375;
Men's League Manifesto, 376;
in full, 873;
headqrs, 376;
German Amer. Alliance, 377;
at Legis, 379;
petitions, 380;
Nev, 397;
N. H., 401, 404, 407, 409;
N. J., 424, 431;
N. Y., 454-457, 466;
N. Dak, 506-7;
Ohio, 509, 511;
work with liquor interests, 513, 515;
Okla, 528, 537;
Ore, 543, 547;
Penn, 562, 564;
R. I, 567, 574-5;
S. Dak, 591;
Tenn, 602, 604, 619;
Mrs. Catt's comment, 621;
Texas, Legis. rebukes, 641; 642;
Vt, 661-2;
Wash, 681;
Wis, 705;
Gr. Brit, 726-747;
Lord Curzon's speech, 748;
Mrs. Catt flays, 831;
in Canada, 761;
Men's Assn. in Neb, 873.
For names see above references.
Argentina, effort for wom. suff, 803.
Arizona, efforts for wom. suff. legis. action, Gov. Brodie vetoes,
amendment carries; see St. chap, 10.
Arkansas, efforts for wom. suff, workers, legis. action, Primary suff;
see St. chap, 16.
Arnold, Ethel M, 263; 275; 343; 403.
Arthur, Clara B, see Mich. chap, 303; 310 et seq.
Ashton, Margaret, on Liberal party in Great Brit, 824; 826; 833; 837.
Asquith, Herbert H, anti suff. action in Great Brit, 727, 730 et seq;
receives suffs, 732,
anti suffs, 734;
converted, 743; 744.
Astor, Viscountess, urges ratif. in Va, 671;
Govt. delegate to Intl. Alliance cong. in Geneva, 862, 864, 869.
Atkinson, Mrs. W. D, 198.
Augsburg, Dr. jur. Anita (Germany), 809, 814; 826; 843-4.
Australia, wom. suff. in, 752;
urges it in Great Brit, 753.
Austria, women vote; in Legislature, 792.
Avery, Dr. Alida C, 30; 52.
Avery, Rachel Foster, 87; 88; 250;
in N. Y, 443;
Penn, 551-2;
Wis, 701-2;
at intl. suff. conf. in Wash, 807-8;
Berlin, 811;
Copenhagen, 812.
Avery, Susan Look, 682.
Axtell, Frances C, 112; 684.
Aylesworth, Dr. B. O, in Ind, 168;
Md, 250;
Neb, 372;
N. Y, 447.
B
Bacon, Elizabeth D, 69; 70.
Bagley, Mrs. Frederick H, 573.
Bailey, U. S. Sen. Joseph W, opp. wom. suff. in Texas, 633, 641;
women defeat, 641.
Baird, U. S. Sen. David, 428.
Baldwin, Isabel A, 45; 52.
Balentine, Katharine Reed, in Calif, 33, 53;
Wash, 106-7;
Maine, 238, 243, 245.
Balfour, Arthur J. (Great Brit.), on wom. suff, 730; 866.
Ball, U. S. Sen. L. Heisler, 93; 97; 100.
Bamberger, Gov. Simon (Utah), 649-50.
Bankhead, U. S. Sen. John H, 5; 8.
Barkley, Edna M, 373; 378-9; 381-2.
Barnes, Prof. Earl, 344; 417.
Barrett, Kate Waller, 572; 668-9; 671.
Barrows, Isabel C, 268; 275.
Bartlett, Gov. John H. (Vt.), 408-9; 657.
Bass, Mrs. George, in Ala, 8;
Del, 94;
Ills, 155, 162;
La, 233.
Bass, John P, Bangor (Me.), _Commercial_, 241.
Bates, Mrs. Arthur L, 247.
Bates, Helen N, 236-7; 241; 243.
Bates, Gov. John L. (Mass.), 293.
Beadle, Robert Cameron, secy. Men's League, 485.
Beard, Mary R, officer Congressl. Union, 109.
Beauchamp, Frances E, 209.
Beckham, U. S. Sen. J. C. W, 213.
Beeckman, Gov. R. Livingston (R. I.), 575-6-7.
Behrman, Mayor Martin (N. O.), 225-6; 228; 231; 233.
Belgium, grants Munic. franchise, 786, 788.
Belmont, Mrs. Oliver H. P, 198;
at Southern Conf, 219, 610;
helps Nev, 387;
enters suff. movement, 445;
in N. Y, 447, 456, 469;
in R. I, 567-8.
Benbridge, Helen, 172-3; 179; 180.
Benedict, Crystal Eastman, 109; 701; 703; 858.
Benedict, Elsie, 377.
Benet, U. S. Sen. Christie, 581.
Benners, Helen J, see Ala, chap, 3, 4.
Bennett, Mrs. M. Toscan, 71; 74.
