[Illustration: SLATE BEAM IN RECESS OF ENTRANCE, PHILIPS’ RUINS, VALLEY
OF RUINS]
No. 2 Enclosure, which is roughly circular in form, is only approached
by one entrance, and this is on its north side, and leads from No. 1
Enclosure. This entrance is angular, and has portcullis grooves, and is
2 ft. 8 in. wide and 3 ft. 6 in. long. The walls of this enclosure are
substantially built, being 3 ft. wide at their summits, which average
7 ft. to 9 ft. in height. The area enclosed is 20 ft. from north to
south, and 24 ft. from east to west. This enclosure, judging by its
complicated approach, was evidently the principal part of the ruins.
Nos. 1 and 2 Enclosures are only approached by a passage 25 ft. long
running north and south, which is 2 ft. 10 in. wide at its northern
end and widens to 6 ft. 6 in. at the south end. The west wall of the
passage is from 5 ft. to 6 ft. high, and that on the east side 7 ft. to
8 ft. high.
Leading from the north end of this passage into No. 1 Enclosure is a
covered entrance, 5 ft. high, 2 ft. 6 in. wide, and 5 ft. long. The
roof is supported by flat granite slabs. On either side, and extending
from floor to roof, are portcullis grooves. This entrance is somewhat
dilapidated, and it is feared that one side of it may soon fall down.
No. 3 Enclosure is bounded on the north by the divisional wall of No.
2 Enclosure, on the east and south by the curved main wall, and on the
west by a very dilapidated divisional wall, which separates it from
No. 4 Enclosure. It is 21 ft. 6 in. from north to south at its widest
point, and about 35 ft. from east to west at its longest point.
This enclosure is the first to be approached from the main or west
entrance to the building, with which it is connected by a passage
running parallel to the south main wall for 28 ft. Where the passage
enters No. 3 Enclosure are the remains of a rounded buttress on the
north side. From this buttress the passage westwards is 4 ft. 6 in.
wide, but quickly narrows to 2 ft. 8 in., which width is maintained
till it reaches the main entrance. The wall on the south side of
the passage is from 6 ft. to 9 ft. high, and that on the north side
averages 5 ft., but is greatly dilapidated toward its eastern end.
No. 4 Enclosure is on the western side of the building, and is 41 ft.
from north to south at its broadest part, and 39 ft. from east to west
at its longest part.
On the south side of the exterior are two circular stone foundations
of one course each. These are 9 ft. in diameter. A number of granite
blocks lie to the east of the building, and suggest the former
existence of some structure.
The construction as a whole is somewhat similar to that seen in some of
the buildings in the Valley of Ruins at Zimbabwe. Straight joints and
tilted blocks, long and shallow in form, and a disregard of courses,
are the principal features in the workmanship shown in these ruins.
There is no mural decoration.
APPENDIX
NOTE A
GREAT ZIMBABWE
NOTICE TO VISITORS
1. The only outspan is between Havilah Camp and the south side of the
Acropolis Hill.
2. No trees or bush on the Zimbabwe reserve to be cut by visitors or
their native servants. Cut firewood is provided on the outspan.
3. No visitor shall take into any ruin any spades or other tools for
the purpose of prospecting for relics or gold, or use the same within
the reserve. No excavated soil shall be panned, nor any stones removed
from the ruins. Surveys can only be made on the written authority of
the chief secretary.
4. Visitors are requested not to touch or damage old cement work,
or shake any ancient monoliths, or climb on walls or places marked
“Dangerous,” and are asked to assist the Government in the preservation
of the ruins by giving immediate notice to the magistrate at Victoria,
or to any official in charge of the ruins, of any of the above offences
being committed.
5. The provisions of the “Ancient Monuments Protection Ordinance,
1902,” with regard to the illegal possession of relics, prospecting for
same, or damage to ruins, and the consequent penalties of fines and
imprisonment for such offences will be strictly enforced.
6. The attention of visitors is also directed to the subjoined rules
framed under the said ordinance.
By order,
H. H. CASTENS, _Chief Secretary_.
CHIEF SECRETARY’S OFFICE, SALISBURY.
_1st May, 1904._
GOVERNMENT NOTICE No. 103 OF 1904
CHIEF SECRETARY’S OFFICE, SALISBURY.
_28th April, 1904._
It is hereby notified for public information that His Honour
the Administrator has been pleased to approve of the subjoined
rules, framed under the provisions of Section 7 of the “Ancient
Monuments Protection Ordinance, 1902,” for visiting and
inspecting the ruins of Zimbabwe.
By command of His Honour the Administrator.
H. H. CASTENS, _Chief Secretary_.
1. The public will ordinarily be permitted to visit and inspect the
ancient ruins at Zimbabwe between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.,
subject to the conditions prescribed by these rules.
2. Any person producing a written permit granted to him by the
Administrator, or by a magistrate, or a printed ticket in the
prescribed form for the admission of visitors to the ruins, will be
allowed access to them. All such permits and tickets shall, before
admission, be delivered to the caretaker or person in attendance at the
time.
3. No person shall:—
(1) Dig or search within or about the walls of the ruins for
minerals, precious stones, or curiosities; or
(2) Carry into any part of the ruins any spades or other tools;
or
(3) Pan or sift any excavated soil in or about the ruins; or
(4) Remove any stone, wood, brick, or material from the ruins;
or
(5) Remove trees, shrubs, or plants growing within or about the
ruins, under a penalty, upon conviction, of a sum not
exceeding £5.
NOTE B
ROBERT M. W. SWAN
We regret to record the death, which took place on March 26th last,
of Mr. R. M. W. Swan, well known for his share in the earlier
investigations of the ruins of Mashonaland. Mr. Swan was born in 1858,
and after receiving a technical training in Glasgow University and in
the laboratory of Mr. R. Tattock, went out to Spain in 1878 in the
capacity of a mining expert. In 1879 he went to Greece, and the next
seven years were spent in mining work, principally in Antiparos and
neighbouring islands. In addition to his professional employment, he
devoted much attention to archæology, publishing several papers on his
researches, and sending many specimens to the British Museum. It was
during this period that he first made the acquaintance of Mr. and Mrs.
Theodore Bent, whom he accompanied during their visits to several of
the islands, afterwards taking part in the expedition to Mashonaland,
carried out by them in 1891, for the examination of the Zimbabwe and
other ruins. During this expedition he undertook the cartographic
portion of the work, executing for the first time a careful plan of
the ruins, besides mapping the country along the routes followed,
and fixing the positions of a number of points astronomically. When,
after his return to this country, Mr. Bent described the results of
his journey before the Society, Mr. Swan added some notes on the
geography and meteorology of Mashonaland, and subsequently contributed
to the _Proceedings_ (May, 1892), a short paper on the orientation
of the ruins, showing in a striking way the close connection which
existed between the arrangement of the structures and the astronomical
phenomena to which, as sun-worshippers, their builders had paid so much
attention. The subject was more fully discussed in the section which he
contributed to Mr. Bent’s _Ruined Cities of Mashonaland_. The theory
which he developed was subjected to some criticism; but on returning
to South Africa to continue his investigations, he collected _data_,
which, as he claimed, fully bore out his ideas. During this journey,
carried out in 1893, he examined various ruins, till then undescribed,
besides doing something to improve the mapping of the country along his
route, which led inland by way of the Limpopo.
This visit to South Africa lasted about two years, spent in part in
geological and mining work. In 1896 he examined the mining districts of
Western Australia and Tasmania, and in 1898 went to Siam with a similar
object, leaving again, after a short visit to this country, for the
Malay Peninsula, where he was engaged in mining work until his death,
which took place at Kuala Lumpur after an operation for abscess of the
liver. Here, as in South Africa, he did much careful cartographical and
geological work.
Mr. Swan was an expert linguist, and from his residence in Greece had
acquired a great love for the classics. He possessed a large store
of knowledge on varied subjects, which he was always anxious to share
with others. He was a Fellow of the Geological and Chemical Societies,
as well as of our own, which he joined in 1893, having received the
Murchison Grant in 1892. (_Royal Geographical Society’s Journal_, May,
1904.)
NOTE C
NOTE ON OLD POTTERY FOUND AT DEPTH AT RENDERS RUINS,
GREAT ZIMBABWE, JULY, 1903
This “find” consists of pottery of a very good quality about a quarter
of an inch thick, but covered with a most excellent glaze of blue,
white, and gold enamel, the white forming the background.
There are at least four bands of pattern which encircled a large open
bowl. No. 8 is a part of the rim, which was straight. No. 1 appears by
its form to have been portion of the upper band; Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7
the second band; No. 9 the third band; and a decoration of palm fronds,
in brown paint and in outline only, its lowest band.
The clay is a light brown and of fine quality.
The lettering or pattern is outlined with faint gold, with yellow
paint scroll-work filling the spaces between, and so minute are these
decorations that very few would notice them. They resemble, only on a
very minute scale, No. 3.
I cannot piece the fragments together, but Nos. 4 and 7 seem to fit.
The glaze is very thickly laid on, and both inside and outside are
covered, and it is of such splendid make, colour, and appearance that
many who have seen it say it is of the highest quality.
