From this work she averaged more than $25 a week. This is a good

business for any girl in any city of 50,000 and over, and much money can

be made in this work in towns of smaller size.

PLAN No. 784. ARE YOU COMPETENT TO BE A PATENT ENGINEER, DRAFTSMAN, ETC?

At the present time, in the city in which I reside, there is a great

opportunity for men skilled in this profession of patent engineering and

drafting. They obtain all the way from $.75 to $1.00 an hour for their

services. Men capable in this work should get in touch with patent

attorneys.

PLAN No. 785. A GOOD WAY TO START THE PRACTICE OF LAW

This attorney was educated in an eastern university, and after

completing his course decided to start in a small town in the State of

Vermont. This town was a county seat and had some 2,500 inhabitants. The

first year he netted more than $2,000. He started in with a partner, and

during his twenty-five years of practice always had a partner. He

believes this is the best way, as a great deal of law is learned by such

association. He says an attorney can obtain a start in a small town much

earlier than in a large city. He has an opportunity from the very

beginning to show his ability. It is up to the attorney who goes to a

small town to make sure that he knows as much about the law as possible,

and should devote himself to careful study. His efforts will be noted by

the Court and if the Court and the Bar generally of a small community,

see that he is in earnest and has the material in him, he will find that

he will get good support from all, especially by the judges in his

community, as they like to help the young lawyer make a success.

In the large city, he says it is different. If he cannot stand he must

fall; nobody takes any particular interest in him. He has no opportunity

of displaying the qualifications he possesses. He may live and die in a

large city and be a Daniel Webster and nobody know it. He found after

this association with the court of this county seat and the supreme

court of the state that he obtained a class of business that was the

very best, and he found that he knew the law better than his brothers in

the city as every lawyer realizes that all the law is not in books, and

the association with lawyers of high ability is the best instruction a

lawyer can have.

In this little town, all of his cases were in the superior court and he

had many cases that were heard in the federal court, and from this

practice he derived a good income. He found in the city that most of his

fellow attorneys of the same age never had the opportunity of going to

the federal court. Most of their practice was in the justice court or

police court.

PLAN No. 786. WHY NOT BECOME A PATENT ATTORNEY

I have known this attorney for years, and my acquaintance and

conversation with him has enabled me to learn much from the experience

that he enjoyed as a patent attorney. It is a profitable field as well

as an extremely interesting one.

People generally realize that it is very difficult to get a patent

through in the Department of Patents, but usually the examiner has many

departments under him, and the various departmental heads go into all

kinds of matters which would seem to the average person as unnecessary,

and, in some cases, that is really the case. It is here that the patent

attorney comes in.

There are people who are patent assistants, which is different from

patent attorneys. They advertise and obtain much business. They are not

lawyers, are not educated as lawyers and have clerks who work under them

who are less qualified than they, but the attorney has a great advantage

over these people, for he himself has been trained as an attorney and is

familiar with the rulings of the court and has many advantages when it

comes to drawing up the petition for the person desiring the patent.

Oftentimes before patent papers reach the examiner the owner becomes

discouraged and withdraws, and the examiner is not troubled further.

Another thing is the drawing-up of the petition, which contains a

drawing and specifications, claim, etc. The drawing of a patent claim is

a science, and is entirely governed by court rules. It is probably the

most difficult legal paper to draw that is known.

A great deal is required of a patent attorney. He should know something

about mechanics and chemistry and even electricity. A very important

thing to a person desiring a patent is, that the inventor must by all

means understand the device upon which he is trying to obtain a patent.

His information must be sufficient to assist the attorney. The attorney

who desires to be a patent attorney realizes that the universities and

colleges of our country do not give much which would be of assistance

to one in that field, so the attorney mentioned in the foregoing account

found that there were certain correspondence schools’ lectures put out

which went into detail and were effective. These lectures will cost in

the neighborhood of $30.00, and are entitled Correspondence Schools for

Patent Law and Practice, put out by a Company at Washington, D. C.

Every examiner, you will find, has on his desk a book which contains 507

mechanic movements. The knowledge of this go to test whether or not your

patent will be accepted. It will be further necessary for you to have a

Correspondent at Washington, D. C., and this you can secure by writing.

This man will make a search for you and obtain the classification number

of the patent and will forward you a half-dozen or more printed copies

along the same line as your patent covers, and this will be an index to

you as how to proceed in your own particular case, and will serve a

great opportunity for you to give real assistance to your client by

showing him how far other men have progressed in the same field as his

invention and often he will be able to see the various mistakes they

made and where he has improved it. He sometimes may also obtain a new

idea which will determine the success of his own proposition.

Now to get the business it is not understood as very good practice to

advertise for this work. However, if you give that work your earnest

attention in a city you will find your fellow-lawyers will send business

to you, and soon, with the service you are able to render, you will

develop a business.

PLAN No. 787. REAL ESTATE PUT THEM THROUGH COLLEGE

The university was close to a large city and these boys determined to

get a legal education, so they went into the real estate business and

developed a small business which would pay their expenses. One was in

the office, while the other did the outside work. They finally made

arrangements for a stenographer. Their business continued to grow until

in a short time they both enrolled in the university and took up the

study of law. They did not miss a class, and maintained a high standing

throughout their college course. During their university course, their

real estate business grew to great proportions, and before they had

graduated they were very well to do.

PLAN No. 788. FARMER WINS SUCCESS

This farmer, who lives in eastern Washington, tells an interesting story

of making a profitable place of his twenty acres of logged-off land:

“When I bought my land six years ago, I only had $15 to pay down, no

team or anything to commence with, but I had faith in the land and I

commenced to work.

“The first year I did not do anything on the land except to build a

house, and I had to work out to support my family. The next winter I

slashed and cleared some land in addition to cutting wood for a

neighbor. The next year I broke up 8 acres with one horse and set out

375 apple and other trees, raised potatoes and other garden truck and

bought a cow. The next year I raised garden truck and my wife and I ran

a restaurant in the Y. M. C. A. in Spokane. The next year I broke up

three acres more and planted this with the other land to potatoes,

turnips, grain etc., working out as much as possible. Last year I sold

$100 worth of crops from my eleven to twelve acres, raised grain enough

for my two horses and two cows, and vegetables enough for my family;

sold butter amounting to $100, and broke three acres more and sowed it

to winter wheat.

“I have my land about paid for and have a good frame house of four

rooms, a shed, barn, plenty of farm machinery, and about fourteen acres

under cultivation. The stumps are not all out yet, but I hope to burn

them this year, and get a few more acres cleared up sufficiently to

break. I find, after burning the brush, that timothy and clover will do

well by sowing in the fall in the ashes in time for them to get a start,

and the following year the same grows sufficiently for good pasture. In

a year or two the stumps are rotted, so that the cost of clearing is

very much reduced and at the same time the pasture is making good food

for my cows; and if a small patch is cleared to furnish feed for the

winter months, two or more cows will help very much in solving the

problem. Of course, chickens have helped us, my wife doing the work with

the chickens and milking the cows when I was away earning money. With

the large amount of work to be obtained in this country, a man need not

be idle any part of the year.”

This is a good illustration of what a man with practically no money can

accomplish.

PLAN No. 789. CURING A FARM OF THE CRAMPS

It seems a hopeless piece of work to try to bring back a farm when from

over use its ability to produce is gone. The party in this article lived

for years in the city and knew but little concerning soil until a real

estate man sold him a farm of 42 acres.

After his house was up and about one-half of his farm implements

purchased he found that his land would not produce very much. His 20

acres of corn made about 8 bushel to the acre. His peas did fairly well.

He had just enough to winter his stock.

However he made up his mind to stick.

Government bulletins were secured, farmers institutes were attended, he

asked the neighbors questions. He made his land his special study.

That year his wife taught school and he put in the winter hauling. After

the cowpeas he put in wheat which 10 acres produced 100 bushels for

which he received $100.

He started in to enrich his land. Catch crops were raised and turned

under to put humus into the soil and fertilizer was freely used. He had

sandy loam which he claimed needed a great deal of petting. For six

years he sowed rye and crimson clover in every acre of corn planted and

plows this under in the spring for late potatoes, and follows that with

wheat. After the wheat was harvested he sowed cowpeas or soy beans and

plowed them under in early winter.

He uses some of his wheat straw for bedding which he mixes with manure

and later is used as fertilizer. The balance of the straw is scattered

in the wheat field during the winter.