Bennett, Sarah Clay (Mrs. James), 209; 596.
Benton, Pres. Guy Potter, 655.
Besant, Annie, 770; 852.
Beveridge, Edna Annette, in Ala, 6;
in Md, 254;
Okla, 530, 535;
Tenn, 621;
W. Va, 693.
Bickett, Gov. Thomas W. (N. C.), 495, 499.
Bidwell, Annie K, 28; 32; 39.
Biggers, Kate H, 521-527.
Bilbo, Gov. Theodore G. (Miss.), 338.
Bingham, Judge Robert, brings out _Courier Journal_ for wom. suff,
208.
Bird, Mrs. Charlotte Sumner, 280-1-2; 301.
Bishop, Emily Montague, 702.
Bissell, Emily P, 103; in N. H, 401.
Black, Gov. James D. (Ky.), 213.
Blackwell, Alice Stone, 30;
natl. and State officer, work in Mass, 267 et seq; 281; 393;
N. H, 400;
N. J, 414, 424; 441;
Okla, 525;
Ore, 540, 544;
R. I, 565-6, 571;
S. C, 579;
Vt, 654, 661, 682.
Blackwell, Rev. Antoinette Brown, in Mass, 272;
birthday, 280;
see N. J, chap, 412.
Blackwell, Dr. Emily S, 415.
Blackwell, Henry B, 30;
memorial in Del, 88; 198; 204;
memorial in Md, 250;
work in Mass, 267 et seq;
birthday, 271;
memorial in
Boston, 275;
marriage, 278;
in Minn, 317;
N. H, 400;
N. J, 414-15, memorial, 416;
in Okla, 525;
Ore, 540, 544;
R. I, 565;
for Pres. suff, 573-4;
S. C, 579;
Vt, 651, memorial, 653; 682.
Blair, Edna S, 309.
Blair, Emily Newell, 346; 348-9.
Blair, U. S. Sen. Henry W, 400; 402; 405.
Blake, Katharine Devereux, work in Mont, 364;
N. Y, 471;
West Va, 691.
Blake, Lillie Devereux, 456.
Blankenburg, Lucretia L, 160;
in N. J, 414;
Penn, 550 et seq;
Berlin, 810-11.
Blanton, Annie Webb, 638-9.
Blatch, Mrs. Harriot Stanton, in N. H, 401;
N. J, 414, 416;
Seneca Falls, 444; 450;
N. Y, 454, 468-9;
founds Wom. Polit. Union, 486.
Blinn, Nellie Holbrook, 29; 31; 52-3.
Bloch, St. Sen. Jesse A, in West Va, 695.
Blount, Dr. Anna E, 149; 702.
Bohemia, suffrage for women, 795.
Booth, Elizabeth K, work in Ills. Legis, 150 et seq.
Borah, U. S. Sen. William E, 253; 287.
Boswell, Helen Varick, 106; 455; 547.
Bowen, Mrs. Joseph T, 159; 165.
Boyer, Ida Porter, in La, 219, 220;
Mich, 309, 312;
Okla, 522-526;
tribute to from St. leaders, 526;
Ore, 542;
Vt, 652.
Brackenridge, M. Eleanor, 631.
Bradford, Mary C. C, in Ariz, 11;
Colo, 61; 64; 67;
Kans, 194;
Neb, 371;
Okla, 522;
Ore, 542.
Brady, Gov. James H. (Wash.), 683.
Braly, John Hyde, work in Calif, 36, 38, 40-1, 51, 56; 198.
Brandegee, U. S. Sen. Frank B, 81.
Brandeis, Louis D, speaks for wom. suff, in Mass, 288, 298.
Brandenburg, Prof. S.J, 200.
Breckinridge, Desha, his _Herald_ for wom. suff, 208.
Breckinridge, Mrs. Desha, in Mo, 356;
N. C, 491;
Ore, 547;
S. C, 580;
Va, 669;
West Va, 688;
see Kentucky chapter, 207.
Breckinridge, Prof. Sophonisba, 202; 701.
Breshkovsky, Catharine, addresses suff. meetings, 272.
British Colonies, See chapter, 752-770.
British Columbia, gains woman suffrage, 756.
Bronson, Minnie, in Calif, 44;
Ind, 176;
Mich, 308;
Mo, 357;
Mont, 366;
Neb, 375, 379;
Nev, 397;
Vt, 662.
Brooks, Mrs. Charles H, 203; 204; 529; 573.
Brooks, John Graham, 269.
Brotherton, Belle, see Mich. chapter, 303; 312; 315.
Brough, Gov. Charles H. (Ark.), 20; 643.
Brown, Frances Fort, 610.
Brown, Rev. Olympia, in Kans, 198;
Md, 254, 256-7;
work in Wis, see State chapter, 699; 701; 704.
