stratiotaen_] (Plut. l.c.).
[614] Plut. l.c. [Greek: _ton de nomon ... ho men haen klaerouchikos
hama nemon tois penaesi taen daemosian_.] Liv. _Ep_. lx Tulit ... legem
agrariam, quam et frater ejus tulerat. Vellei. ii. 6 (C. Gracchus)
dividebat agros, vetabat quemquam civem plus quingentis jugeribus
habere, quod aliquando lege Licinia cautum erat. Cf. Cic. _de Leg. Agr_.
i. 7. 21; ii. 5. 10; Oros. v. 12; Florus ii. 3 (iii. 15).
[615] _Lex Agraria_ (C.I.L. i. n. 200; Bruns _Fontes_ 1. 3. 11) 1. 6.
See p. 113, note 2.
[616] In 125 B.C. the census had been 394, 726 (Liv. _Ep_. lx), in 115
it was 394, 336 (Liv. _Ep_. lxiii). See de Boor _Fasti Censorii_.
[617] Herzog _Staatsverf_. i. p. 466.
[618] In 142 B.C. (Cic. _de Fin_. ii. 16. 54).
[619] Polyb. vi. 14.
[620] Cic. _pro Mur_. 28. 58; _pro Font_. 13. 38; _Brut_. 21. 81; _Div.
in Caec_. 21. 69; Tac_. Ann_ 111. 66. Valerius Maximus (viii. 1. 11) can
scarcely be correct in saying that the trial took place _apud populum_.
It seems to have been a trial for extortion.
[621] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 22. Cf. Cic. _Div. in Caec_. 21. 69
[Ascon.] in loc.; App. _Mithr_. 57.
[622] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 22 [Greek: _oi te presbeis oi kat auton eti
parontes syn phthono tauta permontes ekekragesan_.]
[623] Plut, _C. Gracch_. 5 [Greek: _ho de dikastikos (nomos) ho to
pleiston apekopse taes ton synklaetikon dynameos ... ho de priakosious
ton hippeon proskatelexen antois ousi triakosiois kai tas kriseis koinas
ton hexakosion epoiaese_]. Cf. _Compar_. 2. Liv. _Ep_. lx Tertiam (legem
tulit) qua equestrem ordinem, tunc cum senatu consentientem,
corrumperet: "ut sexcenti ex equitibus in curiam sublegerentur: et quia
illis temporibus trecenti tantum senatores erant, sexcenti equites
trecentis senatoribus admiscerentur": id est, ut equester ordo bis
tantum virium in senatu haberet.
[624] Vellei. ii. 6 C. Gracchus ... judicia a senatu transferebat ad
equites. (Cf. ii. 13. 32). Tac. _Ann_. xii. 60 Cum Semproniis
rogationibus equester ordo in possessione judiciorum locaretur. Plin.
_H.N_. xxxiii. 34 Judicum autem appellatione separare eum (equestrem)
ordinem primi omnium instituere Gracchi, discordi popularitate in
contumeliam senatus. Cf. Diod. xxxv. 25; xxxvii. 9; App. _Bell.
Civ_. 1. 22.
[625] The qualifications of the Gracchan jurors were probably identical
with those required for jurors under the extant _lex Repetundarum_ (C.I.
L. i. n. 198; Bruns _Fontes_ i. 3. 10) which is probably the _lex
Acilia_ (Cic. _in Verr_. Act. i. 17. 51; cf. Mommsen in C.I.L. l.c.).
The conditions fixed by this law are as follows (ll. 12, l3):--Praetor
quei inter peregrinos jous deicet, is in diebus x proxumeis, quibus h. l.
populus plebesve jouserit, facito utei CDL viros legat, quei in hac
civit[ate ... dum nei quem eorum legat, quei tr. pl., q., iii vir cap.,
tr. mil. l. iv primis aliqua earum, iii vi]rum a. d. a. siet fueri[tve,
queive mercede conductus depugnavit depugnaverit, queive quaestione
joudicioque puplico conde]mnatus siet quod circa eum in senatum legei
non liceat, queive minor anneis xxx majorve annos lx gnatus siet, queive
in u[rbem Romam propiusve urbem Romam passus M domicilium non habeat,
queive ejus magistratus, quei supra scriptus est, pater frater filiusve
siet, queive ejus, quei in senatu siet fueritve, pater frater filiusve
siet, queive trans mar]e erit. (Cf. ll. 16, 17). Unfortunately the main
qualification for the jurors, which was stated after the words "in hac
civitate," has been lost.
[626] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 6 [Greek: _kakeino tous krinountas ek ton
hippeon hedoken (ho daemos) katalexai_].
[627] The _lex Acilia_ says "within ten days of its becoming law" (p.
214, note 2). If Plutarch _(l.c.)_ is right about Gracchus selecting the
original judices, the provision of this _lex_ shows that it cannot be,
as some have thought, the law which first _created_ the Gracchan jurors.
It must have been passed subsequently to Gracchus's own _lex
judiciaria_.
[628] In the Ciceronian period we find a knight as a _judex_ in a civil
case (Cic. _pro Rosc. Com_. 14. 42), but it is not probable that
senators were ever excluded from the civil bench. See Greenidge _Legal
Procedure of Cicero's Time_ p. 265.
[629] Cic. _in Verr_. Act. i. 13. 38.
[630] Cic. _pro Cluent_. 56. 154 Lege ... quae tum erat Sempronia, nunc
est Cornelia (i.e. the law mentioned in note 4) ... intellegebant ...
ea lege equestrem ordinem non teneri. Livius Drusus in 91 B.C. attempted
to fix a retrospective liability on the equestrian jurors (Cic. _pro
Rab. Post_ 7. 16). Cf. App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 35. Yet Appian elsewhere
(_Bell. Civ_. i. 22) says that the equites obviated trials for bribery
[Greek: _synistamenoi sphisin autois kai biazomenoi_]. It is possible
that prosecutions for corruption before the _judicia populi_ are meant.
See Strachan-Davidson in loc.
[631] Cic. _pro Cluent_. 55. 151 Hanc ipsam legem NE QUIS JUDICIO
CIRCUMVENIRETUR C. Gracchus tulit; eam legem pro plebe, non in plebem
tulit. Postea L. Sulla ... cum ejus rei quaestionem hac ipsa lege
constitueret, ... populum Romanum ... alligare novo quaestionis genere
ausus non est. 56. 154 Illi non hoc recusabant, ea ne lege accusarentur
... quae tum erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia ... intellegebant enim ea
lege equestrem ordinem non teneri.
[632] Gell. 1. xx. 7; Justin. _Inst_. iv. 5. 2.
[633] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 22.
[634] App. l.c. [Greek: _kataegorous te enetous epi tois plousiois
epaegonto_].
[635] C. Gracchus ap. Gell. xi. 10 Ego ipse, qui aput vos verba facio,
uti vectigalia vestra augeatis, quo facilius vestra commoda et rem
publicam administrare possitis, non gratis prodeo.
[636] Vellei. ii. 6. 3 Nova constituebat portoria.
[637] Cf. App. _Bell. Civ_. v. 4 (M. Antonius to the Asiatics) [Greek:
_ous ... eteleite phorous Attalo, methaekamen hymin, mechri, daemokopon
andron kai par' haemin genomenon, edeaese phoron, epei de edeaesen ...
merae pherein ton ekastote karpon epetazamen_].
[638] Fronto _ad Verum_ p. 125 (Naber) Gracchus locabat Asiam. Cic.
_in Verr_. iii. 6. 12 Inter Siciliam ceterasque provincias, judices, in
agrorum vectigalium ratione hoc interest, quod ceteris aut impositum
vectigal est certum ... aut censoria locatio constituta est, ut Asiae
lege Sempronia.
[639] Decumani, hoc est, principes et quasi senatores publicanorum (Cic.
_in Verr_. ii. 71. 175).
[640] Polyb. vi. 17.
[641] Schol. Bob. p. 259 Cum princeps esset publicanorum Cn. Plancii
pater, et societas eadem in exercendis vectigalibus gravissimo damno
videretur adfecta, desideratum est in senatu nomine publicanorum ut cum
iis ratio putaretur lege Sempronia, et remissionis tantum fieret de
summa pecunia, quantum aequitas postularet, pro quantitate damnorum
quibus fuerant hostili incursione vexati (60 B.C.; cf. Cic. _ad Att_.
i. 17. 9).
[642] Varro ap. Non. p. 308 G. Equestri ordini judicia tradidit ac
bicipitem civitatem fecit discordiarum civilium fontem. Cf. Florus ii. 5
(iii. 17).
[643] Diod. xxxvii. 9 [Greek: _apeilousaes taes synklaetou polemon to
Grakcho dia taen metathesin ton kritaerion, tetharraekotos outos eipen
hoti kan apothano, ou dialeipso to eiphos apo taes pleuras ton
synklaetikon diaeraemenos_.] Diodorus has preserved the utterance in a
more intelligible form than Cicero (_de Leg_. iii. 9. 20 C. vero
Gracchus ... sicis iis, quas ipse se projecisse in forum dixit, quibus
digladiarentur inter se cives, nonne omnem rei publicae statum
permutavit?).
[644] Cic. _pro Domo_ 9, 24 Tu provincias consulares, quas C. Gracchus,
qui unus maxime popularis fuit, non modo non abstulit a senatu, sed
etiam, ut necesse esset quotannis constitui per senatum decretas lege
sanxit, eas lege Sempronia per senatum decretas rescidisti. Sall, _Fug_.
27 Lege Sempronia provinciae futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia
decretae. Cic. _de Prov. Cons_. 2. 3 Decernendae nobis sunt lege
Sempronia duae (provinciae). Cf. _ad Fam_. i. 7. 10; _pro Balbo_ 27. 61.
[645] Cic. _de Prov. Cons_. 7. 17.
[646] The colonists were to be [Greek: _oi chariestatoi ton politon_]
(Plut. _C. Gracch_. 9).
[647] Liv. _Ep_. lx Legibus agrariis latis effecit ut complures coloniae
in Italia deducerentur. Cf. Plut. _C. Gracch_, 6. App. _Bell. Civ_. 1.
23; Foundations at Abellinum, Cadatia, Suessa Aurunca etc. are
attributed to a _lex Sempronia_ or _lex Graccana_ in _Liber Coloniarum_
(_Gromatici_ Lachmann) pp. 229, 233, 237, 238; cf. pp. 216, 219, 228,
255. It is difficult to say whether they were products of the Gracchan
agrarian or colonial law. In either case, these foundations may have
been subsequent to his death, as neither law was repealed.
[648] Vellei. 1. 15 Et post annum (i.e. a year after the foundation
of Fabrateria, see p. 171) Scolacium Minervium, Tarentum Neptunia
(coloniae conditae sunt).
[649] Forbiger _Handb. der Alt. Geogr_. ii. p. 503.
[650] L'Année _Epigraphique_, 1896, pp. 30, 31.
[651] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 8.
[652] Vellei. ii. 6 Novis coloniis replebat provincias. This may be
wrong as a fact but true as an intention.
[653] Vellei. ii. 7.
[654] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 10 [Greek: _Rhoubrion ton synarchonton henos
oikizesthai Karchaedona grapsantos anaeraemenaen hypo Skaepionos_]....
_Lex Acilia_ 1. 22 Queive 1. Rubria in. vir col. ded. creatus siet
fueritve. Cf. _Lex Agraria_ 1. 59. Oros. v. 12 L. Caecilio Metello et Q.
Titio (_Scr_. T. Quinctio) Flaminino coss. Carthago in Africa restitui
jussa vicensimo secundo demum anno quam fuerat eversa deductis civium
Romanorum familiis, quae eam incolerent, restituta et repleta est. Cf.
Eutrop. iv. 21.
[655] Mommsen in C.I.L. i. pp. 75 ff.
[656] Mommsen l.c. This was the tenure afterwards called that of the
_jus Italicum_.
[657] Liv. _Ep_. ix; App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 24.
[658] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 6; App, _Bell. Civ_, i. 23.
[659] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 7.
[660] Nitzsch _Die Gracchen_ p. 402.
[661] These are apparently the _Viasii vicani_ of the _lex Agraria_.
