Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes.
| tribes. |
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
1. | |
| |
Kel FERWAN. |Kel FERWAN |From its present name the group was
|(N.). |originally in Iferuan (Ighazar) valley,
| |whence probably expelled to W. and S. by
| |Kel Owi. Original name unknown. Possibly
| |not originally of same stock as others
| |in division, and perhaps immigrant from
| |W. Tribes ranged over S.W. Air, N.W.
| |Damergu, and W. Tegama, but since 1917
| |nearly all the nobles have settled in
| |Katsina, leaving Imghad in old areas.
| |Great raiders westward. About 4320 souls
| |according to Jean.
| |
|IRAWATTAN (N.).|At T’intabisgi (S. Talak plain). The
| |only “I name” tribe recorded in the
| |group.
| |
|Kel AZEL (N.). |At T’intabisgi.
| |
|Kel TADELE. |Large tribe now partially independent of
| |Kel Ferwan group. Described by Jean as
| |servile and by others as noble;
| |explanation being probably that both
| |castes occur as sub-tribes. Apparently
| |originally an Ahaggar tribe which with
| |its Imghad came to Air; if this was due
| |to conquest by an Air tribe, the
| |confusion of status is comprehensible.
| |
| Kel TADELE {|
| (N.). {|Talak-Zurika area. They own Zelim and
| {|Tuaghet pools in Fadé, a part of which
| TEHAMMAM {|is also theirs. Their chief is Rabidin.
| (S.). {|
| |
|IMUZURAK (S.). |W. Tegama and S.W. Air. Some nobles of
| |this name in Damergu are wrongly
| |described by Jean as Imghad of the
| |Ikazkazan. The Imghad Imuzurak were
| |probably captured from the noble sept.
| |
|IMUZURAN (S.). |At T’intabisgi. The name is abusive,
| |meaning “Donkey droppings.” Reputed very
| |fair skinned.
| |
|IBERDIANEN (S.)|At Araten.
| |
| (Berdianen) |
| |
|JEKARKAREN |At Araten.
|(S.). |
| |
|IGEDEYENAN |At Azel.
|(S.). |
| |
| (Gedeyenan) |
| |
| (Iguendianna) |
| |
|ISAKARKARAN |At T’intabisgi. Both names are wrongly
|(S.). |given by Jean as separate units.
| |
| (Zakarkaran) |
| |
|IDELEYEN (S.). |At T’intabisgi.
| |
|IKAWKAN (S.). | Do.
| |
|EGHBAREN (S.). | Do.
| |
| |The last eight servile tribes represent
| |nuclei captured in the W. They are of
| |Tuareg, Arab and Moroccan origin, but
| |have been assimilated to the People
| |of the Veil.
| |
|IFOGHAS (S.). |Tafadek area. Said by Jean to be Imghad
| |of the Kel Ferwan and to have come from
| |the Kel Antassar stock (unidentified) S.
| |of Timbuctoo. They came to Air about
| |1860 and settled under the Amenokal;
| |they were allowed to retain noble
| |privileges. Their inclusion in the Kel
| |Ferwan group indicates that the latter
| |may be of W. origin.
| |
|(IFADEYEN) (?).|Believed to be noble. Included by Jean
| |among the Kel Ferwan Imghad, but for a
| |more probable attribution see Div. I.
| |Group 6.
| |
2. | |
| |
(Kel TADEK).| |No original name is traceable, but that
| |of “Tamgak” is suggested. They were
| |named from the Tidik (or Tadek) valley
| |N. of Tamgak and the Ighazar. One of the
| |oldest tribes in Air. They possessed the
| |country from Agalenge to Tezirzak in
| |Fadé and N. Air. They had the Kel Fares
| |to E. and Kel Tamat to W., and covered
| |area from Temed to just N. of Ighazar.
| |Now scattered all over Air. Their chief
| |is Ahodu of Auderas.
| |
|Kel TADEK (N.).|Tadek valley and Gissat. Now scattered
| |and in small numbers. Their original
| |name is unknown.
| |
|Kel UMUZUT |Agades area, and Damergu. Practically
|(N.). |separate from the other tribes in the
| |division.
| (Kalenuzuk) |
| |
|Kel TEFGUN |At Tefgun mosque, Ighazar. A small
|(N.). |personal tribe of Ahodu’s own family;
| |keepers of the mosque for at least five
| |generations.
| |
|Kel AGHIMMAT |Probably a sub-tribe of the Kel Tadek.
|(?). |
| |
| (Kelghimmat) |
| |
|Kel TAKERMUS |
|(N.). |
| |
|Kel GARET. |Garet plain, C. Air. Not to be confused
| |with the Kel Garet of the Kel Geres.
| Kel GARET |From a place S. of Agellal pronounced
| (N.). |“Anigara.”
| |
| Kel ANIOGARA |
| (?). |
| |
|Kel ANU |
|WISHERAN. |
| |
| Kel |At Anu Wisheran, C. Air. Very nomadic
| ANUWISHERAN |and ancient; now in Tegama.
| (N.). |
| |
|Kel EZELU (N.).|Ezelu valley, S. of above.
| |
|Kel GARET (S.).|A fortuitous collection of Imghad in the
| |Garet valley. The existence of two Kel
| |Garet may be compared with the two Kel
| |Garet in Div. II. Group 5, with whom
| |there may be some connection.
| |
|Kel IZIRZA |
|(N.). |
| |
|IZUMZUMATEN |
|(N.). |
| |
|Kel GIGA (S.). |At Agejir, S. Bagezan. Probably
| |assimilated to the Ittegen.
| |
|ITTEGEN (S.). |Large Imghad section of the Kel Tadek.
| |Their “I name” is the only one in the
| (Etteguen) |Kel Tadek group, and they are probably
| |dependent on some parent tribe, possibly
| |the Kel Giga. They have broken away to
| |form a new tribal group, the modern Kel
| |Bagezan (_q.v._ sub Kel Owi).
| |
|Kel AGGATA |Have recently joined the Kel Tadek
|(?N.). |(Groups 3 and 4).
| |
3 and 4. | |
| |
IMMIKITAN | |The alternative attribution of many
and | |tribes to these two groups makes it
IMEZEGZIL. | |difficult to distinguish them apart. The
| |reason for the confusion is that both
| |groups occur in areas predominantly Kel
| |Owi, where they form isolated islands of
| |extraneous people dependent upon the
| |Añastafidet. Both groups were probably
| |in occupation of N.E. Air when Kel Owi
| |arrived; latter proved unable to
| |eliminate them completely, and the
| |remnants consequently fell under their
| |influence and were thus variously
| |described as belonging to one or other
| |division. The two groups perhaps
| |represent a single stock with the
| |IMMIKITAN predominant, but in later
| |times certainly acquired, as here shown,
| |co-equal status. Immikitan are known to
| |have been among first Tuareg in Air.
| |
|IMMIKITAN. |
| |
| (Amakeetan) |
| |
| IMMIKITAN |Also called ELMIKI. Originally, after
| (N.). |immigration, in N. Central Air. Now
| |isolated nuclei of this division live
| |among people of Div. II. There are also
| |Immikitan in Div. IV. Jean has rightly
| |not accepted popular account that they
| |are Kel Owi owing to recent association.
| |
| Kel TEGIR |At Tegir near Assatartar.
| (N.). |
| |
| (Kel Teguer)|
| |
| Kel |A geographical synonym for the above.
| ASSATARTAR |
| (N.). |
| |
|Kel AGGATA. |
| |
| Kel AGGATA |Aggata area. This tribe did not move
| (N.). |south after the 1917 episode, and thus
| |became affiliated to Kel Tadek. Their
| |chief is El Haj Saleh at Agades.
| |
| Kel TADENAK |Placed by Barth at Tadenak, E. of
| (N.). |Agellal, and later by Jean at Intayet on
| |Anu Maqaran valley.
| |
| (IKARADAN) |Placed by Jean at Aggata, but the word
| (S.). |means Tebu in Air Temajegh; the nucleus
| |almost certainly consists of Tebu living
| |near their masters and not a separate
| |tribe.
| |
|Kel MAWEN (?). |Placed by Jean at N’Ouajour, which is
| |probably In Wadjud near Taruaji. No
| (Kel Maouen) |information.
| |
| (Kel Assarara)|Wrongly placed by Jean in this group
| |either on account of confusion with Kel
| |Assatartar or perhaps because Kel
| |Assarara inhabited Assarara area as
| |Immikitan before the arrival of the Kel
| |Owi (see above). The only Kel Assarara
| |to-day in existence are Kel Owi (_q.v._).
| |
| |
IMEZEGZIL. | |Originally N. of the Immikitan in the
| |Agwau-Afis-Faodet area before arrival of
| |Kel Owi. Jean thinks only two tribes can
| |be assigned to this group, the Kel
| |Faodet and Kel Tagunar, but others seem
| |to belong. The group is surrounded by
| |Kel Owi, who are especially strong in
| |the originally most important area of
| |the tribe, namely Agwau. They are now
| |all in the Agades area.
| |
|(IMEZEGZIL) |No independent Imezegzil survive, but
|(N.). |its existence is remembered in the Agwau
| |area. Remnants are probably represented
| |by the Kel Afis.
| |
|Kel AFIS. |
| |
| (Kel Afess) |
| |
| Kel AFIS |At Afis, N. Air. They are called the
| (N.). |“big men,” the Imezegzil. In the wider
| |geographical term, Kel Afis includes
| |some Kel Owi living in the village. Jean
| |rightly calls Kel Afis a separate tribe
| |which probably represents the oldest
| |part surviving to the Imezegzil.
| |
| AZANIERKEN |Imghad of the above, but living further
| (S.). |W. at Tanutmolet in Ighazar. Their “I
| |name” indicates antiquity, and the fact
| |that the Kel Afis possessed such an old
| |tribe indicates that the latter were the
| |parent stock of group.
| |
| Kel |
| TANUTMOLET |
| (S.). |
| |
| IZARZA. |A group of serfs living among Kel Owi at
| |this village, whose population has come
| |to be called Kel Tanutmolet, which is
| |also used as a variant for the
| |Azanierken. I have a note that these Kel
| |Tanutmolet serfs are also called Izarza,
| |which may be a corrupt form for
| |Azanierken. They are now only two or
| |three families.
| |
|Kel FAODET |At Faodet in the upper Ighazar.
|(N.). |
| |
|Kel TAGUNAR |At Tagunet in the upper Ighazar.
|(?). |
| |
5. | |
| |
IMAQOARAN. | |Originally in W. Central Air. Although
| |belonging to a category of the People of
| |the King, they were never much under his
| |authority.
| |
|IMAQOARAN (N.).|In the Agellal area. Very small, only
| |five families are said to survive. See
| (Immakkorhan) |Kel Wadigi.
| |
|(Kel AGELLAL) |Are probably in great part Imaqoaran,
| |especially when Kel Agellal is used in a
| |general or geographical sense (cf. Kel
| |Agellal, Div. III. Group 4).
| |
|Kel WADIGI. |
| |
| Kel WADIGI |In Wadigi valley, E. of Agellal. Small
| (N,). |unimportant group of recent origin,
| |consisting of Kel Agellal Imaqoaran, Kel
| |Agellal Ikazkazan, and people from
| |Ighazar.
| |
| Kel TEFIS |At Tefis.
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel AREITUN |Imghad of above in Areitun village, W.
| (S.). |of Anu Wisheran (not the Areitun N. of
| |Agellal).
| |
|Kel SIDAWET (N.|At Sidawet village. A sedentary group of
|and S.). |mixed parentage and doubtful origin.
| |Also ascribed to Izeyyakan, but on
| (Kel Sadaouet)|account of the established origin of the
| |Kel Agellal Imaqoaran and Kel Zilalet,
| |whose villages are in same area as
| |Sidawet, they are all probably of the
| |same parentage.
| |
|Kel ZILALET (N.|Zilalet village. Wrongly described as an
|and S.). |independent tribe by Jean.
| |
6. | |Both the last are mixed village groups
| |of people of all castes.
| |
IFADEYEN and| |No more information is available than
Kel FADÉ. | |that given in the preceding chapters
| |(see pp. 399 and 400).
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
DIVISION II. THE ITESAN AND KEL GERES.
Note: All these tribes are in the Southland, and their present areas
are not, therefore, specified.