Brown, Mrs. Raymond, in Del, 92;
N. J, 419;
N. C, 494;
R. I, 571;
Vt, 658;
see N. Y. chapter, 468.
Brumbaugh, Gov. Martin G. (Penn.), 561.
Bryan, William Jennings, urges ratification in La, 233;
Miss, 340;
Mo, 349;
Neb, 376;
N. C, 493, 497;
Tenn, 603;
Va, urges Fed. Amend, 670.
Bryan, Mrs. William Jennings, speaks for suff. in Fla, 119;
Neb, 378;
Tenn, 603.
Bryce, (Lord) James, on wom. suff, 727; 747.
Buck, Rev. Florence, 700.
Bulkley, Mary, in Conn, 83; Nev, 398.
Burdette, Mrs. Robert J, 51.
Burn, Harry T, in Tenn. Legis, 623-4.
Burns, Lucy, 109; 251.
Burr, Frances Ellen, 68; 70.
Butt, Hala Hammond, 326.
Bynner, Witter, 404.
Byrd, Clara Booth, see N. C. chapter, 490, 494.
Byrne, Gov. Frank M. (S. Dak.), 589.
C
Calder, U. S. Sen. William M, 489.
California, effort for wom. suff, names of workers, legis. action,
campaign, see St. chapter, 27.
Calloway, James P, 138.
Campaigns, in Ariz, 13;
Calif, 38-50;
Iowa, 186;
Kans, 196;
La, 224, 228;
Maine, 238;
Mass, 283;
Mich, 306;
Mo, 347, 355;
Mont, 363;
Neb, 375;
Nev, 387, 394;
N. J, 423;
N. Y, City, 460;
second, 465;
State, 468;
second, 475;
N. Dak, 502;
Ohio, 510;
second, 512;
Okla, 525;
second, 528;
Ore, 539, 541; 544-5;
Penn, 554, 558;
S. Dak, 587, 589, 591-2;
Tenn, 601, 611, 619;
Texas, 640;
Wash, 675;
West Va, 688;
Wis, 701.
Campbell, Jane, in Del, 86, 87;
Penn, 550.
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 727-8.
Canada, efforts for wom. suff, 753-766;
Dominion suff. granted, Sir Robert Borden's work for, Sir Wilfred
Laurier objects, 761-763;
see Provinces;
nationality of wives, 764.
Cannon, St. Sen. Martha Hughes, 646.
Capper, Arthur, 200-2-3.
Carey, Gov. Robert D. (Wyo.), 709-10.
Carr, Gen. Julian S, 491, 497.
Carruth, Prof. W. H, 202.
Castleman, Mrs. Samuel, 215.
Caswell, Mrs. George A, 37, 44.
Cates, Attorney General Charles T, Jr, 602; 621.
Cathcart, Mrs. W. C, work in S. C, 579, 580.
Catholic, St. Catherine's Welfare Assn. work in N. Y, 487.
Catt, Carrie Chapman, work in Ariz, 10;
visits Ark, 18;
Calif, 28; 30; 46;
assists Conn, 76-7;
Del, 86, 91, 95-96;
criticizes Seth Low, 107;
in Atlanta, 122;
Chicago, 161;
work in Iowa, 187;
speaks in Kans, 203;
Ky, 208; 216;
in Maine, 236, 238, opp. campaign, 239, speaks in it, 242;
work in Md, 248-9, 253, 265;
speaks in Boston, 280-1, 291;
work in Mich, 309, 311, 313;
speaks in Minn, 317;
Miss, 326;
St. Louis, 342, at natl. suff. conv, 351;
work in Mont, 360;
Neb, 368-9, 370, 378;
Nev, 390-1;
N. H, 400-1-2, 407-8;
N. J, 413-14, 429;
N. Mex, 435-6;
New York, 442, organizes Wom. Suff. Party, 445; 450;
at legis. hearing, 454; 456;
pres. Inter-Urban Council, 459;
manages first campaign, 462 et seq;
second, 469 et seq; 465; 474-5;
great work, 483;
in Okla, 532;
Ore, 540;
Penn, 558;
R. I, 568, 570, 571;
speaks in Tenn, 596, 598, 612;
work for Fed. Amend, urges special session, 617;
begins campaign, 619;
U. S. Sen. Harding and Gov. Cox write, 620;
her opinion of opponents, 621;
in Texas, 630, 636;
visits Utah, 644, speaks in Tabernacle, 649;
women congratulate, 650;
work in Vt, 651, 655-6;
scores Gov. Clement, 659;
addresses Legis, 664;
in Va, 669;
addresses Legis, 671;
helps Wash., 682;
in West Va, 691;
urges special session, 694;
in Wis, 705;
in Wyo, 710;
receives doctor's degree from Wyo. Univ, 712;
visits Hawaii, 716;
urges suff. for its women, 717;
visits Manila and organizes women, 720;
tours S. Africa, helps organize suff. assn, 767;
visits Copenhagen, 778;
speaks in Hungary, 793;
in Geneva, 801;
calls conf, in Wash, D. C, to organize Intl. Wom. Suff. Alliance and
opens it, 806;
work for and in conf, 806-8;
at Berlin conf, presents gavel, 810;
elected pres, 811;
calls conf. at Copenhagen, 812;
presides, tribute to Miss Anthony, 813; 815;
closing words, 817;
calls conf. at Amsterdam, 817;
address, 820-822;
wise management, 823;
presides at quinquennial in London, 828;
address, 829-832;
speaks in Albert Hall, 836;
re-elected pres, 837;
calls conf. at Stockholm, honors in Copenhagen, ovation in Sweden,
visits Parliament, 838; 839, 840, 846;
address, 841-843;
presides in Royal Opera House, 844;
address at Budapest, 851;
received by officials, 853;
re-elected, 854;
on "militancy," 854;
on "white slave" traffic, 855;
presides in Academy of Music, 857;
farewell, 858;
calls Alliance conf. in Geneva after the war, 859;
address, memorial tribute to Dr. Shaw, plea for democracy, 860-1;
welcomes delegates, 865;
raises money, 868;
re-elected, 869.