Sometimes the service was performed by personal labour (_operae_), at
other times a _vectigal_ was demanded. See Mommsen in C.I.L. l.c.
[662] Cic. _ad Fam_. viii. 6. 5; cf. Mommsen l.c.
[663] This was prohibited by a _lex Licinia_ and a _lex Aebutia_ which
Cicero (_de Leg. Agr_. ii. 8. 21) calls _veteres tribuniciae_. But it is
possible that they were post-Gracchan. See Mommsen _Staatsr_. ii.
p. 630.
[664] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23 [Greek: _ho de Grakchos kai hodous etemnen
ana ten Italian makras, plaethos ergolabon kai cheirotechnon hyph' eauto
poionmenos, hetoimon es ho ti keleuoi_]
[665] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 8.
[666] Cic. _Brut_. 26, 100.
[667] Mommsen in C.I.L. i. p. 158.
[668] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 6.
[669] Seneca _de Ben_, vi. 34. 2 Apud nos primi omnium Gracchus et mox
Livius Drusus instituerunt segregate turbam suam et alios in secretum
recipere, alios cum pluribus, alios universos. Habuerunt itaque isti
amicos primos, habuerunt secundos, numquam veros.
[670] The name of the law was probably _lex de sociis et nomine Latino_.
See Cic. _Brut_. 26. 99.
[671] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23 [Greek: _kai tous Latinous epi panta
ekalei ta Rhomaion, hos ouk euprepos sygnenesi taes boulaes antistaenai
dynamenaes; ton de heteron symmachon hois ouk ezaen psaephon en tais
Rhomaion cheirotoniais pherein, edidous pherein apo toude, epi to echein
kai tousde en tais cherotioniais ton nomon auto syntelountas_]. The
words [Greek: _psaephon k.t.l._] refer to the limited suffrage granted to
Latin _incolae_ (Liv. xxv. 3. 16); but the voting power of his new
Latins would be so small that the motive attributed to this measure by
Appian is improbable. See Strachan-Davidson in loc. Other accounts of
Gracchus's proposal ignore this distinction between Latins and Italians,
e.g. Plutarch (_C. Gracch_. 5) describes his law as [Greek: _isopsaephous
toion tois politais tous Italiotas_] and Velleius says (ii. 6) Dabat
civitatem omnibus Italicis.
[672] If we may trust Velleius (ii. 6) Dabat civitatem omnibus Italicis,
extendebat eam paene usque Alpis. Cisalpine Gaul was not yet a separate
province, but it was not regarded as a part of Italy. The Latin colonies
between the Padus and the Rubicon would certainly have received Roman
rights, and this may have been the case with a Latin township north of
the Padus such as Aquileia. But it is doubtful whether Latin rights
would have been given to the towns between the Padus and the Alps. These
_Transpadani_ received _Latinitas_ in 89 B.C. (Ascon. _in Pisonian_.
P. 3).
[673] C. Gracch. ap, Gell. x. 3. 3.
[674] Fann. ap. Jul. Victor 6. 6. A speech of Fannius as consul against
Caius Gracchus is also mentioned by Charisius p. 143 Keil.
[675] Cic. Brut. 26. 99.
[676] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23.
[677] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 12 [Greek: _antexethaeken ho Gaios diagramma
kataegoron ton hypaton, kai tois symmachois, an menosi, boaethaesein
epangellomenos_.] The invective may have been directed against Fannius,
According to Appian (l.c.) both consuls had been instructed by the
senate to issue the edict.
[678] If it had been hampered in this way, the judicial protection of
_peregrini_ against the judgments of the Praetor Peregrinus would have
been impossible.
[679] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 12.
[680] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 23.
[681] [Sall.] _de Rep. Ord_. ii. 8 Magistratibus creandis haud mihi
quidem apsurde placet lex quam C. Gracchus in tribunatu promulgaverat,
ut ex confusis quinque classibus sorte centuriae vocarentur. Ita
coaequatus dignitate pecunia, virtute anteire alius alium properabit.
[682] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 8.
[683] Vir et oratione gravis et auctoritate (Cic. _Brut_. 28. 109)
[Greek: _haethei de kai logo kai plouto tois malista timomenois kai
dynamenois apo touton enamillos_] (Plut. _C. Gracch_. 8).
[684] Suet. _Tib_. 3 Ob eximiam adversus Gracchos operam "patronus
senatus" dictus.
[685] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 9.
[686] App. _Bell. Civ_ i. 35.
[687] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 10.
[688] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 9 [Greek: _Libios de kai taen apophoran
tautaen_] (which had been imposed by the Gracchan laws) [Greek: _ton
neimamenon aphairon haeresken autois_]. The tense of _neimamenon_ seems
to show that the Gracchan as well as the Livian settlers are meant. See
Underhill in loc. In any case, the reimposition of the _vectigal_ on
the allotments by the law of 119 (App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 27) proves that
it had been remitted before this date.
[689] [Greek: _hopos maed' epi strateias exae tina Latinon rhabdois
aikisasthai_] (Plut. _C. Gracch_. 9).
[690] The _lex Acilia Repetundarum_ grants them the right of appeal as
an alternative to citizenship as a reward for successful prosecution.
Cf. the similar provision in the franchise law of Flaccus (p. 168).
[691] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 9.
[692] Appian (_Bell. Civ_. i. 24) says that Gracchus was accompanied by
Fulvius Flaccus. Plutarch (_C. Gracch_. 10) implies that the latter
stayed at Rome.
[693] App. l.c. Appian represents this measure as having been proposed
after the return of the commissioners to Rome. The words of Plutarch
(_C. Gracch_. 8) [Greek: _apaertaesato to plaethos ... kakon ... epi
koinoniai politeias tous Latinous_] probably refer to an invitation of
the Latins to share in these citizen colonies.
[694] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 10.
[695] Mommsen in C.I.L. l.c.
[696] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 11.
[697] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 24. According to Appian, the wolf event
occurred after Gracchus had quitted Africa.
[698] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 11.
[699] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 12.
[700] Ibid. [Greek: _synetyche d' auto kai pros tous synarchontas en
orgae genesthai. synarchontas_] here is not limited to his colleagues
in the tribunate.
[701] [Greek: _exemisthoun_] (Plut. l.c.), probably to contractors who
would sublet the seats.
[702] Beesly _The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla_ p. 53.
[703] [Greek: _psaephon men auto pleiston genomenon, adikos de kai
kakourgos ton synarchonton poiaesamenon taen anagoreusin kai anadeixin_].
(Plut. l.c.)
[704] Cic. _in Pis_. 15. 36; Varro _R.R_. iii. 5. 18.
[705] [Greek: _hos Sardonion gelota gelosin, ou gignoskontes hoson
autois skotos ek ton auton perikechytai politeumaton_.] (Plut. l.c.)
[706] Cic. _pro Caec_. 33. 95; _pro Domo_ 40. 106.
[707] [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 65.
[708] Cornelia ap. Corn. Nep. fr. 16 Ne id quidem tam breve spatium
(sc. vitae) potest opitulari quin et mihi adversere et rem publicam
profliges? Denique quae pausa erit? Ecquando desinet familia nostra
insanire? Ecquando modus ei rei haberi poterit? Ecquando desinemus et
habentes et praebentes molestiis insistere? Ecquando perpudescet
miscenda atque perturbanda re publica?
[709] [Greek: _hos dae theristas_] (Plut. _C. Gracch_. 13).
[710] Plutarch (l.c.) says that the consul had "sacrificed" [Greek:
(_thysantos_)] and, if this is correct, Opimius must have summoned
the meeting.
[711] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 25.
[712] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 13; App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 25; [Victor] _de Vir.
III_. 65. The last author calls the slain man Attilius and describes him
as "praeco Opimii consulis". Cf. Ihne _Röm. Gesch_. v. p. 103.
[713] [Victor] l.c. Imprudens contionem a tribuno plebis avocavit.
Cf. App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 25.
[714] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 14.
[715] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 25.
[716] App. l.c.
[717] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 14.
[718] Cic. _Phil_. viii. 4. 14 Quod L. Opimius consul verba fecit de re
publica, de ea re ita censuerunt, uti L. Opimius consul rem publicam
defenderet. Senatus haec verbis, Opimius armis. Cf. _in Cat_. i. 2. 4;
iv. 5. 10. Plut. _C. Gracch_. 14 [Greek: _eis to bouleutaerion
apelthontes epsaephisanto kai prosetaxan Opimio to hypato sozein taen
polin hopos dynaito kai katalyein tous tyrannous_.]
[719] Plut. l.c.
[720] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 26.
[721] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 14.
[722] Ibid. 15.
[723] App. _Bell. Civ. i_. 26.
[724] Cf. Bardey _Das sechste Consulat des Marius_ p. 61.
[725] Plut. l.c.
[726] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 16; App. l.c.
[727] Plut. l.c.
[728] Plut. l.c.
[729] Cic. _in Cat_. iv. 6. 13.
[730] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 26. Plut. (_C. Gracch_. 16) states that
Flaccus fled to a bathroom ([Greek: _eis ti balaneion_]).
[731] Dionys. viii. 80.
[732] Plut. l.c.
[733] Val. Max. iv. 7. 2; [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 65; Oros, v. 12.
Plutarch (l.c.) gives he second name as Licinius.
[734] Plut. l.c.
[735] [Victor] l.c.
[736] Translated "Grove of the Furies" by Plutarch; cf. Cic. _de Nat.
Deor_. iii. 18. 46. The true name of the grove was Lucus Furrinae, named
after some goddess, whose significance was forgotten (Varro _L. L_. vi.
19 Nunc vix nomen notum paucis). See Richter _Topographie_ p. 271.
[737] Plut. _C. Gracch_. 17. Cf. Val. Max. vi. 8. 3.
[738] Plin. _H.N_. xxxiii. 3. 48. Cf. Plut. l.c.; [Victor] l.c.;
Florus ii. 3 (iii. 15).
[739] Oros. v. 12.
[740] Oros. l.c. Opimius consul sicut in bello fortis fuit ita in
quaestione crudelis. Nam amplius tria milia hominum suppliciis necavit,
ex quibus plurimi ne dicta quidem causa innocentes interfecti sunt.
Plutarch (l.c.) gives three thousand as the number actually slain in
the tumult. Orosius (l.c.) gives the number slain on the Aventine as
two hundred and fifty. For the severity with which Opimius conducted the
_quaestio_ see Sall. _Jug_. 16. 2, 31. 7; Vellei. ii. 7.
[741] Plut. l.c.
[742] Dig. xxiv. 3. 66. The passage speaks of Licinia's dowry; yet
Plutarch (l.c.) says that this was confiscated.
[743] In Plutarch's Greek version (C. Gracch, 17) [Greek: _ergon
aponoias_] (vecordiae) [Greek: _naon homonoias_] (concordiae)
[Greek: _poiei_].
[744] Cf. Neumann _Geschichte Roms_. p. 259.
[745] Plut, _C. Gracch_, 18.
[746] Plut. _C, Gracch_, 19.
[747] Plin. _H.N_. xxxiv. 6. 31.
[748] Hence the establishment of the _praefecti jure dicundo_, sent to
the burgess colonies and _municipia_.
[749] Arist. _Pol_. iv. 6, p. 1292 b.
[750] The choice of the month of July as the date for elections seems to
be post-Sullan. See Mommsen _Staatsr_. i. p. 583. During the Jugurthine
War consular elections took place, as we shall see, in the late autumn
or even in the winter.
[751] Suet. _Caes_. 42.
[752] If some of the Gracchan assignments were thirty _jugera_ each (p.
115). The larger assignments of earlier times had been from seven to ten
_jugera_. See Mommsen in C.I. L. i. pp. 75 foll.
[753] Liv. _Ep_. lxi L. Opimius accusatus apud populum a Q. Decio
tribuno plebis quod indemnatos cives in carcerem conjecisset, absolutus
est. "In carcerem conjicere" does not express the whole truth. A
magistrate could imprison in preparation for a trial. The words must
imply imprisonment preparatory to execution and probably refer to death
in the Tullianum.