Here is what the over used soil now produces:

50 to 60 bushels of corn to the acre.

20 to 25 bushels of wheat to the acre.

150 to 200 bushels of potatoes to the acre.

This farmer now owns 100 acres and rents another 100 on which he has an

option to purchase.

He summarizes his success as follows:

Hard study

Some hard work

Vegetable matter put in soil

Potato crop

Other products made to pay farm expenses.

PLAN No. 790. BACK LOT MONEY

Millions of dollars are lost by people in cities not using their back

yards for poultry. There are thousands of acres of idle land that could

be made to return a dividend. The thrifty Japs make every foot of soil

produce. They farm mountains and hills that Americans would not touch.

The Americans are wasteful, but since food has become so high they see

that the land is the source of the bread of life, and we find many using

their back yards for gardens or poultry.

Many raise a garden, and when fall comes buy pullets and keep them for

winter eggs, selling the pullets in the spring, thus raising two crops

off the same ground. By right methods, poultry and eggs are easily

produced in back yards at a good profit. The day is coming when not only

vacant town lots, but all back yards will be producing something of

value. In some cities many have a few chickens on the roof.

CANDY AND CHICKENS

A man who conducts a candy kitchen in a large city has 400 hens in a

building back of his store. These hens are kept in this building on both

the first and second floors. He devotes two hours daily to this flock

and they bring him in an income of $1,000 a year. The egg yield is due

to comfortable quarters and a special system of feeding. He gets much

feed at a low cost in this large city. He buys stale bread and skim-milk

from creameries at reduced prices. He buys lawn clippings from the town

boys at 5 cents per bushel. When the days are short he turns the

electric lights on. He says the hens have to have a long day in which to

work to turn out a good egg yield. He gets his highest prices for eggs

during the winter, and it is at this time that he makes the most money

from his hens. He has the White Leghorns. No roosters are kept among the

flock to annoy the people by their early crowing.

Opportunity knocked at this man’s door and he heard. Opportunity is

where you find it. Axiom has it that once, at least, opportunity knocks

at every door, but for every time it knocks to make itself known, a

hundred times it lies unobserved, while you pass unknowing. I wonder if

any of you have heard Russel Conwell’s great lecture, “Acres of

Diamonds.” If you have, you will always be the better for it, for

therein he shows how we overlook our present opportunities for the

things just a little farther off.

GET A HOBBY

We need to open our ears for the jingle of coin which is in our back

yards. Every man and every woman should have a hobby as a kind of

recreation, occupation, something to enthuse over. Anyone with time

hanging heavy on his hands is a misery to himself and a nuisance to

other folks, and the best medicine for the disorder is a hobby. A hobby

lends itself to the means of all, for just a few dollars invested by the

humble amateur or as many hundreds by the wealthy man. You may not have

an “acre of diamonds” as per Russel Conwell, but you have a small gold

mine which you may work, right in your own back yards, if you want to.

PLAN No. 791. BECOME WIREMAN FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No. 217

PLAN No. 792. BECOME VETERINARIAN FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No. 217

PLAN No. 793. BECOME WEIGHT AND MEASURE ASS’T. FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No.

217

PLAN No. 794. ONE DOLLAR A DAY

During a recent vacation I saw a little girl seven years old sitting on

a bench at the farthermost end of a golf course. By her side was a pail

of water and a basket of red-cheeked apples. As the men playing golf

passed this child, nearly all of them took an apple and a drink of water

and placed upon the bench a nickel or sometimes a dime. I was told that

the child often takes in a dollar a day for this service. How many

families there are situated like this little girl who have not thought

of making money through their proximity to a golf course or some other

park or playground. How would a basket of ripe peaches, grapes,

apricots, pears or plums be to a thirsty or hungry person, with even a

few cookies tucked into a corner of the basket? These purchasers would

not be likely to haggle about the prices they paid. If there are no

particular gatherings of people near your farm, as was the case of the

golf club, you have overlooked the opportunity of putting up a placard

or sign near your house, stating that you have ripe peaches, apples,

pears, plums, fresh eggs, or other farm products for sale in small or

large amounts, and letting one of the children take charge of this

place.

PLAN No. 795. HOW TO GET CUSTOMERS

This is a question that is most important to the farmer. All his profits

depend on his ability to secure customers. The following experience will

save much time as well as money to the farmer. Here is a successful

method which has been followed by a group of farmers who joined forces

to market their crops. The same plan can be used by the individual

farmer as well.

This group of farmers named one of their members to act as the Secretary

Treasurer. This man attended to all soliciting by mail and distributed

the first orders and all following orders were filled by the member who

shipped the first order.

The first question was how to get the names of prospective customers. A

rate and telephone book were secured. The classes they thought would be

most easily interested were written to. Their reason for using the phone

book was that a person should be so connected in a business and social

way with the city as to have a phone before they be given consideration.

This list others trusted and such people they too could afford to trust.

With this list there was practically no loss.

To such, a general letter was sent outlining their service--what they

had to sell and what they would have for future delivery each month in

the year. These letters in about 10 days were followed up with other

letters giving a special group of products.

The different seasons of the year are considered. It may be canning time

or near Thanksgiving or Xmas. If it is near Thanksgiving, then a list of

dressed turkey, an assortment of fancy vegetables, hams, honey, nuts and

pecans. And the prices are such as to interest the consumer. The farmer

has not the overhead expense of the middle man--hence they can give a

much better price.

A card file was kept which gave complete information as well as

prospects and customers. Card gave names, address, business connection,

salary and rating of each person. When a customer is made out of the

prospect a red slip is attached to the top of the card, and a number is

given, it corresponding to a page in order book where shipment record is

kept.

This office is conducted by the Secretary Treasurer.

When orders come in for which they cannot themselves fill, they hustle

out to other farmers and purchase the product and thus fill their

customers orders. In connection with this article read over the parcel

post service and apply same to your shipments.

PLAN No. 796. SHEEP PROFITABLE

A Kansas farmer made money in 1917 when the corn crop was unprofitable

and here is how he succeeded.

Four years before he visited a fair where there were sheep and these

were the first sheep he had ever seen so he bought three. A few days

later he traded one shote for another sheep and in a few more days he

gave up his Jersey cow for seven five-year old ewes and eight lambs.

Soon he had gathered a flock of 59 sheep, including ewes and lambs of

all ages, sizes and shapes. His interest grew until he had collected

about 1000 head of sheep which averaged 30 lbs. to the head.

He allowed them to graze in a pasture of alfalfa and when this was gone

he fed them at the rate of 2 lbs. of feed per head. In 100 days he

nearly doubled his money. He took out the scrub ewes and wether lambs

and fed them 55 days. Those he fed on corn weighed 72 lbs. per head and

brought seven cents per lb.

The spring of 1917 he purchased 500 head. When the grass became too

short he turned them into the corn to take care of themselves until

November.

His investment of $8,000 through these sheep grew to $17,600. He has

about 1,000 sheep and when the ewes have a good milk flow and do well he

does not feed, otherwise he gives them oats. He says:

“I believe it is best to use self-feeders, feeding alfalfa-meal, corn

chop, corn and kafir, or corn and barley mixed. I tried such a mixture

with 100 head and for two days fed alfalfa-meal and corn mixture in the

proportion of 2 lbs. of alfalfa for one pound of mixture. The next three

or four days I fed half and half. The fifth day there was less meal, and

on the sixth day I was feeding two-thirds corn chops and one-third

alfalfa-meal. It took fifty-five days to feed them out. I did not keep

track of the gains they made, but they did exceedingly well.”

This Kansas man is of the opinion that 1,000 head is all one man should

handle since the lambing season takes all his time.

PLAN No. 797. BECOME WEIGHT CLERK FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No. 217

PLAN No. 798. WAREHOUSE INVESTIGATORS FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No. 217

PLAN No. 799. BECOME WATCHMAN FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No. 217

PLAN No. 800. WHAT SHE DID WITH CHICKENS

This lady in Spokane, Washington, kept an accurate account of the cost

of her poultry and reports the following average results per year:

Number of eggs per hen 105

Price received for eggs $0.37

Cost of feed per hen $1.74

Profit per hen from eggs $1.60

Total profit per hen, including eggs, fries and poultry sold $2.13

This is what you can do if out of employment or want to make your back

yard and shed produce profit. The above figures are reliable. The

example of what other people have done is the best argument in the world

that you can do as well. These people do not bear charmed lives, but

they are people who do not take a little discouragement as a barrier.