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes.
| tribes. |
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
1. | |
| |
ITESAN. | |Probably one of the original tribes of
| |the Kel Innek who invaded Air from the
| |Chad direction. Being the preponderant
| |tribe in Air, the Itesan were driven
| |from the country by the Kel Owi when the
| |latter arrived. Though now in the
| |Southland, the Itesan still play a
| |prominent rôle in electing the Amenokal
| |of Air.
| |
|(Kel) |Named from a group of hills N. of
|T’SIDDERAK. |Auderas.
| |
|Kel TAGEI. |“The People of the Dûm Palm,” possibly a
| |totemic name or else derived from name
| (Kel Tagay) |of a valley so-called. There are many
| |such in Air, in particular one N. of
| (? also |Auderas is probably responsible for the
| Tagayes) |name. Not to be confused with the people
| |in Div. III. Group I.
| |
|Kel BAGEZAN. |Originally inhabiting the mountains so
| |called. Not to be confused with other
| (Kel Maghzen- |later Kel Bagezan.
| Kel Bagezan) |
| |
|Kel ALLAGHAN. |“The People of the Spears.”
| |
| (Alaren) |
| |
|(EMALLARHSEN). |Probably a misreading for “Im” or “In
| |Allaghan” (where the prefix takes the
| |place of “Kel”), and therefore identical
| |with above.
| |
|(ITZIARRAME). |Probably a corrupt name, perhaps a
| |mistake for the above.
| |
|(Kel) TELAMSE. |The second is probably the right form,
| |and is derived from the name of a
| (Kel |village and hills near Auderas.
| T’ilimsawin) |
| |
|Kel MAFINET. |Named after a valley tributary to the
| |Auderas valley.
| |
|Kel DUGA. |The second is probably the right form,
| |and is derived from Mount Dogam, N. of
| (Kel Dogam). |Auderas.
| |
|Kel UYE. |Kel Wadigi, from a valley E. of Agellal,
| |has been suggested as a more correct
| |version. In this case the tribe would
| |more probably belong to the Kel Agellal
| |of the Kel Unnar in Group 3, but the
| |derivation is doubtful.
| |
|Kel MANEN. |Given by Barth as a tribe of the Itesan.
| |
|IMANEN. |With the two following tribes they seem
| |to represent the oldest stock of people
| |who invaded Air from the E. These Imanen
| |are obviously of the same stock as the
| |Imanen of the Azger Lemta division of
| |Tuareg in the N.
| |
|Kel INNEK. |Are given by Barth as a part of the
| |Itesan. While the name may have survived
| |as a tribal name, it is more properly
| |applicable to all the people who came
| |from the E. when Air was invaded. The
| |existence of such a tribe name among the
| |Itesan, whose original name it may have
| |been, is, however, proof of the accuracy
| |of Bello’s statement.
| |
|IJANARNEN. |This tribe is given by Bello as one of
| |those who originally invaded Air from
| (Ijaranen) |the E. The occurrence of such a tribe in
| |the Itesan group, according to Barth,
| |substantiates the supposition made above
| |and in the body of the book.
| |
2. | |
| |
TETMOKARAK. | |
| |
|TETMOKARAK. |
| |
| (Tedmukkeren) |
| |
|Kel TEGHZEREN. |Kel Teghzeren may be a corruption of
| |“Kel Intirzawen” derived from the name
| |of the Asclepias Gigantica. The Kel
| |Teghzeren appear to be the principal
| |tribe of the Tetmokarak, and are
| |possibly the parent group.
| |
|Kel AZAR. |Perhaps derived from a place of that
| |name in the upper Anu Maqaran valley, C.
| |Air.
| |
|(Kel) UNGWA. |The origin of the name is doubtful, for
| |“ungwa” seems in Kanuri to mean
| (Oung Oua) |“village.” The name may be a form of Kel
| |Unnar (see below), another Kel Geres
| (Kel Ungwar) |group.
| |
|TASHEL. |
| |
| (Taschell) |
| |
| (Tashil) |
| |
|ISHERIFAN. |Of which the Isherifan in Damergu were
| |probably a part.
| |
|Kel ATAN. |
| |
|TEGAMA. |See also the People of Tegama in the
| |Damergu group. The two septs are
| |probably of the same stock; they are
| |more fully discussed in the body of the
| |book.
| |
|KERFEITEI. |The second version is perhaps more
| |correct.
| (? Kel Feitei)|
| |
|(Kel) IGHELAF. |From a group of wells in E. Damergu.
| |
| (Ighlab) |
| |
|ESCHERHA. |
| |
|INARDAF |
| |
|ZERUMINI. |
| |
3. | |
| |
Kel UNNAR. | |The Kel Ungwa may be the same people,
| |but there is no information.
| |
|Kel UNNAR. |
| |
|TARENKAT. |
| |
|ALWALITAN. |A patronymic, from the common personal
| |name among the Tuareg, Al Wali.
| |
|GURFAUTAN. |Probably also a patronymic.
| |
|Kel AGELLAL. |From Agellal in C. Air, and not to be
| |confused with the present Kel Agellal
| (Kel Aghellal)|(Div. I. Group 5).
| |
|Kel TAIAGAIA. |?, unless a corruption in the
| |manuscripts of European authors of Kel
| |Agellal.
| |
4. | |
| |
Kel ANIGARA.| |
| |
|(Kel) ANIGARA. |There are two places called Anigara
| |(Aniogara) near Agellal, and this group
| |might be named from either of them. The
| |present Kel Aniogara are a sub-tribe of
| |the Kel Garet (in Div. I. Group 2).
| |
|TAFARZAS. |No information.
| |
|ZURBATAN. | Do.
| |
|IZENAN. | Do.
| |
|TANZAR. | Do.
| |
5. | |
| |
Kel GARET. | |Doubtless originally from the Garet Mts.
| |and plain in C. Air, and not to be
| |confused with the Kel Garet of Div. I.,
| |of whom, however, these people may have
| |been a part which moved S. when the
| |Itesan also went.
| |
|Kel GARET. |The people originally inhabiting the
| |plain of that name.
| |
|Kel GARET |_I.e._ the “Kel Garet of the Mountain,”
|N’DUTSI. |who lived in the mountains in the same
| |area.
| |
|AIAWAN. |No information.
| |
|TIAKKAR. | Do.
| |
|IRKAIRAWAN. | Do.
| |
TADADAWA, | |These are grouped together, largely
Kel TAMEI. | |perhaps because not enough is known to
| |separate their various tribes. Their
| |tribes are given without comment, as
| |there is little available on record.
| |
|TADADAWA. |? the Tadara of Barth.
| |
|Kel TAMEL. |
| |
|Kel AMARKOS. |
| |
|Kel INTADEINI. |Probably from a place Intadeini on the
| |Anu Maqaran, C. Air.
| |
|Kel UFUGUM. |
| |
|TEGIBBUT. |
| |
| (Tgibbu) |
| |
|IBURUBAN. |
| |
| (Iabrubat) |
| |
|TOIYAMAMA. |
| |
|IRMAKARAZA. |Perhaps connected with the name Anu
| |Maqaran.
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
NOTE.—Barth also gives the following unidentified names of Kel Geres
tribes: _Kel n’Sattafan_ (the Black People), which is also the
name of the family of the Amenokal according to Bello: this tribe,
if it is a tribe at all, may be attributed to the Itesan group;
_Tilkatine_; _Taginna_; _Riaina_, and _Alhassan_.
The caste of these tribes is not specified, but all the principal
units, at any rate, may be assumed noble. The tribes have simply been
enumerated here for purposes of record and comparison. They are not
adduced as ethnological material comparable with that provided by
the lists of tribes in Divisions I. and III.
DIVISION III. THE PEOPLE OF THE AÑASTAFIDET OR KEL OWI
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes.
| tribes. |
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
1. | |
| |
IMASLAGHA. | |The Kel Azañieres, and therefore the
| |Imaslagha, with the Izeyyakan and
| |Igururan, are said to be the oldest of
| |the Kel Owi division.
| |
|IMASLAGHA. |
| |
| Kel |
| AZAÑIERES. |
| |
| Kel |In the Azañieres mountains.
| Azañieres |
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel |West of the southern Kel Nugguru in the
| Intirzawen |Intirzawen and T’ilisdak valley, S. of
| (S.). |Auderas.
| |
| Kel TAGHMEURT|In the Taghmeurt Mts. It has certain
| (N.). |unspecified servile tribes.
| |
| (Tagmart) |
| |
| Kel ASSARARA.|In the Assarara and Agwau area, N.E.
| |Air, at the places mentioned. Their
| |chief in Barth’s day was Annur,
| |paramount chief of Air.
| |
| Kel Assarara|}
| (N.). |}
| |}
| Kel Agwau |}
| (N.). |}
| |}
| Kel Igululof|}
| (N.). |}
| |}
| Kel |} Along the great valley of N.E. Air.
| Oborassan |}
| (S.). |}
| |}
| Kel Anu |}
| Samed (S.). |}
| |}
| Kel |}
| T’intellust |}
| (S.). |}
| |
| |The last is wrongly placed by Jean in
| |Group 2 with the Kel Tafidet.
| |
|IGURURAN |Apparently now extinct in name.
|(Igururan) |
|(N.). |
| |
| Kel FARES |At Fares N. of Agwau; now near Agades.
| (N.). |Their position is confirmed by Barth,
| |but the place is called Tinteyyat. Their
| |original name was probably Igururan, but
| |since the extinction of the parent stock
| |they rank as connected with the
| |Imaslagha group. The “I name” Igururan
| |may have been a group name in the first
| |place.
| |
|Kel ZEGEDAN. |Name recorded by Barth but not now
| |traceable. May be connected with Kel
| |Bagezan, whose position might be
| |described as 1½ days from T’intellust.
| |
|IZEYYAKAN (N.).|By some described as People of the King,
| |but placed by Jean, probably rightly, in
| |this group. Formerly a noble portion of
| |the inhabitants of Auderas.
| |
|IMARSUTAN (N.).|The same considerations as above apply.
| |Wrongly placed at Auderas. Said to have
| |come from unidentified place called
| |Arsu.
| |
| IMARSUTAN |A comparatively modern tribe said to
| (N.). |have been formed from remnants of the
| |old tribe.
| |
| Kel TAGEI |Perhaps a totemic name, but readily
| (S.). |derived from any place abounding in “dûm
| |palms.” Perhaps but not necessarily a
| (Kel Teget) |conquered part of Itesan Kel Tagei (cf.
| |Div. II Group 1).
| (? Kel |
| Tintagete) |
| |
|Kel ERARAR. |Name means “People of the Plain,” and
| |probably refers to plain N. of
| |T’intellust, near which Barth also
| |places them. Name may therefore be
| |generic and applicable to various
| |sections in group.
| |
2. | |
| |
IGERMADEN. | |The name is radically connected with
| |Jerma or Garama in the Fezzan.
| |
|IGERMADEN. |
| |
| IGERMADEN |At Ajiru, E. of Bagezan. The people of
| (N.). |Belkho, paramount chief of Air after
| |Annur.
| |
| Kel AJIRU |Perhaps an alternative name for above,
| (N.). |for the sedentary element among them.
| |
| Kel |The name of the inhabitants of
| ASSATARTAR |Assatartar other than the Immikitan
| (N.). |element there (see Div. I Groups 3 and
| |4).
| |
| (IMMIKITAN |Of Assatartar; have become to be
| (N.)). |considered connected with Igermaden
| |owing to propinquity and gradual
| |absorption.
| |
| (Kel TAGERMAT|Perhaps a confusion for Kel Taghmeurt in
| (N.)). |Group 1; placed by Barth at unidentified
| |place, Azuraiden, E.N.E. of T’intellust,
| |corresponding roughly with Taghmeurt
| |mountains.
| |
|IGADEMAWEN. |Wrongly placed by Jean in Imaslagha
| |group.
| (Ikademawen) |
| |
| IGADEMAWEN |Afasas and Beughqot areas E. of Bagezan.
| (N.). |The name suggests analogies to Kel Mawen
| |of Immikitan in Div. I. Groups 3 and 4.
| (Kel Mawen?)|Perhaps a part of group was here
| |absorbed as in case of Kel Assartartar.
| |
| Kel NABARO |Nabaro villages near Tabello, E. of
| (?). |Bagezan.
| |
| Kel TAFIDET |Also given, but wrongly I think, as an
| (N.). |independent tribe in this group. Lived
| |in the Tafidet Mts. with unspecified
| Kel Tafidet.|servile tribes.
| |
| Kel |Anfissac well E. of T’imia massif.
| Anfissac. |
| |
| Kel |A part of the same tribe which is also
| INTIRZAWEN |servile to Kel Azañieres in Group 1.
| (S.). |
| |
|Kel AGALAK (?).|Placed by Jean in this group. The name
| |is well known but tribe was not
| |identified by me.
| |
| |Jean also places some Ifadeyen, some
| |Ikazkazan of Garazu in Damergu, and some
| |people with generic name of Kel Ighazar
| |in this group; but he is, I think,
| |mistaken in doing so.
| |
3. | |
| |
IMASRODANG. | |In the Ighazar, whence they have
| |acquired the generic name of Kel
Kel | |Ighazar. The latter are placed by Jean
IGHAZAR. | |in Group 2, but they are certainly a
| |separate stock, namely, the Imasrodang,
| |who are co-equal with Igermaden.
| |
| |The headman of the group is Abdulkerim,
| |now living at Azzal near Agades, but
| |formerly settled at T’intaghoda.
| |
| Kel |At T’intaghoda. Reputed to be Holy Men.
| T’INTAGHODA |
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel TAMGAK or|Some serfs and some free wild men living
| IMEDIDERAN. |in Tamgak, historically belonging to,
| |but never subjected by, Kel T’intaghoda.
| |Their status is undefined, for their
| |inherent nobility is recognised.
| |
|Kel ELAR (N.). |}
| |}
|Kel IBERKOM |}
|(N.). |}
| |} All at various points in the Ighazar
| (Kel Abirkom) |} between Iferuan and Iberkom.
| |}
| (Kel Aberkan) |}
| |}
|Kel SELIUFET |}
|(N.). |}
| |
|Kel IFERUAN |Not to be confused with Kel Ferwan in
|(N.). |Div. I.
| |
|Kel TEDEKEL |Now believed to be extinct. Originally
|(?). |also in Ighazar, but said to have become
| |merged with other clans.
| (Kel Fedekel) |
| |
| (Fedala) |
| |
4. | |
| |
IKAZKAZAN. | |The tribe as such of this name has
| |disappeared in the various large groups
| |into which it has become divided. It is
| |considered the junior group of the Kel
| |Owi Confederation, the others being
| |called from their chief constituent
| |parts the Kel Tafidet and Kel Azañieres.
| |The use of these territorial names
| |corresponds in the Ikazkazan to the use
| |of the names of the big subgroups, the
| |Kel Tamat, Kel Ulli, etc.
| |
|Kel TAMAT. |A sub-group named from the Tamat acacia
| |tree. It is the great northern sub-group
| |of the Ikazkazan, corresponding with the
| |Kel Ulli in the south. It would include
| |all the northern Ikazkazan had some
| |tribes not broken off to virtual
| |independent status.
| |
| Kel TAMAT |In part near Agellal, where it has
| (N.). |contributed to form Kel Agellal. Also at
| |Ben Guten in W. Air. There is also a
| |section in Damergu under the Kel Ulli
| |grouping.
| |
| Kel TUBUZZAT |W. Air. In some respects almost
| (N.). |independent.
| |
| Kel AGELLAL |Agellal village. The local tribe of this
| (N.). |name is composed of Kel Tamat, or Kel
| |Tubuzzat and of certain People of the
| |King (see Div. I. Group 5).
| |
| (Kel Wadigi) |Formed of certain composite Kel Agellal
| |and other People of the King (see Div.
| |I. Group 5).
| |
| IBANDERAN (? |Sakafat in W. Air, and also in S.W. Air.
| S.) |
| |
| Kel LAZARET. |As above.
| |
| (Kel Azaret)|
| |
| IGERZAWEN. | Do.
| |
| ALBURDATAN |At Auderas.
| (S.). |
| |
| IFAGARWAL (? |At Issakanan in S.W. Air.
| S.). |
| |
| (Afaguruel) |
| |
| ADAMBER. |At T’in Wafara, which is unidentified.
| |
| AZENATA. |No information.
| |
|Kel TAKRIZAT |At Takrizat in N. Air. Having
|(N.). |unspecified servile tribes, including
| |perhaps some of the above.
| |
|Kel TAGEI (N.).|Distinct from Kel Tagei (S.) in Group 1.
| |Possibly, but not necessarily, connected
| |with Itesan Kel Tagei (cf. Div. II.
| |Group 1), W. Air.
| |
|Kel GHARUS. |
| |
| Kel GHARUS |Gharus valley, Lower Ighazar. Very
| (N.). |nomadic and perhaps the largest tribe in
| |Air.
| |
| AHAGGAREN |Talak plain. Serfs of Kel Gharus but,
| (S.). |having had a noble origin in the north
| |in Ahaggar, are considered quasi-noble
| |in status.
| |
|Kel TATTUS. |Unidentified.
| |
|Kel ULLI. |Meaning the “People of the Goats.”
| |Collective name for all the Ikazkazan in
| |S. Air and Damergu.
| |
| Kel ULLI. |Tegama and Damergu.
| |
| IMUZURAK |Probably a part of older Imuzurak (N.)
| (S.). |in Div. IV.
| |
| (ISHERIFAN |Holy Men. Gamram area (cf. Div. II.
| (N.)). |Group 2 and Division IV.).
| |
| IFADALEN |Damergu.
