Anigara, Kel, 380, 381, 433
Animals, domestic, Air, 202-6; rock drawings of, 264-5
Animistic view of nature, Tuareg, 295
Aniogara, Kel, 429, 433
Ankh, the Agades Cross and the, 285
Annur, chief of the Kel Owi, 23, 24, 108, 134, 135, 146, 304-5,
308, 312, 313, 435
Ansaman (T’in Shaman), 364-5
Ansatfen, family of, 368, 369
Ant-bear secured by Buchanan, 121
Antassar, Kel, 428
Antelopes, 446, 449, 450
Antimony, women’s eyes darkened with, 173
Anu Areran, position of, 424
Anu Maqaran, 215, 216, 238, 243, 299, 418, 434; rock drawing, 321-2
Anu n’Ageruf, position of, 425
Anu n’Banka, 62, 66, 74
Anu Samed valley, 311; houses in, 248
Anu Samed, Kel, 435
Anu Wisheran, 248, 418, 429
Anu Wisheran, Kel, 429
Aouror well, 74, 75
Aowjal, _see_ Aujila, 368, 369
“Ara” (salt), 125, 127 _n._[115]
Ara valley, 183, 184, 216, 240
Arab authors: the Veil first mentioned by, 328-9; works by, 468
Arab country, meaning of term in Air, 385 _n._[405]
Arab element among Imghad, 138, 139
Arab geographers and historians, 61, 468; _see_ Bekri, Ibn Khaldun,
etc.
Arab merchants, Agades, 96, 106; caravan raided by Ahodu, 192-3
Arab raiders, 12, 13, 14, 188
Arabia, 266; question of introduction of camels from, 207; invasions
from, 371
Arabian origin of Tuareg, Bello on, 368, 369, 371
Arabic: Temajegh and, 271; used by Tuareg, 268, 269
Arabs: Air not invaded by, 324; head-cloths worn by, 286; Kaossen
believed killed by, 98; North Africa conquered by, 293-4, 346, 356,
371, 375-6, 404; patriarchal system of, 339; raids by, 12, 13, 14,
188; robes of, 285 _n._[253]; Southland invaded by, 325, 326, 376,
403, 444; Spain conquered by, 376
Tuareg (Muleththemin, _q.v._) and, 14-15, 273, 274, 287, 294,
364; Arab influence on, 324-5; Arab opinion of, 454; connection
with Arabs claimed in order to establish descent from the Prophet,
339, 342; Arab tribes assimilated by, 347 _n._[329], 354; Arabs
considered newcomers by, 170; Arabs called “white” by, 162;
upper-class Arabs considered nobles by, 459
Arakieta, 238, 243
“Araruf,” 200
Araten valley, 78, 428
Archean rocks, Air, 33, 34, 35, 78
Architecture, Tuareg, 184, 241, 244-59; ascribed to the Itesan,
253, 377, 378
“Areg,” 274 _n._[243]
Areitun, 431
Areitun, Kel, 431
“Argem” (funerary monuments), 260-62, 263
Arguin, 332 _n._[301]
Arharkhar valley, 156 _n._[152]
Aril, Kel, 441
Arki, King of Kanem, 372
Arm daggers, Tuareg, 234
Arm rings, Tuareg, 91, 285-6, 289
Armes blanches, Tuareg allegiance to, 55, 235-6, 328
Ar’rerf Ahnet, the, 351
Arrow-heads, conventionalised, as ornaments, 283
Arrows, poisoned, used by bush folk, 45
Arsu, 304
Art, Tuareg, 246, 263-5
Arwa, Mount, 216, 300, 321
Arwa Mellen, 215, 299, 418
“Aryan,” the word, 339
Arzuges, the, 356, 358
Asaki, the, 291
Asawa, 347
Asben (Air), 17, 28, 313 _n._[274], 363-4, 369, 403; derivation
of, 363-4
Asben horses, 202
Asbenawa (people of Air), 17, 202, 313
Asbytæ, 364 _n._[362]
Asclepias, use of juice of, 180
Asclepias, People of the, 307, 433
Ashanti, matriarchal survivals in, 152, 171; religious feasts, 274
Ashegur well, 32, 219, 315, 318, 320, 321, 414
Ashraf (descendants of the Prophet), 339-40, 439
Asiu, 23, 30, 31, 354, 367, 455, 456
Askar, _see_ Azger.
Askia, Ishak, 411
Askia Ismael, 291
Askia, Muhammad el Haj, 291, 409-10; conquests of, 116, 117, 409-10;
pilgrimage of, 409, 411
Asnagho, peak, 300
Assa, 125
Assada valley, 34, 214-15, 218, 298, 418
Assadoragan, 309
Assarara, 247, 314, 315, 435
Assarara mountains, 314
Assarara, Kel, 134, 303, 304, 314, 430, 435
Assatartar, 308, 314, 436
Assatartar, Kel (Igermaden), 436
Assatartar, Kel (Immikitan), 430
Assawas swamp, 31, 78
Assingerma, 241 _n._[217]
Assode, 145, 233, 299, 300-303, 314, 413, 454 _n._[458]; first real
capital of Air, 303; houses of, 248, 254, 302; mosque of, 255, 257,
301-2; position of, 425
Astacures, the, 356, 358
Astronomically determined points in Air, list of, 422-5
Atagoom, 185, 239; amulets worn by, 282; cases of possession in
family of, 279-80
Atan, Kel, 433
Atara, the, 155
“Ataram” (west), varying sense of, 244, 247
Ataram, Kel, 129, 441
Atkaki, 239
Atlas languages, 270
Atlas mountains, 2; MZGh names in, 461, 462
Atrebisa, 412
Attafriya, Muhammad, Sultan, 391, 464
Audaghost, Libyan kings of, 404, 405
Auderas, 26, 33, 155-7, 161, 214, 241, 253, 404 _n._[418]; author’s
stay at, 123, 127, 154-5, 157, 158-62, 171-2, 178, 275, 279-80, 418,
423, 424 _n._[436]; basin of, 34, 131, 156, 213; cemetery at, 181;
headship of, disputed, 142-3; houses of, 213, 248; Itesan “Kel
names” derived from, 380, 381; Kel Ataram of, 129 _n._[117];
lion killed near, 119-20; measures of, 221; plough seen at, 133;
position of, 424, 425; possession, case of, at, 279-80; rainy season
at, 123-4; village organisation in, 131, 142-3
Auderas, Kel, 440
Augela (Aujila), 336
Augila, people of, 282
Aujila, 318, 334, 336; story of compulsory migration from, 366,
368, 369; trade with Kawar, 369, 370
Aulimmiden, the, 18, 101, 109, 408, 441; the Abalkoran and, 379;
Amenokal and, 144; El Baghdadi attacked by, 292; horses of, 202;
Ibn Batutah’s possible reference to, 455; Ilemtin a form of the
name, 355; Kel Geres defeated by, 391, 415; identical with the Lemta,
341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; matriarchal inheritance system
disliked by, 152 _n._[149]; origin of, 341, 377, 379; position of,
explained, 357-8; raids on, 139, 190; Tademekka occupied by, 345,
348, 357, 387, 414
Aulus Gellius, 468
Auraghen, the, 347, 348, 352, 354, 355; noble in Azger, servile in
Southland, 348; noble Kel Owi once belonged to, 387
Auraghiye dialect, 270, 347, 349, 387 Aureran well, 215, 299;
position of, 425
Aures, people of, 294
Aures, Queen of the (Kahena), 170, 265, 294
Auriga, the, 270, 340, 341, 343, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352;
Auriga-Hawara represented by Ahaggaren, 353, 355, 387
Ausa, 415
Austria, “talhakim” made in, 282
Austuriani (or Ausuriani), the, 356, 357, 358
Autochthonous significance of MZGh root, 461
Awa, tomb of, 281
Awelimmid (Aulimmiden), the, 357
Axe, Tuareg, 229
“Azalai,” the, 219
Azamkoram mountains, 418
Azañieres mountains, 157, 308, 314 _n._[276]
Azañieres, Kel, 145, 147, 148, 243, 303, 304, 435, 436, 437;
legend of the mother of, 384
Azañierken, the, 430, 431
Azanzara valley, 84
Azar valley, 243
Azar, Kel, 433
Azaret, Kel, 437
Azawad, 61
Azawagh (Asawa), 347
Azawagh, the, 32, 49, 54, 61, 62-3, 80, 114, 115, 242, 309, 347
_n._[333], 426; cold encountered in, 63, 167, 418; deserted sites
in, 64; millet cultivation in, 74; Ifadeyen move into, 209, 399;
population decreasing in, 64; Sanhaja in, 364; Tegama of, 54; valleys
of, 61-2, 63, 66-7, 71, 76; wells of, 74-5; wind prevalent in, 63
Azawagh, Kel, 64, 65, 80; name disappears, 65
Azawak, 31
Azbin (Air), 17
Azel, 428
Azel, Kel, 427
Azelik valley, 71
Azenata, the, 437
Azger country, the, 9, 18, 335, 353, 355, 356; Aulimmiden return to,
387; Auraghen noble in, 348; Ifoghas of, 54
Azger Tassili, the, 260, 261
Azger Tuareg, 17, 148, 331, 335, 347, 402; Ahaggaren and, origin and
connection of, 348, 349-53, 359, 402; Ausuriani identified with,
356, 358; camel brands of, 201-2; caravan roads controlled by,
353; courage of, 354; divination by women of, 281; European contact
with, 8, 9; fort built to watch, 12; French penetration and, 12, 18,
350, 354; Imanen of, 348 _n._[385], 432; Imanen kings of, 352, 353;
inheritance, system of, 153; Kaossen sheltered by, 92; Kel Ahamellen
break from, 352, 359; old Lemta stock represented by, 341, 348,
350, 355-9, 432; migrations of, 18, 350; purity of stock of, 18,
354; raids by, 350, 354; tribes of, noble and mixed caste, 354-5;
warlikeness of, 353, 354; women sent by, to first Sultan of Air, 384
Azger-Auraghen, the, 348, 387
Azjer Tuareg, _see_ Azger, 17
Azuraiden, 436
Azzal, 121, 122, 436
“B type” of Tuareg houses, 246-8, 249 _n._[221], 250, 252, 254,
309, 310-11, 314, 315, 316
“Bab Ras el Hammada,” 323
Babies, Tuareg method of carrying, 179
Bacos valley, 216
Badge of office, Añastafidet’s, 145
Bagai, 328
Bagezan horses, 202
Bagezan mountains, 23, 33, 34, 84, 85, 123, 126, 127, 156, 183,
216, 238-40, 299, 319, 384, 385, 389; an unknown area, 238; houses
of, 239, 240-41; limes found in, 160, 239; lions in, 120; name of,
connected with Agisymba, 324; Tuareg stronghold against Bornuwi, 414
Bagezan, Kel; Itesan sub-tribe, 381, 385, 432; Kel Owi group, 184,
385, 429, 435; present, composite, 239, 240, 438-9
Baghdadi, El, 213, 214, 215, 291, 292, 293
Baghzen, Kel, 129
Bagirmi, 26
Bahr Bela Ma, 3
Bairam, feast of, 274
Bakeir, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363, 465
Bakiri, Sultan, 99; _see_ Bekri.