The inside is white, and has lines of faint blue artistically drawn
without being of any set pattern.
No portion of the base found would enable one to judge whether the bowl
had been made on a potter’s wheel or not.
All the fragments were found together on a deeply buried floor, and at
the same spot a quantity of large pieces of beaten gold and some gold
beads were discovered.
Some very thin light-brown pottery covered with white enamel, extending
some inches down from the rim inside and with thick bars of dull blue
enamel running from rim to centre, were also found at the same spot.
NOTE D
ZIMBABWE RUINS
[Extracted, by permission, from the Reports (1900–1902) of the
British South Africa Company.]
I arrived at Victoria on the 23rd May, and left for Zimbabwe the
following morning.
On inspecting the ruins I found the interior of the Elliptical Temple
one impenetrable jungle of trees, bushes, creepers, tall grass (6
to 10 ft.), and decayed tree stumps and branches, so that it was
impossible to see beyond a few feet, while the surface of the ground
was most irregular and thickly covered with wall débris. The air
inside was fetid and heavy-smelling from the rank vegetation. There
being no opening on the eastern side, the interior is protected from
the prevailing winds, and the sun shining on the damp, dense, and
almost tropical foliage and plant growth made the air oppressive and
unhealthy, so that one could not remain long at a time in the building.
Our first work was to clear away the undergrowth, but it was so dense
and matted with creepers that, with fifteen men working for a whole
day with hatchets, sickles, and spades, we were only able to advance
a few feet into the interior from the west entrance. It required nine
days for fifteen men to clear the interior of undergrowth alone. A
further three days were given to pulling up grass and shrub roots. The
atmosphere of the interior is completely changed, as the sun has dried
the surface of the ground. It is now possible to stand in the centre of
the building and obtain an uninterrupted view of the walls all round,
and at the same time to see at a glance the whole of the divisional
walls and enclosures.
The north side of the summit of the Conical Tower has in very recent
years been denuded of several courses of blocks owing to the boughs
of large trees swinging upon it in the high winds. The tower is more
reduced than is shown in photographs taken six years ago. The dentelle
ornamentation on the summit has practically disappeared within the last
ten years. Some ancient blocks in the top courses are likely to fall.
These blocks could be pushed back flush with the face of the tower, and
some of the blocks which have very recently fallen might be restored to
their original position. The summit when cleared of vegetation should
be cemented over. It is a feature in Zimbabwe construction everywhere
in Rhodesia, for a block, when it falls, to carry with it the stones of
the course beneath it.
Visitors point out that the tower has lately shown a tendency to tilt
somewhat towards the north-east. This is mainly due to the dense tree
growth enveloping the tower, which keeps it constantly dripping with
moisture, especially on the north side, where the main wall further
screens it from the morning sun. The only remedy appears to be to
so thin out the trees that the tower and its foundations may become
perfectly dry. The wet state of the tower has caused it to become
overgrown with lichen, which, decaying, produces vegetable matter
which lodges in the crevices of the courses, and out of which grow
small plants and shrubs, many of which we have removed. A large bush
was growing out from the side in mould so formed, and the remains of
a large bush on the summit are still to be seen. Should the tilting
not be prevented by such means as the thinning out of adjacent trees,
the value of the tower to scientists as a means of calculating the
orientation of the temple, and therefore its age, would become lost.
Three or four trees from close to the north-east, north, and north-west
sides of the tower have been cleared away, and the vicinity has already
a much drier appearance.
The dank air and soil round the tower have caused the extensive growth
of large parent monkey-rope trees, which with their ropes spread in
great lengths in all directions, thickly interlacing the tops of the
trees, while their roots have in very many places pierced into both
main and divisional walls and torn out lengths of stonework. Monkey
ropes appear to be the most active source of the dilapidations of the
walls near the tower, but wild vines also have done considerable harm.
Several hundred yards of monkey rope have been cut down and taken
outside the temple, also very long stretches of monkey rope roots have
been pulled up. All lower branches are being removed, so as to give a
clear view all round the temple. Some of the upper branches are being
thinned out.
The surface of the ground within the temple is covered with rich
leaf mould soil to a depth of at least one foot, and sometimes under
trees to a depth of one foot and a half. It is in this mould that
the thickets of large shrubs, creepers, especially monkey-ropes and
wild vines, seem to have thriven, as also in the débris heaps left by
Mr. Bent (1891) and Sir John Willoughby (1892), where the turning
over of the old time-hardened soil has ventilated it and caused most
sturdy growth of plants and trees. This leaf mould has been removed
from the floors of the inner parallel passage and in the passage on
the north-east, east, and south-east sides of No. 1 Enclosure, and
has been passed through sieves, and the soil neatly piled for future
examination. Thus has been removed in these places the unhealthy smell
formerly noticed. This work ought to be done in all internal enclosures
of the building.
All wall débris is being neatly stacked and piled near where it
obviously came from. All scattered stones on the floors are being
collected and placed in piles. This work has made the enclosures to
appear neat and tidy. Messrs. Bent and Willoughby’s débris is also
being stacked in much smaller compass. All débris heaps are being
marked “débris” on painted boards. A large quantity of such débris
might after examination be removed outside the building and stacked.
The summits of the main walls have been damaged at several points
by past and present boughs overspreading the walls and beating them
till several courses, the whole width of the walls, have disappeared,
thus causing depressions in the top line of walls at several points.
All branches, whether from trees within or without the temple, which
overhang the walls, are being carefully removed with the aid of
guide-ropes. Leaf mould has collected on the summits of the main walls
to such an extent that large shrubs and small trees are thriving on the
summits; these will be removed.
Seven monoliths have been found under the leaf mould and grass and
shrub roots both inside and outside the foot of the main walls. Their
former positions on the walls are being ascertained, and where obvious
they will be re-erected.
The chevron pattern on the outside of the walls of the temple has been
damaged, and in three places partially destroyed by large swinging
boughs. It is also destroyed in two places by heavy festoons of
creepers which had their roots in the open work of the pattern, the
roots pushing out some of the blocks of which the pattern is composed.
Some of these fallen blocks have been found, and there is a probability
that a portion of the pattern, where damaged, may be restored. It is
proposed to hand-pick all vegetable soil from the open spaces of the
pattern to prevent future growths of creepers.
A clearing 8 yds. wide has been made round the outside of the whole of
temple, and an inspection of the walls by visitors is now possible.
All the tops of divisional and broken portions and ends of walls, and
all interstices on both faces, are having the leaf mould carefully
hand-picked from them. This is a slow process, but will check their
dilapidation by vegetable growth for a very long time.
The trenches made by Mr. Bent and Sir John Willoughby are being cleared
of grass and silted soil, and their spade and pick marks on the bottoms
can be seen. No ancient floor or soil has been disturbed, the ancient
floors being some 3 ft. to 5 ft. below the present surface.
Roots of monkey-ropes and trees are binding the inside of main walls
below the present surface, as does a large plant in a small pot, and
are in most places, and below the surface, penetrating into the dry
masonry with damaging effect. I would suggest that a trench 2 ft. wide
by 3 ft. deep be made on the inside of all walls, and all such roots
removed. A yearly inspection of such trenches could be made, and any
new roots and runners lopped off as they appeared. Run-offs could be
made to prevent any accumulation of water in the trenches.
_Architectural features._—(_a_) Four ancient drains, in addition to
those mentioned by Bent and Willoughby, have been discovered.
(_b_) A rounded entrance with double curves; the only instance so far
known.
(_c_) Three sets of stone steps and several square yards of ancient
cement flooring (not of the original builders) have been carefully
uncovered.
(_d_) A second-period architecture building with terraces superimposed
on the walls of a first-period ruin.
(_e_) An enlarged plan of the temple, based on Mr. Bent’s and Sir
John Willoughby’s measurements, is being prepared, and a quantity of
altogether fresh architectural detail included.
Though the present is not a treasure-seeking expedition, yet there is
strong probability that some “finds” of historic value may be made.
I have visited the Hill Fortress several times. Both the Western and
Eastern Temples on this hill are so full of undergrowth that it is
quite impossible to make any examination until it is cleared away.
Within a week I hope to put on men to make a good path up to the
fortress.
The following new features in ancient architecture have been
discovered:—
1. A dentelle pattern till recently covered with wall débris. A portion
destroyed by roots (Acropolis Ascent).
2. A small enclosure with cemented lining on face of walls (Acropolis).
3. Three wedge-shaped buttresses, first set discovered in Rhodesia
(Acropolis).
4. Two drains, one showing signs of having been cemented (Acropolis).
5. A northern ancient ascent between parallel walls from large rounded
entrance near donga in the valley.
6. Passage 7 ft. deep and about 20 ft. long, completely buried in
fallen wall débris, over which the visitors’ path had crossed (South
Enclosure, Acropolis).
7. Passage 8 ft. deep and 30 ft. long, completely covered by wall
débris, over which the old visitors’ ascent path had crossed (Platform
Enclosure).
8. The round towers on the large west wall of Acropolis can now be
shown, by the radii of stones of the top courses recently discovered,
to have originally been conical.