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel TAMAT | Do. (Cf. above.)
| (N.). |
| |
| |The Kel Ulli group, though nominally
| |Ikazkazan and probably including other
| |tribes than those given above, seem to
| |have absorbed a number of early Tuareg
| |in Damergu. Their presence in this group
| |has led to the suspicion that the
| |latter, instead of being absorbed by an
| |extraneous group of Tuareg, namely, the
| |Kel Owi, really represent the true
| |Ikazkazan stock, which was not in truth
| |a Kel Owi family or clan at all, but a
| |mass of people who joined forces with
| |the latter at an early period of their
| |sojourn in Air.
| |
5. | |
| |
Independent | |Among the Kel Owi there are a number of
tribes. | |independent tribes of servile status.
| |Their existence is not paralleled in the
| |other divisions. They owe allegiance,
| |not to any particular noble tribe, but
| |directly to the Añastafidet. They are
| |consequently more emancipated than most
| |Imghad, a phenomenon which confirms the
| |greater cultural development of the Kel
| |Owi.
| |
|Kel NUGGURU |Divided into two parts. That of the
|(S.). |north called the Toshit (part) N’Yussuf
| |in the Assada valley is actually under
| |Ahodu of Auderas. The southern part
| |between Bagezan and Taruaji Mts. is
| |under Khodi, who claims to be headman of
| |Auderas.
| |
| Kel Idakka. |A part of, or synonymous with, one of
| |above.
| |
| Kel Taferaut.| Do.
| |
|Kel BAGEZAN |In Bagezan under Mineru or El Minir. A
|(S.). |recent composite tribe, not to be
| |confused with Kel Bagezan in Div. I.
| Kel Bazezan. |Group 1. Made up of Ittegen of Kel Tadek
| |(Div. I. Group 2) and several other
| Ittegen. |elements.
| |
| Kel TOWAR. |A sedentary group, principally of serfs,
| |at Towar, S. Bagezan.
| |
|Kel T’IMIA |Nobles of various, but all Kel Owi,
|(N.). |tribal origins living at T’imia village
| |under Fugda.
| |
|Kel TARANET. |Unidentified.
| |
|Kel TAFASAS. |Unidentified, unless the inhabitants of
| |the villages along the Afasas valley, E.
| |of Bagezan.
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
DIVISION IV. THE TUAREG OF DAMERGU
A. People of the King.
B. People of the Añastafidet.
---------------+-----------------------------------------
Tribe and sub- | Notes.
tribe. |
---------------+-----------------------------------------
A. People of |The oldest tribes in Damergu, as might
the King. |be expected, are all of the People of
|the King. They do not belong to any of
|the Air tribes of this category; like
|most of the latter, they probably
|represent the oldest stock of Tuareg in
|these regions.
|
|It has not been possible to identify the
|names of the stock or stocks to which
|the tribes belonged, so no larger
|grouping has been attempted.
|
IFOGHAS (N.). |The Ifoghas certainly represent a stock
|as well as a tribe, but it has not been
|ascertained whether among the Damergu
|Ifoghas several tribal divisions are
|recognised, nor whether the under-
|mentioned tribes were originally of the
|Ifoghas group. Though very poor and
|fallen on evil days, they are considered
|Holy Men, and would be more readily
|recognised as noble were their state of
|destitution less severe. They are the
|Ifuraces of the classics and have
|related groups in other parts of the
|Sahara.
|
Kel TAMIZGIDDA |Meaning the People of the Mosque, Holy
(N.). |Men. Farak area. (See further note
|below.)
(Misgiddan) |
|
(? Mosgu) |
|
ISHERIFAN (N.).|In Damergu since the earliest time. The
|name is equivalent to “Ashraf,” or
|Descendants of the Prophet. Gamram area.
|(See further note below.)
|
“MALLAMEI.” |A name given by Jean. It appears to be a
|Hausa equivalent of one of the above
|names, indicating that the tribe is
|holy.
|
|The last three names (probably only two
|names are really involved) are not
|really proper names. They are
|descriptive names connected with the
|attribution of sanctity to the men of
|these clans. In view of the well-known
|application of such a description to the
|Ifoghas wherever this tribe appears, it
|is quite justifiable to suppose that
|these clans, which incidentally are
|known to have inhabited Damergu from
|remote times, are really tribes of the
|Ifoghas stock.
|
IZAGARAN. |
|
(Izagharan) (?|In Damergu from earliest times.
N). |
|
IZARZARAN (? |Name recorded by Jean.
N.). |
|
IGDALEN (N.). |A stock known to have entered these
|parts with the very first Tuareg to
|arrive. Subdivisions of this stock are
|not known unless some of the other
|Damergu tribes and Air clans previously
|mentioned must so be classed.
|
|S. of Agades, W. Tegama and N. Damergu.
|Holy Men. Very fair. Said not to carry
|arms.
|
(Kel Tadek). |A semi-independent tribe of the Kel
Kel UMUZUT |Tadek stock (see Div. I. No. 2). N.
(N.). |Damergu.
|
IFADEYEN (N.). |Now live in Azawagh and Damergu (see
|Div. I. No. 6).
|
B. People of |
the |
Añastafidet. |
|
IKAZKAZAN. Kel |Including various unspecified sub-tribes
ULLI. |(N.) and (S.).
|
IFADALEN (S.). |Wrongly placed by Jean as an independent
|tribe in Damergu. They are Holy Men and
|probably were of the same stock as
|tribes in category A (above), but at one
|time were subjected by the Ikazkazan.
|
|The Isherifan are wrongly given by Jean
|as a People of the Añastafidet, probably
|on the grounds that they were at one
|time conquered by Belkho, chief of the
|Igermaden (see Div. III. No. 2).
|
|The Ikazkazan and Immikitan of Elakkos
|are specifically referred to at length
|in the text of the book.
---------------+-----------------------------------------
DIVISION V
Various unlocated and unidentified tribes; generic tribal names;
more important village groups of mixed origins owing to breakdown of
tribal organisation under sedentary conditions.
Kel AGELLAL. See Div. I. Group 5 and Div. III. Group
4. Originally an Imaqoaran area, but
these, with Ikazkazan of various tribes
and people from Ighazar, formed the
present Kel Agellal. Principally noble,
but also some Imghad. Agellal village.
Kel ZILALET. See Div. I. Group 5. Zilalet village.
Kel SIDAWET. Do. Sidawet village.
Kel AUDERAS. Principally Kel Aggata (_q.v._ Div. I.
Groups 2 and 4) and Kel NUGGURU (_q.v._
Div. III. Group 5). All Imghad except
three or four families of Kel Aggata and
Ahodu’s own dependents from Kel Tadek
who came when he was given the
chieftainship of the village by the
French at the time of the Foureau-Lamy
expedition. Auderas village.
Kel T’IMIA. All noble Kel Owi, but derived from many
different tribes. Present inhabitants
occupied village after the Kel T’imia of
the Kel Geres went out. T’imia valley.
See Div. III. Group 5.
Kel TOWAR. Mixed Imghad of Kel Owi with one or two
nobles from Kel Bagezan and Imasrodang.
Towar village.
Kel AGADES. Not a strict term: only used in a
geographical sense. The real inhabitants
of Agades are called Emagadezi (_vide_
Chap. III). Songhai colony left in the
sixteenth century, and people from all
other tribes make up population, which
is principally Imghad. Since 1917, when
they lost their camels, many of the
Tuareg from N. Air settled in Agades, or
in the neighbourhood.
Kel IN GALL. Population composed of Songhai, Igdalen
and some Aulimmiden in addition to Kel
Ferwan and Ikazkazan. There are probably
some Ifoghas both here and also at the
three Tagiddas. In Gall area.
IKARADAN. The Temajegh name for the Tebu, of which
there are probably several groups in Air
captured on raids; notably one group, a
part of the Kel Aggata.
IZERAN. Given by Barth as a tribal name, but as
the word (in the correct form, Izghan)
means “Kanuri” in Temajegh, the same
considerations apply as in the case of
the Ikaradan. Many Kanuri groups are
known to have been captured on raids.
Kel IGHAZAR. A generic term for all the tribes living
in the Ighazar. They are principally
Imasrodang Kel Owi.
Kel AGHIL. Given by Barth as Kel Aril. A generic
term meaning the “People of the South,”
and applied especially to the Kel Geres.
Kel ATARAM. Meaning the “People of the West,”
applied especially to the Tuareg and
Moors of Timbuctoo, and the Aulimmiden
and Tuareg of the Mountain, in the
Western Desert.
Kel INNEK. Given by Barth as a tribal name. But it
means the “People of the East,” and is
similar to the above names.
Kel T’ISEMT. (Kel Tecoum) Meaning the “People of the
Salt.” According to Jean it is applied
to a tribe in the Telwa valley, but
appears to be in the nature of a
nickname given to people who made the
collecting of Agha a trade. It is given
to the southern Kel Nugguru generally
(_q.v._ Div. III. Group 5) and to the
people of the Tagiddas and the Ifoghas
of Damergu. The People of the Tagiddas
in any case are probably of the Ifoghas,
so that Kel T’isemt may have been the
name of a large division of the latter
on the analogy of the “Kel Ulli”
division of the Ikazkazan.
IDEMKIUN. Seems to be the tribal name of which
Tademekka is the feminine form.
According to Cortier (Appendix to _D’une
Rive à l’Autre du Sahara_) this tribe
survives in Air, but I have been unable
to trace the name. They are probably a
part of the Tuareg who settled in Air
and further west during the very first
migrations which took place.
Kel TALAK. A generic name for all the tribes which
roam about the Talak plain.
APPENDIX III
ELAKKOS AND TERMIT[439]
North of Gure the hills terminate suddenly in a cliff, and the area
called Elakkos begins to the north of them. It has an individuality
of its very own. A maze of small, closed depressions, that become
ponds and lakes after the rainy season, break up the plain into sharp
unsystematic undulations, which appear originally to have been sand
dunes. They have now become fixed with grass and scanty scrub, but in
most cases retain their characteristic shape. Here and there, rising
several hundred feet above the plain, are a number of flat-topped
hills of red sandstone. They stand alone like islands off a rock-bound
coast. The edges of the hills are sheer cliffs, but the lower parts
are covered with fallen detritus, which has formed steep slopes above
the plain, and the wind has washed the sand up against their sides.
The plain of Elakkos is like a sea floor from which the water has
only recently run off. An irregular sand-strewn bottom has been
left, churned up by immense waves that, in a succession of cyclonic
storms, washed the sand up against the sides of the islands before
retreating. When the blinding glare of midday has passed, deep blue
shadows in the hills appear, and the country looks very beautiful. The
great table-topped hills are blood-red and blue, in an expanse of
yellow sea. Little villages are dotted about in the plain with a few
trees and some deep green vegetation in the hollows.
[ADDITIONAL PLATE]
[Illustration: TYPICAL TEBU]
[Illustration: TERMIT PEAK AND WELL]
Lying between the desert and the Sudan, Elakkos has suffered
greatly. It has been a field of battle where the Tuareg of Air, the
Tebu from the north-east and the people of Bornu have met one another
in order to do battle. Until the advent of the French it was considered
the legitimate playground for the only international sport known
in the desert, the gentle occupation of raid and counter-raid. The
flat-topped hills, with scarcely a path worthy of the name to ascend
the cliffs, were the citadels of the villages which nestle under their
slopes. The huts in the villages are built of straw with conical roofs:
neither mud buildings nor walled settlements exist. The inhabitants
are Kanuri, sedentary Tuareg, and both nomadic and settled Tebu.
While the Tuareg and Tebu live side by side with the Kanuri, the
first two are such uncompromising enemies that they never adventure
themselves into each other’s territory. The dividing line between
them in Elakkos is sharp and clearly defined; it runs just west of
the village group of Bultum, which is the last permanent settlement
on the caravan road from Damagarim to Kawar by the wells of Termit,
where twice a year pass caravans to fetch salt in the east. They leave
at the same seasons when the people of Air, whom they join at Fashi,
also cross the desert.