Bandages, abdominal, worn by Tuareg riders, 180, 194
Bangles, women’s, 283-4
“Barbars,” the term, 371, 372
Barca, 334; food taboos in, 295; the Hawara in, 345
Bardai, 327, 335, 336
Bardamah, the, 406; women of, 452
Bardetus mountain, 327
Barkasho, 169-70
Barth, Dr. Heinrich, 8, 9, 21, 22-3, 28, 31 _n._[36], 36, 49, 118,
127 _n._[115], 128, 132, 180 _n._[172], 214, 243, 299, 362, 392;
_Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa_ by, 14, 23, 106 _n._[96],
277 _n._[247], 410 _n._[423], 412 _n._[425], 452 _n._[450], 455
_n._[459], 460, 461, 468; expeditions of, 8, 9, 18, 20, 21, 23-4,
36, 59, 60, 61, 215; attempts on his life, 290, 304, 312
account of Air by, 18, 28; origin of name of, 28, 454; Tuareg
invasion of, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386, 387, 391
on Abd el Qader, 108, 117; on site of Afasas, 241; his journey to
Agades, 23, 70, 71, 78, 80 _n._[75], 122; at Agades, 86, 87, 90,
91, 92, 93, 99, 117, 118; on date of foundation of Agades, 116;
on the Amenokal and Añastafidet, 100, 105, 108, 145 _n._[135],
146; Annur and, 304-5, 312, 313; on Assode, 301; at Auderas, 133,
156 _n._[150]; in the Azawagh, 49, 63, 67, 70, 71, 78, 80 _n._[75];
on Bardamah women, 406; on El Maghili, 291-2; on Elakkos, 444;
on exchange rates, 222; on Gamram, 49, 334 _n._[309]; on Ibn
Batutah’s journey, 406, 454, 455; Kanem and Bornu chronicle
collected by, 372-3; lion’s prints seen by, 120; on population
of Murzuk, 113; on the MZGh root in North African names, 460-61,
462; as an ox-rider, 203; rock drawings discovered by, 265, 319;
Roman remains discovered by, 322; on site of T’in Shaman, 364;
at T’intellust, 308, 312-13; his quarters there still known as
the House of the Christians, 312-13
on the Tuareg: etymology of word, 273-4; absence of national name,
459-60; Air invaded by, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386-7; date of
invasion, 382-3, 386, 391, 404; the Aulimmiden, origin of, 341,
357-8, 377; the Auraghen (Oraghen), 347-8, 387; Azger tribes, 355;
Damergu tribes, 53, 54; Elakkos tribes, 444; female descent system,
152-3; Imghad and slaves, mistakes regarding, 134-5, 142 _n._[133];
the Kel Fadé, 399; the Kel Owi, their arrival in Air, 382-3,
386, 387, 391; their earlier habitat, 387; their language, 270;
the Kel Wati, 412; Lemta migrations, mistakes regarding, 344-5,
359; tribal names, 129, 130; tribal organisation, 380 _n._[396],
393, 426, 427; women, fatness of, 118, 172
Bary, Erwin von, 24-5, 146, 241, 321, 355 _n._[344], 468; Air
explored by, 24-5; boundary fixed by, 31; detained at Ajiru, 24,
243-4; on disease among Tuareg, 179, 180; on the Imajeghan, 139
_n._[128]; on laws of succession among Kel Owi, 151; on lions in
Air, 120; on rains in Air, 123 _n._[114]; on social distinctions
lost among Kel Owi, 144 _n._[134]; prevented from entering Sudan,
24, 244; on tribal names, 129 _n._[117]
Basalt boulders, 210, 215, 216, 217
Basalt flows, Air, 33, 34, 119, 126, 183, 216
Basin formations, 3, 32, 43
Basket, grain measures in, 221
Basset, 206
Bates, Oric: _Eastern Libyans_ by, 6 _n._[3], 145 _n._[136],
166 _n._[160], 176, 267 _n._[236], 294 _n._[259], 336 _n._[314],
364 _n._[362], 466, 467; references to, on: the Ausuriani, 356;
cross symbol among Tuareg, 276, 278; cross-belts, Libyan, 194;
eating of dogs, 295; female descent, 151; funerary monuments, 260,
262; Imghad and Imajeghan, 137; Lebu and word Libyan, 337; MZGh
root of Libyan names, 457 _n._[461], 461; the “penistasche,”
164 _n._[158]; religious beliefs, 275; sun worship, 276, 278, 295
Battles, Saharan, small numbers involved, 11
Bayazid, the Hole of, 281
Bazin, R.: _Life of Charles de Foucauld_, 12 _n._[9], 271 _n._[240],
467
Beds, nomads’, 212
Beduaram, 21
Bekri, El, Sultan, 99, 293, 325, 336 _n._[316], 345, 372, 404
_n._[417], 465, 468
“Bela,” 134
Belkho, paramount chief of Air, 24, 146, 191, 243, 244, 305-6, 436;
defeat of the Isherifan by, 50, 75, 440
Bello, Emir of Sokoto, 362, 372; on “Barbar” invasion of Air,
371; on Goberawa Copts, 294, 363; on rise of Kanuri in Kanem,
369-70, 374; on Sultan of Agades, 99, 108
on Tuareg invasion of Air, 364, 368, 369-70; the original
five tribes, 368, 369, 394, 397, 400, 432, 433; their modern
representatives, 394-5, 397, 400
Bells, camel, the Prophet’s ban on, 293
Belly of the Desert, the, 30, 347 _n._[333]
Belts, Libyan, 194, 265; Tuareg, 180, 194
Ben Guten, the, 131 _n._[120], 437
Ben Hazera, 282 _n._[252]
Ben Mubarak, Muhammad, 413
Benghazi, 110
Beni Abbes, 333, 344
Beni Dugu dynasty, 372, 375
Beni Ghalgha, 372-3
Beni Hume dynasty, 372, 373, 374, 378
Beni Itisan, 377
Beni Khattab, 347; conquest of Zuila by, 112
Benue, the, 30
Beranes Libyans, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346
Berber, linguistic sense of word, 339
Berber languages, 270, 271; camel names in, 206; MZGh root in, 458
“Berbers”: confused use of term, 371-2; applied to Libyans and
Tuareg, 338, 371, 372, 458, 461; Jewish tribes of, 294
Berbers of North Africa, 16; arrival in N. Africa, 262; Arab invasion
resisted by, 170; former Christianity of, suggested, 273; funerary
monuments of, 261; Ibn Batutah on, 453; Ibn Khaldun’s _History_
of, 295, 330, 338; matriarchal inheritance system of, 152-3;
MZGh root, significance of, among, 458; origins of, 7; robes of,
285 _n._[253]; sun worship by, 295; Tuareg and, 7, 16, 371, 372,
458, 461; element of, in Tuareg Imghad, 138
Berdeoa, country of the, 334, 335-6
Berdianen, the, 428
“Beriberi,” applied to Kanuri, 371, 373 _n._[386]
Bettina plant, the, 10 _n._[7]
Beughqot, 242, 390; valley, 71, 209, 210 _n._[200], 218, 238, 243,
244, 390, 436
Beurmann, 9
Bianu, feast of, 274-5
Bibliographical material, list of, 466-8
Bight of Benin, 22, 30
Bila, Mount, 157, 214, 215, 216, 299, 418
Bilalen, 143
Bilasicat valley, 243
Bilet, 157
Bilma, 21, 305, 413; French fort at, 320; wireless station at, 188
salt caravan, 69, 85, 114, 115, 195, 210, 217, 218-20, 443;
Amenokal’s revenue from, 110; number of camels in, 218; French
escort for, 84, 218, 219; Minister accompanying, 106; raids on,
218, 219, 450; route of, 32, 114, 145, 219, 264, 315, 320, 450
salt trade, 133, 218, 219-20; struggles between Air and Bornu for,
407, 415
war of, 407, 415
Bir Alali, 51, 52, 92
Bir Gharama, disaster to French at, 9-10, 236
Birds, taboo on, 294
Birjintoro, 46
Births, among Tuareg, 179, 181
Bishoprics, North African, 293
Bissuel: _Les Touareg de l’Ouest_, 10 _n._[7], 351, 467
“Black” and “White” Tuareg, 139-40
Blacksmith, Tuareg, 155, 228-9, 230, 283-4
Blanket carried by some Tuareg, 166
Bleeding, remedy for donkey disease, 203
Blemmyes, the, 376
“Blood in the head,” camel and donkey disease, 200-201, 203
“Blue,” negroes spoken of as, 162
Blue-eyed Tuareg, 161
Boghel valley, 122
Bomba, Gulf of, 260
Books, Tuareg, 269; lost during revolt, 360, 361-2; fragments of,
discovered, 385
Booz, 320, 321
Borgu, 336
Borku, 336
Bornu, 26, 191, 192, 336, 369; on early maps, 336, 410
Beni Hume dynasty in, 372, 373, 374, 378; Bulala conquest of, 374;
Christian influence in, 294; history of, chronicle of, 372-3, 374
Empire of, 37, 47, 374, 406, 410, 412; decline of, 407; war with
Air, 407, 415, 443
Kanuri in, 335, 371, 403, 407
Tuareg arrival in, problem of, 375-6; their ascendancy in, 372-4,
375, 376, 403-4, 406; expulsion of, from, 335, 358, 372, 374, 375,
403-4; migration into Air from, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376-7, 403-4;
Tuareg besiege, 413
Bornu Chronicle, 372-3, 374, 413
Bornuwi, 44
Bororoji Fulani, 57-8
Borrow pits, Sudanese, 90
Boucle du Niger, La, 30
Boulders, basalt, 34, 183, 210
Boule, M.: _Fossil Man_, 339 _n._[322], 467
Boundaries of Air, 28-33
Bourgou, 336
Bouthel, Sergeant, 50-51
Bows and arrows used by Kanuri, 55; not used by Tuareg, 235, 236
Boys, Tuareg, circumcision of, 179; dress of, 177; upbringing
of, 177-8
Bracelets, women’s, 283-4
Brahim, Sultan, 52, 99, 108
Brands, tribal, on camels, 201-2
Branes, Libyan family of, 338, 339, 340, 341
Brass, decorative work in, 310
Braun, 320
Bridle, camel, 193, 231
Bridle stand, 309
Brigands, 122
British described as White Nobles, 459
British part in exploration of Central Sahara, 20, 313; in
penetration of West Africa and Sudan, 36-7
British tendency to belaud obscure races, 401
Broking centres for desert traffic, 110, 111