[754] Cic. _de Orat_. ii. 30. 132; _Part. Orat_. 30, 104. In the latter
passage Opimius is supposed to say "Jure feci, salutis omnium et
conservandae rei publicae causa." Decius is supposed to answer "Ne
sceleratissimum quidem civem sine judicio jure ullo necare potuisti."
The cardinal question therefore is "Potueritne recte salutis rei
publicae causa civem eversorem civitatis indemnatum necare?" Cf. Cic.
_de Orat_. ii. 39. 165 Si ex vocabulo, ut Carbo: Sei consul est qui
consuluit patriae, quid aliud fecit Opimius?
[755] Cf. Cic. _pro Sest_. 67. 140 (Opimium) flagrantem invidia
propter interitum C. Gracchi semper ipse populus Romanus periculo
liberavit.
[756] Cic. _Brut_. 34. 128 L. Bestia ... P. Popillium vi C. Gracchi
expulsum sua rogatione restituit. Cf. _post Red. in Sen_. 15. 38; _post
Red. ad Quir_. 4.10.
[757] Cic. _in Cat_. iv. 6, 13; _Phil_. viii. 4. 14.
[758] Val. Max. v. 3. 2. The colouring of the story is doubted by Ihne
(_Rom. Gesch_. v. p. 111). He thinks that perhaps Lentulus went to
Sicily to restore his shattered health.
[759] Cic. _de Orat_. ii. 25. 106; 39. 165; 40. 170.
[760] Ibid. ii. 39. 165.
[761] Cic. _Brut_. 43. 159 Crassus ... accusavit C. Carbonem,
eloquentissimum hominem, admodum adulescens. Cf. _de Orat_. i. 10. 39.
[762] Valerius Maximus (vi. 5. 6) tells the story that a slave of
Carbo's brought Crassus a letter-case (_scrinium_) full of compromising
papers. Crassus sent back the case still sealed and the slave in
chains to Carbo.
[763] Mommsen, _Hist. of Rome_ bk. iv. c. 4.
[764] Cic. _in Verr_. iii. i. 3 Itaque hoc, judices, ex ... L. Crasso
saepe auditum est, cum se nullius rei tam paenitere diceret quam quod
C. Carbonem unquam in judicium vocavisset.
[765] Cic. _ad Fam_. ix. 21. 3 (C. Carbo) accusante L. Crasso
cantharidas sumpsisse dicitur. Valerius Maximus (iii. 7. 6) implies that
Carbo was sent into exile. But the two stories are not necessarily
inconsistent.
[766] Appian (_Bell. Civ_. i. 35) says that the younger Livius Drusus
(91 B.C.) [Greek: _ton daemon ... hypaegeto apoikiais pollais es te taen
Italian kai Sikelian epsaephismenais men ek pollou, gegonuiais de oupo_].
These colonies could only have been those proposed by his father.
[767] Mommsen in C.I.L. 1 pp. 75 ff. Cf. p. 227. We have no record
of the tenure by which Romans held their lands in such settlements as
Palma and Pollentia (p. 189). They too may have been illustrations of
what was known later as the _jus Italicum_.
[768] We know that the corn law of C. Gracchus was repealed or modified
by a _lex Octavia_. Cic. _Brut_. 62. 222 (M. Octavius) tantum
auctoritate dicendoque valuit, ut legem Semproniam frumentariam populi
frequentis suffragiis abrogaverit. Cf. _de Off_. ii. 21. 72. But the
date of this alteration is unknown and it may not have been immediate.
If it was a consequence of Gracchus's fall, as is thought by Peter
(_Gesch. Roms_. ii. p. 41), the distributions may have been restored
_circa_ 119 B.C. (see p. 287). We shall see that in the tribunate of
Marius during this year some proposal about corn was before the people
(Plut. _Mar_. 4).
[769] App. _Bell. Civ_. i. 27 [Greek: _nomos te ou poly hysteron
ekyrhothae, taen gaen, hyper haes dietheronto, exeinai pipraskein tois
echousin_.]
[770] App. l.c. [Greek: _kai euthus oi plousioi para ton penaeton
eonounto, hae taisde tais prophasesin ebiazonto_.]
[771] The law permitting alienation may have been in 121 B.C. The year
119 or 118 B.C. ([Greek: _pentekaideka maliosta etesin apo taes Grakchou
nomothesias_]) is given by Appian (l.c.) for one of the two subsequent
laws which he speaks of. It is probably the date of the first of these,
the one which we are now considering.
[772] App. l.c. [Greek: _Sporios Thorios daemarchon esaegaesato nomon,
taen men gaen maeketi sianemein, all' einai ton echonton, kai phorous
hyper autaes to daemo katatithesthai, kai tade ta chrhaemata chorein es
dianomas_.]
[773] If Gracchus's corn law was abolished or modified immediately after
his fall, the corn largesses may now have been restored or extended.
Cf. p. 306.
[774] Some such guarantee may be inferred from a passage in the _lex
Agraria_ (l. 29) Item Latino peregrinoque, quibus M. Livio L. Calpurnio
[cos. in eis agris id facere ... ex lege plebeive sc(ito) exve
foedere licuit.]
[775] Cic. _Brut_. 36. 136 Sp. Thorius satis valuit in populari genere
dicendi, is qui agrum publicum vitiosa et inutili lege vectigali
levavit. Cf. _de Orat_. ii. 70. 284. Appian, on the other hand; makes
Sp. Thorius the author of the law preceding this (p. 285). It is
possible that Cicero may be mistaken, but, if he is correct, the
fragments of the agrarian law which we possess may be those of the _lex
Thoria_, the name given to it by its earlier editors. For a different
view see Mommsen in C.I.L. i. pp. 75 ff.
[776] App. _Bell Civ_. i. 27 [Greek: _tous phorous ou poly hysteron
dielyse daemarchos heteros_.]
[777] The latest years to which it refers are those of the censors of
115 and the consuls of 113, 112 and 111. The harvest and future vintage
of 111 are referred to (1. 95), and it has, therefore, been assigned to
some period between January 1 and the summer of this year. See Rudorff
_Das Ackergesetz des Sp. Thorius_ and cf. Mommsen l.c. It is a
curious fact, however, that a law dealing with African land amongst
others should have been passed in the first year of active hostilities
with Jugurtha. From this point of view the date which marks the close of
the Jugurthine war, suggested by Kiene (_Bundesgenossenkrieg_ p. 125),
i.e., 106 or 105 B.C., is more probable. But the objection to this
view is that the law contains no reference to the censors of 109. See
Mommsen l.c.
[778] _Ager compascuus_. See Mommsen l.c. and Voigt _Ueber die
staatsrechtliche possessio und den ager compascuus der röm. Republik_.
[779] The _pastores_ also must often have been too indefinite a body to
make it possible to treat them as joint owners.
[780] The tribune L. Marcius Philippus, when introducing an agrarian law
in 104 B.C., made the startling statement "Non esse in civitate duo
milia hominum, qui rem haberent" (Cic. _de Off_. ii. 21, 73). If there
was even a minimum of truth in his words, the expression "qui rem
haberent" must mean "moneyed men," "people comfortably off."
[781] Mommsen in C.I.L. l.c.
[782] Kiene also thinks (_Bundesgenossenkrieg_ p. 146) that the right
given by the law of exchanging a bit of one's own land for an equivalent
bit of the public domain, which became private property, was reserved
solely for the citizen.
[783] Cic. _Brut_. 26. 102; _de Orat_. ii. 70. 281; _de Fin_. i. 3. 8.
[784] Vellei. ii. 8; Cic. _in Verr_. iii 80. 184; iv. 10. 22.
[785] [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 72 Consul legem de sumptibus et
libertinorum suffragiis tulit.
[786] Liv. xlv, 15.
[787] [Victor] l.c..
[788] Plin. _H.N_. viii. 57. 223.
[789] Cassiodor. _Chron_. L. Metellus et Cn. Domitius censores artem
ludicram ex urbe removerunt praeter Latinum tibicinem cum cantore et
ludum talarium. The _ludus talarius_ in its chief form was a game of
skill, not of chance. The reference here may be to juggling with the
_tali_ on the stage, not to the pursuit of the game in domestic life.
[790] Liv. _Ep_. lxiii.
[791] _Fast. triumph_.; [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 72.
[792] Val. Max. vii. 1. 1.
[793] [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 72.
[794] [Victor] l.c. Ipse primo dubitavit honores peteret an
argentariam faceret.
[795] [Victor] l.c. Aedilis juri reddendo magis quam muneri edendo
studuit.
[796] Sallust (_Jug_. 15) gives the following somewhat unkind sketch of
the great senatorial champion, "Aemilius Scaurus, homo nobilis, inpiger,
factiosus, avidus potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua
callide occultans". "Inpiger, factiosus" are testimonies of his value to
his party. The last words of the sketch are a confession that his
reputation may have been blemished by suspicion, but never by proof.
[797] [Victor] l.c. Consul Ligures et Gantiscos domuit, atque de his
triumphavit. Cf. _Fast. triumph_.
[798] [Victor] l.c.
[799] Plut. _Mar_. 3.
[800] In Velleius ii. 11 the manuscript reading _natus equestri loco_
(corrected into _agresti_) may be correct.
[801] Plut. _Mar_. 3.
[802] Plut. _Mar_. 5.
[803] Ibid. 4.
[804] His military reputation amongst old soldiers had led to his easy
attainment of the military tribunate. Sall. _Jug_. 63 Ubi primum
tribunatum militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus,
facile notus per omnis tribus declaratur. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium
post alium sibi peperit.
[805] Plut. _Mar_. 4.
[806] Plut. l.c. [Greek: _nomon tina peri psaephophorias graphontos
autou dokounta ton dynaton aphaireisthai taen peri tas kriseis ischyn_].
It is possible, however, that _kriseis_ may simply mean "decisions".
[807] Cic. _de Leg_. iii. 17. 38 Pontes ... lex Maria fecit angustos.
[808] Plut. l.c. [Greek: _ei me diagrapseie to dogma_.]
[809] Plut. l.c. [Greek: _nomou ... eispheromenou peri sitou
dianomaes_]. See p. 284.
[810] Plut. _Mar_ 5. Cf. Cic. _pro Planc_. 21, 51; Val. Max.
vi. 9. 14.
[811] Val. Max. vi. 9. 14.
[812] Plut. _Mar_. 5.
[813] [Greek: _dikastai_] (Plut. l.c.). It seems, therefore, that a
special _quaestio de ambitu_ existed at this time. Otherwise, the case
would naturally have gone before the Comitia. We can hardly think of a
Special Commission.
[814] Plut. _Mar_. 6 [Greek: _en men oun tae strataegia metrios
epainoumenon heauton paresche_].
[815] Plut. l.c.
[816] Plut. l.c.
[817] Vellei. ii. 7 Porcio Marcioque consulibus deducta colonia Narbo
Martius. Cf. i. 15.
[818] This was but a [Greek: _phroura Rhomaion_] (Strabo iv. 1. 5). It
had been established in 122 B.C.
[819] Cic. _pro Font_. 5. 13 Narbo Martius, colonia nostrorum civium,
specula populi Romani ac propugnaculum istis ipsis nationibus oppositum
et objectum.
[820] This fact appears from Cic. _pro Cluent_. 51. 140 (Crassus) in
dissuasione rogationis ejus quae contra coloniam Narbonensem ferebatur,
quantum potest, de auctoritate senatus detrahit. A _rogatio_ against a
project implies something more than opposition to a bill.
[821] Cic. _Brut_. 43. 160 Exstat in eam legem senior ut ita dicam quam
illa aetas ferebat oratio.
[822] Cic. _Brut. l.c. Cf. pro Cluent_. 51. 140; _de Orat_. ii. 55. 223;
Quinctil. _Inst. Or_. vi. 3. 44.
[823] The date is unknown, but the _lex Servilia repetundarum_ was
probably a product of this tribunate. An approximate date can be
assigned to this law, if we believe that it immediately superseded the
_lex Acilia_ as the law of extortion, and that the _lex Acilia_ is the
_lex repetundarum_ which has come down to us on a bronze tablet (see p.