Catt, George W, 249.
Cauer, Minna (Germany), 826.
Central America, 804.
Chace, Arnold Buffum, 566; 571.
Chace, Elizabeth Buffum, 565; 571.
Chapman, Mariana W, 441.
Chaponniere-Chaix, Mme. (Switz.), 810-11.
Chase, Mary N, in N. H, 400 et seq; 404;
Ore, 541;
Vt, 651.
Cheney, Edna D, 272.
Cherdron, Margaret Zane, 648.
Chilton, U. S. Sen. W. E, 696-7.
China, effort for wom. suff, Mrs. Catt visits, 803;
suff. assn. joins Intl. Alliance, sends banner, 848.
Churchill, Winston, 401
Churchill, Mrs. Winston, 404.
Clapp, U. S. Sen. Moses E, 319; 405.
Clark, Adele, 665; 667-70.
Clark, Speaker Champ, speaks for wom. suff in La, 234.
Clark, Gov. George W. (Iowa), 183.
Clark, Jeannette Drury, writes Alaska chapter, 713.
Clark, Mrs. Orton H, 310-11.
Clark, Chief Justice Walter (N. C.), 491-2; 494.
Clarke, Grace Julian, 171-2; 175.
Clay, Laura, work in Ariz, 12;
speaks in Atlanta, 123;
Ind, 169;
work in Kans, 200;
in Ky, see St. chapter, 207 et seq.;
ambulance named for, 211;
opp. Fed. Amend, 212;
at Dem. natl. conv, 220;
in Md, 251;
Mich, 309;
Okla, 522, 525;
Ore, 540, 544;
R. I, 572;
Tenn, 596, 598, 608-9, 612;
opp. ratification in Tenn, 622; 665.
Clement, Gov. Percival W. (Vt.), opp. wom. suff. in Vt, 656;
women visit, demand special session, 657-8;
calls on Pres. Harding, attacks Fed. Amend, 658;
Mrs. Catt scores, 659;
vetoes Pres. suff, 659, 664.
Clendening, Grace, 503-4; 506.
Clergy, for wom. suff, names in State chapters.
Clopton, Virginia Clay, 3; 608.
Coats, Sarah Chandler, 342.
Coffin, Lillian Harris, 27; 29; 33; 36; 53; 56.
Coggeshall, Mary J, 181; bequests, 183.
Cohen, Elizabeth M, 645-9.
Coit, Stanton, 276; 342.
Coit, Mrs. Stanton, 812; 824; 837; 854; 865;
Intl. Alliance treas. report, 868.
Colby, Secy. of State Bainbridge, to Ga. women, 132;
proclaims Fed. Suff. Amend, 625.
Colby, Clara Bewick, in Md, 248, 251, 254;
Mich, 309;
Wash, 679;
Wis, 700-1.
Colby, Everett, 418; 429; 431.
College Equal Suffrage League, work in Calif, 47, 51;
D. C., 105, 107;
Mass, 274, 279;
Mich, 305; 307;
Minn, 318-19;
Neb, 372, 374;
Nev, 396;
N. Y, 469;
Ore, 546;
R. I, 566, 567, 569;
Wash, 676;
Wis, 700.
Colorado, second victory; see St. chapter, 59.
Colt, U. S. Sen. LeBaron B, 569, 576.
Colvin, Prof. Caroline, work in Me, 236.