Buchanan, Captain Angus, 20, 68, 110, 120, 121, 155, 164, 238, 299;
fauna of Air collected by, 27; _Out of the World North of Nigeria_,
27 _n._[31], 70 _n._[67], 468
Buda, 453
Buddei valley, 127 _n._[115]
Buddei-Telwa drainage system, 183
“Bugadie,” 134
Building methods: Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 88-9; Tuareg, 89,
90, 248-50, 251-2
Bulala, the, conquest of Bornu by, 374
Bulls, 203
Bullum Babá well, 446, 451
Bullum village group, 443, 446
Bundai hills, 308 _n._[272]
Burials, Tuareg, 181-2
Burin, 9
Burr grass, 45, 58-9, 62, 164, 165, 226, 227; seeds ground and eaten,
158, 160, 211
Bush, Central African, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Damergu,
58-9, 446; Elakkos, 446, 447, 451; the Southland, 42, 43
Bush folk, poisoned arrows used by, 45
Bushman drawings, 264
Bustard, 43, 265
Butter, Tuareg, 158
“Buzu,” 134, 135-6, 159
Byzantine origin of first Sultan of Air discussed, 102, 104
Byzantines: emigration from North Africa, 376 _n._[390]; encounters
with Tuareg, 327
“C type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251-2
Ca’da Mosto, 404 _n._[417]
Cæsar, camels captured by, 206
Caillé, 19
Cairns, memorial, 292-3
Cairo, 20; Arab rottl in, 222
Cairo-Timbuctoo road, 318
Calabashes, rare in Air, 161; as grain measures, 221; as drums, 272
Camel bells, the Prophet’s ban on, 293
Camel Corps, French, 10, 11, 68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198; camels
stolen from, 188; rate of travel of, 193
Camel skeletons, palæolithic, 207
Camel-borne trade, decline of, 38
Camel-riding, abdominal strain of, 180, 194; position for, 232
Camels, 38, 95, 194-5, 354; their arrival in Africa, problem of,
206-8; breeds of, 195-7; delicacy of, 198; diseases of, 72, 199-201;
equipment of, Tuareg, 193-4, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; fodder of,
62, 64, 199; herding of, 135-6, 141-2; a popular investment, 134;
loading and unloading, 198, 223, 224-5; numbers of, 204-5, 361;
prices of, 204; raids for, 188, 190, 191; rock drawings of, 265;
saddles of, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; salt needed by, 125; with
salt caravans, 218, 219, 220; sores of, 72, 199, 201; technique of
travel with, 193, 198-9; Temajegh names for, 197; thirst of, 72,
198-9, 445-6; tribal marks on, 201-2; rarely trotted, 193
Canaan, 339
Caravan roads, 5, 6-7, 30, 32, 43-4, 48, 62, 114, 145, 219, 242,
264, 308-9, 315, 320, 325, 443, 450; abandoned owing to destruction
of wells, 60-61; closed during war, 361; controlled by Azger and
Ahaggaren, 353-4; controlled by Kel Owi, 390, _see_ Kel Owi road;
evacuation policy and, 361; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20;
junction at Iferuan, 318; Roman garrisons on, 208; and sites of
cities, 110, 111, 112, 114
Caravan trade: Añastafidet’s position and, 145; breakdown of,
during war, 142, 146
Caravan wells, 74-5, 80; rights over, 75
Caravans: large, formed for safety’s sake, 11; camels for,
supplied by Arabs, 354; raids on, 50, 51, 52, 59, 80, 191-3, 218,
219, 450; salt, _see_ under Bilma.
Cardinal points, Temajegh names for, 244
Carpentry, 228
Carthaginians, camels not used by, 206
Casamicciola, 242
Caste, mixed, of some Azger tribes, 355
Caste system, Air, 103-4, 108, 136, 137-8; _see_ Noble and servile
tribes.
Cattle, Air, 133-4, 202, 203, 204, 205; horns of, anointed by
Bororoji, 58
Cats, Air, 203
Cave paintings, European, 264
Cemeteries, Nubian, 260; Tuareg, 181, 216, 259-63; urn cemetery,
Marandet, 121, 161, 263
Central Africa: Arab influence in, 325; Arab invasion of, 376;
bush of, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Empires of, 47 (_see_
Bornu, Melle, Sokoto, Songhai); French scheme for occupation of,
25-7; history of, in relation to that of Air, 358, 401, 403-16;
huts of, 87, 89; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, 401; trend
of migration towards, 39, 342
Central Air, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains
in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126
Central Empires, unrest in North Africa fomented by, 12-13, 93
Central Sahara, 2; bibliography of, 467; British part in exploration
of, 20-24; caravan road, 318; drainage system of, 4, 28-34; allocated
to French, 20, 22; guides of, 185, 186; mountain groups of, 2;
rains in, 28; Roman penetration of, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326-7
Central Sudan, caravan route to, 7
Centre Peak, Termit, 448, 450
“Cercles,” 41
Chad, Lake, 3, 21, 23, 266; caravan road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333,
334, 335, 369; diversion of water from, 30; French expeditions to,
25-6, 50-51; Lemta extend to, 345; track from Termit to, 450
Chad area: Arab invasion of, 444; early home of the Lemta, 376;
Tuareg migration into Air from, 376-7, 378, 379, 396, 403, 432, 445
Chad road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333, 334, 335, 369
Chanoine, Lieut., 26
Chariots, discussion of ancient use of, in Air, 318-19, 320,
321-2, 324
Cheese, Tuareg, 157, 158
Chemical incrustation, line of valley marked by, 68
Chickens, 206
“Chief of the Market Place,” 106
“Chief of the White People,” 106
Childbirth among Tuareg, 179
Children, Tuareg, 174, 177-9; belong to the mother, 148-9; education
of, 268, 400; naming of, 181; suckled late, 178-9
Chosroes, invasion of North Africa by, 375
Christianity: question of its existence in Air, 256-7, 363; former
Berber religion, 273, 274; among the Tegama, 53, 54; possibly
former religion of Tuareg, 275-8, 293-4; traces of its influence
among Tuareg, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4
Christians, House of the, 312-13
Chudeau, R., 27, 32, 257, 468; on Assode, 301 _n._[266]; _Le Sahara
Soudanais_, 27 _n._[30], 31 _n._[34], 34-5, 41 _n._[45], 94 _n._[82],
102 _n._[89],[91], 205, 402 _n._[416]
“Cidamus, the people of,” 336 _n._[314]
Cillaba (Cilliba), 323
Cillala (Zuila), 112
Cinerite, Auderas basin, 34, 183
Circumcelliones, the, 12, 328
Circumcision, practised by Tuareg, 179
Cities, North African, caravan roads and sites of, 110, 111, 112, 114
Cities of the Desert, 110-13, 114
Citroën Motor Expedition, 271 _n._[239]
Clapperton, Captain H., 8, 20, 21; death of, 21; _Travels and
Discoveries in Central Africa_ (Denham and Clapperton), 99 _n._[85],
362, 363 _n._[359], 368 _n._[372], 371 _n._[380], 374 _n._[387],
413, 467
Classical authors, references in, possibly indicate early Tuareg,
376; bibliography of, 468
Clay amphoræ, grain stored in, 317
Climate, of Air, 28, 123; of the Sahara, 4-5
Cloth, native, 164, 166, 167, 194
Cochia, 404 _n._[417]
Coins, Air, 221-2
Cold weather, encountered in Azawagh, 63, 167, 418; scantiness of
Tuareg dress for, 166-7
Colocynth, use of juice of, 180
Colour, used on houses of Agades, 92; not used in Tuareg dress,
95, 96
Colouring of Tuareg, 161-2, 173, 367, 460
Concubinage in Air, 170, 171; the caste system and, 136; impossible
for noble women, 160, 171
Congo, French expedition from, 25, 26
Congress of Berlin, 25
Constantinople, delegation from Air seeks a Sultan from, 101, 102,
104, 396-7; list of tribes sending the delegation, 397
Cooley, _Negroland of the Arabs_, 116 _n._[106]
Copper mines, Tekadda, 452-3, 454
Coptic Christianity, influence of, in Air, 294, 363
Corippus, 207, 295, 327 _n._[294], 357, 445, 468
Cornelius Balbus, 322, 323
Cornish, V., 66 _n._[63]
Cortier: _D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara_, 209 _n._[198],
277 _n._[247], 441, 467; history of Ifoghas n’Adghar, 398-9;
Geographical Mission, maps of Air, 27, 71, 131 _n._[120], 156
_n._[152], 183, 210 _n._[200], 214 _n._[206], 215 _n._[207],
218 _n._[208], 238, 241, 311 _n._[273], 314, 422, 424-5, 454
_n._[456], 466
Cosmetics used by Tuareg women, 173
Cotton cultivation, Air, 132, 227
Cottonest, Lieut., 10
Counting, Tuareg method of, 191
Courage of Tuareg, 11, 169-70, 236, 237, 354; of Tuareg women, 169-70
Cow-camels, 197, 201
Cowrie-shell currency discarded, 221
Cows, scarce in Air, 203
Crescentic type of sand dunes, 66-7, 68
Criminals, gaol for, Agades, 107
Cross, Tuareg use of, as ornament, 235, 276-7, 278, 289, 293; the
Agades Cross, 44, 277, 283, 284; cross-hilted swords, 233, 234,
276, 289; on pommel of saddle, 230, 276-7, 289; on shields, 235
Crows, camels attacked by, 199
Cruciform design, Tuareg use of, _see_ Cross.