The government stands ready to help you with excellent literature on

this subject. Write to the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

[Illustration: Plan No. 801. Profitable Birds]

PLAN No. 801. SQUABS

Do you wish to raise squabs for a living? If so the first thing to do

before you waste a cent is to gather all the information possible about

this. Drop a letter to the United States Government and they will give

all the information they possess about squabs. Read all you can find on

this subject; also visit someone already in the business.

When you begin it is best to start small, say 5, 10, or 20 pair which

you should purchase from a reliable brooder who will guarantee that the

pigeons are perfectly mated, and that he will take them back in 3 months

if not satisfactory. The age of your pigeons should be 2 to 3 years old.

If you have 10 pair of brooding pigeons you should give them a rat-proof

room, 6 to 7 ft. by 5 ft. and about 6 ft. high. If larger it would be

better. Breeding quarters should have access to a wired flying cage the

same width and 16 ft. long by 8 ft. high. Cover cage with one inch mesh

galvanized wire netting so that the sparrows will not give trouble.

The breeding quarters should have at least 20 nesting boxes for 10 pair

of pigeons. Store boxes will do--not less than 10 to 12 inches square,

with a 4 to 6 inch strip fastened on front to keep the little ones from

falling out also to give privacy during incubation. Or if you wish,

earthenware or wood fiber nest-bowls may be used, with partitions one

ft. square.

The outside cage or flight should have a shelf running the length of the

cage where the birds may exercise and parade. Put in bottom of flight

about 2 inches of ashes or gravel so it will be dry.

Feed the birds in the breeding place and keep the grain dry. Also

provide water in the breeding house so that birds will not soil the

water. Bath pans must be outside in the flight.

Have pigeon loft face south, with plenty of light and air but free from

drafts. Windows should all be on the south side. Pigeon house should be

one ft. to 18 inches above ground to avoid trouble from rats.

To protect against cold in the winter have floor made double, bottom of

rough board and top of matched flooring. This is much warmer than

concrete.

Ten pair of pigeons in 6 months will produce about 30 to 40 squabs. If

you wish squabs for breeders remove them from parents when 6 weeks old.

Put in pen 1¹⁄₂ ft. square and twice as much space outside.

It will cost about $2.25 to feed a pair of pigeons and 6 pair of squabs

until they are 4 weeks old--which is the age to market them. If the sale

price of the 6 pair is $3.00 you would realize a profit of 75 cents per

breeding pair.

PLAN No. 802. 52-ACRE MICHIGAN ORCHARD

Fourteen years ago the first of March, I purchased twenty-five acres

one-half mile south of Bangor, Michigan, and two weeks later moved onto

it from Illinois.

Two years after moving onto this farm I set out an orchard of 500 trees,

planting them twenty feet each way. This orchard was set to Duchess,

Yellow Transparent, Wealthy, Grimes Golden, Snow and Jonathan. This

orchard was cultivated each year until the first of August, then a cover

crop was planted and turned under the following spring, until it was six

years old. Then it was left to go into a natural seed, which is blue

grass and red top.

These trees had made such a wonderful growth that they were large enough

to bear a good crop at six years old. This orchard has been mowed each

year since going into sod, and at harvesting time when the trees were

six years old we took $340 worth of apples from the orchard, or $68 per

acre. From that time on this orchard has been doing better each year,

and when nine years old we made $90 per acre from it; at ten years $100

per acre, and the past season, at eleven years old, we sold $1,200 worth

of apples, a return of $240 per acre.

This orchard is protected by timber on the west and north sides. It is

sandy loam soil. The first trimming these trees received was when they

were six years old, and from that time on they got an annual moderate

trimming and received thorough spraying. Our spray has been lime sulphur

and arsenate of lead. We found that we could not grow wood and fruit

spurs at the same time, hence no trimming was done until the trees were

large enough to bear.

PLAN No. 803. BECOME WAREHOUSEMAN FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No. 217

PLAN No. 804. BECOME TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANT FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No.

217

[Illustration: Plan No. 805. Climbing with the Goats]

PLAN No. 805. CLIMBING WITH THE GOATS

Two men, both traders of rare ability, one had land located in the Ozark

Mountains, Douglas County, Missouri, and the other owned level but dry

land in the West. Each thought his land so poor that he could not lose

in the trade.

The party whom we are most interested in took the Missouri land.

When his taxes were due he visited his land and found he had received in

this trade some very beautiful scenery. In places it was so rough that

he had to hold on to the trees to keep on his land.

The party showing him the land told him that this was good land for goat

raising. This gave him an idea--goats would clean the land, build the

soil and they required but little attention. And the goats would thrive

in such a country. One advantage the land possessed was a good supply of

water.

Thirty days after receiving this idea he put over fifty goats on the

land and fenced his several hundred acres.

In five years his herd of fifty goats had grown to four hundred, he now

owns 1300 acres. The goats cleaned all under brush and kept all sprouts

down and deadened the timber. The goats had prepared this land so that

orchard grass, native blue grass and clover was planted and grew in such

abundance that the owner was able to take care of 100 head of cattle in

addition to the goats.

The owner went into partnership with a party who receives one-half of

the increase of the goats and cattle.

He states that no man will find land that flows with milk and honey now,

but that cheap land with a good supply of water offers a great

opportunity to a young man with a herd of goats and a little money to

run him for a couple of years. In his 1300 acres he had some good land

in the valleys where he raises alfalfa and clover.

PLAN No. 806. NEGLECTED ORCHARD PAYS PROFIT

C. F. Mason, of Hickman Mills, Missouri, has made a fortune from a forty

acre apple orchard that the neighbors swore could not be made to pay. Up

until the time Mr. Mason took hold of its management, this forty acres

had never been known to pay more than $200 per year. His profits the

first season totaled $2,000; the next year, $2,500; the third season,

$8,100, and in the eight seasons he has rented this tract he has banked

more than $40,000, in spite of the fact that he had gone up against two

pretty disappointing seasons.

[Illustration: Plan No. 806. Plow Deep While Sluggards Sleep]

It was 1910 that Mr. Mason quit the trail of the grip to rent this

forty-acre orchard. When he went to the owner and asked if he could rent

it, they were delighted, for they thought they had discovered a new

brand of fool who was willing to part with his time and money. Mr. Mason

made his own terms the first year; since then he has made so much profit

with the orchard that the owners have been very fair in their terms,

since he had converted a millstone into a bank.

The second day after the contract was signed the renter with a force of

men went into the orchard, consisting of fifteen-year-old trees, and

the battle for a crop started. The trees were then in bloom and the work

had to be done in quick order. It was. The first year the profit of

$2,000 permitted the back-to-the-lander to purchase equipment needed to

handle the orchard along practical lines.

The topnotch production was reached in 1912, when more than 15,000

bushels were harvested, selling for $8,100. More apples were sold from

the orchard in 1918. In 1914, due to drought, the crop was reduced to

about 9,500 bushels, which sold for $6,000.

RECORD OF SPRAYS

Mr. Mason says that 10 per cent of the orchards in Missouri and Kansas

produce 90 per cent of the apples of a marketable type. His aim from the

start was to have as near a 100 per cent producing orchard as possible.

“I sprayed first in the spring at cluster bud time,” he says, “when the

first leaves were about the size of a mouse’s ear. That was primarily

for scab. I used one-gallon of lime-sulphur solution to twenty-five

gallons of water.

“I sprayed the second time just as the blossoms were dropping. That was

for the codling moth. I used one gallon of lime-sulphur to forty gallons

of water, with two pounds of paste arsenate of lead, or one pound of dry

arsenate. The third spraying was the same as the second, and was applied

two weeks later to control the curculio. The fourth spraying was done

about the first week of July, using the same formula as in the second

and third applications, to control the second brood of codling moths and

side worms. If cankerworms are prevalent I use three pounds of paste

arsenate of lead, or half in dry form, to fifty gallons of water.

“That is the spring spraying. If the San José scale is present, the

trees must be treated in winter, after the leaves drop and before they

make their appearance in the spring, spraying once with a strong

solution of lime-sulphur in proportion of one part of lime to ten parts

water. This application is very good.”

CULTIVATION AND PRUNING

Mr. Mason believes in cultivation for apple profits, since he has

demonstrated that his section of the country demands this treatment.

“Cultivation of an orchard is just as necessary as cultivating corn and

other crops,” he says. “Moisture must be present in the ground and the

weeds must be kept down to prevent drinking up the moisture and

fertility the trees need. The surface must be thoroughly tilled, too, to

permit the moisture to enter the ground. Fall plowing of orchards has

many great advantages.