214); for the latter law must have been abrogated by 111 B.C., since the
back of the tablet on which it is inscribed is used for the _lex
agraria_ of this year. The side containing the _lex Acilia_ must have
been turned to the wall, and this fact seems to prove the supersession
of this law by a later one on the same subject. See Mommsen in C.I.L.
i. p. 56.
[824] Peracutus et callidus cum primisque ridiculus (Cic. _Brut_.
62. 224).
[825] Cic. _pro Rab. Post, 6, 14.
[826] Stercus Curiae (Cic. _de Orat_. iii. 41. 164).
[827] Cic. _Brut_. 62. 224 Is ... equestrem ordinem beneficio legis
devinxerat. Cf. _pro Scauro_ 1. 2. But the law of Glaucia was a _lex
repetundarum_ (Ascon. _in Scaurian_. p. 21; Val. Max. viii. 1. 8; cf.
notes 4 and 5), not a _lex judiciaria_.
[828] Cic. _in Verr_. i. 9. 26.
[829] Cic. _pro Rab. Post_. 4. 8. The granting of the _civitas_ to
Latins, as a reward for successful prosecution (Cic. _pro Balbo_ 24.
54), was not an innovation due to Glaucia. It appears already in the
_lex Acilia_.
[830] Liv. _Ep_. lxiii; Florus i. 39 (iii. 4); Eutrop. iv. 24.
[831] Oros. v. 15.
[832] Plut. _Quaest. Rom_. 83.
[833] Plut. _Quaest. Rom_. 83. The manuscript reading is [Greek:
_barbarou tinos hippikou therapon_]. I have adopted Ihne's suggestion
of _Barrou_, which he supports by a reference to Porphyrio _ad Hor.
Sat_. 1. 6. 30--Hic Barrus vilisimmae libidinosaeque admodum vitae fuit,
adeo ut Aemiliam virginem Vestae incestasse dictus sit.
[834] Dio Cass. _fr_. 92.
[835] Macrob. _Sat_. i. 10. 5.
[836] Ascon. _in Milonian_. p. 46. Cf. Cic. _de Nat. Deor_. iii. 30.
74.
[837] Scopulus reorum (Val. Max. iii. 7. 9).
[838] Ascon. l.c.
[839] Val. Max. l.c. Cum id vitare beneficio legis Memmiae liceret,
quae eorum, qui rei publicae causa abessent, recipi nomina vetabat.
[840] Val. Max. vi. 8. 1.
[841] Ascon. l.c. Nimia etiam, ut existimatio est, asperitate usus.
[842] Zumpt _Criminalrecht_ i. p. 117.
[843] Plut. _Quaest. Rom_., 83 [Greek: _duo en andras duo de gynaikas en
tae boon agorai legomenae tous men Hellaenas, tous de Galatas, zontas
katorhyxan_].
[844] Plin. _H.N_. xxx. 1. 12 DCLVII demum anno urbis Cn. Cornelia
Lentulo P. Licinio Crasso consulibus (97 B.C.) senatus consultum factum
est ne homo immolaretur.
[845] Plut. l.c.
[846] Obsequens 99 (37) (111 B.C.) Maxima pars urbis exusta cum aede
Matris Magnae; lacte per triduum pluit, hostiisque expiatum majoribus,
Jugurthinum bellum exortum. The war had been determined on the
year before.
[847] Boissière _Esquisse d'une histoire de la conquête et de
l'administration Romaines dans le Nord de l'Afrique_ p. 41.
[848] App. _Lib_. [Greek: _apo Maurousion ton okeanoi mechri taes
Kyraenaion archaes es ta mesogeia_.]
[849] Boissière l.c.
[850] [Greek: _ton legomenon Megalon Pedion_] (App. _Lib_. 68).
[851] Tissot _Géographie comparée de la province Romaine d'Afrique_ ii.
p. 5.
[852] Plin. _H.N_. v. 3. 22; v. 4. 25; Ptol. iv. 3. 7.
[853] Tissot op. cit. ii. pp. 1-20.
[854] Ibid. ii. p. 20.
[855] Mercier _La population indigène de L'Afrique_ pp. 129, 130;
Boissière op. cit. p. 39.
[856] Tissot op. cit. i. pp. 400 foll. For the extension of the native
Libyan language cf. Boissière, _L'Afrique Romaine_ p. 6.
[857] Tissot op. cit. pp. 403, 404.
[858] Hence the [Greek: _Melanogatouloi_] and the [Greek: _Lenkaithiopes_]
of Ptolemy (iv. 6. 5 and 6.) See Tissot op. cit. p. 447.
[859] Mercier op. cit. p. 136.
[860] Tissot op. cit. i. pp. 414-17.
[861] Boissière (op. cit. p. 101) cites an interesting description of
the Kabyle from _Le capitaine Rinn_. In it occur the following
words:--La guerre pour lui (le Kabyle) est une affaire de devoir, de
nécessité, de point d'honneur ou de vengeance; ce n'est jamais ni un
plaisir, ni une distraction, ni même un état normal; il ne la fait
qu'après prévenu son ennemi, et, dans le combat ou après la victoire, il
n'a pas de cruauté inutile.
[862] Tissot op. cit. i. pp. 417-18.
[863] Polyb. xxxvii. 3; Diod. xxxii. 17.
[864] Plin. _H.N_. v. 3 22.
[865] Strabo xvii. 3. 13.
[866] Livy says (xxix. 29) that this was the admitted order of
succession (ita mos apud Numidas est). The brother of a late king was
probably considered to be the most capable successor. An immature son
would be passed over. Cf. Biereye _Res Numidarum et Maurorum_ p. 18.
[867] Liv. _Ep_. 1.; Val. Max. v. 2, ext. 4; Oros. iv. 22.
[868] App. _Lib_. 106.
[869] App. _Hisp_. 67; Sall. _Jug_. 7.
[870] Strabo. xvii. 3. 13; Diod. xxxiv. 35.
[871] Oros. v, 11.
[872] Strabo l.c.
[873] Sall. _Jug_. 65. 1 Morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum
inminuta. We are not told that he was in this condition before Micipsa's
death; but it is perhaps the reason why the king left him only "heir in
remainder" (secundum heredem) to the crown. Another aspirant appears
later on in the person of Massiva son of Gulussa (Sall. _Jug_. 35. i),
but this prince may not have been born, or may have been an infant, at
the time when Jugurtha was recognised as a possible successor. It is
possible that Massiva may have been mentioned as one of the
supplementary heirs in Micipsa's will, although Sallust does not inform
us of the fact.
[874] Sall. _Jug_. 6. 1.
[875] Sall. _Jug_. 6. 2.
[876] Ibid. 7. 6.
[877] Sall. _Jug_. 8. 1.
[878] Ibid. 8. 2.
[879] Sall. _Jug_. 9. 1.
[880] Statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem
instituit (Ibid. 9. 3).
[881] Ibid. 10.
[882] Sall. _Jug_. 11.
[883] Ibid. 12. 3. The site of Thirmida is unknown.
[884] Sallust, using Roman phraseology, says that he had been "proxumus
lictor Jugurthae" (_l c_.). Such a lictor would stand nearest the
magistrate, receive his immediate orders and be, therefore, presumably a
more trusted and intimate servant.
[885] Sall. _Jug_. 12.
[886] In duas partis discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem secuntur, sed
illum alterum bello meliores (Ibid. 13. 1).
[887] Sall. _Jug_. 13. 4.
[888] Ibid. 13. 6.
[889] Ibid. 14.
[890] Sallust (l.c.) makes Adherbal say "Micipsa pater meus moriens
mihi praecepit, ut regni Numidiae tantum modo procurationem existumarem
meam, ceterum jus et imperium ejus penes vos esse". The "jus et
imperium" have no true application to a protectorate.
[891] Sall. _Jug_. 15. 1.
[892] Ibid. 15. 2.
[893] Sall. _Jug_. 16. 2.
[894] Ibid. 16. 3.
[895] Sall. _Jug_. 16. 5.
[896] Sall. _Jug_. 20. 4.
[897] Ibid. 20. 7 Itaque non uti antea cum praedatoria manu, sed magno
exercitu conparato bellum gerere coepit et aperte totius Numidiae
imperium petere.
[898] Ibid. 21. 3.
[899] Sallust says (_Jug_. 21. 2): Haud longe a mari prope Cirtam
oppidum utriusque exercitus consedit. He apparently underestimates the
distance of Cirta from the sea.
[900] Ibid. 21. 2 Ni multitude togatorum fuisset, quae Numidas
insequentis moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque
patratum bellum foret.
[901] The bridge described by Shaw, constructed on one of the natural
arches which connect the two sides of the river bed and presenting two
ranges of superposed arcades, is no longer in existence. This bridge
attached the south-eastern angle of the town to the heights of Mansoura.
See Tissot _Géographie comparée_ ii. p. 393.
[902] Sall. _Jug_. 21. 3.
[903] Sall. _Jug_. 21. 4 Postquam senatus de bello eorum accepit, tres
adulescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, senatus
populique Romani verbis nuntient velle et censere eos ab armis
discedere, de controvorsiis suis jure potius quam bello disceptare: ita
seque illisque dignum esse.
[904] Is rumor clemens erat (Ibid. 22. 1).
[905] Adherbalis adpellandi copia non fuit (Ibid. 22. 5).
[906] Si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit (Sail. _Jug_. 22.4).
[907] Ibid, 23. 2 Adherbal ... intellegit ... penuria rerum
necessariarum bellum trahi non posse.
[908] Sall. _Jug_. 23. 2.
[909] Ibid. 24.
[910] Sall. _Jug_. 25. 1.
[911] Ibid. 25. 3 Ita bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet,
privata gratia devictum.
[912] Ibid. 25. 4 Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu nobiles,
amplis honoribus usi.
[913] Cujus ... nutu prope terrarum orbis regebatur (Cic. _pro Font_. 7,
24).
[914] Sall. _Jug_. 25. 6 Primo commotus metu atque lubidine divorsus
agitabatur. Timebat iram senatus, ni paruisset legatis: porro animus
cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus rapiebatur.
[915] Sall, _Jug_. 25. 10.
[916] Ibid. 25. 11.
[917] Sall. _Jug_. 26. 1 Italici, quorum virtute moenia defensabantur,
confisi deditione facta propter magnitudinem populi Romani inviolatos
sese fore, Adherbali suadent uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae tradat,
tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur: de ceteris senatui curae fore.
[918] Ibid. 26. 3 Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem excruciatum necat.
[919] Sallust (l.c.) represents him as the author of this massacre;
(Jugurtha) omnis puberes Numidas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti
quisque armatus obvius fuerat, interficit. But the attribution may be
due to the brevity of the narrative. The leader of a murderous host may
easily be credited with the outrages which it commits.
[920] Cic. _Brut_. 36. 136 Tum etiam C. L. Memmii fuerunt oratores
mediocres, accusatores acres atque acerbi. Itaque in judicium capitis
multos vocaverunt, pro reis non saepe dixerunt. For his mordant style
see Cic. _de Orat_. ii. 59, 240. The lofty opinion which he was supposed
to hold of himself is illustrated in Cic. _de Orat_. ii. 66, 267 Velut
tu, Crasse, in contione "ita sibi ipsum magnum videri Memmium ut in
forum descendens caput ad fornicem Fabianum demitteret".
[921] He was already "vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis" (Sall.
_Jug_. 27. 2).
[922] Ibid. 27. 1.
[923] Ibid. 27. 2.
[924] Sall. _Jug_. 27. 3 Lege Sempronia provinciae futuris consulibus
Numidia atque Italia decretae. Consules declarati P. Scipio Nasica, L.
Bestia: Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit.
[925] Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto, quippe cui Romae omnia venum
ire in animo haeserat (Ibid, 28. 1).
[926] Ibid.
[927] Sall. _Jug_. 28. 2.
[928] In consule nostro multae bonaeque artes animi et corporis erant,
quas omnis avaritia praepediebat: patiens laborum, acri ingenio, satis
providens, belli haud ignarus, firmissumus contra pericula et insidias
(Ibid. 28. 5).
[929] Sall. _Jug_. 28. 4 Calpurnius parato exercitu legal sibi homines
nobilis, factiosos, quorum auctoritate quae deliquisset munita
fore sperabat.