The Tuareg of Elakkos to-day are sedentary, but their tribal names,
Ikazkazan and Immikitan, belong to noble Air clans of confirmed
nomadic habits. As in Damergu, they are the ruling class. Barth,[440]
basing himself on hearsay information sixty years earlier than Jean,
stated that they were akin to the Tegama people.[441] The Ikazkazan of
Garazu in Elakkos, however, according to tradition, are late arrivals,
certainly later than the Immikitan, who live rather further east. The
latter seem to have come when the first Tuareg arrived from the
east and installed themselves in Air. It is not clear which of the
two tribal groups Barth proposed to classify as akin to the Tegama,
but presumably he meant the Immikitan.
The Ikazkazan of Garazu are grouped by Jean[442] as a sub-tribe of the
Kel Tafidet, probably the, if not actually the, principal tribe of the
Kel Owi Confederation. While I had no opportunity during my only too
short sojourn in Elakkos, in the course of a rapid march to Termit,
to collect information on the ethnology of the Tuareg in this area,
my experience in Air leads me to doubt the accuracy of Jean’s
attribution. It is very improbable that a section of so important
a tribe as the Ikazkazan could in any circumstances have come under
the control of another tribe within the same Kel Owi Confederation,
like the Kel Tafidet, least of all when it had moved so far afield
as Elakkos.
Both from Barth’s description of the “Principality of Elakkos,”
that “sequestered haunt of robbers and freebooters,” as well
as from other indications, there seem to have been more People of
the Veil in this area in former days than now. The decrease may
be accounted for by a general movement westwards, as a consequence
of the encroachments of the Kanuri from Bornu, who were themselves
constantly being driven onwards by pressure from the east, by the
advent in the Chad area of the Arab tribes from the north, and by
raids of the Tebu from Tibesti.[443]
Barth records that Elakkos was celebrated among the hungry people of
the desert on account of its grain. The same reputation and source
of wealth continue to the present time. More millet is grown in a
limited area on the sandy plains of this country than in almost any
other part of the belt which marks the transition between the Desert
and the Sown. But Elakkos is especially celebrated among the Tuareg
all over North Africa for the shields which are used by the People
of the Veil and are made in this country. The hide of the white oryx,
which with much other game lives in the bush along the border of the
desert, is used for their manufacture. Their reputation in Temajegh
speech and poetry points to the country of Elakkos having long been
essentially Tuareg, for the traditional shape and technique are not
found among the neighbouring peoples.
The strong circumstantial evidence regarding the essentially Tuareg
character of the country, is further borne out by a reference in Leo
to the Lemta Tuareg. This people, we are told, extended over all that
part of North Africa which lay immediately east of the Targa people,
from the Fezzan as far as Kawkaw. The latter, for reasons which have
been discussed, was not Gao or Gago on the Niger, but Kuka on Lake
Chad.[444] But there is more than this, Elakkos is alternatively spelt
Alakkos, Alakwas, and Ilagwas, which cannot be denied to bear a marked
resemblance to the name of the Ilasgwas people of Corippus, who in
Byzantine times were fighting in the Fezzan, or in other words in an
area, according to Leo, occupied by the Lemta Tuareg. One would in any
case have been inclined to accept the tradition that the early Tuareg
in Elakkos were formerly more numerous than now, but in the light of
this additional evidence I am satisfied that they are identical with
the very Ilasgwas who came from the north, and therefore of the same
stock as the Tuareg in the Fezzan. It follows that they were of the old
Aulimmiden-Lemta stock and that they were a part of the latter group
which entered the Chad area from the north and then moved westwards. I
further believe that the Ilasgwas gave their name to Elakkos, where
some of them stayed while the rest of the Lemta tribes went on, some
of them into Air and some of them further west. The origin both of
the Immikitan in Elakkos and in Air is due to this movement.
Elakkos is well supplied with water at all times of the year. Tropical
summer rains fall in abundance, leaving pools in the depressions,
to which most of the inhabitants of the villages migrate for the few
weeks which elapse between sowing and reaping the millet, during and
directly after the annual break of the weather. As the pools dry up,
leaving a luxuriant Sudanese vegetation around the edges, recourse
again becomes necessary to the numerous village wells. They are all
of considerable depth, and surrounded by large spoil heaps, but the
output is not very copious, or rather not sufficiently large to supply
numerous thirsty camels in hot weather, when each animal may drink
ten gallons or more. I travelled through Elakkos in June 1922 with a
section of French Camel Corps, and we found watering a very tedious
operation. The wells we used were 150 to 220 feet deep, and in order
that the fastidious animals should drink copiously, the water had to be
drawn at noon in a “shade temperature” ranging from 105° to 110°
Fahr. in places where invariably there was no real shade to be seen.
After leaving the Bultum group of three Kanuri and Tebu hamlets, the
road from Damagarim to Kawar crosses a low scarp and plunges into the
belt of thick green bush which merges imperceptibly into small thorn
scrub and divides the Southland from the desert. The vegetation in
this zone ranges from small thorns to largish trees. It is part of
the same belt of bush which surrounds Damergu, with this difference,
that the latter immediately south of Air extends considerably further
north and forms a salient of vegetation into the desert. The Elakkos
bush is luxuriant even in the dry season, and abounds in game. If a few
more wells were made available it would soon be thickly inhabited by
pastoral tribes, now that immunity from the northern raiding parties
has more or less been assured. It is a sanctuary for large herds of
various species of gazelle, for the white oryx and addax antelope, as
well as for numerous ostriches and some giraffes. There are excellent
pastures for cattle, goats and camels, but although some of the Damergu
Tuareg use the western part for their flocks and a few Tebu use the
eastern side, there are few inhabitants in the country at any time
of year. The surface of old fixed dunes is undulating, and in the
occasional deep hollows are a few wells like those of Tasr[445] and
Teshkar[446] on the Termit road, and Bullum Babá and others to the
west. The wells belong to the Tebu, who visit them with their cattle
in the summer. Immediately around them the vegetation has been eaten
bare and the whitish downs under which they lie show up some distance
away. The three wells at Tasr are twenty-seven feet deep; they are the
last water before the Termit wells are reached, forty hours’ fast
marching further on into the desert. The road, it is true, passes by
Teshkar, but the output of the single well there, forty-five feet deep,
is insufficient for more than a few animals at a time.
For more than ten hours’ marching N.N.E. of Teshkar, which is in
Lat. 15° 07′ 40″ N., Long. 10° 35′ 10″E.,[447] the country
gradually gets more barren, but the character of the bush is maintained
by small trees and shrubs on a reddish ground. Then suddenly the track
descends into a hollow between bare snow-white dunes. A succession of
depressions between them is followed, the path crossing the intervening
sand-hills diagonally to their general direction. The sand dunes
themselves are loose and shifting, but the hollows curiously enough
are permanent and contain small groups of vivid green acacias. When
we first entered the dunes there was a thick white mist on all the
land and the green trees and white sand looked very mysterious and
beautiful in the early dawn. This belt of dunes marks the edge of
the desert itself. The long, buff-coloured, whale-back dunes of the
latter are covered with very scanty salt grass and scrub; they are
typical of the Saharan steppe desert. The surface is fairly good;
the form of the dunes is fixed, for the sand is heavy. The occasional
small tree is a landmark for miles around. At one point we passed
a depression with some larger acacias, but otherwise there were no
recognisable marks to guide a caravan to Termit and the north-east.
The heat of the June weather obliged us to travel largely by night,
and in the course of one march which commenced at 3 a.m. it soon became
apparent that the guide had lost his way. He had mistaken a star to
the west of the Southern Cross for the one to the east of Polaris,
and was marching S.W. instead of N.N.E. We decided to halt until dawn,
but not before many precious hours had been wasted and the prospect of
reaching Termit on the third day after leaving Teshkar had completely
vanished, the normal distance from there to the wells of Termit being
twenty-eight hours’ fast marching, or about thirty-five by caravan.
Under ordinary conditions the mountains of Termit are visible for
some time before they are reached; in point of fact on our way
south we saw the Centre Peak at a distance of no less than fourteen
hours’ marching. Approaching it, however, the intense heat and wind
had obscured everything in a dense mist which limited the maximum
visibility to under two miles. On this day in camp the thermometer
registered 113·9° F. in the shade at 2 p.m. The heat usually appeared
to last without appreciable change from 11 a.m. till 3 p.m. Owing to
the misadventure of the previous night we were not very sure of our
position, and dependent on seeing the mountains to find our next water,
which we sorely needed as the supply was rather short. Then suddenly as
evening came on the atmosphere cleared and an imposing chain of dark,
jagged peaks, with no appreciable foot-hills, appeared suddenly in
the east. The range faded out of sight to the north and south beneath
the sand of the desert. An isolated group of blue mountains in a sea
of yellow sand at evening is one of those unforgettable sights which
reward the traveller in the desert. Their beauty is never equalled
by any snowy peaks or waterfalls in a more favoured land.
After crossing a narrow belt of shifting sand we camped the next
morning in a valley at the foot of the Centre Peak of Termit, near the
famous well which is reputed to have been made by Divine agency. The
water lies in Lat. 16° 04′ 10″ N., Long. 11° 04′ 50″ E.,[448]
forty feet below ground. The bottom of the well has become vaulted
owing to the continual collapse of the sides. In the course of a
week’s stay another well was dug a few yards from the old one,
in spite of the pessimism of the well-diggers, who considered it
useless as well as very tiring to emulate the Almighty. But about
forty feet down through the packed sand of the valley-bottom water
filtering through a bed of loose gravel was duly reached. Some 1½
miles west in a continuation of the valley where it turns towards the
north, is another group of several wells. They are almost surrounded
by sand dunes, and have latterly in part become silted up. Some of
them are likely to be covered entirely in a few years’ time by
an encroaching dune. We cleared two of these wells, but they proved
very saline in contrast with the excellent water of the main wells;
nevertheless they were sufficiently good for camels.
Termit is within the area of the summer rains, which form a pool
lasting for about two months to the north of the western group of
wells. I marched seven miles north with some Tebu who were based on
Termit for their hunting season without reaching anywhere near the end
of the range. The vegetation got scantier and the loose sand of the
outer desert had been washed higher and higher up the eastern sides of
the hills, which here extended in a single chain of no great depth in
a north-easterly direction. But I never reached the end of the chain.
The foot-hills around the main peak, where the laterite rock in places
is in process of disintegration, carry a certain amount of vegetation,
principally of the shrub known as “Abisgi” (_Capparis sodata_),
together with several grasses and small acacias. We found many gazelle
and antelope were pasturing there. Behind the rugged _contreforts_
rises the steep wall of the main range to a height of over 2000 feet at
the main peak, which appears to be about 2300 feet above the sea. To
the east, behind the principal chain and some 300 feet higher than
the valley where the wells are and surrounding desert, is a small
plateau which extends for a distance of some four to five miles as
far as a secondary and lower Eastern Chain which divides it from the
desert beyond. This narrow plateau tapers away to the north, where the
two chains join one another. It is well covered with small trees and
scrub and contains several small groups of hillocks. The passes on to
this plateau from the west run steeply up to its level; they are, in
fact, the ravines formed by the water draining off the plain, which,
when we looked down on it from the centre peak, appeared to be the
playground of several enormous flocks of antelope and gazelle. The
mountain sheep of Air was also found and shot here—the furthest
south where this animal has yet been reported.
The rocky slopes of the range are incredibly rough. They are entirely
covered with loose pebbles, stones and boulders of all sizes. In some
places the black laterite rock has assumed the strangest shapes. At
one point on the centre peak the entire slope was apparently covered
with stone drain-pipes, whole and broken, including perfectly shaped
specimens with ½ in. walls, 15 in. long and 5 in. to 2 in. in
internal diameter. In addition to these, plates, bowls, cylinders,
small balls and tiles of all shapes were to be seen.
Although capable of supporting the flocks of a limited number of
people, there are no traces of inhabitants. Termit never seems to have
been anything but a _point de passage_. It was for long a favourite
haunt of Tebu raiders from the N.E. and E., for the road from the
south branches here both to Fashi and to Bilma. There is also a track
to the Chad country by Ido well, and one to Agadem on the Kawar-Chad
road. There were traditions of a direct caravan road from Air to Lake
Chad, which I was anxious to investigate, but the condition of my
camels made it impossible. I am glad to say that connection between
the Elakkos Camel Patrol and Air was successfully established in the
course of the summer of 1922 by the unit I had accompanied to Termit,
and thanks to the courtesy of my friend, its Commanding Officer,
than whom I have never met a more perfect travelling companion, I
was supplied with full details which I reproduce in his own words,
translated into English:
“From Talras (an old well near T’igefen) we marched together (two
sections of Camel Corps) to the north for about 80 km. There we were
lucky enough in the middle of a truly desert area to chance on a patch
of trees, perhaps some 700 to 800 in number, where we parted company. I
marched east for thirty-seven hours and made the peak overhanging
the walls of Termit with great accuracy. Lieut. X. (with the other
section of Camel Corps), after marching thirty-six hours approximately
north-west and following a valley bed, arrived at Eghalgawen (in
South Air). I made him come back by Tanut. . . . When I return I
shall have a well dug where we separated, and the Agades-Termit road
will be possible for going direct to Chad, as I know there is a well
between Termit and the lake.”
In improving the water supply at Termit we had accomplished our
work. I was obliged to give up my idea of going straight to Air,
and consequently returned with the Camel Corps to Teshkar, marching
twenty-seven hours in three comfortable stages of seven, nine and
eleven hours. There we parted company. I proceeded due west with four
camels to rejoin my own caravan, marching to the wells of Bullum
Babá (two wells forty feet deep), and thence through impenetrable
bush without landmarks or visibility until I crossed the Diom-Talras
track, along which I passed in a north-west direction. I had intended
to water at T’igefen just south of Talras, but found the wells
there as well as those at Fonfoni had been filled in. Like those of
Adermellen and Tamatut, they were destroyed in 1917 during the revolt
in Air to prevent raiding towards the south. Water was eventually
obtained in shallow wells at Ighelaf, though a violent and drenching
thunderstorm at T’igefen, the first one of the season, would have
provided drinking water had I been really short; as it was, it merely
made my men and myself very wet and cold and miserable during the
ensuing night. I reached the first village of Damergu at Guliski on
the fifth day from Teshkar.