Crusaders, the, 233, 276
Cubes on women’s bracelets, 284
Currency, Air, 221-2
Currie, Sir J., 132 _n._[121]
“Cursed,” the (Muhammad Askia), 410
Curzon, Lord, 279
Cydamus, 323
Cyrenaica: camels introduced into, 207; the Lebu in, 337; raids into,
in classical times, 356; steppes and desert of, 335
“D type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251
Dabaga, 122, 125
Daggers, Tuareg, 234
Dala, King of Bornu, 374
Damagarim, 42, 43, 44, 48, 150, 218, 320, 361, 443, 446; date of
Tuareg occupation of, 415 _n._[432]
Dambansa, 46
Dambida, 46
Damergu, 23, 32, 41, 43, 44-62, 209, 309; an appanage of Air,
47; Agades Cross in, 284; Barth in, 23; bush of, 45-6, 58-9, 446;
cattle supplied from, 203; cultivation in, 47, 48, 132, 133, 217;
drainage system of, 46; French entry into, and events leading to
occupation of Air, 50-52; Fulani of, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; geology
of, 46; granary of Air, 47; hills of, 46-7; measures of, 221; negroid
inhabitants of, 415; oryx hide shields from, 235; oxen used in, 203;
population of, 48, 64; raiders in, 50, 51, 188, 189; rains in, 124;
revolt, 1917, in, 85; Sanhaja in, 364, 405; villages of, 48
Tuareg of, 47-8, 52-3, 303, 400, 446; evacuated from Air to,
360-61; their predominance in, 54-5; their migration into, 377,
396, 404, 415; Sendal possibly ancestors of, 396; Sultans of, 47-8;
tribes and sub-tribes of, 18 _n._[18], 400, 426, 427, 428, 433,
436, 437, 438, 439-40
Dan Gudde, King of Gober, 392
Dan Kaba, 55; position of, 424
Dancing, Tuareg, 44, 272
Danda, ruler of the Imuzuraq, 50, 51
Dani, Muhammad, Sultan, 392
D’Anville, 336
Darfur, Tuareg in, 51
Date-palms: cultivation of, 131, 155, 216, 217, 239, 317; disputed
ownership of, 298; scarcity of, 224
Dates, 160; date of ripening, 157; preserved, 160; trade in, 218, 220
Daud, King of Kanem, 407
Daura, 41; people of, 363
Daza, the, 336
De la Roncière, Charles, 19 _n._[19],[20]
Deformation of body not practised among Tuareg, 179
Dehkar, mentioned by Ibn Batutah, 453
Demmili, 47, 48
Denham, D., Oudney, and Clapperton expedition, 8, 20, 21; _Travels
and Discoveries in Central Africa_ (Denham and Clapperton), 99
_n._[85], 362, 363 _n._[359], 368 _n._[372], 371 _n._[380], 374
_n._[387], 413, 467
Depopulation of Air, results of, 361
Descent, Tuareg system of, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398
Desert between Air and Southland, 456
Desert, steppe and true, 2, 332, 333, 334
Desert vegetation, 64, 70, 226; hardiness of, 67; rain and, 124;
Elakkos and Termit, 445, 446, 449
Desert warfare: small numbers involved in, 11; tactics of, 236-7
Desiccation, of the Sahara, 4; of upper reaches of Niger, 30
Desplagnes: _Le Plateau Central Nigérien_, 261, 467
Devil, the, Tuareg belief in, 278
Dianous, Captain, 10
Dibbela well, 21
Dickson, 9
“Diffa” (reception), 272
Diodorus Siculus, 152, 468
Diom-Talras track, 451
Dirki, 413
Disease in Air, 178, 179-80
Diseases of camels, 199-201
Distance, no measure of, Air, 222
Distances covered by raiders, 188, 189-90
Divination, methods of, 281-2
Divorce among Tuareg, 176-7
Doctor, author as, 171-2, 178, 180, 186
Dogam village, 184
Dogam, Kel, 381, 432
Dogam, Mount, 33, 131, 156, 183, 213, 214, 215, 216, 432
Dogs: Air, 203, 205-6; eaten by Eastern Libyans, 295
Domestic animals, Air, 202-6
Donatist heresy, the, 328
Donkeys: Air, 202, 203-4; wild, 204
Doors of Tuareg houses, 245-6, 247, 277, 309
Drainage system of Air, 23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242;
of Sahara, 3-4, 9, 28-33
Draughts, game of, 281
Drawings, rock, 263-5, 269, 315, 318, 319; of camel, 265; of ox-drawn
vehicles, 321-2; of shield with cruciform design, 276
Dress, Tuareg, 14, 15, 95-6, 163-7, 177, 265, 289; simplicity of,
164; of women, 172
Drought, former administrative measures against, 47, 48
Drugs, Tuareg, 180
Drum as badge of office, 145
Drums, spirit, legends of, 278, 279, 300
Drums, Tuareg, 272
Dryness of air in the Sahara, 4
Dual administration of empire of Melle, 407-8
Dubreuil, 271 _n._[239]
Duga, Kel, 432
Dûm Palm, People of the, 307, 398 _n._[413], 432, 435
Dûm palms, 87, 122, 125, 131, 156, 158, 226; rope made of fronds
of, 224; sandals made of fronds of, 165; wood used in building,
88, 93, 245, 249
Duguwa dynasty, the, 372, 373, 375
Dunama I, 373
Dunama II, 374, 406
Dunes, sand, 4, 58, 62, 63-4, 66-7, 70, 442, 446, 447
Duveyrier, H., 8-9, 266, 271, 322; explorations and work of,
8-9; _Les Touareg du Nord_ by, 9, 28-9, 54 _n._[54], 169, 180,
282 _n._[252], 467; on Ahaggaren and Azger, 350-52, 353, 354, 355
_n._[346], 356; on Bir Gharama disaster, 10; on dogs of Air, 206;
on food taboos, 206; on the “Garamantian way,” 203, 318-19,
320, 321, 324; on derivation of Imajegh, 457; on marriage system of
Tuareg, 171; on origin of Oraghen, 347, 348; on religion of Tuareg,
274, 275; on shields of Tuareg, 234 _n._[215]; on T’ifinagh
alphabet, 266
Dzianara, the, 397
“E type” of Tuareg houses, 250
“Early Period” rock drawings, 264
Earthenware, Tuareg, 160-61
Eastern Air, Kel Owi in, 394
Eastern Desert, roads across, 320
Eastern origin of camel, theory of, 207, 208
Eastern origin of the Libyans, probability of, 340
Eastern Sahara, 2-3; drainage system, 3
Ebesan, El Haj, 102-3
Economic issues between Kel Owi and Kel Geres, 390
Economics of Air, 133-4, 218-20
Education, Tuareg, 174, 177-8, 268, 400
Efaken, Mount, 156, 213
Efale, the guide, 125, 149, 187, 225, 320
Egeruen, position of, 424
Eghalgawen, 68, 69, 347, 412, 418, 451; position of, 424; valley,
76, 77 _n._[72]; watering points, 76, 80, 114
Eghalgawen-T’in Wana massif, 71, 77, 78; fossil trees in,
259 _n._[226]
Eghbaren, the, 428
Egypt: Arab conquest of, 404; invasions of, by Libyans and Sea
People, 337, 340; matriarchate in, 152 _n._[145]; raids into,
in classical times, 356; weights in, 222
Egyptian Coptic church, influence of, in Air, 294, 363
Egyptian oases, the, 334, 337
Egyptian paintings, of Libyans, 194, 265; figures like Tuareg on, 462
Egyptian records, possible references to Tuareg in, 376, 462
El Golea, 9
El Suk, 394
El Suk, Kel, 355, 377
Elakkos, 42, 49, 51, 81, 357, 358, 442-8; as battle-ground, 396,
442-3; bush of, 49, 58, 446, 447, 451; Camel Patrol of, 450; grain
of, 444, 445; name of, its origin, 357, 445; oryx hide shields of,
235, 444; plain of, 442; rains in, 445; wells of, 445-6, 447
Tuareg of, 51, 303, 307, 308, 370, 396, 400, 440; their migration
into, 376, 377, 404, 415 _n._[432]; their predominance in, 443,
444, 445
Elakwas (Elakkos), 357
Elar, Kel, 129, 437
Elattu, 96
Elazzas, hut foundations at, 262-3; valley, 216
Elijah, the cave of, 321 _n._[280]
Elijinen, the, Tuareg tales of, 278-81; amulets against, 282
Elmiki (Immikitan), the, 429
Elmina, Portuguese factory at, 409
Elnoulli, 241
“Em” names, tribal, 130
Emagadezi people, the, 107, 117, 130, 410, 440
Emallarhsen, the, 432
Emilía, 243
Emirates of Nigeria, 37, 38, 41; French administration of, 42;
_see_ Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto.