“Another very important thing is the pruning. Remove the surplus wood

and clear the tree out so that the sunlight and air strike it. Never cut

out so much the sun will strike the big limbs. Don’t do all the pruning

at once. Pruning should extend over a period of years. All cross limbs

and limbs that are in the tree’s way should be removed, not all that are

in your way.

“Pruning is an art. I advise all orchardists who want to engage in the

business, as a business, to take a course in horticulture, either in

some recognized agricultural school, or take a broad course at home.

Watch the trees and their needs--study them closely. Each tree might

require different treatment. In one tree we pruned properly in our

orchard, the size of the apples was doubled over former years. The value

of the apples was increased, as was the color and flavor.”

Mr. Mason starts spraying young orchards early, especially the first

year. He says to do so prevents fungus from getting a start. He sprays

the young trees in the winter also. “It is not advisable to set young

trees out in an old orchard,” continued Mr. Mason. “We tried it and

failed. The trees either died or just simply refused to live. I put new

trees on fresh soil that has been rotated in various crops for at least

five years.”

PLAN No. 807. BECOME TESTING ENGINEER FOR U. S. SEE PLAN No. 217

PLAN No. 808. A SYSTEM OF FARM RENTAL

Many farms are ruined because their owners have not understood the

drawing up of a proper agreement and thereby including proper

safeguards.

Many retired farm owners are located in the various small towns and

cities with nothing to do who have rented their farms for cash and they

have nothing to do but worry about the way the farm is going back. Many

tenants follow a soil mining plan--get out of the farm all that is

possible today and let tomorrow take care of itself as tomorrow the

owner will have it back.

The following kind of a rental system has been followed with good

results: This owner rented his 400 acre dairy and stock farm and it paid

him in 1917--7.89% on a $25,000 investment, after all expenses had been

deducted. At the same time his land has improved in production and

value. Under this plan the tenant’s share amounted to $2,838.60 while

the net earnings of the owner was $1,974.12 which was exclusive of his

personal, managerial labor.

The lease contained the following conditions as to owner:

Active management of farm rests with the owner.

Financial and business operations are handled by owner.

Owner furnishes all seed and one-half of fertilizer.

All horse power, machinery and equipment.

All feed except one-half ensilage which tenant furnishes.

Twenty-five to thirty dairy cows and one registered bull.

Tenant receives one-third of gross income and owner two-thirds of

gross income.

Which includes one-third share in all young stock.

TENANT

Provides all labor which consists of own service and two hired men by

the year and labor necessary for harvesting and housing crop.

Bears one-third of stock loss.

Pays 6% interest on one-third of value of cows.

Keeps machinery and equipment in good condition and pays for necessary

repairs.

All buildings to be kept in good repair.

Holds in check all weeds and filth along fence rows and in field.

Pays one-third of cost of delivery of milk to city distributers.

Furnishes one-third of fertilizer.

Furnishes one-third of thrashing and silo filling bills.

LEASE COVERS

Apportionment of undivided property or improvement if at any time

contract should be terminated.

Runs for 10 years but may be terminated at the end of the year.

If tenant does not live up to agreement, farm automatically returns to

owners complete control.

Owner can then hire such labor as is necessary to carry on business to

end of year at which time lease will expire and tenant’s heirs or

assignees would be paid their net share of the income due after expenses

are paid.

The renter likes the plan for the following reasons:

It gives tenant residence for 10 years. No expense for frequent moves.

Live stock as dairy cows gives tenant income each month.

Tenant capitalizes his labor.

Tenant on farm long enough to gain the advantage of added benefits

from live stock farming and the application of stable manure to

fields.

The owner likes it for the following reasons:

The land is improved constantly.

Allows him to engage in other business and follow farming evenings and

Saturdays.

Plan urges tenant to do his best to make grain and milk crops as large

as possible.

Plan assures the owner that the live stock and farm equipment is well

cared for.

The best tenant is a young married man experienced, competent and who

likes the farm and wants to own a farm himself some day.

PLAN No. 810. BUILD AND SELL FARM HOME CONVENIENCES

The Agricultural Department of the United States put out a booklet in

which are given the following ways of making Farm Home Conveniences. The

farmer can by building these home articles save much money, but city

people can also profit by doing the same.

There is no reason why men who are handy at making such articles cannot

follow these plans set forth and manufacture one or several of same and

thereby derive a comfortable living by selling them. Large fortunes have

been made from most of the articles herein set forth by individuals or

companies in the country. Along with each article a form letter should

be prepared concerning the article made.

PLAN No. 811. THE KITCHEN CABINET

For plans 811 to 828 inclusive we are indebted to the U. S. Dept. of

Agriculture

Contribution from the States Relations Service

A. C. TRUE, Director

A carpenter without his bench loses much time in getting the right tools

and in putting them away. A chemist cannot do systematic laboratory work

without a well-arranged desk. A kitchen cabinet is just as important to

the housekeeper as the bench to the workman or the laboratory desk to

the chemist. With it the housekeeper can sit comfortably down with her

whole kitchen workshop within easy reach. It saves walking to and fro to

gather up this thing and that, to prepare the food. Every kitchen should

have a stool of the right height to enable the worker to sit at her work

at the cabinet. The cabinet must be made of good wood, well seasoned.

This is the most important consideration. Poorly seasoned wood warps and

swells and is a constant annoyance in opening and closing drawers and

doors.

A convenient sized cabinet is 6 feet 3 inches high to the top of the

closet, 31 inches high to the top of the table. It is 21 inches deep and

48 inches wide. The part of the cabinet below the table should contain

flour bin, large drawer, rack, and dough or pastry board. The bin is

fastened to the frame with loose-pin hinges. By removing the pins the

entire bin can be removed, cleaned, and replaced. The bin can be lined

with tin to make it moist, insect, and mouse proof. The dough board

should be made of wood that is tasteless and odorless and should be

fitted well in the opening just below the table. A batten is tongued and

grooved on each side of the board to prevent it from warping. The roomy

board can be used for small utensils. The open space below the drawer

can be occupied by the kitchen stool or the home-made fireless cooker

when they are not in use.

[Illustration: A time and labor saver.]

Pie pans, lids, and covers have a most convenient place in the rack

below the drawer. A drop table 21 inches wide and 19 inches long

increases the table surface. This table is supported by inexpensive

folding brackets.

The upper part of the cabinet consists of a closed compartment, three

drawers, three open shelves, knife rack, and a row of screw hooks for

hanging utensils. The closed compartment is for package goods and large

utensils. The drawers are for kitchen linen and other things needed in

daily use. The lower shelf is 5 inches in depth, while the upper shelves

are 7¹⁄₂ inches. On these shelves are kept coffee, tea, sugar, and

spice jars. Three inches below the lower shelf there is a strip 1¹⁄₂

inches wide which holds the screw hooks. The knife rack is made by

sawing slashes 1 inch deep in a piece of material 2 inches wide.

[Illustration: Fig. 1.--Kitchen cabinet.]

PLAN No. 812. THE FIRELESS COOKER

Fireless cookers are now being made and used in hundreds of country

homes. What is more pleasing to the farm woman than to put her dinner in

the fireless cooker before she drives to town to market her products,

and upon returning find it ready for serving?

The fireless cooker offers several advantages. The first economy of

time, as the housekeeper may leave the food cooking without worrying

about the results while she is engaged in other household duties or

visiting her friends.

Some foods are improved by long cooking at relatively low temperature.

The texture and flavor of tougher cuts of meat, old, tough fowl, and ham

are improved by slow cooking. Cereals, dried legumes, and dried fruits

are more palatable and wholesome when cooked for a long time. Soups and

stews are delicious when cooked in the cooker. Baking, however, can not

be done very conveniently nor satisfactorily in the ordinary homemade

fireless cooker.

[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Materials assembled for making a fireless

cooker.]

In some sections of the country economy of fuel must be an important

consideration. The food for the cooker may be started on the wood or

coal range when the morning meal is being prepared. In warm weather the

use of the fireless cooker and a kerosene stove means not only economy

of fuel, but also comfort.

The food to be cooked is first heated to boiling point on the stove in

the cooking vessel and then this vessel, covered with a tight lid, is

quickly placed in the cooker, where the cooking continues. The cooker is

so constructed that the heat does not escape. For long cooking it is

necessary to place in the cooker under the vessel a hot radiator. A

soapstone is the best radiator and can be purchased at most hardware

stores for 50 cents. A stove lid, a brick or disc made of concrete,

heated and placed in the cooker, may serve as the radiator.