[Footnote 439: See also Plates 3 and 4.]
[Footnote 440: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. pp. 549-50.]
[Footnote 441: Cf. Chap. II. _supra_.]
[Footnote 442: Jean, _op. cit._, pp. 102 and 109.]
[Footnote 443: Cf. Chaps. XII. and XIII.]
[Footnote 444: See map, page 331, and Chaps. XI. and XII.]
[Footnote 445: Also pronounced Tars. See map, facing page 36.]
[Footnote 446: Spelt Tashkeur on the French maps.]
[Footnote 447: See Appendix I.]
[Footnote 448: See Appendix I.]
APPENDIX IV
IBN BATUTAH’S JOURNEY
Ibn Abdallah Muhammad, better known as Ibn Batutah, seems to have
returned to the north by way of Air from a visit to the Sudan which
he made after his better known travels in the East. He left Fez in
A.D. 1351 for the countries of the Upper Niger by way of Sijilmasa[449]
and Tegaza,[450] and returned to Morocco in 1354. His account[451] of
Air and the neighbouring parts is brief but very well worth examining,
as it raises several interesting historical points.
After visiting all the Western Sudan as far as Kawkaw (Gao or Gago
or Gaogao) on the Niger he went to Bardama, where the inhabitants
protect caravans and the women are chaste and beautiful, and “next
arrived at Nakda, which is handsome and built of red stone.”[452] The
variants of this name are spelt نَكْدَا, Nakda; ثُكْذَا,
Thukdha; تَكْدَا, Tukda, and by the learned Kosegarten in his
version تَكَدَّا, Takadda. The latter, with a somewhat corrupt
text, reads: “_Takadda scorpiis abundat. Segetes ibi raræ. Scorpii
morsu repentinum infantibus adferunt mortem, cui remedio occurritur
nullo: viros tamen raro perimunt. Urbis incolæ sola mercatura
versantur. Ægyptum adeunt, indique vestes pretiosas afferunt;
de servorum et mancipiorum multudine inter se gloriunt._” Lee’s
translation, after describing the arrival at Tekadda, proceeds: “Its
water runs over copper mines, which changes its colour and taste. The
inhabitants are neither artisans nor merchants. The copper mine is
without Nakda (Tekadda), and in this slaves are employed, who melt the
ore and make it into bars. The merchants then take it to the infidel
and other parts of the Sudan. The Sultan of Nakda is a Berber. I met
him and was treated as his guest, and was also provided by him with
the necessaries for my journey. I was often visited by the Commander
of the Faithful in Nakda, who ordered me to wait on him, which I did,
and then prepared for my journey. I then left this place in the month
of Sha’aban in the year 54 (A.D. 1353), and travelled till I came
to the territories of Hakar (هكاَر), the inhabitants of which
are a tribe of the Berbers, but a worthless people. I next came to
Sijilmasa and thence to Fez.” Kosegarten’s version, however,
differs somewhat, reading, “. . . and left Tekadda with a band
of travellers making for Tuat. It is seventy stages from there, for
which travellers take their provisions with them, as nothing is to
be found on the road. We reached Kahor, which is the country of the
Sultan of Kerker, with much pasture. Leaving there we journeyed for
three days through a desert without inhabitants and lacking water;
thence for fifteen days we journeyed through desert not lacking water
but without inhabitants. Then we came to a place of two roads where
the road that goes to Egypt leaves the road which leads to Tuat. Here
is a well whose water flows over iron: if anyone washes clothes with
these waters they become black. Thence after completing ten days we
came to Dehkar[453] (دَهْكاَر). Through these lands, where
grasses are scarce, we made our way, reaching Buda, which is the
largest of the towns of Tuat.”
Such are the accounts given by the first intelligent traveller in Air,
and they are all too brief. The two versions are not contradictory,
but in a sense supplementary to one another, and are probably excerpts
made by different persons from a longer original work. The discrepancy
between “Tekadda” and “Nakda,” and between “Hakar” and
“Dehkar” are not difficult to account for in Arabic script. The
first in each case seems to be correct. Ibn Batutah says the people of
Hakar wore the veil; and “Hakar” is of course Haggar or Ahaggar,
the mountains by which it is necessary to pass on the way from Air to
Tuat; the Tuareg in Arab eyes are all worthless, as their name implies.
“Kahor” is a variant for “Kahir,” used indiscriminately by
Arab writers with “Ahir” for Air. Barth’s[454] explanation of
the insertion of an “h” in “Ahir” (اهير), is interesting
but unnecessary if, as is clear, it is derived from “Kahir”
(كاهير). These variants seem all to be merely Arabic attempts to
spell “Air,” which the Tuaregs write in their own script ⵔⵉⴰ (R Y A).
Tekadda has been assumed by Barth[455] and others to be one,
or a group, of three localities, Tagidda n’Adrar, Tagidda
n’Tagei, Tagidda n’T’isemt,[456] lying some 40, 50 and 100
miles respectively W. or W.N.W. of Agades.[457] But there are good
reasons for not accepting this identification. In the first place,
though salt deposits are worked at Tagidda n’T’isemt, there are
no signs of copper mines at this point, or indeed anywhere in Air. In
the second place, it is very unlikely that the ruler of a locality
so close as any of the Tagiddas to the important communities in Air,
in any one of which the Sultan of that country might have had his
throne,[458] should have equalled the latter in importance; but Ibn
Batutah’s Sultan of Tekadda seems to have been at least as important
a personage as the Sultan of Air, whom he calls the Sultan of Kerker,
Ruler of Kahor.
The problem presented by “Kerker” is not easy, but the existence
of a district still called Gerigeri, some fifty miles east of the
Air mountains, and about forty miles north of Tagidda n’T’isemt,
inclines one to regard this Sultan, who was also ruler of Kahor, as
one of the Aulimmiden chiefs who are known at various times to have
dominated the mountains. If this view is correct the Sultan of Tekadda
must certainly have had his being some way further south than the
Tagiddas, since two rulers of such an importance as Ibn Batutah makes
them out to be would certainly not have lived only forty miles apart.
Lastly, the traveller speaks of seventy stages between Tekadda and
Tuat, which is in fact only forty-five stages from Agades,[459]
and therefore the same or perhaps rather less from the Tagiddas,
which are in the latitude or even somewhat north of the city. Now
forty-five marching stages are equivalent to some sixty caravan days,
including halts, while seventy stages correspond to about one hundred
days’ journeying. As it is clear that he did not delay on the road,
the disproportion between the normal time taken to travel from the
Tagiddas to Tuat and the time he did take from Tekadda to Tuat makes
it impossible not to look for Ibn Batutah’s point of departure at
some considerable distance south of Agades.
An examination of the times assigned to the various stages of the
journey makes it apparent that in the first part he actually marched
rather faster than an ordinary commercial caravan. Considering the
actual times he employed, we find that he took one month crossing
Ahaggar to Tuat; the usual time for this section on the Agades In
Salah road is twenty marching days, and Ibn Batutah probably took
about that time, making thirty days with halts. We next find that
it took ten days from Hakar (Ahaggar) to the place where the roads
to Egypt and Tuat divided. This point is at the wells of In Azawa or
Asiu, which are close together on the northern boundary of Air; the
distance between them and Ahaggar is in fact ten days’ marching. It
is reasonable to assume that Ibn Batutah’s point where the roads
divide is, in fact, In Azawa or Asiu, and has therefore remained
unchanged for over four centuries. South of these wells he had
spent fifteen days in a country which was barren but had numerous
watering-points—a good description of Air by a traveller who was
used to the fertile and populous Sudan; the period of fifteen days
corresponds accurately with the number of stages between In Azawa and
Agades by any of the routes through Air.[460] As Agades was probably
not founded at this date, Ibn Batutah in coming from the Niger would
have no reason to travel as far as the site of the city and probably
therefore kept west of the Central massifs and counted this stage from
some point west of Agades like In Gall, though the exact locality is
immaterial. South of this stage he crossed a desert where there is
no water for three days: this is clearly the sterile tract separating
Air from the Southland. The total of these times is fifty-eight days,
even counting thirty days in Ahaggar instead of twenty; this, at a
generous estimate, may be called sixty, from the northern edge of the
Southland across Air and Ahaggar to Tuat, and this reckoning coincides
with the usual forty-five caravan marching stages to which previous
reference has been made. There are, therefore, still at least ten
days to be accounted for, and they are referred to in the passage
in which he simply states that he left Tekadda and marched for an
indefinite time, making no mention of the number of days employed till
he reached the domains of the Sultan of Kerker. I would be inclined to
look for Tekadda not at any of the Tagiddas, which are rather north
of the River of Agades and consequently north of the three days’
desert travelling, but at some point in the direction of Gao, thirteen
days’ journey from the southernmost part of Air, or ten days from
the northern fringe of the Southland below the desert belt. I have
unfortunately no knowledge of the country west of Damergu to suggest
an identification, but am convinced that no place in or just west of
Air is intended by the description of Tekadda.
[Footnote 449: Sijilmasa (Sigilmasiyah) was the capital of the Tafilelt
area in Morocco south of the Atlas. Its ruins in the Wadi Ifli are
now called Medinet el ’Amira.]
[Footnote 450: The salt mines of Tegaza were referred to in
Chap. XII. They were abandoned in A.D. 1586, and those of Taodenit,
where caravans still go from Timbuctoo to fetch salt for the Upper
Niger, were opened instead. Vide Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. V. p. 612,
and Map No. 14 (Western Sheet) in Vol. V.]
[Footnote 451: _Ibn Batutah_: by Lee in the Oriental Translations Fund,
1829, pp. 241-2, etc.]
[Footnote 452: _Scilicet_, red mud.]
[Footnote 453: Probably another version of Hakar (هَكاَر).]
[Footnote 454: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 336.]
[Footnote 455: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 335.]
[Footnote 456: Tagidda (Cortier, Map of Air—Teguidda) means a
small hollow or basin where water collects (De Foucauld, I. 276). The
names of the three places therefore mean “Basin of the Mountain,”
“Basin of the Dûm palm,” and “Basin of Salt.” Tagidda = basin,
is not to be confused with Tiggedi = cliff (as the Cliff S. of Agades),
from the root _egged_, “to jump.” De Foucauld, _op. cit._, I. 273,
and Motylinski, _Dictionnaire_, etc., 1908.]
[Footnote 457: Not three days south-west, as Barth says.]
[Footnote 458: Agades was probably not founded in Ibn Batutah’s
day, or he would certainly have referred to it; there were, however,
other large settlements in Air already in existence at this time,
such as Assode (see Chap. XVII).]
[Footnote 459: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I., App., and others; also
my information.]
[Footnote 460: Cf. Chap. III.]
APPENDIX V
ON THE ROOT “MZGh” IN VARIOUS LIBYAN NAMES
Many authors have assumed that the word “Imajegh” was a generic or
even a national name applicable to the whole of the Tuareg race, and
perhaps even to most of the Libyans in North Africa. The “MZGh”
root of this word, which properly denotes the noble caste of the
Tuareg, does indeed appear in the classical names of many tribes
or groups of people in North Africa. Among these may be cited the
Meshwesh of early Egyptian records and the Macae of Greek historians,
the latter being apparently a racial and not a tribal name. The root
reappears in several such forms as Mazices, Maxitani, Mazaces, etc.,
all belonging to a people found principally in the Great Syrtis, in
Southern Cyrenaica, and in Tripolitania, both on the coast and in the
interior:[461] a more isolated group with radically the same name,
the Maxyes, is placed by Herodotus as far west as Tunisia.[462]
In the Air dialect of the Temajegh language the name for the nobles
of the Tuareg takes the form of “Imajeghan” with the singular
“Imajegh.” In other dialects the word displays some variations
including the forms Amazigh, Imazir, Imohagh, Imohaq, Imoshag, etc.,
according to the local pronunciation. The word is derived according
to an informant of Duveyrier[463] from the verb “ahegh,” meaning
“to raid” or, by extension of the meaning, “to be free,” or
“independent.” De Foucauld, however, gives the form of the word
as “Amahar,” a proper name having as its root ⵗⵂ (Gh H), like “Ahegh,”
but not necessarily derived from the latter.[464]
As has already been noted, the name does not cover the totality of the
race, for it does not include the servile clans, which, whatever their
origin, are considered even by the nobles to belong, like themselves,
to the Tuareg people. The word “Imajegh” is a caste and not a
racial appellation.
I am doubtful if Sergi is justified in using a statement made by Père
de Foucauld in 1888,[465] to the effect that the “Berbers” of North
Africa generally, and those of the north-west in particular, who are
known to the Arabs under various names, used the MZGh root as a name
for themselves in such a manner as to indicate that it was a national
appellation or the name of a racial stock of wide extension. It would
be interesting to know how far de Foucauld, after a long period of
residence as a hermit among the Tuareg of Ahaggar, modified the views
he expressed in 1888. Subject to correction by any authority having had
access to his notes, I take it he would rather have meant that the MZGh
root was used in a quasi-national sense in a number of Berber dialects
or by a number of Berber-speaking people when talking of themselves,
but not in referring generally to the population of North Africa.