Congressional Union (see National Woman's Party), in Colo, 64;
Conn, 72;
Del, 89 et seq;
organized, 109;
in Mass, 290;
Minn, 321;
N. Mex, 436;
protest against in N. C, 491-2;
Penn, 557.
Connecticut, effort for woman suff, workers, legis. action; see
State chapter, 68.
Connor, Mabel, see Maine chapter, 236, 243, 245.
Conventions, Constitl, in Ariz, 12;
Ark, 20;
Ills, 162;
Ind, 175;
Mass, 299;
Mich, 304;
Neb, 383;
N. H, 400;
N. Mex, 438;
Ohio, 509;
Okla, 522;
R. I, 575;
Tenn, 611.
Cooley, Roselle C, 113; 118.
Coolidge, Gov. Calvin (Mass.), for wom. suff, 302.
Coolidge, Mary Roberts, 48-9; 52.
Corbin, Hannah Lee, 665.
Cornwall, Gov. John J. (West Va.), 694-5-6.
Costello, Ray, 329.
Cotnam, Mrs. T. T, work in Ark, 16-23;
in N. Y, 20; 208;
in Me, 238; 311; 529; 692.
Court decisions, on Pres. suff, in Ills, 158, 163;
Ind, 177-8;
referendum in Maine, 245;
Fed. Amend., in Md, 261;
Pres. suff. in Ohio, 514;
Pres. suff. referendum, 516;
on ratification, 519;
Pres. suff. in Tenn, 605;
poll tax for women, 616;
right to ratify Fed. Amend, 617;
U. S. Sup. Ct. on referring ratification to voters, 617;
in Tenn., on ratif, 624;
Texas Primary law, 637.
Cowles, Edith Clark, see Va. chapter, 665.
Cox, Gov. James M. (Ohio), urges Fed. Suff. Amend. in La, 234;
telegraphs N. C, 499;
helps ratification in Tenn, 620-1.
Cox, Gov. John I. (Tenn.), 608.
Cox, Lenore Hanna, see Ind. chapter, 171.
Craft, Ida, 364; 398; 448;
"hikes," 451-2;
West Va, 688-9.
Craigie, Mary E, 314; 401; 454; 456; 688.
Crane, Rev. Caroline Bartlett, 311; 316.
Cranston, Martha S, 86; 88-9; 90; 92-3; 102-3.
Creel, George, secy. Men's Suff. League, 485.
Crooker, Rev. Florence Kollock, 268; 270; 403.
Crossett, Ella Hawley, see N. Y.
chapter, 440-448;
legis. report, 454; 455-6-7.
Crowley, Teresa A., see Mass. chapter, 267 et seq;
in campaign, 284-5; 302.
Culberson, U. S. Sen. Charles A, 642.
Cummings, Fannie Leake, 673; 680.
Cummings, Homer S, urges ratif. of Fed. Amend, in Ala, 8;
La, 234;
Miss, 340;
Tenn, 618; Va, 671.
Cunningham, Minnie Fisher, work in Texas, see St. chapter, 630;
Fla, 117;
Miss, 334;
Nev, 390;
West Va, 692.
Curtis, Alice B, in Iowa, 187;
Okla, 532;
West Va, 691;
Wis, 704.
Curzon, Lord (Great Brit.), on wom. suff, 747-8.
Czecho-Slovakia, gives wom, suff, 795.
D
Damrosch, Walter, 467.
Daniels, Secy. of the Navy Josephus, urges Fed. Amend, in Ala, 7;
Del, 96;
Miss, 340;
N. C, 493, 497.
Daniels, Mrs. Josephus, in N. C, 493-4, 498;
in Geneva, 869.
Darrow, Clara L, 501-2-3; 505.
Davis, Gov. Westmoreland (Va.), 668.
Day, Mrs. George, 102; 393.
Day, Lucy Hobart, 236.
Dean, Dr. Maria M, 360.
Decker, Sarah Platt, 60; 291.
Deering, Mabel Craft, 33; 45-6.
Delaware, effort for wom. suff, workers, struggle over ratification,
see St. chapter, 86.
Democratic National Committee, urges ratif. of Fed. Amend, in Ga, 142;
La, 234;
Tenn, 618, 620;
West Va, 694.
Democratic State Committees and Conventions, action on wom. suff.
in Ala, 8;
Ark, 21;
Calif, 53-4, 56;
Conn, 85;
Del, 93, 99;
Ky, 210-11-12;
Mass, 295, 298;
Minn, 322;
Mo, 348;
N. Y, 446, 451;
N. C, 493, 495, 500;
S. C, 580;
Tenn, 599, 613, 618;
Texas, 639;
Va, 667;
West Va, 691.
Denison, Flora McDonald, work in Canada, 757, 760; 815.
Denmark, work for wom. suff, entertains Intl. Alliance, wom. suff.
gained, women officials, 776, 778;
Mrs. Catt visits, 778.