9. Two large ancient entrances, hitherto unknown, deliberately filled
in by Makalangas for graves, the remains removed and reburied with
Mogabe’s consent (Cleft Rock Enclosure).
10. The covered passage at foot of platform which had been blocked
up by Makalangas for graves (fifteen years old) cleared, the remains
removed and reburied with Mogabe’s consent. Visitors can now traverse
this passage.
NOTE E
[Extracted from Report presented to the Chief Secretary,
Government Offices, Salisbury, Rhodesia, November, 1903.]
_Zimbabwe, Acropolis Ruins._—I regret having to report that the
slanting granite beam on the platform at the Western Temple of the
Acropolis Ruins has fallen and is fractured. This happened during the
heavy thunder and rain storms of last week. The discovery of its fall
was made to-day by Mr. Molyneux (Scientific Association, Bulawayo),
Mr. Herbert Hayles (Sheriff of Victoria), and myself. No clearing or
any other operations have been conducted here within a distance of
twenty feet. Mr. Molyneux thoroughly agrees with me that the fall was
perfectly natural.
The beam has for at least twelve years leant over at a severe angle,
and now it can be seen that it was once perpendicular. The base was
only fixed in the stonework for 1 ft. 8 in. The length of the beam from
the base was 12 ft. 11 in., but this was longer by 2 ft. 4 in. some
time previously to Mr. Theodore Bent’s visit in 1891.
The great marvel is that no one has been killed by its fall, for many
visitors climbing to the platform have used the beam to assist in the
ascent, and also in descending, and I have, as is well known, on scores
of occasions warned them not to do so.
The beam in falling did but slight damage to the surrounding masonry.
The portions of the beam are now laid together.
I have photographs of the platform, and showing this beam, taken from
all points of the compass.
RICH^{D.} N. HALL,
_Curator of Great Zimbabwe_.
NOTE F
INVENTORY OF RELICS AND “FINDS” DISCOVERED BY THE AUTHOR AT
GREAT ZIMBABWE IN 1902–3
No. Article. Where found.
1. Gold wire bangle, 3½ oz. { South Terrace,
{ Acropolis.
2. Beaten gold round carbonised wood. }
A few gold tacks in the wood } Do.
3. Head and neck of carved soapstone }
bird (the ninth yet discovered); believed } Western Temple,
to be the largest and best-preserved } Acropolis.
specimen }
4. Fragment of carved soapstone bowl. }
Two horned animals } Do.
5. Fragment of carved soapstone bowl. } South Enclosure,
Herring-bone on cord pattern } Acropolis.
6. Fragment of carved soapstone bowl. } Western Temple,
Horned animal } Acropolis.
7. Fragment of rim of carved soapstone } South Enclosure,
bowl, cord pattern } Acropolis.
8. Two sections of large soapstone bowl; }
believed to be two of the three } No. 2. Enclosure,
missing sections of bowl lent by the } Elliptical Temple.
Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes to the }
Cape Town Museum }
9. Phallus in two sections; found broken; } Elliptical Temple.
undecorated soapstone }
10. Phallus (section of), with “breast and }
furrow” pattern, which was an } Do.
ancient symbol of fertility; soapstone }
11. Phallus (section of), found with true } Do.
phalli; soapstone; undecorated. }
12. Phallus; soapstone } Do.
13. Phallus (section of), “breast and furrow” }
pattern; soapstone } Do.
14. Base of phallus; soapstone; found } Do.
with true phalli }
15. Cut soapstone, plain, found with true } Do.
phalli }
16. Phallus (section of, conjectured), found } Do.
with true phalli; soapstone }
17. Soapstone amulet Acropolis.
18. Soapstone whorl Elliptical Temple.
19. Ten fragments of neck of carved soapstone } Do.
vase }
20. Fragment of carved rim of soapstone } No. 10 Enclosure,
bowl; cord pattern } Acropolis.
21. Carved soapstone bead } Elliptical Temple.
22. Four pottery whorls and two fragments } Do.
23. Serpentine stone, with veins of asbestos }
chrysotile (not chrysolithic, }
as stated by Mr. Bent); not ordinary }
asbestos, but similar to Canadian. } Western Temple,
Veins have decomposed before } Acropolis.
body of stone }
24. Do. } Do.
25. Copper spearhead } Do.
26. Two copper spearheads, broken } Do.
27. Two iron ringed instruments, conjectured }
to have belonged to Arab } Elliptical Temple.
colony once settled at Zimbabwe }
28. Two wedge-shape headed nails Do.
29. Beaten copper Acropolis.
30. Iron handle of double-pointed iron } Elliptical Temple.
hand-pick }
31. Jasper stone with gold embedded. }
Found with burnishing stones } No. 10 Enclosure.
32. Quartz pebble, showing visible gold; }
also artificially worn. Found with } Do.
burnishing tools }
33. Quartz pebble, showing visible gold. } Do.
Found with burnishing tools }
34. Collection of stone tools, artificially }
worn; some are burnishers. 3 ft. } Do.
deep }
35. Fragments of soapstone beams; crude } Acropolis.
decorations }
36. Collection of iron articles from depth }
in Elliptical Temple which has not }
been occupied as a Makalanga kraal } Elliptical Temple.
for over sixty years }
37. Collection of seven fragments of soapstone } Acropolis and
bowls } Elliptical Temple.
38. Section of soapstone mould { No. 7 Enclosure,
{ Elliptical Temple.
39. Cake of gold North-East Passage.
40. Stone, both water and artificially worn, }
showing gold on both sides. Found } No. 10 Enclosure,
with burnishing tools } Elliptical Temple.
41. Flat stone showing gold on one side. } Do.
Found with burnishing tools }
42. Three portions of crucibles, six clay } No. 6 Enclosure,
scorifiers, one portion of clay lining } Elliptical Temple.
of furnace, all showing gold in flux }
43. Fragment of soapstone bowl, herring-bone } No. 1 Enclosure,
pattern on cord } Elliptical Temple.
44. Fragment of soapstone bowl, herring-bone } No. 6 Enclosure,
pattern on cord } Elliptical Temple.
45. Fragment of soapstone bowl, carved { No. 7 Enclosure,
{ Elliptical Temple.
46. Fragment of soapstone bowl, cord } No. 6 Enclosure,
pattern } Elliptical Temple.
47. Fragment of large soapstone bowl, } Do.
carved }
48. Section of soapstone mould; conjectured } Do.
old Makalanga }
49. Do. Do.
50. Soapstone I-daha pipe bowl, carved; } Elliptical Temple.
old Makalanga }
51. Soapstone amulet { No. 6 Enclosure,
{ Elliptical Temple.
52. Iron pincers; conjectured old Makalanga } Do.
53. Iron gong; do. Do.
54. Do. Do.
55. Barbed copper spearhead { Western Temple,
{ Acropolis.
56. Twenty-three pottery whorls { On old Makalanga
{ floors.
57. Conjectured base of soapstone phallus, } No. 6 Enclosure,
converted by old Makalanga } Elliptical Temple.
into a crude mould }
58_a_. } { Summit of main wall
58_b_. } Three sections of soapstone beams { above chevron
58_c_. } { pattern, Elliptical
{ Temple.
59. Section of soapstone beam { Eastern Temple,
{ Acropolis.
60. Do. Do.
61. Do. Do.
62. Do. Do.
63. Do. Do.
64. Do. (showing tool marks) Do.
65. Section of cement cylinder with bevel } Mauch Ruins.
round base. Age uncertain }
66. Beaten gold { Western Temple,
{ Acropolis.
67. Forked iron instrument, with six gold }
bosses riveted with gold; spiral } Do.
grooves at base }
68. Beaten gold (2⅛ oz.) Valley of Ruins.
{ W. and E. Temples,
69. Phalli (8) and fragments of phalli { Acropolis, and
{ Philips Ruins.
70. Fragments of rim of soapstone bowl } No. 5 Enclosure,
carved with procession of horned } Elliptical Temple.
animals. Pieces fit each other }
71. Pottery animals (3); conjectured old } No. 1 Enclosure,
Makalanga } Elliptical Temple.
72. I-daha pipe-bowls (2) of soapstone, } No. 5 Enclosure,
carved; conjectured old Makalanga } Elliptical Temple.
73. Iron with gravitating holes for drawing }
wire; old Makalanga. These wire } No. 6 Enclosure,
drawers were in use until a few years } Elliptical Temple.
ago
74. Copper finger-rings (2); snake pattern Renders Ruins.
75. Copper sheathing (2 lbs.) { Western Temple,
{ Acropolis.
76. Single iron gong Renders Ruins.
77. Large piece of coral Renders Ruins.
78. Pottery whorls (200) Old native floors.
79. Double iron gongs (3 sets) and single } Upper floors.
gongs (2) }
80. Serpentine stone Elliptical Temple.
81. Nozzle of blow-pipe Do.
82. Porcelain beads, unknown to present } Western Temple,
natives. 5 ft. deep } Acropolis.