Stuhlmann[466] went so far as to talk of “Die Mazigh Völker,”
and stated that all the “Berbers” from Tripoli to Western Morocco
call themselves Mazigh: this, however, is not the case. As Lenz,
supporting the theory of a dual origin for the Libyans, points out,
the “Berbers”[467] even of Morocco are divided into two families,
to which he gives the names of Amazigh and Shellakh.[468]
Hanoteau, on the other hand, seeking at least a unity of language,
says[469] that “plusieurs de ces peuples . . . ont oublié leur nom
national. Mais partout où les populations berbères ont été à
l’abri du contact et de l’influence arabe, elles ont conservé
des noms appartenant à leur idiome,” and he goes on to mention
the various dialectical forms of the MZGh root which he has found
in different localities. He concludes, “toutes ces dénominations
ne sont en realité que des variantes de prononciation d’un même
nom.” This certainly is so, but that he is justified in assuming it
to be a national name is more doubtful. He next tries to establish
that the signification which “some people” have given to the
word Imajegh and its derivatives is not substantiated, and that
when a Tuareg wishes to refer to a noble or to a free man he calls
them “ilelli” or “amunan” and not “imajeghan.” This,
however, is not correct. The first two words may indeed signify an
abstract quality, but when the nobles are mentioned, “Imajegh” is
invariably used. Hanoteau’s statement is misleading. In addition
to the use of the term “imajeghan” to denote the Tuareg nobles,
with no reference to their characters or qualities, the Tuareg say
“imajegh” to qualify any individual, as “imajegh” to denote
someone of a certain class either in their own or in another race. They
speak of the “Imajeghan n’Arab,” meaning the upper class Arabs
as opposed to the slaves and under-dogs of the Arab countries. They
describe the British, I am glad to say, as Imajeghan, or the White
Nobles, even in every-day conversation among themselves. It is always
a class distinction, and not a compliment, an epithet of virtue or
a national name. The dictionaries and grammars of Motylinski, de
Foucauld,[470] Masquerey and even of Hanoteau himself on the Tuareg
language bear out this point.
One of the principal reasons for using the foreign word “Tuareg”
to describe this people is that they do not possess a national
name. Barth,[471] who is a meticulous observer, makes this very clear:
“as Amóshagh (in the plural form I’móshagh)[472] designates
rather in the present state of Tawárek society the free and noble man
in opposition to A’mghi (plural, Imghad), the whole of these free
and degraded tribes together are better designated by the general term
‘the Red People,’ ‘I’dinet n’sheggarnén,’ for which there
is still another form, viz. ‘Tishorén.’” I myself did not hear
these two terms used in Air, so prefer to adopt the circumlocution
Kel Tagilmus, or People of the Veil, which is used and understood by
all Tuareg.
Many of the Imghad, or servile people, are themselves of noble origin,
but have become the serfs of other noble clans by conquest. It is clear
that the former could not use as a national name what is primarily
a caste name to which they had lost their right.
The confusion which has arisen around the word “imajegh” and
hasty generalisations such as those of Stuhlmann are nevertheless
easy to understand, for a superficial observer talking to nobles of
the Tuareg race would so readily be impressed by the recurrence and
common use of the term as to assume that it really had some national
sense. But Sergi[473] in this connection is misleading in citing the
authority of Barth when he writes, with a footnote referring to the
great explorer and implying that he is quoting him almost textually,
“il nome di questi Berberi è quello di Tuareg, plurale di Tarki
o Targi. Ma, osserva lo stesso Barth, questo non è il loro nome
nazionale. . . . Il vero nome che essi si danno è quel medesimo
che già si dava ad alcune tribù del settentrionale d’Africa,
conosciuto dai Greci e dai Romani, cioè di Mazi o Macii, Maxitani
è dato loro anche dagli scrittori Arabi. Oggi si adopera la forma di
Amosciarg al singolare. . . . Questo sembra essere applicato a tutte
le frazioni della tribù mentre quel di Tuareg probabilmente deriva
dagli Arabi.” Barth, we have seen, does not do so, and Sergi is
making the same error as Stuhlmann. It is true that at one point,
in discussing the use of the name “Tuareg,” Barth[474] goes so
far as to say, “This (the MZGh root) is the native name by which
the so-called Tawarek designate their whole nation, which is divided
into several families,” but from the context and from the passage
generally, as well as from the other passages already quoted, it is
manifest that he was referring only to the noble part of the race and
not to the Imghad as well, who, he had not then realised, as he later
understood, are a part of the nation.[475] The context of the passage
just quoted from Barth is one in which he is showing that the Tuareg
are not a tribe, but a nation, as has already been pointed out: He
corrects his predecessors, saying:[476] “This name (Terga, Targa,
Tarki, etc.), which has been given to the Berber inhabitants of the
desert, and which Hodgson _erroneously supposed to mean ‘Tribe,’_
is quite foreign to them. . . .” Richardson,[477] in a previous
trip to the Central Sahara before travelling to Air and the Sudan
with Barth, had already made the same point clear. It is therefore
with no shadow of justification that Sergi[478] states: “Barth
non fa distinzione alcuna delle popolazioni dando il nome etnico di
Tuareg o Imosciarg, e le considera tutte come una grande tribù.”
He does nothing of the sort.
Bates[479] goes into the question of the MZGh names very
fully. He thinks that it is evidence “of an ethnic substratum of
‘autochthones’ of a single race.” He notes the obviously close
connection between the MZGh root used by the Tuareg nobles and the
names in the Atlas mountains on the one hand, and the root of the
Mazices, Mazaces, Macae, etc., names whose affinity with the Meshwesh
of the invasions of Egypt is also obvious on the other hand. He draws
the inference that a racial rather than a tribal name is involved.[480]
Nevertheless, some explanation must be sought for the appearance
of the root both in a Tuareg caste name in the names of certain
Atlas tribes and in classical geographical lists of North African
people. Much as one might be tempted, however, to believe with Barth
in the existence of a substratum of a single race, there is no real
justification for assuming that all the people using the root in
one form or another were even closely related. Its adoption may
well have become widespread among various peoples by the use of a
common language. If in its primary sense it had implied nobility or
freedom or some such attribute, it is more than likely that the innate
snobbishness of one race in contact with, or at one time subjected to,
another race using the root in this sense, would rapidly lead them to
adopt it and misuse it as their own national appellation. I am not
inclined to consider the use of this root as evidence for anything
but community of language. With the mixed origins which we know the
Libyans possessed, any other conclusion would be dangerous. It must
be remembered that there is plenty of evidence to show that in spite
of the diversity of races involved, they had by the time of the Arab
conquest all come to speak a common language or a series of dialects
linguistically of the same origin. It is only at an early period,
when the use of a single language in North Africa was probably not
widespread, that the common root in the “Meshwesh” and “Macae”
names can be assumed as an indication of the affinity or identification
of these peoples with the later Tuareg. And at that time the names are
found in the centre of North Africa only and not in the west or even
in Algeria. The same considerations apply to the “Temahu”[481]
of Egyptian records. The feminine form of Imajegh or Amoshagh, etc.,
is, of course, Temajegh or Tamahek, etc., which is the name given
to the language which the Tuareg speak, though were it not for the
physical likeness of the Temahu in Egyptian paintings to the Tuareg
the similarity of the names alone would probably be insufficient to
draw a conclusion to which, however, nearly all evidence also points.
[Footnote 461: Bates, _op. cit._, Maps III to X.]
[Footnote 462: Herodotus, IV. 191.]
[Footnote 463: Duveyrier, _op. cit._, p. 318.]
[Footnote 464: De Foucauld: _Dict. Touareg-Fraçais_, Alger,
Vol. I. p. 451.]
[Footnote 465: De Foucauld: _Reconnaissance du Maroc_, Paris, 1888,
p. 10 _seq._]
[Footnote 466: F. Stuhlmann: _Die Mazighvölker_, Kolonial Institut,
Band 27.]
[Footnote 467: _I.e._ Libyans.]
[Footnote 468: Lenz: _Timbuktu: Reise durch Marokko_, etc., Leipzig,
1884.]
[Footnote 469: Hanoteau: _Grammaire Kabyle_, p. ix.]
[Footnote 470: De Foucauld: _Dict._, Vol. I. p. 452, _sub_
“Amajer.”]
[Footnote 471: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. V. App. III.]
[Footnote 472: Or in Air “Imajeghan.”]
[Footnote 473: Sergi: _Africa_, etc., pp. 342-3.]
[Footnote 474: Barth, _op. cit._, Vol. I. pp. 222-6.]
[Footnote 475: Where Barth is in apparent contradiction in Volume I
with other statements, and especially in Volume V, on this question
of the MZGh root as a national name, the explanation, I think, is
that he did not apparently consider the Northern Imghad, of whom
he was speaking in the first volume, as pertaining to the Tuareg
nation. Later on, when this became clear, he corrected himself.]
[Footnote 476: _Loc. cit._]
[Footnote 477: Richardson: _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_,
Vol. II. p. 140.]
[Footnote 478: _Loc. cit._]
[Footnote 479: Bates, _op. cit._, p. 42 _seq._]
[Footnote 480: _Ibid._, p. 71.]
[Footnote 481: And therefore of the Tehenu.]
APPENDIX VI
THE KINGS OF THE TUAREG OF AIR
The following list of the kings of Agades was collected by
Mr. H. R. Palmer, now Lieutenant-Governor of Northern Nigeria,
in a record which has been referred to in the body of this work
as the Agades Chronicle. The information was supplied by a learned
Hausa scribe and is derived from Tuareg sources, probably in part
MSS. The record ranks as “good oral testimony.” It was published
in an English translation prepared by Mr. Palmer and printed in the
_Journal of the African Society_, Vol. IX. No. XXXVI., July 1910. I
am indebted to Mr. H. R. Palmer and to Messrs. Macmillan and Co.,
Ltd., the publishers of the _Journal_, for permission to reproduce
the information _in extenso_.
In the following pages little more is given than the bare list of kings
with the dates, but much of the other information contained in the
Chronicle has been incorporated in the text of the third, eleventh,
twelfth and thirteenth chapters of this book. The spelling of some
of the proper names in the list and in the text has been slightly
modified to accord with the system of transliteration adopted.
The genealogical table following the list of kings has been compiled
from the information contained in the Chronicle.
-------+-----+----+---------------+--------+--------------------------
| Date. | | Period |
+-----+----+ Name. | of | Remarks.
|A.D. |A.H.| | reign. |
-------+-----+----+---------------+--------+--------------------------
| | | | |
I|1406 |809 |Yunis, son of |20 yrs. |
| | |Tahanazeta | |
| | | | |
II|1425 |829 |Akasani |6 „ |Son of the sister of
| | | | |Yunis.
| | | | |
III|1429 |833 |El Haj Aliso |20 „ |He was killed by his
| | | | |people.
| | | | |
IV|1449 |853 |Amati |?4 „ |Brother of the above: he
| | | | |also was killed and the
| | | | |dynasty ended.
| | | | |
V| ? | ? |Ibn Takoha |4 yrs. |A new dynasty.
| | | |2 mths. |
| | | | |
VI|1453 |857 |Ibrahim ben |9 yrs. |
| | |Hailas | |
| | | | |
VII| | |Yusif ben |16 „ |Brother of the above.
| | |Gashta | |
| | | | |
VIII|1477 |882 |Muhammad the |10 „ |
| | |Great | |
| | | | |
IX|1486 |892 |Muhammad | |Date confirmed
| | |Sottofe | |approximately from
| | | | |Nigerian records. He was
| | | | |a contemporary of M.
| | | | |Rimfa of Kano, 1463-99,
| | | | |and Ibrahim of Katsina,
| | | | |1493-6.
| | | | |
X|1493 |899 |Muhammad ben |9 „ |Son of sister of above:
| | |Abdurahman el | |he was killed.
| | |Mekkaniyi | |
| | | | |
XI|1502 |908 |The twins Adil | |Known as the children of
| | |and Muhammad | |Fatimallat. They reigned
| | |Hammat | |together. Their date is
| | | | |confirmed by the advent
| | | | |of Askia to Air in their
| | | | |reign in 1515.
| | | | |
XII|1516 |922 |Muhammad bin |2 yrs. |
| | |Talazar | |
| | | | |
XIII|1518 |924 |Ibrahim |24-5 |Son of M. Sottofe.
| | | |yrs. |
| | | | |
XIV|1553 |961 |Muhammad el |39-40 „ |Brother of above (name
| | |Guddala | |also given as Ghodala
| | | | |and Alghoddala).
| | | | |
XV|1591 |1000|Akampaiya |2½ „ |
| | | | |
XVI|1594?| — |Yusif |8 & 28 |Son of sister of above.
| | | |yrs. |
| | | | |
XVII|1601?| — |Muhammad bin | |Son of younger brother
| | |Mubaraki ibn | |of Yusif’s father, and
| | |el Guddala | |presumably grandson of
| | | | |No. XIV; deposed Yusif
| | | | |and was shortly after
| | | | |himself deposed.
| | | | |
XVIII|1629?| — |Muhammad |2 yrs. |Son of Yusif: his mother
| | |Attafrija | |was daughter of No. XIV.
| | | | |Deposed.
| | | | |
XIX|1631?| — |Aukar ibn |1 mth. |Deposed.
| | |Talyat | |
| | | | |
XX|1631 | — |Muhammad |? 31 |For the second time.
| | |Attafriya |yrs. |
| | | | |
XXI|1653 |1064|Muhammad |34 „ |? Son of father of above.
| | |Mubaraki | |
| | | | |
XXII|1687 |1098|Muhammad Agabba|33-4 |
| | | |yrs. |
| | | | |
XXIII|1720 |1132|Muhammad el |9 mths. |
| | |Amin | |
| | | | |
XXIV|1720 |1133|El Wali |1 yr. 2 |Brother of above.
| | | |mths. |
| | | | |
XXV|1721 |1134|El Mumuni |9 mths. |
| | |Muhammad | |
| | | | |
XXVI|1722?| — |Muhammad | |Son of No. XXII.
| | |Agagesha | |
| | | | |
XXVII|1735 |1147|Muhammad Hammad|5 yrs. |Son of No. XXI. Deposed.
| | | | |
XXVIII|1739 |1152|Muhammad Guwa |4 yrs. |? Son or grandson of No.
| | | |7 mths. |XVII.
| | | | |
XXIX|1744 |1742|Muhammad Hammad| |For the second time.
| | | | |
XXX|1759 | — |Muhammad Guwa |4 yrs. | Do.
| | | |6 mths. |
| | | | |
XXXI|1763 |1176|Muhammad Hammad|5 yrs. |For the third time.
| | | |6 mths. |
| | | | |
XXXII|1768 |1181|Muhammad |25 yrs. |Son of above.
| | |Guddala | |
| | | | |
XXXIII|1797 | — |Muhammad Dani |5 yrs. |Deposed in A.H. 1212.
| | | |7 mths. |
| | | | |
Interregnum |7 yrs. |Government of chief
| |learned men.
| | | | |
XXXIV|1797 |1212|El Bekri [El |19-20 |Succeeded in 1797, but
| | |Bakeri] |yrs. |was not installed till
| | | | |later.
| | | | |
XXXV|1815 |1231|Muhammad Gumma |5 yrs. |
| | | |1 mth. |
| | | | |
XXXVI|1826 | — |Ibrahim Waffa |7 yrs. |Deposed.
| | | | |
XXXVII|1835 | — |Guma |7 „ |Killed.
| | | | |
XXXVIII|18-- | — |Abdul Qader |22-3 |Deposed in 1857.
| | | |yrs. |
| | | | |
XXXIX|1857 |1274|Ahmed Rufaiyi |12 „ |Twice deposed, finally
| | | | |in 1869.
| | | | |
XL|about|1286|Sofo el Bekri |? 32 „ |Four times deposed.
|1869 | | | |
| | | | |
XLI|about|1318|Osman Mikitan |4 yrs. |
|1900 | | |5 mths. |
| | | | |
XLII|1904 |1322|Ibrahim Da Sugi|4 yrs. |Three times deposed.
| | | | |
XLIII|1908 |1336|Tegama |11 „ |Died in prison.
| | | | |
XLIV|1919 | |Omar |Reigning|
-------+-----+----+---------------+--------+--------------------------
[Illustration]
APPENDIX VII
SOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL USED IN THIS BOOK
A great student was showing a friend over his library, and it happened
to the friend to ask the obvious question that has occurred to nearly
everyone in the same circumstances. The learned man in reply remarked
wearily, that neither had he read all the books which adorned his
shelves, nor yet were those all the books which he had read. I would
say much the same of the lists which are given below. Many as are
the works mentioned, those dealing with Air in any detail are very few.