Emululi, 239, 241
En Nitra, the, 350
“Enad” (smith), 155, 228-9, 230
Enclosures: funerary monuments, 260-62, 263; places of worship,
258-9, 292-3; round Tuareg houses, 250, 251, 262-3
“English Hill,” the, 313
English tendency to extol obscure races, 401
Ennedi, 92
Entrepôts of the desert, 110, 111
Envelopes, leather, 228
Equatorial Africa, 2, 21; Arab pressure in, 376; French, annexed,
26; operations against French in, 92; rainfall belt of, 4; Tuareg
migration to, 375
Erarar, Kel, 436
Erarar n’Dendemu, 156, 214, 292, 293
Erdi, 335
Erosion in valleys of Air, 34; of sandstone formations, 77, 79, 81
“Ers” (eresan), 213
“Ers, Rodd’s,” 243
Esbet, 364 _n._[362]
Escherha, the, 433
Etaras valley, 183, 243
Ethical standards, Tuareg, pre-Moslem source of, 296
Ethnology of Air, 28
Eti, Kel, 412
Etteguen, the, 429
Eunuchs, negro, 179
European affairs, knowledge of, in Sahara, 266
European penetration, of the Sudan, 36-7, 38, 41-2; of Tuareg
country, 8-14, 19-27
European salt competing with Bilma product, 219
Europeans, Tuareg hostility to, 23, 24, 154; Holy Men and, 290
Evacuation of Air during revolt, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426
Exchange, rates of, 221, 222
Exorcism of spirits, 280
Exploration of Tuareg country, 8-14, 19-27
Eye troubles common in Air, 179
Eyes, Tuareg, colour of, 161
Ezelu valley, 429
Ezelu, Kel, 429
Faces of Tuareg: man’s, seen without veil, 187; women’s, daubed
with earth or ochre, 173
Factions in Libyan villages, 338-9
Fadé, 23, 317, 319, 320, 321, 399, 400, 427
Fadé, Kel, 169, 318, 399, 400, 431
Fadeangh, Barth’s name for Fadé, 23 _n._[25]
Fagoshia, position of, 424
Fairness of skin among Tuareg, 161-2; a social distinction, 162, 173
Faji, Tuareg village, 39
Faken, Mount, 213
Falezlez, Wadi, 30-31
Fall, 51
Family system, Tuareg: authority of heads of families, 147; female
descent, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398
Famine, the War of, 414
Faodet, 253, 254, 315-16; position of, 425
Faodet, Kel, 430, 431
Farak, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 62, 439; disasters at, 59; hill
north of, 60; water supply at, 59
Fardi, Wadi, 3
Fareg, Wadi, 3
Fares, 304, 314, 316, 319
Fares, Kel, 149, 304, 428, 435
Fasher, El, 51
Fashi, 32, 68, 160, 191, 218, 219, 220, 315, 413, 414, 443, 450
Fashi road, 320
Fatimite era, the, 346
Fatness of Tuareg women, 118, 172, 406; a sign of affluence, 172
Fauna of Air, 27-8
Feast of the Sheep, Sidi Hamada, 95-7
Feast of the Veil, 289
Feasts, religious, 274-5
Fedala, the, 437
Fedekel, Kel, 437
Feet, insensitive skin of Tuaregs’, 165
Feitei, Kel, 433
Female descent, rule of, among Tuareg, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398;
of kings of Kanem, 373
_Femmes douairières_, Tuareg, 169
Ferwan, Kel, 102, 104, 119, 129, 150, 415, 441; described as heathen,
258, 386; Imghad of, 139, 398; numbers of, 427; origin of, 395,
396, 398-9, 427; among original invaders of Air, 395, 396, 398,
399, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of, 427-8; women of, status of, 174
Festivals, Tuareg, 181, 274-5
Fevers, value of quinine against, 178
Fez, 343, 452, 453
Fezzan, the, 8, 9, 20, 112, 145, 334, 335; Ahaggaren and Azger
migrate into, 350; Arab conquest of, 325, 376; Azger of, 350, 354;
British geographical work in, 8, 20; cattle trade between Air and,
203; date palms of, 317; exploration of, 8, 9, 20, 248; French and
British factions in, 22; anti-French and -British activities in,
during war, 84, 92; Hawara of, 347, 379; houses of, 248, 254, 255;
conquered by Kanem, 112, 374, 406; Kel Innek of, 400; Lemta Tuareg
of, 376, 403, 445; oases of, 6; Okba’s invasion of, 376; Oraghen
of, 347; racial mixture in, 16; raiders of, 12, 13, 187, 188, 350;
road from Air to, 318-21; Roman occupation of, 322, 323, 324, 326,
403, 445; wheat exported from Air to, 133
Fezzan, Eastern, the, 112, 335; story of compulsory migration from,
366, 375
Fezzan, Southern, mountains of, 2, 3, 4
Fezzan mountains, unknown area between Air and, 32
Fezzanian branch of Tuareg, 254
Fida, Abul, 374 _n._[389]
Fire-making, nomads’ method of, 212
Firing, camel diseases treated by, 201
Fish, taboo on, 294
Flagged road (the “Garamantian way”), its existence discussed,
318-20
Flammand: _Les Pierres Ecrites_, 264 _n._[232]
Flat arm-rings, 286
Flatters, Colonel, 26; French expedition under, 9-10, 236
Flies, a pest, during rains in Air, 120-21, 125, 126
Flora of Air, 27
Flour, millet, preparation of, 159-60
Flowers rare in Air, 226
Fonfoni, wells filled in at, 451
Food, Tuareg, 157-60, 174, 211, 212
Food taboos, totemic, 294-5
Footgear, Tuareg, 164-6
Foreign Affairs, Tuareg Minister for, 106, 145
Foreign origin and servile status, 354
Foreign races, administration of, by empire of Melle, 407-8
Fort Laperrine, 12
Fort Motylinski, 12, 13
Fort Pradie, 51, 92
Fortified settlements, buildings of type of, 389
Fossil trees, specimens of, 81-2, 259
Foucauld, Charles de, 11-12, 13-14; on derivation and use of the
word Imajegh, 457, 458, 459; Tuareg dictionary by, 12 _n._[9], 269,
271, 454 _n._[456], 467; on Tuareg religion, 275
Foureau, F., 36, 299, 467
Foureau-Lamy Expedition, 26-7, 36, 50, 51, 60, 86, 99, 114 _n._[104],
143, 290, 316, 414 _n._[429], 416; observations taken from, 422,
424-5
Franks, emigration from North Africa, 376 _n._[390]
Freeman, H. Stanhope, 267, 467
French, the: African exploration and expansion by, 9-14, 25-7, 37;
penetration of Tuareg country by, 9-14, 26-7, 350, 352; occupation
and annexation of Air by, 26, 27, 50-52, 99, 114 _n._[104]
books destroyed by action of, 361, 385; Camel Corps of, 10, 11,
68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198, 218, 219, 446, 450-51; colonial policy
of, 42, 360-61, 416; evacuation policy of, 360-61, 385; forts of,
12, 13, 86, 91, 118, 218, 316, 317, 320; maps of Air by, 27, 65,
68, 71, 131 _n._[120], 156 _n._[152], 183, 210 _n._[200], 214
_n._[206], 215 _n._[207], 218 _n._[208], 238, 241, 311 _n._[273],
314, 422, 424-5, 454 _n._[456], 466; mosque desecrated by, 385;
Nigeria indirectly defended by, 85; sedentarism encouraged by, 131;
seeds supplied by, 132; slavery abolished by, 134 _n._[122]
Tuareg and, hostilities between, 9-11, 13, 26, 51, 52, 114
_n._[104], 236, 328; migration of some tribes from, 51, 350, 352;
pacific counsels of others, 26-7, 51, 52, 414 _n._[429]; the 1917
revolt against, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8,
169, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420
French works on Air and the Tuareg, 14, 466, 467, 468. _See under
names of authors mentioned on these pages_.
Frobenius, 264 _n._[232]
Fugda, 217, 250, 439
Fulani, the, of Damergu, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; Agades Cross among,
284; Hausa and, feud between, 42-3; houses of, 89; language of,
118, 155; musical instruments of, 44; a noble race, 56-7; in Punch
and Judy show, 56; tradition of return to the East among, 58
Fulani, Bororoji, 57-8
Fulani, Rahazawa, 57
Fulani Empire of Sokoto, the, 37, 57, 363, 415
Funerals, Tuareg, 181-2
Funerary inscriptions, absence of, 260, 263
Funerary monuments, North African, 260-62
“Fura,” 157, 305
Furniture, 309; household, Tuareg, 229-30
Gabes, 337
Gadé, Mount, 77 _n._[73], 79, 85
_Gado_, the, 100
Gagho (Gao), 345
Gago (Gao), 332 _n._[303], 404 _n._[417], 445, 452
Gall, 52
Game: Auderas, 184, 213; Elakkos, 446; Damergu, 43; Termit, 449,
450; T’in Wana, 81
Gamram, 47, 49-50, 52, 60, 334 _n._[309], 412, 413, 438, 439;
its amenities, 49; Belkho’s attack on, 75; extract from diary
written at, 420-21
Gangara, 44, 46, 48, 57, 97; position of, 424
Ganziga, the, 331, 332, 334
Gao, 110, 318, 332, 369, 374 _n._[389], 404, 405, 445; Agades as
entrepôt for, 411; Aulimmiden capture, 414; centre of gold trade,
411; decline of, 411; history of, 407, 408, 409; Ibn Batutah in,
345, 452, 456; Moors occupy, 411
Gao, King of, tribute from Air to, 410
Gaogao, (Gao), 345, 452
Garama, 112, 306, 323, 326, 436; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20,
321, 324
Garamantes, the, 16, 318, 321, 322, 323, 326, 354, 356; ox-drawn
chariots of, 203, 208, 318, 320, 321-2, 324; suggested descendants
of, 335-6
Garari, 44
Garazu, Ikazkazan of, 436, 443-4
Gardens, cultivation of, Air, 131, 132; carried on by negro slaves,
135
Garet valley, 418, 429, 434
Garet, Kel, (of Kel Geres), 380, 381, 434
Garet, Kel, (of Kel Tadek), 429
Garet n’Dutsi, Kel, 434
Gautier, E. F., 261-2, 468; _La Conquête du Sahara_, 10 _n._[8],
467; _Le Sahara_, 5 _n._[2], 27 _n._[30], 31 _n._[33]
Gawgawa, 345
Gazelle, 43, 81, 184, 204, 213, 446, 449, 450
Gedala, the, 343
Gedeyenan, the, 428
Geographical tribal names, 128, 129, 130
Geography, Tuareg knowledge of, 265-6
Geography of the Sahara, 2-5
Geres, Kel, 17, 53; Air invaded by, 256, 378, 380-82, 405-6; leave
Air for Southland, 65, 143, 366, 390-91, 392, 415; and Amenokal’s
installation, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392, 393, 397; Aulimmiden defeat,
391, 415; camels, white, of, 196; a Hawara people, 65, 82, 348
_n._[335], 387; houses of, 251, 253, 254; Islam introduced by, 256,
258; Itesan and, connection between, 370, 373, 378, 380, 392, 393,
397, 398; Kel Owi defeat and displace, 373-4, 383, 388, 389, 390,
391, 392, 415; tribal record of, 362; tribes of, 65, 381, 422-3;
wars of, 388, 390, 391-2, 415; women as heads of villages of, 169
Gergesenes, Libyans related to, 339
Gerigeri, 455
“Germa,” root of many place names, 306
German intrigues in North Africa during the War, 12-13, 93
Gezula, the, 343, 349
Gh sound, difficulty of transliterating, 271, 350 _n._[338]
Ghadames, 7, 8, 9, 21, 110, 323, 335, 336 _n._[314]; population of,
113; divination by women of, 281
Ghadamsi dialect, 267, 270
Ghamarama, 412
Ghana, kingdom of, 404, 405, 409
Gharama, Bir, 9-10, 236
Gharnathi, El, 330; _see_ Leo Africanus.
Gharus, 438
Gharus, Kel, 139, 143, 150, 308, 438
Gharus n’Zurru, 69, 74
Ghat, 7, 9, 20, 23, 24, 114, 145, 185, 335, 390; difficulty of
transcribing the word, 271; caravan road to, 30, 318; caravan roads
from, controlled by Azger, 354; cattle trade with, 203; development
of, 111-12, 113; Holy Men of, 280; houses of, 248; Oraghen in, 347;
population of, 113; race of, original, 155; raiders from, 12, 13;
religion of, recent conversion to Islam, 257-8; Romans in, 322,
323, 326; spirits at, 280
Tuareg of, female succession among, 151-2; Lemta, 403
Ghati camels, 195-6; brands of, 201-2
Ghela, Kel, 351, 373
Gheshwa, Mount, 33; volcanic cone, 241, 242
Ghodala, El (Guddala), 413; ruling family of, 103
Ghosts, Tuareg belief in, 278-9, 281
Ghudet, 320, 321
“Ghussub” water, 19, 157, 305
Gibbon quoted, 328
Gidjigawa, 51
Giga, Kel, 80, 429
Ginea, Mount, 47, 51
Giraffes, 43, 264, 446
Girls, Tuareg, freedom of, 173, 174-5
Gissat hills, 214, 428
Glyphs, rock, _see_ Rock drawings.