Directions: A tightly built box, an old trunk, a galvanized-iron ash

can, a candy bucket, a tin lard can, and a butter firkin are among the

containers that have been successfully used in the construction of

fireless cookers.

The inside container or nest which holds the vessel of hot food may be a

bucket of agate, galvanized iron, or tin. This nest must be deep enough

to hold the radiator and the vessel of food but not large enough to

leave much space, as the air space will cool the food. The inside

container must have a tight-fitting cover, and straight sides are

desirable.

The packing or insulation must be of some material which is a poor

conductor of heat. The following materials may be used and they should

be dry: Lint cotton, cotton-seed hulls, wool, shredded newspaper,

Spanish moss, ground cork, hay, straw and excelsior.

Sheet asbestos ¹⁄₈ inch thick and heavy cardboard have proved to be the

best lining for the outer container and the wrapping for the nest. Heavy

wrapping paper or several sheets of newspaper may be used for the lining

of the outer container, but the nest should be wrapped with asbestos or

heavy cardboard to prevent the hot stone from scorching or burning the

packing.

[Illustration: Fig. 3.--The completed fireless cooker.]

1. It is well to have the outside container large enough to permit four

inches of packing below and around the sides of the nest. If a cooker is

being made with two nests, six inches of packing should be allowed

between the nests. Pack into the bottom of the lined outer container

four inches of the packing. Place the nest or inside container wrapped

with asbestos or heavy cardboard and hold steady while the packing is

put around tightly and firmly until it reaches the top of the nest.

2. Make a collar, as shown in the illustration, of cardboard, sheet

asbestos, or wood to cover the exposed surface of the insulating

material. This collar should fit tightly.

3. Make a cushion which when filled with packing will be at least four

inches thick and will completely fill the space between the top of the

nest and the lid of the outside container. It should fit against the top

tightly enough to cause pressure when the lid is closed.

4. The outside of the fireless cooker can be made more attractive by

staining or painting it. The lid may be held in place by screen-door

hooks and eyes. The cooker may be placed on castors so that it can be

easily moved.

Selected recipes for preparing food to be cooked in the fireless cooker

may be found in Farmer’s Bulletin 771, Homemade Fireless Cookers and

Their Use. Write the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

PLAN No. 813. SPONGE BOX OR BREAD RAISER

In making bread the housekeeper often finds it difficult to hold her

sponge or dough at the right temperature so that it will rise in a

shorter period of time. She will find a sponge box or bread raiser a

great help in keeping the right temperature. Such a box can be made from

an ordinary dry-goods packing box.

[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Sponge box.]

A box 20x20 inches is a convenient size. About ten inches from the

bottom of the box a shelf made of slats or strips of wood rests on

cleats fastened to the sides of the box. A second shelf is placed four

inches above the lower one. The shelves can be removed when cleaning the

box. Below the lower shelf a sheet of galvanized iron slightly wider

than the shelf is inserted. It is curved in order to make it slip in and

stay in place securely. This prevents scorching the lower shelf when a

lamp is placed below and also helps to distribute the heat more evenly.

The door is hinged and fastened with a thumb-latch or hook and staple.

Several small holes are bored in the lower and upper parts of the sides

and in the top of the box to promote circulation of air. A cork which

has been bored through the center to admit a straight thermometer is

inserted in one of the holes in the top of the box. A Fahrenheit

chemical thermometer that registers as high as 100 degrees can be used.

Such a thermometer may be ordered through a hardware dealer or directly

from an instrument dealer.

To avoid all danger of fire, the box should be lined with asbestos or

tin when a kerosene lamp is used for heating the box. If an electric

light is used, the lining is not needed. A 16-candlepower light will

heat the box nicely. A small and inexpensive night lamp is placed in the

bottom of the box and a shallow pan of water is placed on the lower

shelf so that the air in the box will be kept moist.

The bowl of sponge or pans of dough are placed on the upper shelf. The

temperature of the box should be kept as near 86° F. as possible (80° to

88° F.) when bread is being made in the quick way. If a sponge is set

overnight 65° to 70° F. is the better temperature until the dough is

made in the morning, after which the temperature may be increased to 86°

F. The temperature in the box may be varied by raising or lowering the

flame of the lamp or by using warm or cold water in the shallow pan.

PLAN No. 814. DISH DRAINER

Perhaps no time spent in housework is more begrudged by the housekeeper

than that spent in washing and wiping dishes. A dish drainer not only

saves time and labor but it does away with the too often insanitary dish

towel.

[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Dish drainer.]

A most satisfactory dish drainer can be made by using an ordinary bread

or biscuit pan and racks made of soft No. 12 or 14 wire. By using a pair

of pliers the wire can be bent into the proper shape for forming the

racks. The racks fit into the pan and hold the dishes out of the water.

The compartment for silver is made of poultry netting. This compartment

could be made of screen wire or a tin can with holes in the bottom might

be used.

After the dishes are washed they are stacked in the racks and scalded

with hot rinsing water. The pan catches the drip, and the dishes upon

standing dry clean and lintless. If the drainer be used on the drain

board of a sink a small hole can be made in the pan and the drip drained

immediately into the sink. The wire racks can easily be removed so that

the pan can be used for other purposes.

PLAN No. 815. HEIGHTS OF WORKING SURFACES

Kitchen tables and the bottom of sinks are usually too low for working

surfaces when the housekeeper is standing. Low working surfaces are

often responsible for tired backs and rounded shoulders because of the

undue stooping and the strain on the arms and shoulders. The following

figures show the proper level of working surfaces for the height of the

housekeeper:

Proper height

Height of woman. of working

surface.

Inches.

4 feet 10 inches 27

5 feet 28

5 feet 2 inches 29

5 feet 4 inches 30

5 feet 6 inches 31

The kitchen table should be raised to the proper height by the use of

blocks of wood. Different types of blocks for raising the height of

tables can easily be made by you and sold:

[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Blocks for raising tables.]

(a) A block of wood with a socket in which the table fits securely.

(b) A block of wood with metal strips and screws or nails for fastening

the table legs, or the cabinet table.

PLAN No. 816. SERVING TRAY

The serving tray is a strength and time saver. The tray saves many trips

between the dining room and kitchen, both in serving and clearing away

meals, especially in a large household where many dishes must be

handled. The top and shelf spaces are sufficient to remove all dishes to

or from the table in one trip. It saves steps in serving refreshments at

social occasions. It is invaluable to use as a bedside tray in the sick

room. The tray when well made is attractive as well as useful and may

serve as a reading table or flower stand.

The upper part of the serving tray is box shaped, 16 inches wide and 26

inches long. This is supported by four legs 1⁵⁄₈ by 1⁵⁄₈ inches which

measure 31 inches from the floor to the top of the tray. The top of the

tray or the lid of the china compartment is edged by a 1¹⁄₄ inch

molding. The china compartment is 4¹⁄₂ inches deep and is painted white

within. On the sides of this compartment are little screw hooks on which

cups may be hung. There is a space in the compartment for serving dishes

for six.

[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Serving tray, opened.]

Below this serving compartment is a drawer 2 inches deep, which is

divided in two parts. One side is used for linen and one side for

silver. The side used for silver is lined with dark-colored felt or

outing flannel.

[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Serving tray, closed.]

In the space below the drawer a large undershelf is placed. The serving

tray is put on noiseless swivel castors, thus allowing the table to turn

completely around, which is a great convenience. Instead of castors,

small swivel wheels or the small wheels of a baby carriage or toy wagon

may be used. A tray made by the dimensions given above is a convenient

size and one that will go through doorways without danger of bumping.

PLAN No. 817. FOLDING IRONING BOARD

The ironing board can be fastened up against the wall and be put out of

the way when not in use. It should be made of well-seasoned 1 or 1¹⁄₄

inch material. A board of convenient size can be made by the following

dimensions: 4 feet 8 inches long, 15 inches wide at the attached end,

and 8 inches at the free end. About two inches from the attached end the

board begins to taper gradually. The free end is rounded.

[Illustration: Fig. 9.--Folding ironing board.]

A strip 1¹⁄₄ by 4 inches by 15 inches is securely fastened by screws to

the wall at a convenient height. The height at which the board is placed

varies with the height of the user. For a woman of average height it

should be about 31 or 32 inches. The board is hinged to the wall strip

with two No. 2 butt hinges.