83. Pottery beads, unknown to present } Various ruins.
natives }
84. Soapstone amulet or seal (?) Renders Ruins.
85. Block of solid copper Do.
86. Iron striker found with gong Do.
87. Quantity of fragments of carved } Elliptical Temple.
soapstone. Ribbed pattern }
88. Fragments of rim of soapstone bowl }
carved with ring pattern. (These } Maund Ruins.
fit together) }
89. Portion of carved soapstone beam }
converted into double claw-hammer } Elliptical Temple.
shaped ingot moulds }
90. Soapstone phallus { Platform Area,
{ Elliptical Temple.
91. Copper barbed spearheads (2) { Platform Area,
{ Elliptical Temple.
92. Soapstone with gravitating holes Renders Ruins.
93. 2⅛ oz. beaten gold, gold beads, gold
bar, and gold wire
{ From near arc wall
{ in Philips Ruins;
94. Fifteen sections of soapstone beams { also from circular
(plain) { cement platform in
{ Platform Area,
{ Elliptical Temple.
95. Case of sections of soapstone bowls, { Elliptical Temple,
plain and decorated { Acropolis and
{ Philips Ruins.
96. Section of carved soapstone beam No. 15 Enclosure,
Elliptical Temple.
97. Iron spoon Renders Ruins.
98. Iron lamp and stand (conjectured) Do.
99. Iron pick Elliptical Temple.
100. Iron pick and 2 handles Do.
101. Twisted iron wire in coils Renders Ruins.
102. Bar mould of soapstone Elliptical Temple.
103. Section of soapstone beam carved { Western Temple,
with maize pattern { Acropolis.
104. Bundle of brass wire bangles Renders Ruins.
105. Three iron nails Elliptical Temple.
106. Ornamented iron spearhead { Western Temple,
{ Acropolis.
107. Bevelled cement General.
108. Spearhead Renders Ruins.
109. Two stone balls Elliptical Temple.
110. Collection of specimens of hoes,
assegai-heads, arrow-heads, axes,
and iron-work found in ruins
111. Several pieces of worked soapstone
112. Soapstone bird on beam Philips Ruins.
113. Packet of large gold beads, 1 in. }
fine gold chain, one single gold wire } Various Ruins.
bangle, gold wire, and beaten gold }
114. Four soapstone phalli (one ornate) } Philips Ruins.
and two amulets }
115. Two small bronze bells Renders Ruins.
116. Two large enamelled beads Western Temple.
117. Collections of copper ingots, copper } Elliptical Temple,
bars, copper wire, copper bangles, } Renders Ruins,
and cakes of copper } and Acropolis.
118. Copper band 12 ft. 6 in. long and } Renders Ruins.
1 in. wide }
119. Box of Nankin china, sections showing }
plates of various sizes and } From most ruins.
designs }
120. Portions of glass basin, engraved } No. 7 Enclosure,
and hand-painted } Elliptical Temple.
121. Glazed pottery, with conjectured } Renders Ruins.
post-Koranic lettering }
122. Fragments of Venetian glass Do.
123. Fragments of antique glazed earthenware, } Do.
showing potter’s wheel marks }
124. Three fragments of antique pottery, } Do.
glazed }
125. 12 ft. fine copper chain Do.
126. Pottery nozzle of blow-pipe Do.
127. Fused brass wire Do.
128. Two iron instruments Do.
129. Bronze axe-head, and fractured bronze }
arrow-head } Western Temple.
130_a_. Part of young lion’s jaw Renders Ruins.
〃 _b_. Large lump of resin Do.
〃 _c_. Wart-hog tusk Do.
〃 _d_. Two sections of glass prism Do.
131. Remains of antique copper box Do.
132. Oldest form of gold crucible, showing } Exterior (west) of
gold in flux } Elliptical Temple.
133. Piece of slag showing gold Do.
134. Packet of sheets of beaten gold { Parallel Passage,
{ Elliptical Temple.
135. Several cases of duplicates of soapstone, }
iron, copper, and pottery } Various Ruins.
articles }
NOTE G
FORMATION ROCK UNDER ELLIPTICAL TEMPLE
Examinations made by the Author, August, 1903
_No. 1 Hole._—No. 5 Enclosure. 6 yds. south-east of west entrance.
3 ft. 10 in. diameter.
9 in. to 12 in., burnt clay floor (pinkish), 2 in. layer of small
stones.
Below floor, bright yellow granite sand, set very hard, contains no
stones.
On north side to 3 ft. depth, old trench of prospectors, filled in with
blocks and red soil.
Formation rock exposed at 8 ft. 7 in., and this has a fall of 1½ in. in
3 ft. 10 in. towards east.
Surface of bed-rock is rough and decomposed to a depth of ⅓ of an inch,
and can easily be chipped with pick.
Above formation rock is 1 ft. depth of granite sand, filled with flakes
of decomposed granite from rock, and of deep orange colour.
Water passes along surface of bed-rock, and soil was damp and wet for 3
in. in depth.
_No. 2 Hole._—No. 5 Enclosure. 6 ft. north-east of monoliths.
3 ft. 9 in. diameter.
1 ft. burnt clay floor and scattered blocks and granite chips, soil
damp for 2 ft. and wet for a few inches above formation rock, which is
decomposed and easily scaled.
Formation rock disclosed at 12 ft. 7 in., with fall of 7 in. in 3 ft. 6
in. towards E.N.E.
Sides show bright yellow granite sand set hard, and no stones.
_No. 3 Hole._—South side of No. 5 Enclosure.
3 ft. 9 in. diameter.
6 in. burnt clay floor.
Sand red at top and yellow beneath; no stones.
Bed-rock covered with 1 ft. depth of decomposed granite with aphite
chips, surface of rock rough and greatly decomposed; aphite chips.
Formation rock disclosed at 10 ft. 1 in. depth.
Fall of rock 4 in. in 3 ft. 4 in. towards east.
Bottom very wet.
_No. 4. Hole._—Between No. 5 Enclosure and Central Area.
3 ft. 6 in. diameter.
9 in. burnt clay and small stones, forming bedding for clay.
2 ft. red veld soil.
1 ft. 8 in. decomposed granite above rock.
Rest bright yellowy and set hard.
Formation rock disclosed at 12 ft. 1 in. depth, showing fall of 3 in.
in 3 ft. towards north and north-east.
Bottom very wet.
_No. 5 Hole._—West side of No. 6 Enclosure.
At depth of 11 ft. no formation rock, but rods showed rock at 3 ft. 4
in. lower; unsafe to make hole deeper. Soil very wet.
_No. 6 Hole._—East end of No. 6 Enclosure.
At depth of 14 ft. no sign of rock.
_No. 7 Hole._—Centre of Platform Area.
At depth of 12 ft. no sign of rock; bottom wet.
_No. 8 Hole._—Centre of Central Area.
At depth of 8 ft. no trace of rock. Hole passed through two clay
floors, and below one granite cement floor.
The Central Area had previously been cleared to a depth of 5 ft. before
hole was sunk.