Goats, Air, 203, 204, 205
Goats, People of the (Kel Ulli), 52, 129, 307-8, 438
Goatskins, 223, 224; decorated, 227, 228; for water, 232
Gober, Kingdom of, 363, 367, 368, 403, 405; Air receives tribute
from, 383; Air at war with, 392; chiefs of, Copts, 294; Kel Geres
migrate to, 390, 391, 392; Songhai occupy, 409
Goberawa, the, 363, 403; in Air, 363, 364, 365, 368; driven from Air,
379, 381, 405; the Itesan and, 379
God, Tuareg words for, 278
Goethe, 91
“Gogdem,” 333-4
Gogo (Gao), 345, 374 _n._[389]
Gold Coast, British penetration of, 36
Gold currency, disappearance of, 221
Gold trade in Sudan, 411, 414
Gorset, Mount, 211
Gourara, 332, 334
Gourds, 132; rare in Air, 161
Government of the Air Tuareg, 144-8; of the tribal units, 147-8
Grain: from Damergu exported, 47; dishes made from, 157-8; of
Elakkos, 444; grinding of, 159-160; measures of, 220-21; former
reserves of, 48
Grain pits, Assode, 302
Granary of Air, Damergu as, 47
Granite formations, Air, 78, 119, 125
“Grape design” on Tuareg pottery, 161
Grasses, seeds of, ground and eaten, 158
Graves, Tuareg, 181, 259-63; peculiar form for a smith, 229
Great Bear, Tuareg name for, 226 _n._[212]
Great Bend, the, 30
Great South Road, the, 80; _see_ Kel Owi road and Tarei tan Kel Owi.
Green leather and silver, saddles ornamented with, 230-31
Grimaldi race, survivors of, 364 _n._[362]
Gsell: _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_, 173 _n._[168], 207
_n._[194], 208, 466, 467
Guddala, El, 413, 464; ruling family of, 103
Guenziga, the, 349
Guides, 72, 81, 125, 149, 185-7, 225-6, 320, 447; _see_ Efale,
Ishnegga, Kelama, Sattaf, Sidi, T’ekhmedin.
Guinea coast, Portuguese factory on, 409
Guinea corn, 47, 131, 133; cakes of, 157
Guinea-fowl, 43, 125, 126
Guinea-worm, 180
Gulbi n’Kaba, the, 33, 43, 44, 46, 71
Gulbi n’Maradi, the, 33
Guliski, 50, 60, 451; position of, 424; rainstorm at, 83
Guma, Muhammad, Sultan, 392, 465
“Gumrek,” 334 _n._[309]
Gundai hills, 308, 309, 313
Gure, 42, 43, 44, 442
Gurfautan, the, 433
Gurzil (the sun-god), 295
Haardt, 271
“Hád” plant, 70
“Hadanarang” (Ihadanaren), the, 128
Hadeija, 21, 41
Haggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128, 454; Ibn Khaldun’s etymology
of, 345, 346, 347, 353
“Hair,” _see_ Air.
Hair of Tuareg, 161; of children, 177; untidiness in, an abomination,
117
Haj Road, the, 20, 318
Hakar (Ahaggar), Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456
Hakluyt Society reprint of Leo Africanus, editors of, 331
Halévy, J., on Libyan script, 267
Halo, solar, an evil omen, 296
Ham, 339
Hamed el Rufai, Sultan, 99
Hammad, Muhammad, Sultan, 103, 109, 392, 464, 465
Hammada el Homra, the, 322, 324
Hamid ibn Yesel, 337
Handful as unit of capacity, 220-21
Hannekar, 59, 60, 72, 74, 81, 418; track to Agades, 62
Hanoteau, A.: grammar of Temajegh by, 266, 269, 271, 467; on MZGh
root, 458-9
Harris Papyrus, the, 6
Hassan ibn Muhammad el Wezaz el Fazi, 330; _see_ Leo Africanus
Hassanein Bey, 3, 336
Hatita camel mark, 202
Hats, Kano conical, 166
Haunted places, Air, 278-9
Hausa, the term, 16 _n._[17]; called “black,” 162; commercial
genius of the people, 38; feud with Fulani, 42-3; houses of, 89;
not pure negroes, 363
Hausa language, 16, 17, 40-41, 118, 154
Hausaland, 218; conquered by Bornu, 412; Fulani ascendancy in, 56,
57, 415; Goberawa withdraw into, 379; Songhai occupation of, 409
“Hawar, people of,” 325
Hawara, the, 65, 270, 274, 325 _n._[290], 341, 359, 385 _n._[405];
ancestors of the Ahaggaren tribes, 270, 345, 349, 359, 387;
“Arabisation” of, 346-7; Auriga the same as, 341, 343, 346, 347,
349, 387; home of, 345; Ibn Khaldun on, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347,
353, 379; Kel Geres descended from, 65, 82, 348 _n._[334], 387;
division of Libyan family, 341, 343, 346, 347; Lemta people and,
345, 346, 348, 353; not all Tuareg, 346-7
Hawarid origin of the Lemta, 345-6, 353, 359
Hawk’s head as amulet, 282
Head-cloths, Arab use of, 286
Head-piece, camel’s, 276
Head-ropes, camel’s, 193, 224, 228
Head-stones on graves, 260
Headmen, village, 127-8, 131, 339
Heaven, Tuareg belief in, 278
Height of Tuareg, 163
Hell, Tuareg belief in, 278
Henna, use of, 173
Herding, live-stock, 135-6
Hereditary principle rare among Tuareg, 151
Hernia frequent among Tuareg, 180
Herodotus, 7, 176, 206, 208, 281, 282, 295, 324, 365, 369, 457, 468
Heskura, the, 343, 349
“Hill of the Christians,” the, 313
Hillali, Abu Zeid el, invasion of North and Central Africa by,
376, 404
Himyarite tribes, 341; invasion of, 342
Himyer, 341, 371
Historical works, native, 360, 361-2
History, Tuareg knowledge of, 265, 360, 361-2
Hobble ropes, 224
Hoggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128
Hole of Bayazid, the, legend of, 281
Holy Books, niches in houses for, 247
Holy Men, 289, 290, 293, 316, 355, 357, 405; amulets manufactured
by, 282; children named by, 181; divination by, 281; as exorcisers,
280; raids on Aulimmiden forbidden by, 190
Holy tribes, 290-91, 306, 355, 357, 437, 438, 439, 440
Hornemann, F. C., expedition of, 8, 19-20, 336; on date of arrival
of Kel Owi in Air, 383, 386; on the Tegama, 53; on Tuareg ascendancy
in Gober, 392; work by, 19 _n._[22], 336, 467
Horses, Air, 202
Hospitality, Tuareg laws of, 210, 237
House of the Christians, 312-13
House-flies, country infested by, during rains, 120, 121, 125
Household duties, Tuareg, 174
Household slaves, 134, 136
Houses: Central African, 87, 89; Northern Nigerian, 87-8, 89;
Sudanese, 87, 88, 90; Tuareg, various types of, 89, 90, 92, 181,
184, 239, 240-41, 244-55, 256, 302, 309, 310-11, 314, 315-16;
attributed to the Itesan, 239, 244-6, 251, 252, 253, 254, 377-8,
381, 389, 393; fortified type, 389
Huart, C.: _Arabic Literature_, 292 _n._[256]
Human figure, rock drawings of, 265
Hume, King of Kanem, 372; _see_ Beni Hume.