Dennett, Mary Ware, 89; 276; 294.
DeVoe, Emma Smith, 254;
work in Wash, see St. chapter, 673;
ad. Legis, 685;
in Wis, 700.
De Vou, Mary R, work in Del, 86, 88, 101.
Dewey, Prof. John, 485.
Dewing, Ardelia Cooke, 565-6-7.
De Young, M. H, 46.
Dietrich, Mrs. Charles H, 381; 383.
Digges, Annie L, 248.
Dillingham, U. S. Sen. William P, 408; 655-6.
District of Columbia, helps States get wom. suff, entertains natl.
convs, works with Congress, names of workers, see D. C. chapter,
104.
"Dix, Dorothy," letter to Tenn, 596.
Dobson, Mrs. Henry, 812; 816; 823.
Dodge, Mrs. Arthur M, pres. Anti Suff. Assn, in Neb, 375;
N. Y, 454.
Dorsett, Mrs. John W, work in Hawaii, 716-17-18.
Dorsey, Gov. Hugh M. (Ga.), 139; 142.
Douglas, Judith Hyams, 217; 330.
Drew, U. S. Sen. Irving, 401; 406.
Dudley, Mrs. Guilford, work in Tenn, 597 to 619;
at Dem. natl. conv. and in Wash, 599, 600, 606, 619.
Dundore, Lavinia C, pioneer suffragist, 248.
Duniway, Abigail Scott, work in Ore, 538 et seq;
honored, 548;
in Wash, 679.
Dunlap, Flora, see Iowa chapter, 181.
Dunne, Gov. Edward F. (Ills.), 146; 152; 157; 159.
DuPont, T. Coleman. Pierre, Alfred I, 93-4-5; 98; 100.
Dye, Eva Emery, 541.
E
Eacker, Helen N, 196; 201-2.
Eastman, Max, 276; for Men's League, 484-5; 702.
Eaton, Cora Smith, in Md, 248;
Minn, 317, 320;
N. Dak, 501;
Wash, 674, 678. See King.
Eddy, Sarah J, in R. I, 570, 578.
Edge, U. S. Sen. Walter E, 429; 430.
Edson, Katharine Philips, 36, 41.
Edwards, Betsy Jewett, 95; 172; 409.
Edwards, Gov. Edward I. (N. J.), 429, 430.
Edwards, Mrs. Richard E, 173; 180.
Elkins, U. S. Sen. Stephen B, 697.
Ellicott, Mrs. Charles E, 257; 264-5-6.
Ellicott, Elizabeth King, 263-4.
Ellington, Mrs. O. F, see Ark. chapter, 16-20, 23-25;
in Va, 220.
Elliott, Albert H, 30; 48-9.
Elliott, John Lovejoy, 342.
Elliott, Maud Howe, 274; 280; 291; 578.
Elliott, Sarah Barnwell, 597-8; 608-9-10.
Engle, Lavinia, 4; 114; 579; 633; 690.
Equal Guardianship, in Mass, 291;
Utah, 647.
Erwin, Margaret, 333; 607. See Ford.
Evans, Mrs. Glendower, in Maine, 238;
Mass, 277;
Mich, 309;
R. I, 570;
Wis, 702.
Evans, Sarah A, see Ore. chapter, 538, 541, 545.
Ewing, Robert, in La, 224; 226.
F
Fallows, Bishop Samuel, 148.
Farmer, Eugenia B, 318.
Farrell, Mrs. Percy J, 312; 315-16.
Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, pres. Brit. Natl. Suff. Assn, writes chap,
for History, 725;
on "militancy," 728;
heads deptn. to Asquith, 733;
work completed, 749;
elected vice-pres. Intl. Alliance, 811; 816; 826; 827;
invites Alliance to London, greets, 828;
suff. work of her assn, 833;
on "militancy," 834; 835;
presides in Albert Hall, 836;
re-elected, 837; 854;
on "white slave" traffic, 855;
manifesto at beginning of war, work on Headqrs. Com, 865; 867.
Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment, Ala. women demand, 5;
endorsed in Ark, 20;
petition from Calif, 34,
Legis. appeals for, 57;
Colo. Legis. demands, 63;
work for in Conn, 73 et seq;
Del, 88 et seq;
Fla, 119;
Ga, 123-4-5, 127, 130;
members of Cong. vote for, 131; 136;
Ills, 164;
Ind, 178-180;
Iowa, 185;
Kans, 203-4, 206;
Ky, 211;
La, 218, 227-8;
Maine, 237-8;
Md, 257-261;
Mass, 280-1, 290, 300;
Mich, 305, 309;
Minn, 319, 321;
Miss, 331, 334;
Mo, 353, 357;
Neb, 372;
Nev, 390;
N. H, 408;
N. J, 415, 429;
N. Mex, 436-7;
N. Y, 488-9;
N. C, 493, 495;
N. Dak, 504, 507;
Ohio, 517;
Penn, 552, 562;
R. I, 566, 570-1;
S. C, 580-1, 584;
Tenn, 599, 600, 606-7, 609, 612-13-14, 625;
Texas, 635-6, 639, 640, 642;
Utah, 645, 649;
Vt, 656-660;
Va, 665, 668, 670;
Wash, 685;
West Va, 693-4;
Wis, 700, 708;
Wyo, 709;
U. S. Sup. Ct. decision, 617;
Solicitor Genl. Frierson's, 617;
proclaimed by Secy. of State, 625.