INDEX
=Abolosi.= _See_ =Barosie=
=Acropolis Ruins=—
Situation, 3
First impressions of, 5
View from, 6–11
Sunset on, 24–30
Description of, 276–362
S.E. ascent, 276–294
Lower Parapet, 282–286
Rock Passage, 286–288
Higher Parapet, 288–290
Original heights of walls, 290, 291
Ascent from coast route, 291, 292
Possible ancient scenes on ascent, 293, 294
Dentelle Pattern on ascent, 285, 289
Western Enclosure, 294–296
Western Temple, xxviii, xxix, 297–309
North Wall, 298, 299
West Wall, 299, 300
Monoliths and Conical Towers, 300, 302
Architecture and construction of West Wall, 302, 303
South Wall, 303, 304
East side of Western Temple, 304
Centre of arc of West Wall, 304–307
Covered Passage, 307
Platform Cave, 307, 308
Stairs to Platform, 308
Parallel Passage, 308
Internal walls, xxix, 308, 309
Sections of floors, xxviii, xxix, 309
Platform Enclosure, 310–312
Cleft Rock Enclosure, 312, 313
The Platform, 313–315, 441, 442
Balcony Wall, 315
Little Enclosure, 315, 316
The Winding Stairs, 316
Upper Passage, 316
East Passage, 316
Buttress Passage, 317, 318
South Enclosure A, 318
South Cave, 319, 320
South Passage, 320
South Enclosure B, 320, 321
South Enclosure C, 321
Central Passage, 321
Eastern Temple, 323–335
Section of Eastern Temple, 324
Plan of Eastern Temple, 326
Dentelle Pattern at Eastern Temple, 328
Bent’s “altar” at Eastern Temple, 333
The Ancient Balcony, 335, 336
Gold Furnace Enclosure, 337, 338
Balcony Cave, 337
Balcony Enclosure, 336
Upper Gold Furnace Enclosure, 338
Pattern Passage, 338, 339
Step Pattern, 339
Recess Enclosure, 340, 341
North Plateau, 341, 342
North Parapet, 342, 343
N.W. ascent, 344–349
Water Gate Ruins, 349–353
Terraced Enclosures on N.W. face of hill, 353–357
South Terrace, 357, 358
Outspan Ruins, 279, 358–362
=Aden (Eudaemon)=, 67
=Almaquah (Venus or Ashtaroth)=, Sabæan Divinity, 108, 194
=Amangwa Tribe=, 53, 57, 59, 84, 85, 91
=Ancient Architecture at Zimbabwe=, 135–192
Sabæans (Himyarites) as builders, xxxii, xxxvii (note), 136, 193,
194
Degree of durability of walls, 138
Dilapidations, 139–148
Makalanga walls within ruins, xxix, 149–152, 312, 336, 373
Some other walls not ancient, xxvii, xxix, 152
Makalanga huts within ruins, xx, xxix, 149–156, 365, 368, 373, 413
Passages, 156–162
Entrances and buttresses, 162–166
Dilapidations to entrances and buttresses, 166, 167
Drains, 168–172
Battering of walls, 172–174
Monoliths, 174–176
Soapstone monoliths, 176–178
Number of monoliths still more or less erect, 178–180
Slate and granite beams, 180, 181
Cement dadoes, 181–182, 240, 372, 375, 383
Built-up crevices, 182, 183
Holes in wall other than drains, 183, 184, 423
Blind steps and platforms, 184, 185, 236, 240, 254, 261, 385
Ancient walls at a distance from any main ruins are of less
superior construction, 185–187
Cement, 187–189
Ancients and caves and rock holes (_see_ =Caves=), 189–192
Recesses, 340, 341, 379
“Sentry-boxes,” 374, 430
=Ancient clothing=, surmise as to, 293
=Ancient output of gold=, 292
=Ancient relics discovered at Zimbabwe=, 102–135
Inventory of, 142, 148
=Ancient road, Zimbabwe and Sofala=, Taunton, 63, 74
=Arab “finds” at Zimbabwe=—
Box, 116
Lamp chain, 116
Lamp-stand, 118
Iron keys, 122
Calcedony beads, 126
Glass, 128
Pottery, 131, 436
=Arab gold and ivory traders=, 67
=Arab trading station at Zimbabwe=, 132–134
=Area of Zimbabwe Ruins=, xv-xvii
=Arowi Kopje=, 11, 66, 69, 95
=Ashtaroth.= _See_ =Almaquah=
=Bailey, Thomas=, grave of, 19
=Baranzimba’s kraal=, 10, 16, 52
His old kraal, 52, 57
The headman, 41, 88
=Barbosa, Duarte= (1514), on the Makalanga, 123, 132, 133
=Barotse (Barosie, Marosie, Varosie, Abolosi)=—
Derivation and origin of, 81, 82
Excellent stone-builders, 82, 85
Jerri’s people Barotse, 82
Head kraal at Zimbabwe, 8, 83, 424
Resided in the ruins, 83
Resided on Bentberg, 153
Totem of race, 91
Totem of tribe, 91–92
Pottery, 129
Kraal of Motumi, 58
=Baduma Tribe=, 91, 94
=Beads=, 126
Gold, 113
Calcedony, 126
Porcelain, 132
Glass, 132
Ivory and bone, 126
Unknown to natives, 306
=Bent, F.R.G.S., Theodore=, xv, xvii, xxix, 3, 8, 18, 35, 39, 55, 64,
106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 125, 135, 151, 161, 171, 193, 195, 198,
208, 209, 218, 221, 222, 223, 226, 234, 242, 244, 245, 265, 272,
273, 295, 296, 304, 306, 327, 338
=Bentberg Hill (Matusa)=, 7, 8, 9, 137
Ruins on, 424
=Benzi=, nickname of the present Mogabe, 42
=Beroma Range=, 11, 31, 49, 51, 63
=Beroma Ruins=, 68, 69
=Besa Mountains=, 10
=Bethûl=, “dwelling-place of God” of Phœnicians, 15
=Bingura=, Amangwa chief, 57
=Bingura’s kraal=, 9, 17, 57, 58, 84
=Bingura’s Path=, 56, 59, 137
=Bingura’s Path Ruins=, 425
=Brass articles=, bangles and wire, 123, 124
Brass bartered for by Makalanga (1514), 123
“=Breasts, Queen of Sheba’s=,” on Beroma Range, Zimbabwe. _See_
=Marsgi= and =Sueba=
=British South Africa Company=, 2, 3, 279
=Bryce, Professor=, on Makalanga stone buildings, 151
=Budge, Dr.= (British Museum), opinion on Arabian glass, 128
On “finds” in later ruins, xviii, xix, xxvi
=Bungu=, Makalanga Headman, 55
=Burial-places of ancients=, searches for, xvii-xviii
=Bushman paintings= absent from Zimbabwe district, 192
=Byblos, Temple of=, in Phœnicia, compared with Great Zimbabwe,
xxxix, 245
=Camp Ruins Nos. 1 and 2=, 414–419
=Calcedony beads=, 126
Prof. Flinders Petrie’s opinion on, 126
=Caves=, 189–192
At Wuwuli, 55
Chibfuko, 59
Chicagomboni, 61
Mapaku, 63, 70
Majerri, 73
Nini, 86
South Cave, 319, 320
Balcony Cave, 337
=Chamananga (Middle Kopje)=, 56
=Chenga=, Makalanga headman, derivation and position, 11, 17, 31, 41,
57
=Chenga Ruins=, 66, 67, 426, 427
=Chenga and MaDavid’s Path Ruins=, 428
=Cherimbila=, Makalanga chief, 10
Renders died at kraal, 62
Stone buildings at kraal, 152
=Chevron pattern= at—
Majerri Ruins, 73
Elliptical Temple, 147, 211–213
=Chibfuko Hill=, 10
Caves at, 59
=Chicagomboni Hill=, 61
=Chickwanda’s kraal=, 95
=Chinaka’s kraal=, 72
=China=, Nankin, 130
Arabian, 131
Sketch of, with Arabic lettering, 131, 436
=Chinongu’s kraal=, 11
=Chipadzi’s kraal=, 52, 59, 60, 61
=Chipfuno= (late Mogabe), 42, 55
=Chipo-popo Falls=, 51
=Comoro Islands=, peopled by Jews under Solomon, xxxvii
=Condor, Colonel=, Syro-Arabian archæologist, 4
=Conical towers= at—
Elliptical Temple, 240–246
Traces on walls, 208
Western Temple, 297, 300–302
Outspan Ruins, 361
Philips Ruins, 380, 381
Posselt Ruins, 372
Byblos, xxxix, 245
=Copper articles=, 115–116
Sheathing, 115
Spearheads, 115, 116
Wire, 116
Cakes and slag, 116
Ore, 116
Cupolas, 116
Chain, 116
Box, bangles, finger-rings, 116
=Coral=, finds of, 134
=Cotopaxi Mountain=, 10
=Cowrie shells=, finds of, 133
=De Barros= (1552) mentions Zimbabwe, xxvi, 132
=Delitzsch, F.=, on the signs of the Babylonian Zodiac, xxxviii