The leg or brace, made of material 1 inch thick and 4 inches wide, is

fastened with a No. 3 butt hinge to a strip of board 1 by 4 by 8 inches.

The board strip is screwed to the underside of the board eleven inches

from the free end. The length of the brace depends upon the height of

the board, and when the board is in position the brace rests against

the baseboard of the wall. Skirts may be easily ironed without changing

the position of the brace. A piece of galvanized iron may be tacked to

the board, on which the hot iron may rest when not being used. The board

is folded up against the wall and may be held in place by using the

upper part of the rack for holding the portable ironing board.

PLAN No. 818. RACK FOR THE PORTABLE IRONING BOARD

The ironing-board rack or holder may be attached to the wall or to the

inside of a closet door to hold a portable ironing board when not in

use. The upper part of the holder is made of 2¹⁄₂ inch material and is 5

inches in depth. It is 12 inches across the top and is shaped to fit the

contour of the smaller end of the ironing board. In the center is a

button which holds the top of the board in place. The button is made of

metal and so shaped as to give it a spring and to provide a finger hold

for easy movement. The upper part of the rack or holder is screwed to

the wall or door.

[Illustration: Fig. 10.--Rack for holding ironing board.]

The bottom or lower part of the rack is 5 inches wide and 3 inches in

depth, and is made of 2¹⁄₂-inch material. It is rabbeted on the side

next to the wall. An inch rabbet is cut into for a rest for the ironing

board. This part of the rack is fastened with two screws to the wall or

door.

PLAN No. 819. ICELESS REFRIGERATOR

A very useful convenience for the farmhouse, where ice is not

obtainable, is the iceless refrigerator. It will keep meats, fruits, and

vegetables cool, and will extend the period for keeping milk and butter.

It can also serve as a cooler for drinking water. In homes where large

quantities of milk and butter are to be kept, it would be well to have

one refrigerator for milk and butter and another for other foods, as

milk and butter readily absorb odors from other foods. It costs very

little to build the refrigerator and nothing to operate it.

Construction: A wooden frame is made with dimensions 42 by 14 inches and

covered with screen wire, preferably the rustless kind, which costs

little more than the ordinary kind. The door is made to fit closely and

is mounted on brass hinges, and can be fastened with a wooden latch. The

bottom is fitted solid, but the top should be covered with screen wire.

Adjustable shelves can be made of solid wood or strips, or sheets of

galvanized metal. Shelves made of poultry netting on light wooden

frames, are probably the most desirable. These shelves rest on side

braces placed at desired intervals. A bread baking pan, 14 by 16 inches,

is placed on the top and the frame rests in a 17 by 18 inch pan.

All the woodwork, the shelves, and the pans should receive two coats of

white paint and two coats of white enamel. This makes a very attractive

surface and one that can be easily kept clean. The screen wire may also

receive the coats of enamel, which will prevent it from rusting.

A cover of canton flannel, burlap, or duck is made to fit the frame. Put

the smooth side out if canton flannel is used. It will require about

three yards of the material. This material is buttoned around the top of

the frame and down the side on which the door is not hinged, using buggy

hooks and eyes or large-headed tacks and eyelets worked in the material.

On the front side arrange the hooks on the top of the door instead of on

the frame and also fasten the cover down the latch side of the door,

allowing a wide hem of the material to overlap the place where the door

closes. The door can then be opened without unbuttoning the cover. The

bottom of the cover should extend down into the lower pan. Four double

strips, which taper to 8 or 10 inches in width, are sewed to the upper

part of the cover. These strips form wicks that dip over into the upper

pan.

[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Framework of the iceless refrigerator.]

The dimensions given make a refrigerator of very convenient size for

household use and one with sufficient evaporating surface, but it is not

necessary to follow strictly these dimensions. If a larger capacity is

desired, the height of the refrigerator can be increased.

Operation: The lowering of the temperature of the inside of the

refrigerator depends upon the evaporation of water. To change water from

liquid to a vapor, or to bring about evaporation, requires heat. As

evaporation takes place heat is taken from the inside of the

refrigerator, thereby lowering the temperature of the inside and the

contents.

[Illustration: Fig. 12.--The completed iceless refrigerator.]

Keep the upper pan filled with water. The water is drawn by the

capillary attraction through the wicks and saturates the cover.

Capillary action starts more readily if the cover is first dampened by

dipping it into water or throwing water upon it with the hand. The

greater the rate of evaporation the lower the temperature which can be

secured; therefore the refrigerator works better when rapid evaporation

takes place. When the refrigerator is placed in a shady place in a

strong breeze and the air is warm and dry, evaporation takes place

continuously and rapidly and the temperature has been known to be

reduced to 50° F. When it is damp, and the air is full of moisture, the

refrigerator will not work as well, since there is not enough

evaporation. More water will find its way to the lower pan, but it will

be drawn up into the covering by capillary attraction when the air again

becomes drier.

Care of Refrigerator: The refrigerator should be regularly cleaned and

sunned. If the framework, shelves, and pans are white enameled they can

more easily be kept in a sanitary condition. It is well to have two

covers, so that a fresh one can be used each week and the soiled one

washed and sunned.

PLAN No. 820. THE COLD BOX

For keeping food during cool weather, a cold box will be found very

satisfactory. An ordinary light box can be used or one can be easily and

cheaply made for this purpose. The box is fitted to the outside of the

kitchen or pantry window. The north exposure is the coolest location.

Raising the window gives access to the cold box. By this arrangement the

light from the upper half of the window is still available.

[Illustration: Fig. 13.--Cold box.]

The window sill is extended by a shelf which is supported by wooden

brackets. The cold box rests on the window sill and the extended shelf,

and is fastened to the window casing by screws or nails near the top and

bottom of each end of the box. During warm weather, when the box is not

in use, it may be removed if desired. The box should have a sloping roof

to shed the rain. Holes for ventilation are made in the ends of the box

and screened. Shelves in the box may be made of heavy screening or

poultry netting or of wood. They rest on cleats fastened to the sides of

the box.

Food placed in this box should be covered so as to protect it from dust.

PLAN No. 821. EQUIPMENT FOR HOME BUTTER-MAKING

There is no secret in making good butter. With proper care and attention

to details good butter can be made in any farm home. The quality of the

butter is dependent upon the intelligent use of equipment rather than

the kind, although suitable equipment is time-saving and labor-saving

and can be purchased and made at a nominal cost.

[Illustration: Fig. 14.--Equipment for home butter making.]

Milk vessels should be of high-grade tin with all joints and seams

smoothly soldered so that there will be no crevices in which dirt may

accumulate. A convenient milking can to use is the three-gallon shotgun

can. It should have a smooth, heavily tinned interior, to prevent

rusting and difficulty in cleaning. All butter-making equipment should

be thoroughly scrubbed with a brush in hot water containing sal-soda or

washing powder. Never use a dish cloth or soap. Inexpensive stiff fiber

scrub brushes or vegetable brushes can be purchased at any grocery or

hardware store. After equipment is washed it should be scalded or

steamed. A home made sterilizer will be found most convenient and

helpful. (Write for Farmer’s Bulletin No. 748, Department of

Agriculture, Washington, D. C.)

A medium sized dipper strainer with a fine-meshed gauze has been found

to be very satisfactory. It should be smooth and free from seams. Butter

should not be touched or handled with the bare hands. It injures the

quality of the butter and is very insanitary. Wooden ladles can be

easily whittled from maple, ash, or poplar or bought at a small cost. A

thermometer is absolutely essential to successful butter-making.

Controlling temperatures is second only to keeping equipment clean. A

floating dairy thermometer can be ordered from any dairy supply company.

In making butter the salt should be uniformly distributed and the

granules pressed together into a close-grained mass and the surplus

water worked out. This can most easily be accomplished by use of a

V-shaped lever butter worker made of one-inch material. This worker is

made of maple, ash or poplar, the material of which all wooden butter

equipment is made. Any woods from which odors or flavors might be

absorbed by the butter should not be used.

For the amount of butter made in most farm homes a butter worker 18

inches long, 16 inches at the wide end and 2¹⁄₂ inches at the narrow end

is a convenient size. The sides are 3 inches wide and are screwed to the

bottom. The corrugated roller having six or eight sides is 24 inches

long. One end of the roller is shaped to fit a small hole made in the

pieces across the narrow end of the worker. This end piece is of a width

that leaves a slot just above the bottom of the worker which allows the

water to drain off into a pan as the roller is pressed firmly backward

and forward over the butter. The worker rests on three knobs or

supports. The two knobs at the wider end are 3¹⁄₂ inches high, while the

knob at the narrow end is 2¹⁄₂ inches.