Federations of Labor, for wom. suff, Ala, 8;
Calif, 54;
give hall for suff. meet. in Atlanta, 125, 127;
for wom. suff. in Maine, 237;
Md, 251,
refused, 253;
Mass, 273, 295;
Nev, 396;
N. H, 402;
N. J, 415;
Okla, 523;
Ore, 546;
Penn, 552-3;
S. C, 581;
Tenn, 597-9;
Vt, 660;
Va, 669.
Federation of Women's Clubs, record in each State chapter. Genl. Fedn.
declares for wom. suff, 160;
applauds it in Boston, 274.
Feickert, Lillian F, 418-19;
work in N. J; see St. chapter, 420 et seq.
Fels, Mrs. Joseph, in Mass, 300;
Nev, 387.
Felton, Rebecca Latimer, 126; 128; 131.
Ferguson, Gov. James E, opp. wom. suff. in Texas, 633;
at Dem. Natl. Conv, 633;
women work against, 634-5, 638.
Fernald, U. S. Sen. Bert, 242; 245.
Fernald, Fannie J, 236-7; 402-3.
Fess, Simeon D, chmn. Rep. Congrssl. Com, 94.
Fessenden, Susan S, in Del, 87;
Mass, 270, 273;
N. H, 400;
Vt, 660.
Field, Sarah Bard, 398;
in Ore, 548.
Finland, great "strike," wom. suff. granted, women in Parliament,
771-773; 824.
Finnegan, Annette, work in Texas, 630-1-2.
FitzGerald, Susan W, 274; 282; 294; 297; 301; 309; 406; 655.
Fitzhugh, Gen. G. T, in Tenn, 602.
Fletcher, U. S. Sen. Duncan U, 117.
Florida, effort for wom. suff, workers, legis. action, see State
chap, 113.
Foley, Margaret A, in Mass, 276-7, 296, 301;
Nev, 397;
R. I, 572.
Foltz, Clara Shortridge, 30.
Forchhammer, Henni (Denmark), on League of Nations, 814; 871.
Ford, Mr. and Mrs. Henry, 313.
Ford, Margaret Ervin, work in Tenn; see St. chapter, 604, 607 et seq.
Fordyce, Mrs. William C, 348; 354; 357.
Fort, Gov. John Franklin (N. J.), 418.
Foster, J. Ellen, 401.
Foulke, William Dudley, 267.
France, U. S. Sen. Joseph I, 257-8.
France, effort for wom. suff, 799.
Frazier, Helen, 351.
Frelinghuysen, U. S. Sen. Joseph S, 429; 430.
French, Mrs. L. Crozier, 598; 600; 607; 609; 610; 621.
Frick, St. Sen. George Arnold (Md.), suit against Fed. Suff. Amend,
261.
Frierson, U. S. Solicitor Genl, 617.
Fuller, Minnie Rutherford, 16; 18; 22.
Funck, Emma Maddox, see Md. chapter, 248;
in Wis, 701.
Funck, Dr. J. William, 249; 250-1; 256; 701.
Funk, Antoinette, in Ills, 154;
Mont, 364;
Nev, 398;
N. H, 405:
N. J, 432;
Penn, 561,
West Va, 691.
Furman, Eleanor, 265.
Furuhjelm, Annie, work in Finland, 772;
in Parliament, 773; 815;
report on wom. suff. in Finland, 824; 826; 829;
elected vice-pres. Intl. Alliance, 837; 843; 854; 860; 863.
G
Gale, Zona, in N. H. 405;
in Wis, 704; 706.
Gallinger, U. S. Sen. Jacob, 400;
death, 406.
Gannett, Mrs. William C, 442; 457.
Gardener, Helen H, 105; 110; 112.
Garesché, Marie R., see Mo. chapter, 342-3.
Garrett, Mary E, 249.
Garrison, Francis J, 275.
Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, memorials, 88, 416;
work in Mass, 267 et seq.
Garwood, Omar E, 62; 198; 330.
Gates, Susa Young, see Utah chapter, 644; 648; 650.
Gay, U. S. Sen. Edward J, 229.