=Dentelle pattern= on—
Conical Tower, 243
S.E. ascent, 285, 289
Platform of Western Temple, 314
Eastern Temple, 325, 328
=Derembghe’s kraal=, 95
=Doro (Dorah)=, native beer, 16, 18, 45, 46
=Drew, Mr. Alfred=, Native Commissioner, Victoria district, 2, 59,
81, 82, 85, 86, 152, 156
=East Kopje= (Mazanda), 64
=East Ruins=, 420–423
=Edwards, M.E., the late Telford=, on the ancient mines of Rhodesia,
xxvii;
on the terraced slopes of Inyanga, xxxiv
=Elliptical Temple=, 3
First impressions of, 4
Sunday morning in, 13–16
Midnight in, 16–24
Goldsmith’s shop in, 256
Formation rock under, 449, 450
Plan, xxiii, 193–197
Construction of, 197–199
Measurement of main wall, 199–204
Summit of main wall, xxiii, 205–210
Foundations of, 210–211
Probable ages of walls of, xxiii
Chevron pattern, 211–213
Ground surface of exterior of, 213–215, 449, 450
N.W. entrance, 216–218
Plan of, 217
North entrance, xx, 218–222
Plan of, 219
West entrance, 222–224
Enclosure Nos. 1–7, xxii, 7, 225–236
Sacred Enclosure, 237–240
Conical Tower, 240–244
Small Tower, 244
Bent on import of, 244, 245
Dr. Schlichter, do., 245, 246
Parallel Passage, xx, 246–250
The Platform, 251, 252
No. 9 Enclosure, xxii, 253, 254
〃 10 〃 xxii, 254, 256
〃 11 〃 257–260
〃 12 〃 260, 261
〃 13 〃 261, 262
〃 14 〃 262, 263
〃 15 〃 263, 264
Central Area, xxii, 264, 265
Platform Area, xxi, xxii, 265–267
Cement platform, 267
Inner Parallel Passage, 267–269
South Passage, 269–271
West Passage, 272, 273
N.E. Passage, 273, 274
Outer Parallel Passage, 274, 275
=Eudaemon (Aden)=, 67
=Explorations at Zimbabwe=—
Extracts from Reports by author to Government, 437–442
=Ezion-geber=, a gold mart, xxxii
Joint port of Jews and Phœnicians, 67
=Finger Rock= (Morgenster), 51
=Flux on gold scorifiers=, analysis of, 114
=Foreign stones= at Zimbabwe: dolorite, quartz, jasper, serpentine,
calcedony, crystal, metamorphic slate, mica schist, ironstone,
copper ore, flint, 125
=Frond Glen=, 51
=Fuko-ya-Nebandge=—the Mashonaland relic, 86–88
=Gallois, L.=, attributes the Rhodesian monuments to the Himyarites,
xxxvii
=Glass finds=—
Venetian, 127
Arabian, 128
Dr. Budge’s opinion thereon, 128
=Gobele’s kraal=, 60, 71
=Gold articles=—
Two periods of gold manufacture at Zimbabwe, xix, xx, 111
Gold crucibles, 112, 113
Gold beads, 113
Beaten gold, 113
Gold tacks, 113
Bar and cake gold, 113
Gold bangles, 114
Gold scorifiers, 114
Dr. Hahn’s opinion on, 114, 115
=Goruma Hill=, 71
=Government notices= to visitors, 3, 433, 434
=Grandidier, Alfred=, on the early relations of the Israelites with
Madagascar and the Comoro Islands, xxxvii
=Hahn, Dr. P. Daniel=, metallurgical chemist, opinion on gold
scorifiers, 111, 114, 115
On soil under west wall of temple, xxv, 210, 211
On metamorphic slate, 257
=Haig, General=, on terraced slopes of South Arabia, xxxiv
=Hand-clapping=, 100
=Havilah=, of Scripture, identified with Rhodesia, xxxii, 15, 68
=Havilah Camp=, Zimbabwe—
Residence of author, 2, 16
A day at, 31–50
Evening at, 48–50
=Hayles, Mr. H. H.=, of Victoria, 3
=Helm, Dr. John=, of “Morgenster,” 53, 81, 363
=Herring-bone pattern=—
Carved, 110
On wall, 352
=Himyarites=, builders of the earliest Rhodesian monuments, xxxii,
xxxvii (note)
Source of their food supplies, xxxiii
Their old Semitic language long survived in Abyssinia (Geez), and
still survives in South Arabia (Ehkili), xli
=Humours of Explorations=, 48
=I’daha (hemp)= smoking, 45
=Idumean Jew=, impression of, xxxvii, 101
=Ingot moulds=, double claw-hammer-shaped, 110
Straight bar moulds, 111
=Ingumaruru Hill=, 71
=Inner Defence Wall=, 358, 359
=Inscription=, the vanished Great Zimbabwe, probably post-Koranic,
xlii
Himyaritic and Phœnician, absence of, on Rhodesian monuments
explained, xxxix-xlii
Searched for, xviii, xix
=Inventory of Relics and Finds= discovered by author at Zimbabwe,
442–448
=Iron articles= discovered—
Hoes, 116
Picks, 117
Chisels, 118
Spoon, spearhead, lamp-stand, bangles, 118
“Collars” and “shoes,” 119
Forked instrument and pincers, 120, 121
Gongs, 121, 122
Rod or sceptre, keys (conjectured), 122
Smelting furnaces, 123
=Inyanga district=, its terraced slopes, xxxiv
Its “slave-pits” relatively recent, xxxv
Its terraces dissimilar to Zimbabwe terraces, 354
=Inyuni Hills=, 11, 69
=Isafuba game=, 32, 43, 44, 45
Holes on Rusivanga, 425
Holes at S.E. Ruins, 397
=I’zhuba Kuru (Sunday)=, 46
=Jerri’s people=, Barotse tribe, 82
Lived at Khami Ruins till 1836, 82
Now live at Jerri Mountains, South Mashonaland, 82
=Kaprazine=, the Monomotapa in 1620, 133
=Kafir= (Kaffir), derivation of, 30
=Keane, Dr. A. H.=, his solution of the “Gold of Ophir” question,
xxxi-xliii, 3
=Khami Ruins=
Jerri’s people (Barotse) lived here till 1836, 82, 121
Some walls at, similar to Barotse walls in Zimbabwe district, 426
=Livouri Mountains=, 9, 10
Niande Hill at, 10, 62, 69, 76
=Louw, Rev. A. A.=, “Morgenster,” 53, 81
=Lovugwe country=, 11
=Lumbo Rocks=, 8
Described, 52
Stones from, 180
=Lumbo kraal=, 88
=Madagascar=, its early relations with the Jews, xxxvii
=Magdoshu kingdom=, xxvi
=Mahobohobo trees=, 53, 60, 79, 155
=Majerri Ruins=, 65, 73
=Makalanga “People of the Sun,”= 80–101
Appearance of, 2, 6
Feasts of full moon, 16–24
Feasts of new moon, 27
Dread of ruins at night, 19
Labourers, 31–50
Letter-runners, 33
Dual character, 38
Defilement by touching dead, 43
=I’daha= smokers, 45
=Doro= drinkers, 45, 46
Talking distances, 47
Blood-cupping, 55
Sunday, 46
Mystic Bar, 57
Chibfuko Hill, veneration of, 59
Will not disclose ruins, 68
Light-skinned boy, 73
Women’s skin pattern, 74, 96
Where found to-day, 81
Language polished, 81
Makalaka, a nickname for, 81, 90
Once a powerful nation, 80
At Zimbabwe, sixteenth century, 80
Excellent stone-builders, 82, 151
Used ruins as cattle kraals, 83
Barbosa, refers to, 123, 132, 133
Check pattern on huts, 74
Name for Elliptical Temple, 85
Idea of origin of ruins, 85, 86
Agricultural and pastoral people, 89, 95
Intellectual and physical superiority of, 89
Contact with Portuguese, 90
Totem of Zimbabwe, 90
Objects of veneration, 91
Insects eaten by, 92
Astronomical ideas, 92
Sacrifices by, 93, 259, 270
Burial customs, 94, 95
Manufactures, 95
Dress, 96
Witchcraft, 97
Harmony, 97
Proverbs, 98
Whorls, 99
Salutations, 100
Jewish customs, 100, 101
Of 1514 bartered gold for brass, 123
Pottery, 40, 41, 129, 130
Occupied Elliptical Temple until sixty years ago, 254
=Makuma Kopje=, 9, 26, 32, 33, 160
=Mamba=, or =Mombo=, old dynastic title of Barotse chiefs, 82
=Manamuli’s kraal=, 72
=Mandarali’s kraal=, 65
=Mandindindi’s Ruin=, 71
=Mangwa= (Morgenster), 84
=Mapaku Ruins= (“Little Zimbabwe”), 7, 11, 60, 63, 292, 428–432
=Mapaku kraal=, 70
=Mapudzi Stream=, 7, 59, 61, 66
=Marosie.= _See_ =Barotse=.