[930] Sall. _l. c_.
[931] The only record of this campaign is contained in the few words of
Sallust (Ibid, 28. 7) Acriter Numidiam ingressus est multosque
mortalis et urbis aliquot pugnando cepit.
[932] Possibly not at this time, but the date of its recovery is
unknown. The town is in the hands of Metellus during the closing months
of his campaign (Sall. _Jug_. 81. 2). Cf. p. 431.
[933] Sall. _Jug_. 19. 7 Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus imperitabat, praeter
nomen cetera ignarus populi Romani, itemque nobis neque bello neque pace
antea cognitus. Practically nothing is known of the predecessors of this
king. Livy (xxix. 30) mentions an earlier Baga of Mauretania, and
perhaps this name is identical with that of Bocchus or [Greek: _Bogos_].
See Biereye _Res Numidarum et Maurorum_. For the earlier history of
Mauretania see also Göbel _Die Westküste Afrikas im Altertum_. The
boundaries of the kingdom were the Atlantic and the Muluccha on the west
and east respectively (Liv. xxiv. 49, xxi. 22; Sall. _Jug_. 110). The
southern boundary naturally shifted. At times the Mauretanian kings
ruled over some of the Gaetulian tribes, and Strabo (ii. 3.4) makes the
kingdom extend at one time to tribes akin to the Aethiopians--presumably
to the Atlas range. Elsewhere (xvii. 3. 2) he speaks of it as extending
over the Rif to the Gaetulians. See Göbel op. cit. pp. 79-82.
[934] Ibid. 80. 4 Bocchus initio hujusce belli legatos Romam miserat
foedus et amicitiam petitum.
[935] Sall. _Jug_. 29. 2 Scaurus ... tametsi a principio, plerisque ex
factione ejus conruptis, acerrume regem inpugnaverat, tamen magnitudine
pecuniae a bono honestoque in pravom abstractus est.
[936] Sall. _Jug_. 29. 3.
[937] Ibid. 29. 4 Interea fidei causa mittitur a consule Sextius
quaestor in oppidum Jugurthae Vagam.
[938] Vaga (Bêdja) marks the frontier between the Numidian kingdom and
the Roman province--the frontier created in 172 B.C. by the invasions of
Masinissa and finally fixed in 146 B.C. The town lay on the west of the
Wad Bédja, which joins the Medjerda, and on the right of the road from
Carthage to Bulla Regia. There was another Vaga in the heart of Numidia,
between the Ampsaga and Thabraca. See Tissot _Géographie comparée_
ii. pp. 6, 302; Wilmanns in C.I.L. viii. p. 154.
[939] Long _Decline of the Rom. Republic_ i. p. 400.
[940] Sall. _Jug_, 29, 5 Rex ... pauca praesenti consilio locutus de
invidia fact! sui atque uti in deditionem acciperetur, reliqua cum
Bestia et Scauro secreta transigit.
[941] Ibid. (Rex) quasi per saturam sententiis exquisitis in
deditionem accipitur.
[942] Ibid. 29. 6.
[943] Bestia's presence was necessary at Rome as his colleague Nasica
had died during his tenure of the consulship (Cic. _Brut_. 34. 128).
[944] Sall. _Jug_. 30. I Postquam res in Africa gestas, quoque modo
actae forent fama divolgavit, Romae per omnis locos et conventus de
facto consulis agitari. Apud plebem gravis invidia.
[945] Sall. _Jug_. 30. 1 Patres solliciti erant: probarentne tantum
flagitium an decretum consulis subvorterent parum constabat.
[946] Ibid. 30. 2 Maxume eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius
Bestiae ferebatur, a vero bonoque inpediebat.
[947] Ibid. 30. 3.
[948] Ibid. 31.
[949] The best manuscripts read _his annis xv_ in Sall, _Jug_ 31. 2, but
xv may be a mistake for xx, which is the reading of some good ones.
Twenty years would carry us back to 131 B.C., approximately the date of
the fall of Tiberius Gracchus. The year 126 B.C. which the reading xv
gives, can hardly be said to mark an epoch in the decline of the
liberties of the people.
[950] Sociis nostris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis utuntur (Sall.
_Jug_. 31. 23).
[951] Metum ab scelere suo ad ignaviam vostram transtulere, quos omnis
eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coegit. Sed haec inter
bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est (Sall_. Jug_. 31. 14.)
[952] Quo facilius indicio regis Scauri et reliquorum, quos pecuniae
captae accersebat (Memmius), delicta patefierent (Ibid. 33. i).
[953] Alii perfugas vendere (Sall, _Jug_, 32.3). Long (_Decline of the
Rom. Rep. i. p_. 406) thinks that this means that they were sold as
slaves. But the words are probably to be brought into connection with
the terms of the Mamilian commission (Sall. _Jug_. 40.1) "qui elephantos
quique perfugas tradidissent". Ihne (_Röm. Gesch. v. p_. 131) seems to
regard these _perfugae_ as Roman subjects who had been handed over
by Jugurtha.
[954] Quoniam se populo Romano dedisset, ne vim quam misericordiam ejus
experiri mallet (Sall. _Jug_. 32. 5).
[955] Sall. _Jug_, 33.7.
[956] Confirmatus ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea
gesserat quae supra diximus (Ibid. 33. 2).
[957] Ibid. 33. 2 (Jugurtha) C. Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede
parat, cujus inpudentia contra jus et injurias omnis munitus foret.
[958] Sall. _Jug_. 33. 3.
[959] Producto Jugurtha (Ibid, 33. 4) i.e. led him to the front of
the tribunal, or the Rostra if the scene took place in the Forum.
[960] Regem tacere jubet (Sall. _Jug_. 34.1).
[961] Vicit tamen inpudentia (Ibid.).
[962] Ibid. 34. 2.
[963] Sall. _Jug_. 35. 2. It is not impossible that he may have been
mentioned as one of the supplementary heirs in Micipsa's will. See
p. 323.
[964] Sall. _Jug_. 35. 6.
[965] Ibid. 35. 7 Fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium
Bomilcar, comes ejus qui Romam fide publica venerat.
[966] Sall. _Jug_. 35. 9.
[967] Urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit! (Ibid.
35. 10).
[968] There was still an heir in Gauda--one too who had been recognised
in the testament of Micipsa (p. 323); but he may not have been regarded
as a suitable candidate.
[969] Sall. _Jug_. 36. 1 Albinus renovato bello commeatum, stipendium,
aliaque, quae militibus usui forent, maturat in Africam portare, ac
statim ipse profectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus haud longe aberat,
armis aut deditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret.
[970] Cf. Sall. _Jug_. 36. 1 Armis aut deditione aut quovis modo.
[971] Sall. _Jug_. 36. 3 Ac fuere qui tum Albinum haud ignarum consili
regis existumarent, neque ex tanta properantia tam facile tractum bellum
socordia magis quam dolo crederent.
[972] His colleague Quintus Minucius Rufus was making war with the
barbarians of Thrace (Liv. _Ep_. lxv; Vellei. ii. 8; Florus i. 39 (iii.
4); Eutrop. iv. 27).
[973] See cf. Meinel _Zur Chronologie des Jug. Krieges_ p. 11.
[974] Quae dissensio totius anni comitia inpediebat (Sall. _Jug_. 37.
2).
[975] The tribunician year ended with 9th December, but it is not likely
that the consuls of 109, Metellus and Silanus, were elected between this
date and 1st January of 109. Had they been, Metellus would have held
Numidia and Sp. Albinus would not have been allowed to return there.
[976] Sall. _Jug_. 37. 3.
[977] There is little probability that the Calama (Gelma) of Orosius (v.
15) and the Suthul of Sallust are identical. Those who have visited the
site of Gelma deny that Sallust's description suits this region and
think that Suthul was a place near by. Grellois (_Ghelma_ pp. 263 foll.)
thinks that Suthul may be placed on a site where now stands the village
of Henschir Ain Neschma, one hour's distance from Gelma. See Wilmanns in
C.I. L. viii. p. 521.
[978] Sall. _Jug_. 37. 4.
[979] Vineas agere, aggerem jacere, aliaque quae incepto usui forent
properare (Sall. _Jug_. 37. 4).
[980] Sall. _Jug. 38. 9. The treaty perhaps gave to Jugurtha a specific
guarantee of the undisturbed possession of Numidia.
[981] Oros. v. 15.
[982] Sail. _Jug_. 39. 1.
[983] Sallust (_Jug_. 39. 2) improperly calls him _consul_. The only
position which he held now was that of proconsul of Numidia.
[984] Senatus ita uti par fuerat decernit, suo atque populi injussu
nullum potuisse foedus fieri (Sall. _Jug_. 39. 3).
[985] Sall. _Jug_. 39. 4.
[986] Sall. _Jug_. 40. 1.
[987] Occulte per amicos ac maxume per homines nominis Latini et socios
Italicos inpedimenta parabant (Ibid. 40. 2). For the later relations
of the government with the Latins and allies see p. 288.
[988] Sed plebes incredibile memoratu est quam intenta fuerit quantaque
vi rogationem jusserit, magis odio nobilitatis cui mala illa parabantur,
quam cura rei publicae: tanta lubido in partibus erat (Sall. _Jug_.
40. 3).
[989] Ibid. 40. 4.
[990] [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 72; Plut. _Quaest. Rom_. 50.
[991] Sall. _Jug_. 40. 5 Sed quaestio exercita aspere violenterque ex
rumore et lubidine plebis. Ut saepe nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate
plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia ceperat.
[992] Cic. _Brut_. 34. 128 Invidiosa lege Mamilia quaestio C. Galbam
sacerdotem et quattuor consulates, L. Bestiam, C. Catonem, Sp. Albinum
civemque praestantissimum L. Opimium, Gracchi interfectorem, a populo
absolutum, cum is contra populi studium stetisset. Gracchani judices
sustulerunt. For the condemnation of Opimius cf. _pro Sest_. 67, 140;
for that of Galba, _Brut_. 33. 127. Here honour is paid to Galba's
speech in his defence (Extat ejus peroratio, qui epilogus dicitur: qui
tanto in honore pueris nobis erat, ut eum etiam edisceremus). Of Galba
it is said (l.c.) Hic, qui in collegio sacerdotum esset, primus post
Romam conditam judicio publico est condemnatus. He was perhaps a member
of the college of pontiffs (Long _Decline of the Rom. Rep_. i. p. 415).
(For the exile of Cato at Tarraco see _pro Balbo_ 11. 28).
[993] Sall. _Jug_. 43. I; Liv. _Ep_. lxv.
[994] Sallust's language (_Jug_. 43. 1) is indeterminate, but suggests
the use of the lot--Metellus et Silanus consules designati provincias
inter se partiverant, Metelloque Numidia evenerat. There are instances
in later times of a manipulation of the _sortitio_. See Cic. _ad Fam_.
v. 2. 3; _ad Att_. i. 16. 8. This assignment of the provinces followed
the treaty of Aulus (l.c.), i.e. it took place early in 109, but not
in the very first months of that year, as Spurius Albinus had gone back
to Africa as proconsul (p. 373). As we have seen (p. 369) there is no
probability that the consuls of 109 were elected in 110. Sallust's words
(l.c.) "consules designati" simply mean "appointed consuls" and have
no reference to the usual status of "consuls designate".
[995] Polyb. vi. 56.
[996] Cic. _pro Balbo_ 5. 11; _ad Att_. i. 16. 4; Val. Max. ii. 10. 1.
It is supposed that Sicily may have been the province, which he had
governed as propraetor, and from which he had returned when he was
subjected to this trial. See Drumann _Gesch. Roms_. ii. p. 31.
[997] Acri viro et, quamquam advorso populi partium, fama tamen
aequabili et inviolata (Sall. _Jug_. 43. 1).
[998] Ibid. 43. 4.
[999] Sall. _Jug_. 44. Cf. Val. Max. ii. 7. 2; Frontin. _Strat_.
iv. 1. 2.
[1000] Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus quam in rebus
hostilibus magnum et sapientem virum fuisse conperior: tanta temperantia
inter ambitionem saevitiamque moderatum.... Ita prohibendo a delictis
magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit (Sall. _Jug_. 45).