Gay, Dr. Ruth A, 524-7.
Gellhorn, Mrs. George, 346; 350-1-2-3-4; 358.
George, Mrs. A. J, in Neb, 376;
Ohio, 513;
N. H, 401;
R. I, 575;
Vt, 661, 663.
Georgia, effort for wom. suff, workers, legis. action, see St.
chapter, 121.
German American Alliance, in Neb, 377;
Ohio, 510;
Wis, 708.
Germany gives wom. suff, elects women, 789-92.
Geyer, Rose Lawless, 187; 241; 243; 690.
Gillett, Emma M, 106-7; 249.
Gillmore, Inez Haynes, 268.
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 208; 250; 276; 387; 414; 540; 630;
Budapest, 857.
Glasgow, Ellen, 655; 668.
Glass, U. S. Treasurer Carter, 671.
Goldstein, Vida (Aus.), in Calif, 29;
Mass, 269;
intl. suff. conf, 806-7; 815.
Goodrich, Ellen Knox, 28.
Goodrich, Gov. James P. (Ind.), on ratif. of Fed. Amend, 176.
Goodwin, Grace W, 103.
Gordon, Anna A, 437.
Gordon, Rev. Eleanor, 182.
Gordon, Jean, in Atlanta, 123;
in La, 216-17; 221; 225; 232;
in Miss, 328.
Gordon, Kate M, proposes Primary suff, 24, 222;
in Fla, 115:
Atlanta, 122;
work in La.: see St. chapter, 216;
brings natl. conv. to New Orleans, 218;
org. South. Conf, 219;
Dem. natl. conv, 220;
opp. Fed. Amend, 232, 622;
in Miss, 328-9, 336; 338;
Okla, 524, 526;
Ore, 540, 542-3;
S. C, 580;
Tenn, 609;
West Va, 688.
Gordon, Laura de Force, 33.
Graham, Gov. Horace F. (Vt.), 663.
Grand Army of the Republic, endorses wom. suff, 87, 522.
Grange, Natl. and State, endorsement of wom. suff. in many St.
chapters.
Great Britain (United Kingdom), lone effort for wom. suff;
action of Parliament; see chapter, 727 et seq;
work of Natl. Union, 730 et seq;
great pilgrimage, 737;
war work, 739;
society changes form, 749;
Labor Party for wom. suff, 730-1, 737;
war work of women, 738;
Coalition Govt, 742;
Conference formed, Commons passes bill, 744 et seq;
Lords accept, 748;
women vote, 749;
favorable laws for women, 750;
elected to Commons, 750;
universities opened, 751; see 833.
Greece, organizes for wom. suff, King, Queen and Venizelos favor, 802.
Greeley, Helen Hoy, 46; 48; 90; 546.
Gregg, Laura, in Ariz, 12; 318;
Mont, 360;
Neb, 368, 370;
Nev, 397;
Okla, 520-1;
Ore, 542.
Grenfell, Helen Loring, 61; 64.
Grey, Sir Edward, on wom. suff, 735.
Griffin, Frances A, suff. pioneer in Ala, 3;
in Ga, 121.
Griggs, Prof. Edward Howard, 278.
Grim, Harriet, 148-9.
Gripenberg, Baroness Alexandra, work in Finland, 772;
in Hungary, 793; 815.
Grossman, Leonard J, 126.
Guise, Mrs. John A, 317; 322.
Gullen, Dr. Augusta Stowe, work in Canada, see chapter, 754; 757.
H
Hackstaff, Priscilla D, 309; 401; 417; 459.
Haines, Dr. Blanche M, 310; 312.
Hale, U. S. Sen. Frederick, 247.
Hale, Mrs. Forbes-Robertson, 86; 91; 208; 309-10; 654; 692; 702.
Haley, Margaret A, 46; 48; 145.
Hall, Florence Howe, work in N. J, see St. chapter, 412; 578.
Hallam, Julia Clark, 182.
Harbert, Elizabeth Boynton, 145.
Hardie, Keir, help in Great Brit, 730; 857.
Harding, U. S. Sen. and Pres. Warren G, app. wom. Judge, 104;
opposes anti-suff. referendum, 516;
votes for Fed. Amend, 517;
for ratification in Tenn, 620;
Gov. Clement of Vt. visits, 658.
Hardwick, U. S. Sen. Thos. W, 127; 136.
Hardy, Jennie C. Law, 306; 316.
Harper, Ida Husted, speaks in Md, 263;
writing in Rochester, 442;
in New York, 450-7;
Ore, 540; 812;
memorial address for Miss Anthony in Copenhagen, 816;
resolutions com. in Amsterdam, 827;
in London, 837.
Harriman, Mrs. J. Borden, 86; 91.
Harris, U. S. Sen. Wm. J, votes and works for Fed. Amend, 131, 142.