=Marota’s kraal=, 72
=Marsgi Hill= (one of “Sheba’s Breasts”), 11, 66, 69
=Mashona=, derivation of, 80
=Masua’s kraal=, 63, 95
=Masungye=, 84
=Mauch, Dr. Karl=, German scientist, 9, 62, 185, 242, 243, 270
=Mauch Ruins=, 392–396
=Maund Ruins=, “find” at, 110
Description of, 383–386
=Matgwain=, a Barotse, 59
=Mazanda= (East Kopje), 64
=Mazili River=, 72
=Meziro River=, 71, 72
=Middle Kopje= (Chamananga), 56
=Milton, Sir W. H.=, xxx
=Mogabe, the=, Handisibishe, 2, 6, 39, 40, 42, 83, 84, 85, 279
His kraal, 16
=Mogabe, the late, Chipfuno=, 6, 55, 84, 218, 279, 333, 355
=Mogabe, the late=, Molinye, 84
=Mogabe, the late=, Mokomo, 312
=Mogoma’s kraal=, 62, 63
=Mojejèje= (Mystic Bar), 55, 57
=Molembo Tribe=, their Jewish customs, 101
Metal smiths, 111
=Monomotapa, the=, 80, 85
Kapranzine (1620), 133
Pedro (1643), 133, 280
“=Morgenster Mission=,” 52
=Moro!= salutation, origin of, 100
=Moscha=, a port of “Ophir,” 67
=Moshagashi Valley=, 1, 11
=Moshagashi River=, 10, 51, 69
=Mowishawasha Valley=, 8, 53
=Mowishawasha Hill=, 10, 54, 59
=Motelekwe River=, derivation of, 7, 9, 11, 53, 54, 60, 125, 291
=Motuminshaba Hill=, 11
=Motumi= (a Barotse headman), 58
His kraal, 58, 59, 63
=Motusa (Bentberg)=, 7, 8
=M’Tijeni’s kraal=, 11
=M’Tima’s kraal=, 10
=M’uali= (the chief spirit; in some districts the prophet of the
Deity), 19, 94
=Müller, Professor=, on Zimbabwe, 193
=Munda= (a Makalanga headman), 73, 74
=Mystic Bar.= _See_ =Mojejèje=
=N’Djena Valley=, 53
=Neal, the late W. G.=, co-author of _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_,
82
=Niande Hill= (Livouri), 10
=Nini country=, near Zimbabwe, 9, 61, 62, 84, 85, 95
=No. 1 Ruins=, location of, 8, 19
Description of, 398–410
=North-East Passage=, discovered by author in 1902, 273, 274
=Omar l’Wardi= (_circa_ 1200 A.D.) on gold of S.E. Africa, 123
=Ophir=, not a gold land but a gold mart, xxxii
Is identified by Oppert with Tharshish, xlii
Dr. Keane, author of _The Gold of_, 5
=Oppert, Professor G.=, his solution of the “Tharshish-Ophir” problem
examined, xlii-xliii
=Outer Defence Wall=, 210, 358, 410
=Outer Parallel Passage=, 274, 275
=Outspan Ruins=, 279
Described, 358–362
=Output of gold, ancient=, 292
=Paphos=, embossed cylinder from, compared with one from Great
Zimbabwe, xxxix
=Pasosa Ruins=, 10
=Passages=, xx, 156–162
_At Elliptical Temple_—
Parallel Passage, 246–250
Inner Parallel Passage, 267, 268
South Passage, 269–271
West Passage, 272, 273
No. 10 Enclosure Passage, 256
_Passages outside Elliptical Temple_—
Outer Parallel Passage, 274, 275
N.E. Passage, 273, 274, 390
_Passages on Zimbabwe Hill_—
S.E. ascent, 279–294
Central Passage, 321, 322
Sunken Passage (Eastern Temple), 332
South Cave Passage, 319
Covered Passage, 307
Parallel Passage, 308
Winding Stairs, 316
Upper Passage, 316
East Passage, 316, 317
Buttress Passage, 317, 318
South Passage, 320
Pattern Passage, 338, 339
N.W. ascent, 344–349
_In Minor Ruins_—
Outspan Ruins, 360, 361
Ridge Ruins, 413, 414
No. 1 Ruins, 402, 406
_In Valley of Ruins_—
N.E. Passage, 390
Bent’s Passage, 395
Posselt Ruins, 370–372
Philips Ruins, 381
Maund Ruins, 384
Mauch Ruins, 393, 395
Renders Ruins, 390, 391
_Near Zimbabwe_—
Mapaku Ruins, 430
=Pedro=, the Monomotapa in 1643, 133
=Petrie, Professor Dr.=, Egyptologist, opinion on pattern on bowl,
110
On calcedony beads, 126
=Phalli=, 104
=Phœnicia=, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, 213, 245
=Philips, George=, elephant hunter from Natal, 9, 62
=Philips Ruins=, 103, 105, 107, 108, 376–383
=Plunket, Hon. E. M.=, on the Babylonian Calendar and Zodiac, xxxviii
=Posselt, The Brothers=, big-game hunters, resided at Zimbabwe,
1888–9, 7
Camp at, 8
Visited Majerri ruins, 74
Discover “Fuko-ya-Nebandge,” 86, 87
Soapstone birds, 333
=Posselt Ruins=, 366–375
=Pottery=, Barotse, 129
Makalanga, 129, 130
Of uncertain date, 130, 131, 132, 436
=Providential Pass=, 9
=Relics and “finds”= at Zimbabwe (1902–1904)—
Inventory of, 442, 448
Descriptions of, 102–134
Positions and associations of “finds,” sections of floors, 103, 134
Soapstone articles, 104–111, 333
Gold articles, 111–115
Copper articles, 115, 116
Iron articles, 116, 123
Brass articles, 123, 124
Foreign stones, 124–126
Glass, pottery, and china, 127–132
Mediæval Arab articles, 132–134
Arabian glass, 128
Arabian pottery, 131
Venetian glass, 127
Tin, 116
=Renders, Adam, “Sa-adama,”= ivory trader, rediscoverer of Zimbabwe,
9
Camp at Zimbabwe, 9
Camp at Nini, 9
Cave at Chicagomboni, 61
Death, 62
=Renders Ruins=, 386–391
=Ridge Ruins=, location of, 8
Description of, 410–414
=Rock Holes Path=, 190, 312
=Rugutsi Kopje=, 54
=Rumeni Ruin=, 71
=Rushumbi Hill=, 72
=Rusinga Rocks=, 69
=Rusingu=, native name for Elliptical Temple, 85
=Rusivanga Kopje=, derivation of, 9
References to, 125, 137, 189
Ruins on, 424
“=Sa-adama.=” _See_ =Renders=
=Sabæans (Himyarites)= of South Arabia, worshipped Almaquah (Venus,
Ashtaroth), 108
As original builders, 136
Parallelisms with Sabæan architecture, 193, 194
=Sabi (Sabæ, Saba) River=, no native derivation, 67
Ruins in Sabi Valley, 197, 291
=Salutations=, native, 100
=Sana=, South Arabia, its decorative art compared with that of the
Rhodesian monuments, xxxvi
=Sanuto, Livio= (1588), 132
=Sayce, Dr. A. H.=, on the Ophir of Scriptures, xxxii
On the Babylonian Zodiac, xxxix
=Schlichter, Dr.=, German archæologist, 7
Camp at Zimbabwe, 7
References to, 198
On Conical Tower, 245, 246
On centres of arc walls, 304
On the Zimbabwe Zodiac, xxxviii
=Schlichter Gorge=, 7, 11
Description of, 60, 61, 64
=Selous, Mr. F. C.=, big-game hunter, on moulds, 110, 151
“=Sheba’s Breasts.=” _See_ =Marsgi= and =Sueba=
=Skarduza’s kraal=, 72
=Soapstone beams=, 104–106
Birds, 106–108
Position of birds, 106
Bowls, 108–111
Ingot moulds, 110–111
=Sofala=, identified with Tharshish, xxxii
Zimbabwe road to, 63, 67, 74
=South Arabia=, its terraced slopes, xxxiv
=South-East Ruins=, 396, 397
=Stanley, Sir H. H.=, on double iron gongs used in Upper Congo, 122
=Step pattern=, 339
=Sueba Hill= (one of “Sheba’s Breasts”), derivation and position, 11,
66, 72
=Suku Dingle=, 56, 187
=Swan, the late M. W.=, explorer of Zimbabwe, biographical notice of,
434, 436
=Tchivi Kopje=, 11
=Thabas Imamba=, 82, 91
=Tharshish=, probably the present Sofala, xxxii
Identified by Oppert with “Ophir,” xlii
=Tokwe River=, derivation of, 9
=Valley of Ruins, the=, 3, 363–397, 398–419
=Varosie.= _See_ =Barotse=
=Veroma Range.= _See_ =Beroma=
=Victoria, township of=, 1, 2, 10, 33, 41
Native names for, 99
=Visitors to Zimbabwe=, regulations, 433
=Washa.= _See_ =Mowishawasha=
=Water Gate Ruins=, 349–353
=Welsh Bardic emblem= (parallelism), 18, 96
“=West Wall controversy=,” xxiv-xxvii
=White, M.E., Mr. Franklin= (Bulawayo), xxx
=Whorls=, soapstone, 111
Pottery, 127
=Willoughby, Sir John=, xv
On extent of Great Zimbabwe Ruins, xxxiii
Explorations, 8, 135, 137, 170, 190, 191, 222, 234, 400, 414
=Wilson, Major Alan=, grave at Zimbabwe, 5, 8, 19
Removal of remains, 5
=Wuwuli Village and Caves=, 54
=Yemen=, South Arabia, 15, 293
=Zimbabwe, The Great=—
Derivation of, 1, 85
Author’s arrival at, 1, 2
Lord Milner’s visit, 2
Dr. K. Mauch at, 9
Bent’s camp at, 3
Dr. Schlichter at, 7
Posselt Brothers reside at, 7, 8
Willoughby’s camp, 8
Adam Renders’ camp, 9
George Philips’ camp, 9
Reserve, map of, 3
Ruins’ area, plan of, 7
Bentberg, 7
Makuma Kopje, 9
Arab station at, 132–184
=Zimbabwe creeper=, 4, 78, 147
=Zimbabwe Hill=, 2, 276–362
=Zimbabwe revival=, xxix
=Zimbabwe, Sofala Road=, 63, 74
=Zodiac, the Zimbabwe=, its antiquity vindicated, xxxviii
PLYMOUTH
WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LIMITED
PRINTERS
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| FOOTNOTES: |
| |
| [1] The major portion of this Preface was read before the British |
| Association at Cambridge, August 17, 1904. |
| |
| [2] Stanford, 1901. |
| |
| [3] On this crucial point I am glad to find myself in accord |
| with Dr. A. H. Sayce, who has independently arrived at the same |
| conclusion. “There is no gold in Southern Arabia,” he writes, “and |
| consequently Ophir must have been an emporium to which the gold was |
| brought for transhipment from elsewhere” _The Early History of the |
| Hebrews_, 1897, p. 463). |
| |
| [4] Somewhat similar terraced slopes are to be found in the |
| Lydenburg district of Transvaal Colony. |
| |
| [5] See _Lundi Ruins_, in _Ancient Ruins_, p. 178. |
| |
| [6] So also M. L. Gallois, in a review of _The Gold of Ophir_, |
| contributed to the _Annales de Géographie_ for September 15, 1902: |
| “Ces monuments de l’Afrique du Sud ont _une parenté certaine_, avec |
| les monuments himyarites de l’Arabie méridionale. Les hommes qui |
| ont construit les forteresses de la Rhodesia venaient, portés par |
| la mousson, de la côte méridionale d’Arabie chercher l’or du Manica |
| et du Mashona.” |