A fuller bibliography of the people and places in the Central Sahara
generally will be found in Gsell’s first volume of his _Histoire
de l’Afrique du Nord_ and in Oric Bates’ _Eastern Libyans_.
MAPS
Carte de l’Air: Mission Cortier, Service Géographique des
Colonies. Two sheets. 1912. 1/500,000. With a table of astronomical
positions.
Territoires Militaires du Chad: Édition Meunier. 1921. 1/4,000,000.
Afrique Occidentale Française: Service Géographique des
Colonies. Sheet 3. 1/2,000,000.
Carte du Sahara: Delingette and others, Société d’Éditions
Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales. 1/4,000,000.
Afrique: Service Géographique de l’Armée. Sheet 19. 1896.
1/2,000,000 with neighbouring parts on other sheets.
Africa settentrionale (Edizione provvisoria). 1917. Ministero
delle Colonie. 1/4,000,000.
A geological map and diagrammatic section of Air, in Chudeau’s
thesis (see Bibliography).
Map of Air and neighbouring parts, compiled from data collected by
the author. _R.G.S. Journal_, Vol. LXII., August 2, 1923. 1/2,000,000.
Original sketch maps and topographical data in the works of Barth,
Foureau-Lamy, Jean, Chudeau and Buchanan enumerated in the
Bibliography.
The Anglo-French frontier was delimited by the Mission Tilho. There
are various sheets covering the frontier from Lake Chad to the Niger,
on a scale of 1/500,000, but they do not extend far into Damergu.
General maps of the Sahara are not enumerated. They are many.
GENERAL BOOKS ABOUT THE CENTRAL SAHARA
Duveyrier, H.: _Exploration du Sahara. (Les Touareg du Nord.)_
Two volumes. Paris. 1864.
_Duveyrier_, H.: Biographical sketch by Manoir and Schirmer, 1905.
Carette: “Recherches sur l’Origine et les Migrations des
principales tribus de l’Afrique septentrionale.” In _Exploration
scientifique de l’Algérie_. Paris, 1853. Vol. III.
Schirmer, H.: _Le Sahara_. 1893.
Gautier, E. F.: _La Conquête du Sahara_. Paris, 1922.
Boissier, G.: _L’Afrique Romaine_. Paris, 1901.
Marmol-Caravajal: _History of Africa_. Three volumes. 1667.
Tissot, C. J.: _Géographie comparée de la province romaine de
l’Afrique_. Two volumes and atlas. 1884-8.
Bates, O.: _The Eastern Libyans_. London: Macmillan, 1914.
Gsell, S.: _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_. In course of
publication. Four volumes have appeared. Paris, 1921, etc.
Richardson, J.: _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_. London,
1847. Two volumes.
Minutilli, F.: _La Tripolitania_. Rome, 1912.
de Agostini, E.: _Le Popolazioni della Tripolitania_. Tripoli, 1917.
Denham and Clapperton: _Travels and Discoveries in Central
Africa_. London: Murray, 1826. Two volumes.
Lyon, G. F.: _Travels in Northern Africa_. London: Murray, 1921.
Bazin, R.: _Life of Charles de Foucauld_. London, 1923.
Hornemann: _Travels in the Interior of Africa_. Commentary by
Major Rennell. French edition. Dentu: Paris, 1803.
Rennell’s miscellaneous works and addresses to the African
Society, and his Commentary on Herodotus.
Largeau, V.: _Le Sahara_. Paris, 1877.
Desplagnes, L.: _Le Plateau Central Nigérien_. Paris, 1907.
LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL
The contributions of Halévy, Letourneux, Hanoteau, etc. in
various periodicals.
Hanoteau, A.: _Grammaire de la Langue Tamachek_. Algiers, 1896.
Masquerey, E.: _Dictionnaire Français-Touareg_. Paris, 1898.
—— _Essai de Grammaire Touareg_. Paris, 1896.
de Foucauld, C.: _Dictionnaire abrégé Touareg-Français_. Two
volumes. Algiers, 1918, etc.
—— _Notes pour servir à un Essai de Grammaire Touaregue_. Algiers,
1920.
Freeman, H. Stanhope: _A Grammatical Sketch of the Temahuq Language_.
London: Harrison, 1862.
BOOKS DEALING WITH THE TUAREG AND THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE
SAHARA GENERALLY
Ripley, W.: _The Races of Europe_. 1900.
Sergi, G.: _The Mediterranean Race_. London, 1901.
—— _Arii ed Italici_. 1898.
—— _Africa, La stirpe camitica_. Turin, 1897.
Keane, A. H.: _Man, Past and Present_. Cambridge, 1920.
Boule, M.: _Fossil Man_. Edinburgh, 1923.
Duveyrier, H.: _Les Touareg du Nord_ (Volume I of the work
already cited).
Cortier, M.: _D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara_. Paris, 1908.
Bissuel: _Les Touareg de l’Ouest_.
Aymard, Capt.: _Les Touareg_. Paris, 1911.
Foureau, F.: _Mission chez les Touareg_. 1895.
—— _Une Mission au Tadamayt_. 1890.
King, H.: _A Search for the Masked Tawareks_. London, 1908.
Rinn, L.: _Origines Berbères_. 1889.
Schirmer, H.: _De nomine et genere populorum qui Berberi . . .
dicuntur_. 1892.
Buchanan, A.: _Sahara_. Murray, 1926.
Stuhlmann, F.: _Die Mazighvölker_. Kolonial Institut. Band 27.
—— _Ein Ausflug im Aures_. Kolonial Institut. Band 10.
—— _Handwerk und Industrie in Ost-Afrika_. Kolonial Institut. Band 1.
Newberry, Percy: _Beni Hassan_. 1893.
Rosellini, I.: _I Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia_. 1832-44.
Elliot Smith, G.: _The Ancient Egyptians_. 1923.
Maspero, G.: _L’Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’orient_. 1909.
Meyer, E.: _Geschichte des Altertums_.
Rodd, F.: A paper on the Origins of the Tuareg, _R.G.S. Journal_,
Vol. LXVII. No. 1. Jan. 1926.
CLASSICAL AND ARABIC AUTHORS
Pliny’s _Natural History_. Various editions.
Strabo’s _Geography_. Various editions.
Herodotus’ _Geography_. Various editions.
Hanno’s _Periplus_ (London, 1797), and _Geographi Græci Minores_
(Editio Mueller).
Sallustius: _De bello Jugurthino_. Various editions.
Ptolemy’s _Geography_ and _Marinus of Tyre_.
The Works of Diodorus Siculus.
Corippus: _Libri qui supersunt_. Berlin, 1879.
The Works of Aulus Gellius.
Silius Italicus: _Œuvres complètes_. 1850.
Leo Africanus: _History and Description of Africa_. Hakluyt
Society. London, 1896. Three volumes.
Ibn Batutah’s _Travels_. Translation of Defrémery and Sanguinetti.
Paris: Société Asiatique. 1893. Four volumes.
—— Lee’s edition in the Oriental Translations Fund, with references
to Kosegarten’s edition, 1929.
Ibn Khaldun’s _History of the Berbers_. Translation by Slane.
Algiers, 1852-4. Four books.
Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim’s _History of the Conquest of Egypt_.
In the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.
El Noweiri: Extracts in the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.
Abdallah abu Obeid Ibn Abd el Aziz el Bekri: _A Description of
North Africa_. Edition Slane. Algiers, 1913.
—— Wüstenfels _Das Geographische Wörterbuch des Abu Obeid el Bekri_.
1876.
Abu el Hassan Ali Mas’udi: _The Meadows of Gold_. Oriental
Translations Fund, 1841.
Sultan Bello’s History. See Denham and Clapperton’s journey.
WORKS DEALING MORE PARTICULARLY WITH AIR
Barth, H.: _Travels in Central Africa_. Five volumes. London,
1857. (For Air, see principally Vol. I. Historical and ethnological
references to the Tuareg are contained in all the volumes.)
Jean, C.: _Les Touareg du Sud-Est; L’Air_. Paris, 1909.
_Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Foureau-Lamy_. Paris.
Buchanan, A.: _Out of the World North of Nigeria_. London: Murray,
1921.
_Novitates Zoologicæ_, the Journal of the Tring Museum, Vol. XXVIII.
pp. 1-13, 75-77. 1921.
Rodd, F.: A paper (with map) on Air, _R.G.S. Journal_, Vol. LXIII.
2, August, 1923.
von Bary, E.: his Diary edited by Schirmer. Paris (Fischbacher),
1898.
Chudeau, R., and Gautier, E. F.: _Missions au Sahara et au Soudan_.
Two volumes (especially Vol. II.). Paris, 1908.
Palmer, H. R.: “Some Asben Records.” (The Agades Chronicle),
_Journal of the African Society_, No. XXXVI. Vol. IX., 1910.
INDEX
“A” names, tribal, 128
“A type” of Tuareg houses, 244-6, 247, 248, 249, 253, 255, 258,
260, 302, 316; ornamentation of, 246, 247, 248
“A’ada” (right of passage), 237
Abadarjan, Ridge of, 70, 71, 78
Abalkoran, the, 379
“Abandoned of God,” the, 274
Abarakan, 216, 217, 238, 241, 243, 299; position of, 425
Abattul, 213, 214, 388; Itesan defeated at, 391; mosque of, 213,
214, 291
Abattul, Mount, 156, 213
Abd el Jelil (Selma I), 372, 373
Abd el Qader, Sultan, 93, 99, 100, 108-9, 117, 379, 467
Abd el Rahman, 290
Abdallah, King of Bornu, 374
Abdallah, Abu, 405
Abdallah ibn Yasin, 405
Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim, 468
Abdominal strain of camel riding, 180, 194
Abdulkerim, 122, 436
Abellama, 60, 69, 70, 75; position of, 424
Aberkan, Kel, 437
“Abesagh” acacia, 226
Abeshan, Sultan, 103
Abirkom, Kel, 437
“Abisgi” bush, 82, 449; leaf as condiment, 160
Ablutions, Tuareg remiss in, 273, 274
“Aborak” tree, 226; articles made from wood of, 229
Abscess, native treatment of, 82
Absen (Air), 17, 28
Absenawa (people of Air), 17
Abu Abdallah, 405
Abu Bakr Dau, 409
Abu Muhammad, 176
Abyssinia, Semitic influence in, 342
Acacia, People of the, 307, 437
Acacia trees, 58, 67, 86, 211, 226, 447, 449; eaten by camels, 199;
a defence from insects, 121; thorns of, 165, 166, 199
Adalet, Al, Sultan of Agades, 409-10
Adamber, the, 437
Adar, Kel Geres move to, 390, 391
Adaudu, 242, 243
Addal, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363
Addax antelopes, 446
Aderbissinat, 69-70; fort, 70; well, 75
Adermellen well, 451
Adesnu, spirits of, 279
“Adghar,” 18 _n._[18], 254
Adghar n’Ifoghas, 18 _n._[18], 209, 260, 399
Adil, Sultan, 409-10, 464
Adjeur, _see_ Azger.
Adoral valley, 242
Adrar Ahnet, tribes of, 351
Adultery not common among Tuareg, 177
Adze, Tuareg, 229
Aerwan wan Tidrak, 156 _n._[150]
Æthiopia; matriarchate in, 152 _n._[144]; Romans in, 323
Afaguruel (Ifagarwal), the, 437
Afasas, 241, 250, 436; valley, 210 _n._[200], 243, 439
Afasas-Tebernit groups, houses in, 248, 250, 251
Afasto, position of, 425
Afaza grass, 158, 160, 212
Afis, 315, 430; inscription on grave at, 260; position of, 425
Afis mountains, 308, 314, 315
Afis, Kel, 430
Africa, partition of, 20, 22, 25; problem of introduction of camel
into, 206-8
Africa, North, _see_ North Africa.