Huts, Tuareg, 184, 253, 254; stone circles round, 262-3; on raised
plinths, 262-3
“I names,” tribal, 128, 130, 139, 303-4, 306, 352, 400, 430;
lost, 395
Iabrubat (Iburuban), the, 434
Ialla (God), 278
Ibandeghan, the, 52
Ibanderan, the, 437
Iberdianen, the, 428
Iberkom, 316
Iberkom, Kel, 437
Iberkoran (Aulimmiden), the, 379
Ibn Abd el Hakim, 325 _n._[289]
Ibn Assafarani, 369
Ibn Batutah, 18, 19, 452, 468; account of Air by, 18, 19, 452-3,
456; Agades not mentioned by, 116; his journey, 114, 406, 452-6;
on female descent, 103, 151; on the Mesufa, 175-6, 364, 405
Ibn Ghania, 343, 407
Ibn Khaldun, Abu Zeid Abd el Rahman, 151 _n._[141], 293,
294 _n._[258], 295, 325 _n._[289], 330, 337-43, 371, 377, 468;
classification of the Libyans by, 338-43; on the divisions of the
Muleththemin, 349, 379; on the origin of the Tuareg, 343-4, 345,
346, 347, 348, 353, 379
Ibogelan, the, 351
Ibrahim, Sultan, 464
Ibrahim Dan Sugi, 99
Ibram, Chief of the Tegama, 53
Iburuban, the, 434
Ibuzahil, 102, 104
Ice in the Sahara, 4
Idakka, Kel, 438
Ideleyen, the, 428
Idemkiun, the, 441
Idenan, the, founders of Timbuctoo, 407
Idikel, position of, 424
I’dinet n’sheggarnén, Barth’s term for Tuareg, 460
Ido well, 450
Idris, King of Bornu, 410
Idris Alawoma (Ansami), King of Bornu, 412, 413, 414
Idrisi, El, 337, 369, 374 _n._[389]
“Iet,” Tuareg letter, 276
Ifadalen, the, 397, 400, 438; Damergu, 440
Ifadeyen, the, 60, 65, 74, 80, 82, 191, 209, 395, 428, 431, 436;
of Damergu, 440; literacy of, 268, 400; nomadism of, 400; origin of,
399-400; wells attributed to, 74
Ifagarwal, the, 437
“Ifarghan, village of,” 156 _n._[150]
Iferuan, 26, 114, 115, 122, 129, 189, 218, 246, 290, 302, 308, 311,
315, 317, 418; French fort at, 316; houses at, 248; Kel Ferwan
move from, 389; Kel Ferwan named after, 395, 427; position of,
424 _n._[435], 425; rains in, 123, 124; roads meeting at, 318, 319;
valley, 258
Iferuan, Kel (not Kel Ferwan), 437
Iferuan-Ghat track, 185
Ifli, Wadi, 452 _n._[449]
Ifoghas, the, 52-3, 54, 254, 327, 394, 428, 441; of the Azger,
18 _n._[18]; of Damergu, 18 _n._[18], 80, 439; a holy tribe, 355,
357, 439; probably Lemta, 355-6, 357, 358
Ifoghas n’Adghar, 18, 52, 398-9
Ifoghas of the Mountain (Ifoghas n’Adghar), 18, 52, 398-9
Ifrikiya, 325, 341; defended by Queen Kahena against Arabs, 170,
265; the Hawara in, 345
Ifrikos, 341, 371
Ifuraces, the, 327, 356, 357, 358, 439
“Ifurfurzan,” colour of camels, 196
Igademawen, the, 243, 306, 436
Igdalen, the, 162, 355, 380, 394, 395, 400, 441; of Damergu, 440;
a holy tribe, 290; Imghad among, 394; their migration into Air,
373, 378, 380, 394, 395
Igedeyenan, the, 428
Igermaden, the, 146, 243, 303, 306, 436; chief of, _see_ Belkho;
massacre of, 191; tribes and sub-tribes of, 436
Igerzawen, the, 437
Ighaghar basin, 9, 10, 28
Ighaghrar valley, 156 _n._[152], 214
Ighazar basin, the, 23, 26, 34, 241 _n._[217], 264, 308, 315, 316,
395, 437; evacuated during revolt, 122; Kel Owi occupy, 308, 389,
427; measures used in, 221; palm trees of, 316, 317; villages of,
316, 318; wheat cultivation in, 133
Ighazar, Kel, 122, 436-7, 441
Ighazar n’Agades, 78
Ighelablaban, 239
Ighelaf wells, 451
Ighelaf, Kel, 60, 433
“Ighillan” (measure of length), 222
Ighlab (Ighelaf), Kel, 433
Ighzan, 33
Igidi, desert of, 332, 333-4
Igidi, the, 358
Iguendianna, the, 428
Igululof, 309-11; houses in, 248
Igululof, Kel, 304, 435
Igururan, the, 304, 435
Ihadanaren, the, 128, 354
Ihagarnen, the, 162 _n._[156]
“Ihaggar” (Ahaggar), 128
Ihaggaren, the, 162 _n._[156]
Ihehawen, the, a holy tribe, 355
Ihrayen spring, 62, 70, 71
Ihrsan, the spirits of, 279
Ijanarnen, the, 395, 433
Ijaranen, the, 378, 394, 395, 400, 403, 433
Ikadeen, the, 351
Ikademawen (Igademawen), the, 436
Ikaradan, the, 117, 430, 441
Ikawkan, the, 428
Ikazkazan, the, 128, 145, 169, 290, 303, 307-8, 318, 437-8;
in Damergu, 52, 303, 436, 440; in Elakkos, 303, 307, 308, 443-4;
Imghad of, called heathen, 273; tribes and sub-tribes of, 52, 129,
307-8, 437-8, 441
Ikelan, the, 134, 135, 136, 155
Ikerremoïn, the, 351
Ilaguantan, the, 357, 358
Ilagwas (Elakkos), 445
Ilagwas, the, 370
Ilasgwas, the, Elakkos Tuareg identified with, 445
Ilemtin, the, 355-6, 358
Ilettan, 404
“Illeli,” 459
Imajegh: the MZGh root of the word, 457-62; a caste appellation,
458, 459, 460
Imajeghan (nobles, _q.v._), 15, 170, 171, 354-5; Ahaggaren,
350-51, 352; Azger, 348, 354-5; dark colouring of, 162; diminishing
numbers of, 150; marriage tribute payable to, 141; among Kel Owi,
144 _n._[134]; relations of Imghad and, 137, 138, 139, 140-43
Imajeghan n’Arab, the, 459
Imam, the, Agades, 96, 97
Imanen, the, 354, 355, 400, 432; affinity with the Itesan, 384-5
Imanen Kings of Azger, 348, 352, 353
Imanen women, legendary mothers of Kel Owi tribes, 384, 392
Imanghassaten, the, 354
Imaqoaran, the, 52, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 431
Imarsutan, the, 52, 304, 435; Kel Tagei of, 398, 435
Imaslagha, the, 134, 303, 304, 314; tribes and sub-tribes of, 134,
303-4, 435-6
Imasrodang, the, 129, 303, 306, 436; tribes and sub-tribes of, 129,
306, 436-7, 440, 441
“Imawal” (part of the Veil), 287, 288
Imazir (form of Imajegh), 457
Imettrilalen, the, 354
Imezegzil, the, 303, 384, 395, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of,
429, 430
Imghad (serfs), 15, 105, 128, 137-8, 142, 351; Barth’s error
regarding, 461 _n._[475]; categories of, 138-9; concubinage and,
138-9; dark colouring of, 162, 366; Imajeghan and, relations between,
137, 138, 139, 140-43; among Kel Owi, 144 _n._[134]; lists showing
tribes of, 427-31, 435-40; negroid inhabitants of Air as, 138,
365-6; nobles, conquered, as, 138, 394, 460; origins of, 137-8,
139, 365-6, 394, 460; prosperity of, 137, 142; racial types in,
137, 138; slaves rise to be, 135; status of, 105, 140-43, 150;
veils, distinguishing, worn by some, 139-40
Imi n’Aghil, 247
Imi n’Ataram, 247
Imi n’Innek, 247
Imi n’Tasalgi, 247
Immakkorhan (Imaqoaran), the, 431
Immedideran, the, 307, 437; founders of Timbuctoo, 407
Immidir, Wadi, 31
Immikitan, the, 243, 303, 304, 371, 429, 443; of Assatartar,
436; of Elakkos, 370, 440, 443; name used for Tuareg, 396; one of
original five tribes, 370, 378, 394, 395-6, 397, 400, 429, 443;
tribes and sub-tribes of, 429-30
Imohagh (form of Imajegh), 457
Imohaq (form of Imajegh), 457
Imóshag (form of Imajegh), 457, 459
Imuzurak, the (Ikazkazan), 438
Imuzurak, the (Kel Ferwan), 50, 52, 428; hostilities with French,
51, 52
Imuzuran, the, 428
In Abbagarit, position of, 425
In Allaram, position of, 425
In Asamed, 26, 30, 31, 33, 54, 59, 61, 62, 123; filled in, 60
In Azawa, 260, 317, 318, 354, 455, 456
In Bodinam, 240
In Gall, 114, 189, 317, 318, 402, 441, 456; position of, 424
In Gall, Kel, 441
In Gezzam, position of, 425
In Kakkan, position of, 425
In Salah, 30, 111
In Wadjud, 430
Inafagak valley, 61
Inardaf, the, 433
Independent tribes, Kel Owi, 438-9
Indigo cloth, Tuareg dress made of, 163, 164, 177; the Veil made of,
140, 287
Indigo plant, 132
Indigo-stained skin as protection from sun, 163
Industries, Tuareg, 131, 164-6, 174, 227-30, 231, 277, 310; in
women’s hands, 174, 227
Inemba Kel Emoghi, the, 350
Inemba Kel Tahat, the, 351
Infant mortality high among Tuareg, 178
Infanticide, 175
Inheritance and succession, matriarchal tradition in, 151-3; of
women’s property, 168
Inisilman (Holy Men), 54, 154, 290, 291; Azger tribes of, 355;
_see_ Holy Men and Holy tribes.
Innek, Kel, 129, 369; first Tuareg to enter Air, 254, 369, 370,
375, 397, 398, 400; sub-tribe of the Itesan, 370, 398, 432
Innek, Kel (unlocated), 441
Inscriptions: on arm rings, 286; on graves, 260; on rocks, 213,
260, 264, 268-9, 271, 315, 360
Insect pests during rains in Air, 120-21, 125-6
Installation of Amenokal, 99-100, 103, 108, 109, 379, 383, 391,
393, 397, 432
Intadeini, 434
Intadeini, Kel, 434
Intayet, 430
Inter-breeding in camels, result of, 196-7
Intirza, Kel, 307
Intirzawen, Kel (Tetmokarak), 433; (Kel Owi), 435, 436
Inwatza, 418
Inzerak, 214, 215
Ir n’Allem, 122, 365
Iralghawen (Eghalgawen), 347
Irawattan, the, 427
Irawellan (outdoor slaves), 134, 135, 155; numbers of, 402
Iraz, Sultan, 406 _n._[422]
Irejanaten, the, 151
Ireshshumen, the, 351
Irkairawan, the, 434
Irmakaraza, the, 434
“Irolangh,” 134
Iron in well, alleged effect of, 453
Iron-working, Tuareg, 229
_Irratemat_ (sandals), 165 _n._[159]
Irrigation, Air, 131, 132, 133, 239
Isabel (Izubahil), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104
Isagelmas valley, 80, 82
Isakarkaran, the, 428
Ischia, lava flows on, 242
Ishaban, Kel, 355
Isherifan, the (of Gamram), 50, 52, 60, 439; a holy tribe, 290,
438; Belkho’s defeat of, 50, 75, 440
Isherifan, the (Tetmokarak), 433
Ishnegga, the guide, 72, 81
Islam: introduction of, into Air, 256-8; Maliki sect of, 291-2;
matriarchate modified by, 152; new spirit in, 12, 13; Tuareg
conversion to, and lax practice of, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5;
women’s position under, 152, 168, 170, 174
Issala, wells of, 9
Istambul (Constantinople), 101, 266
Italian occupation of Tripolitania, and Tuareg movements, 8
Itesan, the, 109, 214, 253, 394, 406; original invaders of Air,
244, 253, 254, 370, 373-4, 378, 379, 380, 381, 395, 400, 432; leave
Air for Southland, 366, 373-4, 377, 392, 393, 398, 432; and the