| |
| [7] _Babel und Bibel_, p. 44. |
| |
| [8] _Assyria_, pp. 110, 116. |
| |
| [9] _Gold of Ophir_, p. 6. |
| |
| [10] _Ruined Cities_, p. 167. |
| |
| [11] And, it may be asked, in the above-quoted passage from 1 |
| Kings, does the expression “ships of Tharshish” mean “ships of |
| the sea”? The Hebrew text has אֳנִיּוֹת תַּרְשִׁישׁ, “ships of Tharshish.” |
| And if for Tharshish we substitute Ophir—Oppert’s alternative |
| suggestion—we get nonsense; “ships of Ophir go to Ophir.” Even the |
| “higher critics” will scarcely accept this. |
| |
| [12] _Das Problem scheint jetzt in der That gëlost_ (No. 19, 1902, |
| p. 357). |
| |
| [13] Correctly, _Zim-bāb-gi_ (_zimba_, pl. buildings; _mābgi_, pl. |
| stones), words in common use in _Chicaranga_, the language of the |
| Makalanga. Authorities on _Chicaranga_ agree that _zimba_, though |
| applying to dwellings, is also applied to buildings which are not |
| dwellings. |
| |
| [14] See _Appendix_, Note A. Government Notice, No. 103 of 1904, |
| “Great Zimbabwe, Notice to Visitors, with Regulations.” |
| |
| [15] Remains removed to Matoppas, 1904. |
| |
| [16] Correctly, _Motirikoi_ (_Chicaranga_, “a river that rises |
| suddenly”). |
| |
| [17] Correctly, _Togue_ (passive); in _Chicaranga_, “a river where |
| people are swept away.” The _Togue_ is a strong and fast-running |
| river. |
| |
| [18] In _Chicaranga_, “the hill of those who ran away.” |
| |
| [19] “Black.” |
| |
| [20] Chewers, probably of tobacco. |
| |
| [21] Usually but wrongly spelt _Kaffir_. It is the Arabic كافِر, |
| Káfir = Infidel, Unbeliever, applied indifferently to all |
| non-Mohammedan peoples, hence has no ethnical significance. |
| |
| [22] In _Chicaranga_ the Zulu _l_ becomes _r_. The Sebele _l_ in |
| _Abolse_ (see pp. 3, 17, 133, 134, and 191 _The Ancient Ruins_, 2nd |
| edition) becomes _r_—or _Barose_, _Barotse_, etc. |
| |
| [23] The Mogabe Handisibishe is called _Benzi_, “the quarrelsome |
| man,” owing to his frequent quarrellings with the chiefs of other |
| Makalanga tribes. |
| |
| [24] See also Isafuba, _Ancient Ruins_, pp. 79, 80, 140, 152, 268. |
| |
| [25] Waterfall (_Chicaranga_). |
| |
| [26] Bingura’s people are Amangwa. |
| |
| [27] _Mashona_, probably a corruption of _Mashuli_, _Mahuli_, |
| “slaves,” is the name by which the Makalanga are known to the |
| whites; hence “Mashonaland,” the now established name of their |
| territory, which should properly be _Makalangaland_. |
| |
| [28] _Barotse_, _Barose_, _Marose_, and _Varose_ are all variant |
| forms of _Baharutse_, who appear to be the original stock of the |
| Bechuana nation, hence are regarded by all the other branches of |
| the family as their “elder brothers.” |
| |
| [29] The proper totem of the Barotse people is the _Chuene_ (Cape |
| baboon), but sub-tribes of Barotse each have also a totem of their |
| own. The _Mamba_ (puff-adder) was the totem of the Barotse of |
| Thabas I’Mamba districts. |
| |
| [30] Coillard, pp. 220, 224, and 333. |
| |
| [31] See Dr. Keane’s Introduction to this volume; also _The Gold |
| of Ophir_; also M. Grandidier’s work on the Sabæan, Phœnician, and |
| Idumean Jew influences on South-East Africa and Madagascar; and |
| _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_ (2nd edition). |
| |
| [32] See _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_, 2nd edition, pp. 141–3, |
| for descriptions of relics found at Zimbabwe in 1891 and 1892. |
| See Appendix hereto, Note F, for inventory of relics found by the |
| author at Zimbabwe, 1902–4. |
| |
| [33] All the birds found at Zimbabwe either by Mr. Bent and the |
| author were discovered occupying an eastern position, cut off from |
| south-west, west, and north by cliffs or large and high walls. |
| |
| [34] Professor Dr. Flinders Petrie informs the author that this |
| pattern is decidedly of Eastern origin, possibly Assyrian. |
| |
| [35] See also _Preface_, “Two Periods of Gold Manufacture at |
| Zimbabwe.” |
| |
| [36] Dr. Flinders Petrie has informed the author that calcedony |
| beads, identical in shape and size to those found in ruins in |
| Rhodesia, are of mediæval Arab origin. |
| |
| [37] Dr. Budge, Head Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities |
| at the British Museum, considers this glass to belong to the |
| thirteenth or fourteenth century of this era. |
| |
| [38] The author is preparing a monograph on the pottery of the |
| Barotse and Makalanga. |
| |
| [39] See Note C, Appendix to this volume, which gives a fuller |
| description of this “find.” |
| |
| [40] For descriptions of ancient architecture in the ruins of |
| Rhodesia generally, see _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_ (2nd |
| edition), Chapter XII. |
| |
| [41] For a probable explanation of the absence of inscriptions, see |
| Dr. Keane’s Introduction to this volume. |
| |
| [42] See Preface. |
| |
| [43] Figures in round brackets are points of the circumference of |
| the interior face of the main wall measured from the south side of |
| the west entrance and going south. |
| |
| [44] This has now been discovered. It had been removed by relic |
| hunters in 1892. |
| |
| [45] Since the above was written further exploration in the ruins |
| shows several lengths of these granite cement dadoes, one 16 ft. |
| and another 33 ft. long, still intact. Cement dadoes have also |
| been found round the faces of buttresses and on the side walls of |
| entrances, thus reducing the width of such passage-ways by at least |
| 5 in. |
| |
| [46] Most of the Sabæan temples were round. _El Masoudi_ (940 A.D.). |
| |
| [47] All the birds found at Zimbabwe occupied eastward positions. |
| |
| [48] For _Areas of varying styles of Ancient Architecture_ see |
| _Ancient Ruins_, p. 164, section (a). |
| |
| [49] See Preface, _West Wall Controversy_. |
| |
| [50] _Report on the examination and analysis of No. 2 Sample of |
| mineral._—This was a sample of powdery, earthy mineral. One-half of |
| it has been assayed with the view to the presence of gold, and was |
| found to contain 1½ dwts. of gold per ton. The other portion has |
| been analysed as to its chemical composition, which was found to be |
| as follows: |
| |
| Silica 73·18 % |
| Oxide of Iron 17·83 〃 |
| Alumina 8·98 〃 |
| Lime Trace. |
| |
| This powdery earth is most probably formed through the |
| disintegration of the slag and furnace ashes, which make an |
| excellent foundation for the floor of a large building. On exposure |
| to the action of the weather it crumbles to powder. |
| |
| P. DANIEL HAHN, PH.D, M.A., |
| Professor of Chemistry. |
| |
| [51] See Appendix, Note G, as to formation rock under the temple. |
| |
| [52] See _Frontispiece_. |
| |
| [53] Several independent astronomical calculations point to the age |
| of the Elliptical Temple being from 1100 to 1300 years B.C. |
| |
| [54] This has been now found by the author. It had been removed in |
| 1892 by relic hunters. |
| |
| [55] _Report on the examination and analysis of No. 1 sample of |
| minerals_:— |
| |
| This was a piece of metamorphic slate, such as may be found in the |
| vicinity of the contact-zone of clay slate and granite or other |
| crystalline rock. Its composition does not present any peculiar |
| features. |
| |
| P. DANIEL HAHN, PH.D., M.A. |
| _Professor of Chemistry, South African College |
| Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratory._ |
| |
| [56] Two rounded buttresses are built on the larger buttress, and |
| are against the summit of this wall. |
| |
| [57] Discovered 1902. |
| |
| [58] For description of these ruins, see p. 358. |
| |
| [59] _Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_ (2nd edition). |
| |
| [60] See Author’s Report on _Slanting Monolith_, Note E, Appendix. |
| |
| [61] The author was the first to break through the old habit of |
| bestowing misleading or suggestive titles to various architectural |
| features. These recesses unfortunately have thus always been known |
| as “buttresses.” A long list of such incorrect titles could easily |
| be compiled from printed descriptions of ruins. |
| |
| [62] The author has since discovered similar recesses elsewhere at |
| Zimbabwe. |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
_Price 10s. 6d. net. With seventy illustrations._
THE
ANCIENT RUINS OF RHODESIA
BY
W. G. NEAL AND R. N. HALL
SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION
LONDON: METHUEN & CO.
Transcriber’s Notes:
- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
- Text enclosed by equals is in bold font (=bold=).
- Blank pages have been removed.
- Advertisement has been moved to the back.
- Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
- Some spelling and hyphenation variations have been made consistent.