“Africa Minor,” 1
“Ag Ali” (son of Ali), 350 _n._[338]
Ag Malwal, 408
Ag Mastan, 169, 353
Aga (salt), 125, 441
Agadem, 333-4, 450; road to, 32; well, 58
Agades, 19, 84, 298, 303, 405, 413, 426, 440; Air administered from,
115-16, 383; decline of, 411, 414; foundation of, 102, 364, 365,
409; population of, 113, 402; position of, 424, 425; prosperity of,
former, 411; quarters of, 91; races and languages of, 117, 118;
revolt of 1917 and, 84, 85, 86, 98, 189-90; sanitary system of, 91;
site of, peculiar, 110, 112-16, 364; Songhai colonisation of, 410,
440; Songhai element in people of, 117; Sudanese in aspect, 87, 90
Amenokal of, _see_ Amenokal; Añastafidet’s residence
at, 92, 100, 145; Barth’s journey to, 23; battle at, 392;
blacksmith-jewellers of, 229-30; earth from, daubed on women’s
faces, 173; exchange rates at, 221, 414; French occupation of, 27,
52; French post at, 86, 91, 118, 218; gaol of, 107; Hole of Bayazid
at, 281; Holy Men of, 290; House of Kaossen at, 92-3; houses of,
87, 90, 91, 92, 246; King of, _see_ Amenokal; Kings of, list of,
463-5; leather-working at, 164, 165, 174, 227, 228; markets at,
91; merchants of, 410; minaret of, 87, 93-4, 302; measures of, 221;
mithkal of, 221-2; Mosque, Great, of, 86, 87, 93-4, 257, 258; pots
made near, 160, 161; prostitution in, 177; sandals made in, 164,
165; Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal; tribal history kept at, 362;
weights of, 221-2; wells at, 90; wireless station at, 188; women
of, 118
Agades Chronicle, the, 53, 93 _n._[81], 100 _n._[86], 102, 103, 303,
362, 363, 369, 379, 387, 388, 396 _n._[411], 414, 415; list of kings
of Air compiled from, 463-5; on selection of first Amenokal, 397-8
Agades Cross, the, 44, 277, 283, 284
Agades, Kel, 117, 130, 440
Agades, River of, 33, 34, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83,
115, 119, 121, 123, 127, 183, 189, 258, 456; plain of, 79, 82-3, 85-6
Agades-Tabello road, 85-6
Agades-Taberghit road, 62
Agades-Tanut road, 69-70
Agades-Termit road made practicable, 451
Agajida, 290
Agalak mountains, 216, 299, 301
Agalak well, 300
Agalak, Kel, 436
Agalenge, 428
Agamgam, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321; pool, 219
Agaragar, 239, 264, 315
Agate, ornaments made of, 282, 283
Agdalar, the, 368
Agejir, 239, 240, 241, 429; houses in, 248, 252; mosque of, 255
Agellal, 26, 290, 299, 302, 418, 431, 437, 440; houses in, 248,
254; position of, 425
Agellal, Kel: of the Kel Unnar, 380, 381, 432, 433; Ikazkazan, 437;
Imaqoaran, 431; present, mixed, 440
Agerzan valley, 243
Agewas, 320
Aggata mountain, 33, 216, 299, 300; spirit drums of, 279, 300
Aggata well, 299, 300, 430; position of, 425
Aggata, Kel, 290, 429, 430, 440, 441
“Agha” (salt), 125, 441
Aghalwen, 412
“Aghelam,” 219
Aghelashem wells, 9
“Aghil” (measure of length), 222
Aghil, Kel, 441
Aghimmat, Kel, 429
Aghmat well, 66, 74
“Agilman” (pool) of Taghazit, 23
Agisymba Regio, attempt to identify with Air, 318, 322, 324, 326;
derivation and application of name, 364
“Agoalla,” 147
Agoalla Kel Tagei, 397
Agoalla Mafinet, 397
Agoalla T’Sidderak, 397
Agoras, the, of Assode, 301, 304, 308, 309
Agram (Fashi), 413
Agriculture: in Air, 131-4, 135; despised by noble Tuareg, 127,
134, 174, 360
Agumbulum, the, 369, 397
“Agwalla,” 147
Agwau, 262, 314, 315, 319, 430, 435; valley, 314
Agwau, Kel, 304, 314, 435
Ahaggar, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 18, 334, forms of the name, 128
Amenokal of, 169, 352-3; camels of, 196; De Foucauld in, 11-12, 13;
Hawara occupy, 359; Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456; language of,
12, 387; mountains, 2, 3, 4, 6, 18, 332
Ahaggar, Kel, 17, 139; _see_ Ahaggaren.
Ahaggaren (Imghad of Kel Gharus), 308, 438
Ahaggaren (Tuareg of Ahaggar), 109, 148, 209, 345, 350, 384
_n._[402], 402; works on, 8-9, 20
Originally Auriga, 270, 348, 349, 352; Azger and, their origin
and connection, 349-53; caravan roads controlled by, 353; dialect
of, 270; French occupation resisted by, 10, 13, 328, 350, 352-3;
polytheistic traces among, 275; as raiders, 182, 350, 354; tribal
divisions of, 350-51
Ahamellen, Kel, 351, 352, 353, 355, 359, 370
Ahawagh, 347
“Ahel” and “Kel,” 129
Ahir (Air), 454
Ahitagel, 352
Ahmadu, of the Kel Tagei, 197, 210, 211
Ahmadu ag Musa, 210
Ahmed Rufaiyi, Sultan, 99
Ahnet mountains, 17, 260, 351, 352, 354
Ahnet, Kel, 351, 354
Ahodu, chief of the Kel Tadek, 26-7, 127, 149, 154, 155, 161, 172,
180, 181, 182, 215, 266, 269, 270, 278, 298, 305, 419, 428, 438,
440; disputed headship of Auderas, 142-3; female descent exemplified
in family of, 149, 150, 151; French assisted by, 26-7, 142, 290;
on the Kel Owi, 149, 387, 389; on Queen Kahena, 170, 265; raiding
reminiscences of, 191-3; his son, 150, 151, 165; his sword, 233;
tribal history in possession of family of, 361-2; on the Veil, 289;
his wife, 150, 161, 172, 284
Aiawan, the, 434
Ain Irhayen, position of, 424
Air, 5, 6, 18-19, 112, 115, 334; as a geographical term, 28;
attempted identification with Agisymba Regio, 318, 322, 324, 325;
origin of name of, 28; original inhabitants of, 138, 363-4, 365-6;
not penetrated by Romans, Arabs or Turks, 327
Air, accounts of, 18-19, 452-3, 456; agriculture in, 5, 131-4;
Askia’s conquest of, 409-10, 411; astronomically determined points
in, 422-5; Azger and, women sent to ensure friendship between, 384;
Bornu and, war between, 406-7, 412; boundaries of, 28-33; camels of,
195, 196-7; caste system of, 136, 137-8, _see_ Nobles and serfs;
civilisation of, pre-Tuareg, 365; climate of, 28, 123; cotton of,
132; Damergu economically part of, 47; disease in, 178, 179-80;
dialect of, 270, 347, 349; distribution of, 394; drainage system of,
23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242; economics of, 133-4,
218-20; European penetration of, 8-14, 19-27; evacuation of, 1918,
113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426; exploration of, 23-4, 24-5, 27;
fair tribes of, 162; fauna and flora of, 27-8, 119, 120; French
occupation and annexation of, 26, 27, 50, 52, 99, 114 _n._[104],
361, 420; revolt against, _see below_ revolt in, 1917; geology
of, 27, 31, 33-5, 76, 78, 79, 183, 215, 216, 241-2; Goberawa in,
364, 365-6, 379, 403; graves and tombs of, 259-63; history of,
17, 360-416; Holy Men of, 290, 293; holy tribes of, 290-91, 306;
houses and huts of, 89, 90, 244-55; infant mortality high in, 178;
Lemta invasion of, 356, 358, 359; Libyan influence in, 403; lions
in, 119, 120; live-stock of, 202, 204-5, 361; mosques of, 255-8;
mountains of, 2, 4, 5, 16, 23, 27, 83-4, 156-7, 332, 334; negroid
original inhabitants of, 363-4, 365-6; oases of, 32; population of,
402; raids from, 190-91; raids on, 113-14, 188, 189, 350; rains in,
79, 120-21, 123-4; revolt in, 1917, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86,
93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420; roads of, 32, 37, 38,
353-4; rock drawings and inscriptions in, 207, 213, 216, 260, 263-5,
269, 271, 276, 315, 318, 319, 321-2, 360; rocks of, 72, 76, 78, 126;
Roman campaigns near, 322, 323, 324, 325-6; Sanhaja in, 364, 365,
368, 375, 405; scale of life in, former, 411; Senussiya in, 290;
spirits of, 278-81; tribal names in, 128, 129; tribal warfare in,
101; Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal.
Tuareg of, _see_ Tuareg of Air; invasion of Air by, 359, 366-93,
394, 395, 396, 397, 403, 404, 405-6; its date, 364, 371, 373, 375,
381, 403, 404; their vicissitudes in, 401-16; Tuareg symbol for
name of, 454
Air, Central, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains
in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126
Air, Eastern, Kel Owi in, 394
Air, North-eastern: houses of, 252, 254; unnamed valley of, 304
Air, Northern, 298-329; ancient monuments in, 263; evacuation of,
1918, 309; houses of, 252, 309-11, 316; Kel Owi tribes of, 303-8,
394; palm groves of, 317; roads traversing, 318-22; salt caravan
route from, 315
Air, Southern: Goberawa in, 379; graves in, 263; servile tribes in,
394; _see_ Tegama.
’Aisha-Kel Eghrarmar, 412
Ajaraneen, the, 368
Ajiru, 24, 129 _n._[117], 146, 243, 305, 436
Ajiru, Kel, 436
Akaraq, 71, 77, 79, 82, 183, 189, 418; valley, 77-8, 258, 263
Akasani, Sultan, 102
“Akel,” meaning of, 134 _n._[123], 136, 367 _n._[370]
Akil, 408, 409
Akir (Air), 28
Akri, 47
Akritan hills, 47
Alagwas, Alakkos, Alakwas (Elakkos), 357, 445
Alali, Bir, 51, 52, 92
Alamt (Lemta) Tuareg, 376
Alaren (Allaghan), Kel, 432
Alarsas, 121
Albes, well of, 243
Alburdatan, the, 437
Alfalehle plant, 10
Alfalehle river, 30-31
Algeria, 41; Christianity in, 294; the Circumcelliones, 328; French
expedition from, 25, 26-7; French occupation of, 22; funerary
monuments in, 261; rock drawings in, 318
Algeria, Southern, 332, 334; French operations in, 11; native Camel
Corps in, 189
Algeria-Ahaggar caravan road, 353
Algiers, 418
“Alguechet,” 6 _n._[5]
Alhassan, the, 434 _n._
Ali, King of Bornu, 410
Ali ben el Haj Omar ben Idris, King of Bornu, 413, 414
Ali ibn Tama el Ghati, 96, 154-5, 191, 192, 193, 280, 282
Ali Killun, 408
Aliso, El Haj, Sultan, 102, 463
“Alkarhat,” game of, 281
“Allagh” (spear), 234
Allaghan, Kel, 432
“Allelthrap” (ghosts), 281
Alliances, tribal, 147-8
Alluvial soil, Air, 31; plain of River of Agades, 79, 121
Almoravids, the, 405, 420
Almoubari, Sultan, 102 _n._[91], 391
Alms-houses, 255
Almubari (El Mubaraki), 102 _n._[91], 391
Alphabet, Tuareg, 266, 267-8
Alwali, 96, 209-10, 211
Alwalitan, the, 433
“Alwat” plant, 77, 210, 211
Amadu, 154, 180, 315, 418
Amahar (form of Imajegh), 457-8
Amakeetan (Immikitan), the, 368, 370, 429
“Amán” (peace), 237
Amarkos, Kel, 434
Amati, Sultan, 102, 463
Amazigh (form of Imajegh), 457
Amazigh, the, 458
Amazons, suggested explanation of story of, 152, 170, 288
Ameluli, 91
Amenokal, the (Sultan of Agades), 54, 96, 97-100, 134, 144, 304,
387, 409; deputation sent to Constantinople for the first, 101,
102, 104-5, 396-7; list of his successors, 463-5
election of, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 391, 393, 432; family
of, foreign appearance of, 117; family name of, 434 _n._; female
descent of, 151; first, possibly a Byzantine prince, 102, 104;
legend of Imanen women sent to, 384; installation of, 99-100,
101-2, 383, 384, 391, 393, 396-7, 432; Itesan and election of,
100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432; judicial functions of, 107,
110, 141, 390; Kel Geres and election of, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392,
393, 397; Kel Owi and election of, 100, 108, 383, 396-7; officials
and courtiers of, 106-7; palace of, 97, 100; People of, 374, 384,
_see_ People of the King; position of, 101, 104-5, 107-8, 109-10,
116, 141, 144, 145, 146; precarious tenure of office, 99, 368, 392;
revenue of, 110; second, Agades mosque presented to, 257, 258
Amenokal of Ahaggar, the, 169
Amenokal, Kel, _see_ People of the King.
Amezegzil, the, 430
“Amghid” (singular of “Imghad”), 140 Amidera valley, 84
Amin, Muhammad el, Sultan, 413, 464
“Amitral” (measure of length), 222
Amjid, wells of, 10
Ammianus, 356
Amon, Egyptian deity, 295
Amosciarg (form of Imajegh), 460
Amóshagh (form of Imajegh), 459-60, 462
Amulet cases, leather, 228
Amulets, Tuareg, 282, 284
“Amunan,” 459
“Amzad” (mandoline), 272
Anai (S.W. of Murzuk), 318, 319, 320, 321, 324
Anai (Kawar), 318
Añastafidet, the, 96, 107, 144, 239, 290, 301, 302, 303, 374;
origin of authority of, 384, 386; election of, 145; freed slaves of,
139; house of, 92, 100, 145, 301; position and duties of, 107, 145-6
Añastafidet, people of the, 374, 384, 386, 394, 429; numbers of,
402; tribes and subtribes of, 435-9, 440
Anfissak valley, 242; well, 242, 436
Anfissak, Kel, 243, 436
Angels, Tuareg belief in, 278
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1 _n._[1]
Anglo-French boundary, Northern Nigeria, 41
Anglo-German Convention, 1890, 25