The most popular, convenient, and attractive butter mold is the

brick-shaped or square-cornered shape. This mold can be made of ⁵⁄₈-inch

material. The mold most commonly used is 4⁵⁄₈ by 2¹⁄₂ by 2³⁄₈ inches. An

inch hole is bored through the center of the top and through the center

of a plunger which fits closely into the mold. Through the hole in the

top of the mold is inserted the round handle which screws into the hole

in the plunger. Most satisfactory molds of this type can be found on the

market.

When butter is to be sold, parchment papers 8 by 11 inches should be

used to wrap the pound print. Also neat and attractive paper butter

cartons should be used when butter is put on the market. It will bring a

better price if packed well.

To make the butter-making equipment complete, a barrel churn should be

added. The barrel churn is generally recognized as the most convenient

and efficient kind of churn in use. When an extra large quantity of milk

is handled it pays to use a cream separator. A separator insures more

and better butter.

PLAN No. 822. CHEESE-MAKING EQUIPMENT

Cottage, Neufchatel, plain cream, and pimento cream cheese can be made

in the farm home where a surplus supply of milk is available. Cheese is

not only a very valuable food but if a first-class product is produced a

good market can easily be found for it. The equipment for making cheese

is very simple and most of it could be made at home.

The rack for draining the cheese is 16 inches deep, 12 inches wide, and

24 inches long, and is made of pine. The bottom slats which hold the pan

under the draining cloth fit into notches made in the lower side strips

and can easily be removed when the rack is washed. The corner posts

extend ³⁄₄ inch above the strips at the top and the corner loops of

muslin or cheesecloth drain cloth are looped over the posts. A similar

rack, as described, could be made out of an orange or vegetable crate.

The press is made of two poplar or maple boards 1¹⁄₄ inches thick and

14¹⁄₂ inches square. Strips of wood 1³⁄₄ inches wide are nailed or

screwed on the back of each board to prevent them from warping. The

boards are planed and sandpapered until perfectly smooth. The lower

board has a circular groove which has an outlet through which the whey

drains as it is pressed out of the curd.

[Illustration: Fig. 15.--Cheese-making equipment.]

A wooden paddle, a dairy thermometer, and a food chopper or sausage

grinder with molding tube complete the necessary equipment. The molding

tube or cylinder could be made by a tinsmith or can be ordered through a

hardware dealer. The paddle can easily be made. The molding tube or

stuffing attachment which is attached to the food chopper molds the

Neufchatel and cream cheese into attractive and convenient molds for the

market. The cheese can also be packed into small glass jars by placing

the opening of the jar over the end of the tube through which the cheese

is forced. The pimento cream cheese is always put on the market in small

glass jars.

PLAN No. 823. THE SHOWER BATH

Better bathing facilities are often needed in homes where bathrooms are

not found. A cheap and convenient shower bath can be easily made and

used in the kitchen or on the back porch. The shower bath is especially

useful in homes where there are children.

A hole is cut in the bottom of a four gallon bucket and a piece of pipe

2 inches long soldered in the opening. Rubber tubing 4 to 6 feet long is

attached to the pipe and a nozzle is fitted on the end of the rubber

tubing. A sprinkler from a water can may be used instead of the nozzle.

The bucket can be raised or lowered to suit the convenience of the

person taking the bath by a rope fastened to the handle of the bucket

and run through a pulley which is fastened with a staple to a joist in

the ceiling. The end of the rope is looped over a hook, which is driven

securely into the window or door facing, or into the studding in the

wall.

[Illustration: Fig. 16.--The shower bath.]

A clothespin closed over the rubber tubing serves as a stopcock to cut

off the water if desired. The shower can be better regulated by using a

device such as is shown in the illustration. The end of a piece of No.

12 or 14 wire is fastened to a disk of leather or tin, or a cap of a tin

can, by making a hole in the material used, running the wire through and

looping the end. This disk is placed over the hole in the bottom of the

bucket and the attached wire extends through the rubber tubing and the

nozzle. The shower can be regulated by the disk being raised and lowered

by means of the wire. The weight of the water in the bucket on the disk

will form a sufficient seal when no flow is desired.

A large tub is placed under the shower, in which the bather stands. The

tub and bucket are more attractive when given two coats of white paint

and one coat of white enamel.

PLAN No. 824. WELL PROTECTION AND INEXPENSIVE WATERWORKS FOR A FARM

KITCHEN

The three important principles to consider in the subject of water

supply for the farm home are: (1) It is necessary to have clean water,

(2) there should be convenient and serviceable equipment to furnish

running water in the house, and (3) this convenient supply of safe water

should be secured with economy.

The first and most important consideration is to get a supply of clean

water. By clean water is meant water which is both clear and pure. Good

farm water supplies are usually obtained from wells, springs and

cisterns. Water from wells on farms is frequently contaminated and

contains the source of disease. Contaminated water may be the cause of

outbreaks of typhoid fever, dysentery, and other intestinal disorders

among the members of the family.

[Illustration: Fig. 17.--Dug well, concrete or cemented-brick lining.]

Both shallow-dug wells and deep-bored wells may be polluted by the

entrance of filth, vermin, unclean water at the top and also by seepage

of contaminated soil water. These are the results of poor location of

wells, generally unclean surroundings, open or loose well curbs, the

absence of a well lining, or the presence of a poor well lining. The

first step in securing a clean water supply is to remove all sources

of possible contamination. Among the worst of these is the open privy

vault, the leaching cesspool, and barnyard filth. A well in ordinary

pervious soil, located lower than and within 100 feet of any of these,

is almost certain to be contaminated. The well itself should be located

as high as possible with regard to buildings, stock pens, and chicken

yards, and as far away from all sources of contamination as convenience

and local surroundings will permit. The final safeguards to a well-water

supply are to provide an impervious lining of concrete, cemented bricks,

cemented tile, or iron casing, and to provide a water-tight curb, not

only to keep out surface wash, animals, and vermin, but to prevent the

pump drip and dirt from shoes and bucket from entering the well.

[Illustration: Fig. 18.--Dug well, vitrified tile lining.]

[Illustration: Fig. 19.--Bored well.]

[Illustration: Fig. 20.--Driven well.]

The same precaution with reference to the entrance of filth and polluted

water from the surface apply to underground cisterns.

Springs are subject to contamination by surface wash and because animals

have access to them. They can be protected by fencing in from animals,

walling in the spring to form a covered and water-tight reservoir, and

by keeping the surroundings clean. Spring water should be kept under

close observation for any signs of surface pollution, especially those

springs occurring in limestone regions.

Having secured a clean water supply, the next step is to provide

equipment to furnish running water in the kitchen at the turning of a

faucet or by merely pumping.

If the well or cistern is located close to the house, one of the

simplest and cheapest methods of obtaining running water for the kitchen

in the warmer climates is to place a covered barrel or other supply tank

on a shelf outside the kitchen wall in such a position that it can be

filled from the pump through a hose, as desired. A pipe attached to the

bottom of the barrel or tank and passing through the wall has attached

to it a faucet over a sink in the kitchen. The hose is detachable and

can be removed from the pump when not in use.

[Illustration: Fig. 21.--Simple water-supply system for farm kitchen.]

The sink is connected by lead pipe through a trap to a drain, which

should consist of cast iron soil pipe when it is used anywhere in the

immediate neighborhood of the well or cistern. Do not under any

consideration use cemented tile for the purpose within 30 feet of any

source of water supply. When far enough away from the house or well this

drain can empty into an open jointed drain tile which may be placed in

the garden soil or any other pervious soil, thus disposing of the waste

water by absorption. The disposal tile should have a fall not to exceed

1 inch in 50 feet, else the water will rush to the lower end and

water-log the soil. In very porous or sand soils 1 foot of 3 or 4 inch

tile per gallon of discharge per day is sufficient. In heavier loam or

clay soils 2 feet of tile are necessary and sometimes more for every

gallon. Aeration of heavy soil can be brought about by the use of coarse

cinders or gravel laid in the bottom of the tile ditch.