[1001] Sall. _Jug_. 46. 1.
[1002] Jugurtha ... diffidere suis rebus ac tum demum veram deditionem
facere conatus est (Ibid.).
[1003] Sall. _Jug_. 46. 2.
[1004] Sed Metello jam antea experimentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum
infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum avidum esse (Ibid. 46. 3).
[1005] Sall. _Jug_. 46. 5.
[1006] Sall. _Jug_. 47. 1 Oppidum Numidarum nomine Vaga, forum rerum
venalium totius regni maxume celebratum, ubi et incolere et mercari
consueverant Italici generis multi mortales. Sallust does not say that
Italian merchants were still in the town. Their presence in Numidian
cities since the massacre at Cirta may be doubted, although the fact
that the town was so near the province may have mastered the fears of
some of the traders.
[1007] Sall. _Jug_. 47. 4.
[1008] Ibid. 48. 1 Coactus rerum necessitudine statuit armis certare.
[1009] Tissot _Géographie comparée_ 1. pp. 67-68. I have followed Tissot
in his identification of the Muthul with the Wäd Mellag. This view makes
Metellus's efforts concentrate for the time on S.E. Numidia. He intended
to secure his communications before proceeding farther, whether south or
west. The older view, which identified the Muthul with the Ubus (Mannert
and Forbiger) would represent Metellus as opening his campaign in the
direction of Hippo Regius--Western Numidia would thus be his object and
the subsequent campaign about Zama would indicate a change of plan. This
is not an impossible view; but there are other indications which favour
the hypothesis that the Muthul is the Wäd Mellag. One is that Sicca in
its neighbourhood veered round to the Romans after the battle (Sall.
_Jug_. 56. 3). The other is the alleged suitability of this region to
the topographical description given by Sallust. Tissot believed that
every step in the great battle could be traced on the ground. The "mons
tractu pari" is the Djebel Hemeur mta Ouargha, parallel to the course of
the Wäd Mellag and extending from the Djebel Sara to the Wäd Zouatin.
The hill projected by this chain perpendicularly to the river is the
Koudiat Abd Allah, which detaches itself from the central block of the
Djebel Hemeur and the direction of which is perpendicular both to the
mountain and to the Wäd Mellag. The plain, waterless and desert in the
angle formed by the hill and the mountain but inhabited and cultivated
in the neighbourhood of the Muthul, is the Fëid-es-Smar, watered in its
lower part by two streams which empty into the Wäd Mellag. The distance,
however, which separates Djebel Hemeur from the left bank of the Wäd
Mellag, is not twenty (the number given by the MSS. of Sallust) but
about seven miles. S. Reinach in his edition of Tissot has not
reproduced the author's own sketch of the battle of the Muthul, but a
map of the district will be found in the Atlas appended to the work (Map
xviii., Medjerda supérieure). This map forms the basis of the one which
I have given.
[1010] See note 1. One must agree with Tissot that the "ferme milia
passuum viginti" of Sallust (_Jug_. 48. 3) cannot be accepted. Such a
distance is impossible from a strategic point of view, as Metellus could
never have sent his vanguard such a distance in advance, when he himself
was engaged with the enemy. It is also inconsistent with the account of
the battle, the details of which obviously show that it took place in a
much smaller area. The actual distance between the conjectured sites is
about seven Roman miles (note 1. See Tissot op. cit. i. p. 71).
[1011] Sall. _Jug_. 48.
[1012] This appears from the narrative in Ibid. 52. 5. Even when
Jugurtha had advanced some distance to the river, Bomilcar was not
actually in touch with the king's forces.
[1013] Sall. _Jug_. 49. 4.
[1014] Sall. _Jug_. 49. 4.
[1015] Ibid. 49. 6 Ibi conmutatis ordinibus in dextero latere, quod
proxumum hostis erat, triplicibus subsidies aciem instruxit.
[1016] Sall. _Jug_. 49. 6 Sicuti instruxerat, transvorsis principiis in
planum deducit. The word "transvorsis" here probably refers to the
direction in which the front rank faced the enemy, and the position may
be described in another way by saying that Metellus marched with his
front rank sideways to Jugurtha. See Summers in loc.
[1017] Ibid. 50. 2.
[1018] Ibid. 50. 1.
[1019] Sall. _Jug_. 52. 5.
[1020] Ibid. 50. 2.
[1021] Sall. _Jug_. 51. 3.
[1022] Sall. _Jug_. 52.5.
[1023] Aciem quam diffidens virtuti militum arte statuerat, quo hostium
itineri officeret, latius porrigit eoque modo ad Rutili castra procedit
(Ibid. 52. 6).
[1024] Sall. _Jug_. 53. 3.
[1025] Ibid. 53. 5 Instructi intentique obviam procedunt. Nam dolus
Numidarum nihil languidi neque remissi patiebatur.
[1026] Pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores pro praeda fore
(Sall. _Jug_. 54. 1).
[1027] Interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut
seque et exercitum more majorum gereret, in advorso loco victor tamen
virtute fuisset, hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham magnificum ex Albini
socordia spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset habere
(Ibid. 55. 1).
[1028] Sall. _Jug_. 54. 1.
[1029] Ibid. 54. 3.
[1030] Metellus, ubi videt ... minore detrimento illos vinci quam suos
vincere, statuit non proeliis neque in acie, sed alio more bellum
gerundum (Ibid. 54. 5).
[1031] Sall. _Jug_. 54. 6.
[1032] Sall. _Jug_. 55. 5.
[1033] Sicca is the modern El Kef, but is still called by its
inhabitants by its old name of Sicca Veneria (Schak Benar), The name
_Veneria_ was derived from a temple of the Punic Aphrodite (cf. Val.
Max. ii. 6. 15). Of its strategic importance Tissot says "El Kef is
still regarded as the strongest place in Tunis.... The town dominates
the great plains of Es-sers, Zanfour, Lorbeus and of the Wäd Mellag, at
the same time that it commands one of the principal ways of
communication leading from Tunis to Algiers." See Wilmanns in C.I.L.
viii. p. 197; Tissot _Géogr. comp_. ii. p. 378. Zama Regia is now
identified, not with the place called Lehs, El-Lehs or Eliès (Wilmanns
op. cit. p. 210), but with Djiâma. See Tissot op. cit. ii. pp. 571,
577-79; Mommsen in _Hermes_ xx. pp. 144-56; Schmidt in _Rhein. Mus_.
1889 (N. F. 44) pp. 397 foll.
[1034] Sall. _Jug_. 56. 3.
[1035] Ibid. 56. 2.
[1036] Id oppidum in campo situm magis opere quam natura munitum erat
(Ibid. 57. 1).
[1037] Contra ea oppidani in proxumos saxa volvere, sudes, pila,
praeterea picem sulphure et taeda mixtam ardentia mittere (Sall. _Jug_.
57. 5). If _ardentia_ is correct, the _sudes_ and _pila_ must also have
been winged with fire. I have interpreted the passage as though
_ardenti_ (suggested by Herzog) were the true reading. Summers suggests
"picem sulphure mixtam et tela ardentia."
[1038] Ibid. 58. 1.
[1039] Sall. _Jug_. 59. 1.
[1040] Ibid. 59. 3.
[1041] Sall. _Jug_. 60. 4.
[1042] Ibid. 61. 1.
[1043] Sall. _Jug_. 61. 4.
[1044] Sall. _Jug_. 62, 1.
[1045] Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui Jugurtham imperata facturum
dice rent (Ibid. 62. 3). The word _imperata_ implies previous
negotiations.
[1046] Metellus proper cantos senatorial ordinis ex Hibernia accurse
jubet; eorum et variorum, quos ironers defeat, console habet
(Ibid. 62. 4).
[1047] Ihne _Röm. Gesch_. v. p. 146.
[1048] Sall. _Jug_. 62. 5. Orosius (v. 15. 7) adds that Jugurtha
promised corn and other supplies.
[1049] Oros. l.c.
[1050] Sall. _Jug_. 62. 7.
[1051] Oros. l.c.
[1052] App. _Num_. 3.
[1053] Its site is unknown.
[1054] Romae senatus de provinciis consults Numidiam Metello decelerare
(Sall. _Jug_. 62. 10). It is possible that the senate merely abstained
from making Numidia a consular province. See Summers in loc. and cf.
p. 222.
[1055] Etiam tum alios magistratus plebs, consulate nobilities inter se
per manus trade bat. Novas memo tam claries neque tam egregious facts
erat, quin is indigenous illo honore et quasi pollutes aerator
(Ibid. 63. 6).
[1056] Ibid. 63. 1.
[1057] Sall. _Jug_. 64. 4.
[1058] Milites quibus in Hibernia preheat lax ore imperio quam antea
habere (Ibid. 64. 5).
[1059] Sall. _Jug_. 64. 5.
[1060] Ibid. 65. 1 Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Unmade quidam
nomine Gauda, Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa
testamento secundum heredem scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam
causam mente paulum inminuta.
[1061] Turmam equitum Romanorum (Ibid. 65. 2). It appears, therefore,
that _equites equo publico_, although seldom (if ever) used as cavalry
at this time, still formed the escort of generals or princes.
[1062] Equites Romanos, milites et negotiatores (Sall. _Jug_. 65. 4).
[1063] Sall. _Jug_. 66. 3.
[1064] Ibid. 67.
[1065] Sall. _Jug_. 67. 3 Turpilius praefectus unus ex omnibus Italicis
intactus profugit. Id misericordiane hospitis an pactione an casu ita
evenerit, parum comperimus: nisi, quia illi in tanto malo turpis vita
integra fama potior fuit, inprobus intestabilisque videtur.
[1066] Ibid. 68. 1.
[1067] Ibid. 68. 4 Equites in primo late, pedites quam artissume ire
et signa occultare jubet.
[1068] Plut. _Mar_. 8 outos gar ho anaer aen men ek poteron xenos toi
Metello kai tote taen epi ton tektonon echon archaen synestrateue.
[1069] Plut. l.c.
[1070] Plut. l.c.
[1071] Sall. _Jug_. 69. 4 Turpilius ... condemnatus verberatusque capite
poenas solvit: nam is civis e Latio erat. If the last words mean that
Turpilius was a Latin, they may show that the law of Drusus (p. 242), if
passed, was no longer respected. If they mean that he was a Roman
citizen from a Latin town, they illustrate this law. Appian (_Num_. 3)
says that Turpilius was a Roman ([Greek: _andra Rhomaion_]).
[1072] Sall. _Jug_. 70.
[1073] Proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum mallet
(Sall. _Jug_. 70. 6).
[1074] Sall. _Jug_. 72.
[1075] Ibid. 73.
[1076] Meinel (_Zur Chronologie des Jugurth. Krieges p. 13_) thinks that
the consular elections of 108 did not take place before the winter, and
that they may even have drifted over into the following year.
[1077] Plut, _Mar_. 8.
[1078] Plut. l.c. It is possible that this story and that of Sallust
(_Jug_. 63 see p. 410) about the sacrifice at Utica belong to the same
incident. But it is not probable. A man such as Marius would often
approach a favourite shrine.
[1079] Liv. _Ep_. lxv.
[1080] [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 72; Ammian. xxvii. 3. 9.
[1081] The _via Aemilia_ ([Victor] l.c.; Strabo v. 1. 11).
[1082] Plut. _Quaest. Rom_. 50.
[1083] Plut. _Mar_. 8.
[1084] Sall. _Jug_. 73. 6 Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices
agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis
operibus frequentarent Marium et sua necessaria post illius honorem
ducerent. The labours, from which the _agrestes_ were drawn, may have
been those of early spring, if the elections were delayed until the
early part of 107 B.C. (See p. 420, Meinel l.c.)
[1085] Ibid. 73. 7 Sed paulo _ante senatus Metello Numidiam_
decreverat: ea res frustra fuit. The words in italics are not given by
the good manuscripts; they are perhaps an interpolation drawn from ch.
62. See Summers in loc. It is possible that some mention of the
provinces which the senate had decreed to the new consuls stood here.