election of the Amenokal, 100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432;
the Goberawa and, 379; houses attributed to, 239, 244-6, 251, 252,
253, 254, 377-8, 381, 389, 393; “Kel” names among, origin of,
378, 380, 381, 398; connection between the Kel Geres and, 370, 373,
378, 380, 392, 393, 397, 398; migration westward of, 251, 252, 377,
389, 398, 413; among the Sanhaja, 377; tribes and sub-tribes of,
380-81, 398, 432-3; wells attributed to, 300, 377, 378
Ittegen, the (Kel Tadek), 429; (independent), 438
Itziarrame, the, 432
Iuraghen, the, 347
Iwarwaren, the, 162
Izagaran (Izagharan), the, 52, 397, 400, 440
Izagarnen (“the red ones”), name for Tuareg, 162 _n._[156]
Izagheran, the, 52
Izar, Sultan, 406
Izarza, the, 430-31
Izarzaran, the, Damergu, 440
Izenan, the, 434
Izeyyakan, the, 303, 431, 435
“Izghan,” 117
Izirza, Kel, 429
Izubahil (Isabel), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104
Izumzumaten, the, 429
Jackals, 125
Jado oasis, 320, 321, 326, 334
Jaghbub, 3
Jajiduna, 47, 48; French fort at, 51
Jalo, 3
Janet, 12, 53, 185
Jauf, 347 _n._[333]
Jawan, 325
Jean, Lieut. C., 27, 238, 387; _Les Touareg du Sud-Est_ by, 14,
28, 50 _n._[50], 94 _n._[82], 101 _n._[88], 102 _n._[89],[91],
107 _n._[98], 120 _n._[110], 174 _n._[169], 274 _n._[245], 281
_n._[251], 390 _n._[407], 468; Agades occupied by, 52; on Assode,
301; astronomical observations made by, 422, 424, 425; on Bornu wars
with Air, 413; on Egyptian influence in Air, 363 _n._[360]; on French
colonial policy, 416; on the houses of Bagezan, 240-41; live-stock
census by, 204; on Kel Geres invasion and evacuation of Air, 380,
391; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, 257 _n._[225], 382, 386;
on date of mosques of Air, 256, 257; on polygamy in Air, 170-71;
on population of Air, 402; on tribal origins and organisation,
383-4, 387, 393, 395, 426, 427, 428-31, 435-6, 439-41, 443-41;
tribes sending delegation to Constantinople, list given by, 397;
on Tuareg invasion of Air, and its date, 256, 362, 371, 382, 386,
404; on Tuareg of Damergu and Elakkos, 415 _n._[432], 443, 444
Jedala (Jadala), the, 331, 343, 348, 349
Jekarkaren, the, 428
Jenne, 409, 411
“Jenun” (Jinn), 278 _n._[249], 280
Jerboa considered unclean, 294
Jerma, 112, 306, 321, 323, 325, 436
Jewellers, Agades, 229
Jews, “Berber” tribes as, 294; massacre of, in Tuat, 291, 292
Jinns: amulets against, 282; Tuareg tales of, 278-81
Joalland, Lieut., 50
Jodar, Basha, 411
John, Byzantine general, 327
John (Yunis), first Sultan of Agades, 102, 103, 104, 463
Jokto, the, 412-13
Juba, 206
Judaism in North Africa, 294
Justice, system of, Agades, 107, 110
Kadhi, the, Agades, 96, 107; house of, 92
Kaffardá valley, 63
Kahena, Queen, 170, 265, 294
Kahir (Air), 406, 454
Kahor (Air), 453, 454, 455
Kaimakam, 25
Kalama, 226
Kalenuzuk, the, 428
Kallilua, 46, 48
Kanem, 369; chronicle of, 372-3, 374; Bornu dynasty expelled from,
374, 375; Fezzan overrun from, 112, 374, 406; Kanuri seize power
in, 369, 370, 371-2, 374, 407; Tuareg as rulers of, 371, 372-3,
374, 375; Tuareg expelled by Kanuri from, 371-2, 374, 375; Tuareg
invade Air from, 369-70, 372, 375
Kanem, Empire of, 374, 410
Kano, 38, 44, 106, 110, 291, 335, 413, 418, 419; Agades deserted for,
411; annexation of, 137; Bornu conquers, 412; cloth of, 164, 166;
country round, 41; Fulani in, 57; houses of, 87, 90; industries of,
164, 166; Kel Owi attack on, 415; modern prosperity of, 418, 419;
railway from Lagos to, 38; Senussi “zawia” at, 48; slave market
in, 38; Songhai attack on, 410; Tuareg migrate to, 38, 39, 361, 411
Kano, Emirate of, 37
Kanuri, the, 16, 49, 117, 218, 441; Agades Cross among, 284; as
“Barbars” or “Beriberi,” 371; Bornu Tuareg overthrown by,
335, 371-2, 374, 375, 403, 404; in Damergu, 42, 43, 47, 55, 56;
Daura conquered by, 363; in Elakkos, 443, 446; Goberawa conquer,
363; hair dress of, 44; settlement and rise to power in Kanem, 369,
370, 371-2, 374, 407; Kawar conquered by, 335; language of, 16,
118, 373 _n._[386]; Tuareg migrations caused by, 335, 358, 369-70,
372, 375, 404, 414, 415, 444; their name for Tuareg, 412 _n._[426]
Kaossen, 69, 84, 86, 92-3, 99, 185, 385, 420; the House of,
Agades, 92
Karawa, 46
“Karengia” grass, 58-9, 62; _see_ Burr grass.
Karnuka, 155
Karruwe (weight), 222
Kashwar n’Tawa, 68
Kaswa n’Rakumi, 91
Katanga, 91
Katchena, Kel, 40, 117
Katsina, 38, 110, 291, 413; Agades deserted for, 411; annexation
of, 37; El Baghdadi preaches in, 291, 292; Fulani in, 57; Itesan
attack, 391; slave market in, 38; Songhai occupation of, 409, 410;
Tuareg migrate to, 39, 361, 411, 427
Katsina, Emir of, 39
Kaukau, 345
Kawa, 414-15
Kawar, 31, 32, 98, 218, 334, 335, 369; caravan road by, 7, 8, 37,
318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450; Kanuri conquer, 335,
406; Okba’s campaign in, 325, 326 _n._[292]; pastureless, 219;
raids on, 182, 188, 191, 350
Kawar road, 318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450
Kawkaw (Gao), 452
Kawkaw (Kuka), 445
Keane: on the Berdeoa and the Garamantes, 335-6
Kebbi, 413
“Kel” names, tribal, 128-30, 139, 303-4, 370; among the Itesan,
derivation of, 378, 380, 381
Kel Aberkan, _etc._, _see under_ Aberkan, Kel, _etc._
Kel Owi road, 61, 74-5, 308, 319, 320, 383, 390. _See also_ “Tarei
tan Kel Owi.”
Kelama, 187
Kelghimmat, the, 429
Kerfeitei, the, 433
Kerker, Sultan of, Ibn Batutah’s, 406, 453, 454-5, 456
Keta valley, 61, 64
Ketama, the, 340, 341, 343, 349, 351
Khalif (Commander of the Faithful), deputation from Air to, 101,
102, 104, 105
“Khans,” 255
Kharejite schism, the, 346
Khodi, 142-3, 185, 438
Khoms, 21
Kidal, 52
Kidigi, 60
Kindin, Kanuri name for Tuareg, 412 _n._[426]
King, _see_ Amenokal.
Kings of Agades, list of, 463-5
“Kipti” (Copts) in Air, 294, 363
“Knights-Errant of the Desert Roads,” the, 168
Knives, Tuareg, 234, 236
“Kohl” (antimony), use of, 173
Kokoi Geregeri (chief minister), 106, 406
“Kolouvey” (Kel Owi), the, 20
Korunka, 180 _n._[172]
Kosegarten, J. G. L., version of Ibn Batutah by, 452, 453, 468
Kufara (heathen), 273
Kufra, 3, 6, 98, 335, 336; a Senussi centre, 336
Kugha, 404 _n._[417]
Kuka, 21, 332 _n._[303], 345, 415, 445
Kukia, Libyan dynasty of, 404
Kunta, the, 355
“Kus-kus,” 133, 157-8
Kuttus, 42
Laghuat, 111
Lagos, 38, 419; railway to Kano from, 38
Laguatan, the, 357
Lake, Gamram, 49; rumoured, in Bagezan, 238
Lake Chad, _see_ Chad, Lake, _and_ Chad area.
Lamini, Sultan, 413
Lamy, Commandant, 26, 36; _see_ Foureau-Lamy Expedition.
Land settled on chief women, 169
Language, Tuareg (_see_ Temajegh), 15, 339; words associated with
Christianity in, 277
Laperrine, 11, 12
Laperrine, Fort, 12
Laterite rock, disintegrating, 449, 450
Latif, Sheikh el, 192
Latitudes and longitudes of points in Air, 422-5
Lava flows, Air, 216, 241-2
Lazaret, Kel, 437
Leather and metal decoration, 277, 310
Leather pouches, amulets in, 282, 284
Leather-working industry, 174, 277-8; in women’s hands, 174;
decorated luggage rests, 277; riding saddles, 230-31, 377
Lebetae, 337
Lebu, the, 337
Lee, S., translation of Ibn Batutah, 452-3, 468
Legends, Tuareg, 279, 280, 281
Lemta, the, 254, 331; Ahaggaren and, 345; Aulimmiden as part of,
341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; Azger Tuareg as, 331, 335, 341,
348, 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 358, 432; area occupied by, 331, 334,
335, 341, 344, 345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 370, 445; Barth’s error
regarding, 344-5, 358; Bornu Tuareg as, 376; Hawarid origin of, 345,
346, 353; Ibn Khaldun on, 340, 343, 345, 346, 353; Ifoghas as, 355,
356, 357, 358; Ilemtin represent, 355, 358; Lemtuna and, confusion
between, 344-5, 358; Leo Africanus on, 331, 334, 335, 344, 345,
349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; as a Libyan people, 331,
334, 335, 340, 341, 343; migration of, south and west, 341, 345,
356, 357, 358-9, 376-7, 378, 379, 445; original stock of first and
last migrants into Air, 254, 345, 349, 356, 359, 370, 403; Tuareg
invasion of Air involved by migration of, 358-9, 377, 379, 403, 445
Lemtuna, the, 331, 343, 344, 349, 358, 404; confused with Lemta,
344-5, 358
Length, measure of Air, 222
Lenz, O.: on the two families of the “Berbers,” 458
Leo Africanus, 6 _n._[5], 110 _n._[101], 330, 347 _n._[333], 363
_n._[361], 468; account of Agades by, 19, 410; account of Air by,
18, 19, 359; on the Amenokal, 97 _n._[83], 99, 108, 110 _n._[101];
Kel Owi not mentioned by, 383, 386; on the Lemta, 331, 334, 335,
344, 345, 349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; on the divisions
of the Muleththemin, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348,
349; on areas and tribes of the Sahara, 330-35, 336-7, 343, 344,
345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 364
Leptis Magna, 207, 208
“Leuata,” the, 337
Leucæthiopians, the, 173 _n._[168], 307
Levata, the, 337, 340, 357
Library, Assode, remains of, 302
Libya, areas and peoples of, Leo Africanus on, 330-35, 336-7;
_see_ Libyans.
Libyan, origin of word, 337
Libyan desert, the, 3, 334, 335, 336, 337; story of compulsory
migration from, 366; Tuareg possibly originally inhabitants of,
366, 376
Libyan dynasty, Kukia, 404
Libyan influence in Air and the Southland, 403, 405, 406