Mommsen (_Hist. of Rome_ bk. iv. c. 4) thinks that the passage may have
contained a statement that the senate had destined Gaul and Italy for
the consuls.
[1086] Sall. _Fug_. 85.
[1087] Ibid. 85. 12 Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, postquam consules
facti sunt, et acta majorum et Graecorum militaria praecepta legere
coeperint--praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri tempore posterius,
re atque usu prius est.
[1088] Ibid. 84. 2.
[1089] Polyb. vi. 19.2.
[1090] According to Gellius (xvi. 10, 10) 375 asses:--Qui ... nullo aut
perquam parvo aere censebantur, "capite censi" vocabantur, extremus
autem census capite censorum aeris fuit trecentis septuaginta quinque.
But this decline from the Polybian census seems incredibly rapid.
Perhaps the figure should be 3,750--one closely resembling that given by
Polybius. Cf. p. 61.
[1091] Cf. Liv. x. 21 (cited by Ihne _Röm. Gesch_. v. p. 154)
Senatus ... delectum omnis generis hominum haberi jussit. See also Gell.
l.c. 13. Polybius vi. 19. 3, according to Casaubon's reading (p. 135),
cannot be cited in illustration of this point.
[1092] Sall. _Jug_. 86 2 Ipse interea milites scribere, non more majorum
neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque lubido erat, capite censos
plerosque. Val. Max. ii. 3. 1 Fastidiosum dilectus genus in exercitibus
Romanis oblitterandum duxit. Cf. Florus i. 36 (iii. 1). 13. The
tradition preserved by Plutarch (_Mar. 9_) that Marius enrolled slaves
as well ([Greek: _polyn ton aporon kai doulon katagraphon_]), is
apparently an echo from the time of the civil wars. Plutarch may mean
men of servile birth and, though it is noted that freedmen were not
employed even on occasional service until 90 B.C. (App. _Bell. Civ_. i.
49), yet it is possible that Marius's hasty levy may have swept in some
men of this standing. But after, as before the time of Marius,
free-birth (_ingenuitas_) continued to be a necessary qualification for
service in the legions.
[1093] Sall. _Jug_. 86. 3.
[1094] Sall. _Jug_. 86. 3.
[1095] Sall. _Jug_. 74. 1.
[1096] Ibid. 74. 2.
[1097] Ibid. 75. 1. There are two Thalas in Numidia. The one with
which we are here concerned is believed to be that lying east of Capsa
(Khafsa), not that near Ammaedara (the latter is probably the Thala of
Tac. _Ann_. iii. 21). Its identification was due to Pelissier who
visited the site. It has one of the characteristics mentioned by
Sallust, for the existing ruins are situated in a region destitute of
water except for one neighbouring fountain. The river from which the
Romans drew water and filled their vessels might be the one now called
the Wäd Lebem or Leben--the only one in this part of Tunis which does
not run dry even in summer. The ruins are of small extent and
unimposing, but this feature agrees with the statement of Strabo (xvii.
3. 12) that Thala was one of the towns blotted out by continuous wars in
Africa. It was, therefore, not restored by the Romans. It has been
doubted whether the name Thala is a proof of the identity of the site
with that described by Sallust, since Pelissier says (_Rev. Arch_. 1847,
p. 399) that the place is surrounded by a grove of trees, of the kind
known as _mimosa gummifera_ and called _thala_ by the Arabs. The ruins
may have drawn their name from these trees. See Wilmanns in C.I.L.
viii. p. 28 and cf. Tissot _Géogr. comp_. ii. p. 635.
[1098] Sall. _Jug_. 75. 9.
[1099] Sall. _Jug_. 76. 3 Deinde locis ex copia maxume idoneis vineas
agere, aggerem jacere et super aggerem inpositis turribus opus et
administros tutari.
[1102] The name appears on coins in Punic letters as L B Q I (Movers
_Die Phönizer_ II 2. p. 486; Müller _Numismatique de l'Afrique_ II p.
10). Greek writers also call it Neapolis, probably because it was not
far from an older town at the mouth of the Cinyps (the Wäd
Mghar-el-Ghrin), although others hold that this name designated a
particular quarter of the town. The three cities of the Syrtis--Sabrata,
Oea and Leptis--were called Tripolis, but do not seem to have been
politically connected with one another. Leptis had been stipendiary to
Carthage (Liv. xxxiv. 62) and had subsequently been occupied by
Masinissa (Liv. l.c.; cf. App. _Lib_. 106). But the occupation was
not permanent or effective. Sallust notes (_Jug_. 78) that its situation
had enabled it to escape Numidian influence.
[1101] Sall. _Jug_. 77. 3.
[1102] Ibid. 80. 1.
[1103] Forbiger _Handb. der alt. Geogr_. ii. p. 885.
[1104] Sall. _Jug_. 80. 2.
[1105] Ibid. 80. 1.
[1106] Ibid. 80. 6 Ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis
ducitur, quia singuli pro opibus quisque quam plurumas uxores, denas
alii, alii pluris habent, sed reges eo amplius. Ita animus multitudine
distrahitur: nulla pro socia optinet, pariter omnes viles sunt.
[1107] Sall. _Jug_. 81. 1.
[1108] Ibid. 82. 1.
[1109] Cf. p. 349.
[1110] Sall. _Jug_. 81. 2.
[1111] Ibid. 82. 1.
[1112] Ibid. 82. 2.
[1113] Sall. _Jug_. 83. 1.
[1114] Sall, _Jug_. 86. 5.
[1115] Ibid. 88. 1.
[1116] Vellei. ii. II Metelli ... et triumphus fuit clarissimus et
meritum ex virtute ei cognomen Numidici inditum. Cf. Eutrop. iv. 27.
[1117] Sall. _Jug_. 88. 5.
[1118] Sall. _Jug_. 88. 3.
[1119] Sallust uses the historic infinitive (Ibid, 89. 1 Consul, uti
statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim vi, alia metu aut
praemia ostentando avortere ab hostibus), but the reduction of some of
these places may perhaps be assumed.
[1120] Cf. p. 426.
[1121] Capsa (Kafsa or Gafsa) may have been once subject to Carthage and
have been added to the kingdom of Masinissa after the Hannibalic war.
Strabo (xvii. 3. 12) mentions it amongst the ruined towns of Africa, but
it revived later on, received a Latin form of constitution under
Hadrian, and was ultimately the seat of a bishopric. See Wilmanns in C.
I. L. viii. p. 22. Its commercial importance was very great. It was, as
Tissot says (_Géogr. comp_. ii. p. 664), placed on the threshold of the
desert at the head of the three great valleys which lead, the one to the
bottom of the Gulf of Kabes, the other to Tebessa, the third to the
centre of the regency of Tunis. He describes it as one of the gates of
the Sahara and one of the keys of Tell, the necessary point of transit
of the caravans of the Soudan and the advanced post of the high plateau
against the incursions of the nomads. Strabo (l.c.) describes Capsa as
a treasure-house of Jugurtha, but it has been questioned whether this
description is not due to a confusion with Thala (Wilmanns l.c.).
[1122] Sall. _Jug_. 89. 6.
[1123] Ibid. 89. 5 Nam, praeter oppido propinqua, alia omnia vasta,
inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quarum vis sicuti omnium
ferarum inopia cibi acrior. Ad hoc natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa,
siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Tissot says (op. cit. ii. p. 669)
that the solitudes which surround the oasis make a veritable "belt of
sands and snakes" (cf. Florus iii. 1. 14 Anguibus harenisque
vallatam).
[1124] Sal. _Jug_. 90. 1.
[1125] Aulus Manlius was sent with some light cohorts to protect the
stores at Lares (Ibid. 90. 2). These stores were, therefore, not
exhausted.
[1126] The Tana has often been identified with the Wäd Tina, but this
identification would take Marius along the coast by Thenae--a course
which he almost certainly did not follow. Tissot holds (_Géogr. comp_.
i. p. 85) that Tana is only a generic Libyan name for a water-course. He
thinks that the river in question is the Wäd-ed-Derb. (Ibid. p. 86).
[1127] This _locus tumulosus_ (Sall. _Jug_. 91. 3) is identified by
Tissot (op. cit. ii. p 669) with a spur of the Djebel Beni-Younès
which dominates Kafsa on the northeast at the distance indicated
by Sallust.
[1128] Ibid. 91. 7.
[1129] Sall. _Jug_. 92. 3.
[1130] Sallust omits all mention of these winter quarters. Such an
omission does not prove that he is a bad military historian, but simply
that he never meant his sketch to be a military history. But he has
perhaps freed himself too completely from the annalistic methods of most
Roman historians.
[1131] Sall. _Jug_. 92. 2.
[1132] The Wäd Muluja. It is called Muluccha by Sallust, [Greek:
_Molochath_] by Strabo (xvii. 3, 9). Other names given to it by
ancient authorities are Malvane, [Greek: _Maloua_], Malva. See Göbel
_Die Westküste Afrikas im Altertum_ pp. 79, 80.
[1133] Bocchus, however, claimed the territory within which Marius was
operating (Sall. _Jug_. 102).
[1134] Ibid. 92. 5.
[1135] Ibid. 93.
[1136] Sall. _Jug_. 94. 3.
[1137] Sall. _Jug_. 95. 1.
[1138] Sall, _Jug_. 95. 1 L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in castra
venit, quos uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret Romae relictus erat.
[1139] Cic. _in Verr_. iii. 58. 134.
[1140] Cf. Cic. _ad Att_. vi. 6. 3 and 4.
[1141] Val. Max. vi. 9. 6 C. Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur quod
sibi asperrimum in Africa bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte
obvenisset.
[1142] Plut. _Sulla_ 2.
[1143] Val. Max. l.c.; Plut. _Sulla_ 2.
[1144] Litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque doctissume, eruditus
(Sall. _Jug_. 95. 3).
[1145] Plut. l.c.
[1146] Plut. l.c.
[1147] He was born in 138 B.C. He was entering on his sixtieth year at
the time of his death in 78 B.C. (Val. Max. ix. 3. 8). Cf. Vellei. ii.
17 and see Lau _Lucius Cornelius Sulla_ p. 25.
[1148] Sall. _Jug_. 96.
[1149] Sall. _Jug_. 97. 2.
[1150] Sallust states later that Cirta was his original aim (Ibid. 102.
1 Pervenit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat); but
Marius's plans may have been modified by intervening events.
[1151] Vix decuma parte die reliqua (Ibid. 97. 3).
[1152] Sall, _Jug_. 98. 1.
[1153] Ibid. 97. 5 Denique Romani ... orbis facere, atque ita ab
omnibus partibus simul tecti et instructi hostium vim sustentabant.
[1154] Ibid. 98. 3.
[1155] Sall. _Jug_. 99. 1.
[1156] Pariter atque in conspectu hostium quadrato agmine incedere
(Ibid. 100. 1). For the nature and growth of this tactical formation
amongst the Romans see Marquardt _Staatsverw. ii. p. 423.
[1157] Sall. _Jug_. 101. 2.
[1158] It is possible that Jugurtha intentionally let his approach be
known, so that the Romans might form in their usual battle order.
[1159] This force is not mentioned by Sallust (Sall. _Jug_. 101. 5), but
it seems implied in the junction of Bocchus with Volux.
[1160] Quod ubi milites accepere, magis atrocitate rei quam fide nuntii
terrentur (Ibid. 101. 7).
[1161] Sall. _Jug_. 101. 9.
[1162] Oros. v. 15. 9 foll. This account in Orosius corresponds to
nothing in Sallust and is clearly drawn from other sources. The attempt
of the Romans to storm Cirta (Section 10) must be a mistake, unless it
refers to some earlier and unrecorded operation of the war. Some details
of Section 14 bear a shadowy resemblance to points in the first of the
recent battles described by Sallust; but there are other details which
make the identification impossible.
[1163] Hastilia telorum, quae manu intorquere sine ammentis solent
(Oros. v. 15. 16).
[1164] According to Sallust (_Jug_. 102. 2.); but the fight which he
describes may not have been the final battle. See p. 452.
[1165] Ibid. 102. 2.
[1166] Sall. _Jug_. 102. 5.
[1167] Ibid. 102. 12.
[1168] Cf. Sall. _Jug_. 80. 4. See p. 349.
[1169] Sall. _Jug_. 102. 15.
[1170] The headquarters were doubtless Cirta, to which we find Marius
returning (Ibid. 104. 1); but shortly afterwards we find Sulla and the
envoys coming to Cirta from a place which, according to one reading, is
called Tucca (see p. 457). All the troops were probably not concentrated
at Cirta, as Marius meant to quarter them in the coast-towns
(Ibid. 100. 1).
[1171] Ibid. 103. 2.
[1172] Sall. _Jug_. 104. 3.
[1173] Ibid. 103. 7.
[1174] Sulla and the envoys were now at a place which variant readings
make either Tucca or Utica (Ibid. 104. 1 Illosque et Sullam [ab Tucca
_or_ Utica] venire jubet, item L. Bellienum praetorem Utica). Utica is
rendered improbable by its mention a few words later, although it is
possible that the name of this town has been duplicated in the sentence.
If we keep Tucca, it cannot be Thugga (Dugga) in Numidia, which is some
distance from the coast. It may be the town which Pliny (_Hist. Nat_. v.
2. 21) calls "oppidum Tucca inpositum mari et flumini Ampsagae".
[1175] It is possible that this armistice included Jugurtha as well,
although this is not stated by Sallust (Sall. _Jug_. 104. 2).
[1176] Ibid. 104. 5.
[1177] Sall. _Jug_. 105. 1.
[1178] Ibid. 106. 2.
[1179] Sall. _Jug_. 107, 1.
[1180] Sall. _Jug_. 107. 6. Cf. Plut. _Sulla_ 3.
[1181] Ibid. 108.
[1182] This is apparently the meaning of Sallust (Ibid. 108. 1) when
he describes Dabar as Massugradae filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum
materno genere inpar (nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat).
[1183] Sall. _Jug_. 108. 3 Sed ego conperior Bocchum magis Punica fide
quam ob ea, quae praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis
attinuisse, multumque cum animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis
an illi Sullam traderet; lubidinem advorsum nos, metum pro
nobis suasisse.
[1184] Ibid. 109, 2 Dicit se missum a consule. Marius was really
proconsul.
[1185] Ibid. 110.
[1186] Sall. _Jug_. 111.
[1187] Sall. _Jug_. 111. 2
[1188] Ibid. 112. 1.
[1189] Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem promisit, ceterum dolo
an vere cunctatus parum comperimus (Ibid. 113. 1).
[1190] This must have been the agreement, although Sallust says only
Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis inermis, uti dictum erat, adcedit
(Sall. _Jug_. 113. 6).
[1191] Ibid. 114. 3.
[1192] Gauda is called king in an inscription which gives the whole
house of Juba II. The inscription (C.I.L. II. n. 3417) runs:--Regi
Jubae reg(is) Jubae filio regi(s) Iempsalis n. regis Gau(dae) pronepoti
regis Masiniss(ae) pronepotis nepoti IIvir quinq. patrono coloni (the
_coloni_, who set up the inscription, having made Juba II IIvir
quinquennalis _honoris causa_). The only doubt which affects the belief
in Gauda's succession arises from a passage in Cic. _post Red. ad Quir_.
8. 20. Cicero here says (Marius) cum parva navicula pervectus in
Africam, quibus regna ipse dederat, ad eos inops supplexque venisset.
There can be no doubt that Marius fled to Hiempsal, not to Gauda. But it
has been pointed out that Cicero's expression is "ad eos," not "ad eum."
The plural probably refers to the whole "domus" of the monarch and would
include both Gauda and Hiempsal. See Biereye _Res Numidarum et
Maurorum_ p. 7.
[1193] Mauretania subsequently includes the region of Caesariensis, but
it has been thought probable that the territory of Sitifis on the east
was not added until the new settlement in 46 B.C. (Mommsen _Hist. of
Rome_ bk. iv. c. 4). The territory between the Muluccha and Saldae
might, therefore, have been added after the close of the war with
Jugurtha. See Müller _Numismatique de l'Afrique_. p. 4; Mommsen l.c.;
Göbel _Die Westküste Afrikas im Altertum_ p. 93; Biereye op. cit. p. 6.
It is very questionable whether the limits of the Roman province were
in any way extended at the expense of Numidia. Such additions as Vaga
and Sicca probably belong to the settlement of 46 B.C. See Tissot
_Géogr. comp_. ii. pp. 21 foll. It has sometimes been thought that the
attachment of Leptis Magna to Rome (p. 429) was permanent (Wilmanns in
C.I.L. viii. p. 2) and that Tripolis became a part of the Roman
province (Marquardt _Staatsverw_. i. p. 465), but Tissot (op. cit. ii.
p. 22) believes that Leptis remained a free city.
[1194] Sall. _Jug_. 114. 3; Liv. _Ep_. lxvii; C.I.L. i. n. xxxiii p. 290
Eum (Jugurtham) cepit et triumphans in secundo consulatu ante currum
suum duci jussit ... veste triumphali calceis patriciis [? _in senatum
venit_]. It is questionable, however, whether the last words of this
Arretine inscription (words which do not immediately follow the account
of the Numidian triumph) can be brought into connection with the story
told by Plutarch (_Mar_. 12) that Marius, either through forgetfulness
or clumsiness, entered the senate in his triumphal dress. They seem to
refer to some special honours conferred after the defeat of the Germanic
tribes. It is possible that the conferment of this honour gave rise to
the malicious story, which became not only distorted but misplaced.
[1195] Plut. _Mar_. 12.
[1196] Ihne _Röm. Gesch_. v. p. 164 Wo dem Sohn des Südens der
Schmerzenschrei entfuhr.
[1197] Plut. _Mar_. 12. The epitomator of Livy (lxvii.) says in carcere
necatus est. The word _necatus_ is quite consistent with a death such as
that described by Plutarch. See Festus, pp. 162, 178.
[1198] Plut. l.c.
[1199] Plut. _Mar_. 10.
[1200] Plut. _Sulla_ 4.
[1201] Plut. _Mar_. 10; _Sulla_ 3.
[1202] Plut. _Sulla_ 6.
[1203] Ancient writers derive the name from _serere_ and connect it with
a story of the family of the Reguli (Plin. _Hist. Nat_. xviii. 3, 20;
Verg. _Aen_. vi. 844; Val. Max. iv. 4. 5). But the name appears on coins
as "Saranus" (Eckhel v. p. 146). It seems, however, to be true that the
name was borne by, or applied to, C. Atilius Regulus, the consul of 257
B.C. See Klebs in Pauly-Wissowa R. E. p. 2095.
[1204] Cic. _pro Planc_. 5. 12.
[1205] In the movement connected with the proceedings of Saturninus in
100 B.C. (Cic. _pro Rab_. 7. 21).
[1206] Eutrop. iv. 27; Val. Max. vi. 9. 13; _Fast. triumph_.
[1207] Yet no very recent cases _repetundarum_ are known. The last seems
to have been the accusation of M. Valerius Messala (Gell. xv. 14). About
this time C. Flavius Fimbria was accused by M. Gratidius and acquitted
in spite of the hostile evidence of M. Aemilius Scaurus (Cic. _pro
Font_. 11. 24; _Brut_. 45. 168; Val. Max. viii. 5. 2; Rein
_Criminalrecht_ p. 649); but even if, with Rein, we assign this case to
106 and not to a time later than Fimbria's consulship, the judiciary law
must have been prepared before the trial.
[1208] Cassiodor. _Chron_. Per Servilium Caepionem consulem judicia
equitibus et senatoribus communicata. Obsequens 101 (39) Per Caepionem
cos. senatorum et equitum judicia communicata.
[1209] Tac. _Ann_. xii. 60 Cum ... Serviliae leges senatui judicia
redderent.
[1210] Cic. _de Inv_. i. 49. 92 Offensum est quod corum qui audiunt
voluntatem laedit: ut si quis apud equites Romanos cupidos judicandi
Caepionis legem judiciariam laudet.
[1211] Pp. 135, 213.
[1212] Cic. _Brut_. 43, 161; _pro Cluent_. 51, 140.
[1213] Cic. _de Or_. ii. 59. 240, 66. 264. It is very probable that this
attack on Memmius belongs to the speech on the Servilian law.
[1214] Cic. _Brut_. 44. 164 Mihi (Ciceroni) quidem a pueritia quasi
magistra fuit, inquam, illa in legem Caepionis oratio.
[1215] Cassiod. _Chron_.; Obsequens 101 (39) (quoted p, 478).
[1216] Cicero, speaking in 70 B.C., says that the Equites had held the
courts for nearly fifty years, i.e. up to the date of the _lex
Cornelia_ of 81 B.C. (Cic. _in Verr_. Act. i. 13. 38).
[1217] [Cic.] _ad Herenn_. i. 15, 25, iv. 24. 34; _de Rep_. i. 3. 6;
_pro Balbo_ II. 28.
[1218] Cic. _de Orat_. iii. 8. 29; _Brut_. 35. 132.
[1219] Cicero, in speaking of the successive defeats of Catulus at the
polls, says Praeposuisse (populum Romanum) Q. Catulo, summa in familia
nato, sapientissimo et sanctissimo viro, non dico C. Serranum,
stultissimum hominem, (fuit enim tamen nobilis,) non C. Fimbriam, novum
hominem, (fuit enim et animi satis magni et consilii,) sed Cn. Mallium,
non solum ignobilem, verum sine virtute, sine ingenio, vita etiam
contempta ac sordida (_pro Planc_. 5. 12).
[1220] Val. Max. ii. 3. 2. The changes introduced into the military
system by Rutilius will be explained in the next chapter.
[1221] Ulp. in _Dig_. xxxviii. 2, i. i. Mommsen (_Staatsr_. iii. p. 433)
thinks that the consul of 105 is the "praetor Rutilius" of
Ulpian's account.
[1222] Gaius iv, 35 (Praetor Publius Rutilius), qui et bonorum
venditionem introduxisse dicitur. See Bethmann-Hollweg _Civilprozess_
ii. p. 671. Here again the consul of 105 is probably meant.
[1223] Cic. _Brut_. 30. 113, 114.
[1224] The disaster at Arausio took place on 6th October (Plut. _Luc_.
27). The consuls for the next year may not yet have been elected, as
there was at this time no fixed date for the consular Comitia. Cf.
p. 364 and see Sall. _Jug_. 114.
[1225] Cic. _Brut_. 34. 129; _de Orat_. ii. 22. 91.
[1226] Liv. _Ep_. lvi. (see the next note). For the probable date of
this enactment (151 B.C.) see Mommsen _Staatsrecht_ i. p. 521.
[1227] Liv. _Ep_. lvi Cum bellum Numantinum vitio ducum non sine pudore
publico duraret, delatus est ultro Scipioni Africano a senatu populoque
Romano consulatus; quem cum illi capere ob legem, quae vetabat quemquam
iterum consulem fieri, non liceret, sicut priori consulatu, legibus
solutus est.
[1228] Plut. _Mar_. 12 [Greek: _kai to deuteron hypatos apedeichthae,
tou men nomou koluontos aponta kai mae dialiponta chronon horismenon
authis aireisthai, tou de daemou tous antilegontas ekbalontos_.]
Plutarch adds that the people recalled the dispensation granted to
Scipio when the annihilation of the Carthaginian power was planned.
This is perhaps a mistaken reference to the dispensation granted to
Scipio in the Numantine war. See Liv. _Ep_. lvi. (quoted in the last
note); Cic. _pro Leg. Man_. 20. 60 and Mommsen _Staatsr_. l.c. As to
the irregularity involved in Marius's absence, it is questionable
whether Plutarch is right in supposing that a personal _professio_ was
required at this time. See Mommsen _Staatsr_. i. p. 504. Possibly the
irregularity consisted in the fact that there had been no formal
candidature at all. Other references to this election of Marius are to
be found in Sall. _Jug_. 114; Vellei. ii. 12; Liv. _Ep_. lxvii.
[1229] Sall. _Jug_. 114, Marius consul absens factus est, et ei decreta
provincia Gallia.
End of Project Gutenberg's A History of Rome, Vol 1, by A. H. J. Greenidge