Where there is danger of freezing or where the well is very close to the

house, about the simplest and cheapest method is to place a pitcher pump

or force pump over a sink in the kitchen. The suction pipe of the pump

may be attached to the well or cistern and water obtained when desired

merely by pumping. This is provided the vertical distance from the pump

to the water in the well does not exceed 20 feet, as under ordinary

circumstances a pump will lift water satisfactorily by suction only to

about that height. The allowable distance from the well to the pump for

this arrangement will vary with local conditions, cases having been

noted where the distance was as far as 200 feet. As water meets with

resistance in pipes, due to friction, elbows, and bends, it is well to

take off about 2 feet from the allowable vertical pumping lift for every

100 feet the water is drawn horizontally.

From the standpoint of economy, which is the third consideration, all

local conditions which would have a bearing on obtaining clean water and

putting it into the house with convenient and serviceable equipment

should be determined. No matter how cheap this system, if the water is

not clean or the equipment is not serviceable or convenient, the

investment is a poor one. Plan first of all to do the necessary work to

give absolutely clean surroundings; next secure the proper material to

protect the well. By inquiry as to local prices of material and labor

the cash outlay needed can be easily determined. In the majority of

cases it will be found that the well or spring can be protected by the

use of the material available on the farm, such as old bricks, stones,

etc., with a cash outlay for little except cement, or in case of a bored

well, iron casing. The same principle should be applied in planning the

water equipment. All material available on the farm or in the locality

should first be used and only such cash expenditure should be made as is

necessary to make the system complete, serviceable, and convenient. It

will be found on a great many farms that the two systems briefly

outlined can be obtained for a moderate outlay of cash for the pump,

sink, pipe, and fittings. In many cases the pump is already installed.

Thus by the proper utilization of material and labor available on the

farm and by a small cash outlay, cleanliness, convenience, comfort, and

economy in the water supply can be obtained, the value of which can not

be estimated.

PLAN No. 825. FLY TRAP

Fly control should begin at the breeding places. All refuse and other

substances in which flies may breed should be disposed of immediately.

Fly traps should be placed around the house and stable and in places

frequented by flies, so as to catch them whenever they appear. It is

necessary to use bait to attract the flies. After they are caught they

may be destroyed by pouring hot water over the trap and then burning the

flies.

Any woman, without hammer or saw, can easily make a fly trap. The

dimensions will depend upon the size of trap desired. Non-rustable

screen wire should be used. A straight rectangular piece of screen wire

is used for the cylinder of body of the trap. This blanket is stitched

with heavy thread to prevent the wire from raveling. The cone is made of

a circular piece of screen wire from which a sector or V-shaped piece

has been cut, and a small hole is cut at the center which permits the

entrance of the flies. A binding of heavy muslin or denim is sewed

around the edge of the cone. The cone is slipped up into the cylinder.

It must be large enough to fit tightly. It is made secure by the bound

edge being sewed to the cylinder. The top of the trap is made of a

circular piece of wire which exactly fits the top of the cylinder. On

the edge of this piece is sewed a piece of binding. On this edge is

sewed a piece of wire 2 inches wide which forms the rim of the top of

the trap. This top fits on the cylinder snugly and is held in place by

pieces of tape. The legs of the trap are made of bent wire.

[Illustration: Fig. 22.--Fly trap.]

The trap should be thoroughly scalded every few days. The following may

be used for baits--sour or skim milk to which a little sugar has been

added; meat or fish scraps; bread and milk to which sugar has been

added; and sugar, vinegar, and water.

PLAN No. 826. WINDOW SCREENS

All outside doors and windows should be screened. It will be an economy

to buy the screen doors. For both doors and windows use non-rustable

screen wire.

A very cheap, convenient and easily made window screen is shown in Fig.

23. Any woman can make this screen fit any window. Often in old houses

window frames have warped and it is hard to make screen frames fit the

windows.

[Illustration: Fig. 23.--Window screen.]

Heavy denim or jeans or any other heavy material, of dark color, is cut

into strips 4 inches wide. This is sewed around the edge of the screen,

leaving about 2 inches of the doubled material as strips for eyelets.

Eyelets are worked across the top and down the side strips. Small tacks

are driven in the lower casing of the top window and down the sides of

the window frames. The eyelets in the window screen are fastened over

the heads of the tacks and thus the screen is held in place. This screen

can only be used when the upper window cannot be lowered and it can be

removed easily when not needed.

PLAN No. 827. COOKSTOVE DRIER OR EVAPORATOR

Vegetables and fruits can be dried in an oven, in trays or racks over

the kitchen stove, or in a specially constructed drier. There are small

driers on the market which give satisfactory results. The small

cookstove driers or evaporators are small oven-like structures, usually

made of galvanized sheet iron, or of wood and galvanized iron. They are

of such a size that they can be placed on the top of an ordinary wood

or coal range, or a kerosene stove. These driers hold a series of small

trays on which fruit or vegetables are placed after being prepared for

drying. Portable outdoor evaporators are especially convenient when it

is desirable to dry as much as ten bushels of fruit or vegetables a day.

They are usually constructed of wood except the parts in direct contact

with the heater. The homemade dry kiln used in some sections of the

country can be cheaply and easily made of brick and stone.

[Illustration: Fig. 24.--Cookstove drier or evaporator.]

A drier that can be used on a wood or coal range or a kerosene stove can

be easily and cheaply made. Dimensions: Base, 24 by 16 inches; height,

36 inches (including the height of the base). The drier can be made

smaller if desired. A base six inches high is made of galvanized sheet

iron. This base flares slightly toward the bottom and has two small

openings for ventilation in each of the four sides. On the base rests a

box-like frame made of 1 or 1¹⁄₂ inch strips of wood. The two sides are

braced with 1¹⁄₄-inch strips which serve as cleats on which the trays in

the drier rest. These are placed at intervals of 3 inches. The frame is

covered with tin or galvanized sheet iron, which is tacked to the wooden

strips of the frame. Thin strips of wood may be used instead of tin or

sheet iron. The door is fitted on small hinges and fastened with a thumb

latch. It opens wide so that the trays can be easily removed. The bottom

in the drier is made of a piece of perforated galvanized sheet iron. Two

inches above the bottom is placed a solid sheet of galvanized iron,

three inches less in length and width than the bottom. This sheet rests

on two wires fastened to the sides of the drier. This prevents the

direct heat from coming in contact with the product and serves as a

radiator to spread the heat more evenly.

The first tray is placed three inches above the radiator. The trays rest

on cleats three inches apart. A drier of the given dimensions will hold

eight trays. The frame of the tray is made of 1-inch strips on which is

tacked galvanized screen wire, which forms the bottom of the tray. The

tray is 21 by 15 inches, making it three inches less in depth than the

drier. The lowest tray when placed in the drier is pushed to the back,

leaving the 3-inch space in front. The next tray is placed even with the

front, leaving a 3-inch space in the back. The other trays alternate in

the same way. A ventilator opening is left in the top of the drier

through which the moist air may pass away.

The principle of construction is that currents of heated air pass over

the product as well as up through it, gathering the moisture and passing

away. The current of air produces a more rapid and uniform drying. The

upper trays can be shifted to the lower part of the drier and the lower

trays to the upper part as the drying proceeds, so as to dry products

uniformly throughout.

PLAN No. 828. THE CLEANING CLOSET

Entrance of dust and dirt into a house is unavoidable, and the

housekeeper is compelled to spend some of her time and energy in the

daily cleaning. Through the use of better equipment and more systematic

planning she is able to do the cleaning more easily and quickly. It is

well to have a special place where cleaning utensils may be kept in the

best condition and ready for instant use. Much time and energy is spent

in collecting the utensils needed for cleaning.

A closet, cupboard, or wardrobe, in the kitchen is the best place for

keeping the cleaning utensils. A back-stair closet is also a good place.

One end of a back porch may be inclosed and used for such a purpose. The

closet should have plenty of hooks and racks for utensils and a shelf

for cleaning materials.

The housekeeper should choose utensils according to her own needs and

according to the requirements of her house. Those suggested below are

inexpensive and will help to lighten the work of cleaning:

Bucket with wringer for mopping.

A piece of inch board 15 inches square with rollers makes a convenient

platform on which to set the mop bucket, and permits it to be moved

easily without lifting.

Wall mop made by tying a bag made of wool or cotton cloth over an

ordinary broom.

A broom, with a hook screw in the end of the handle by which it can be

hung up.

A long-handled dustpan.

Several brushes for cleaning purposes.

Cheesecloth, worn silk, and flannelette for dusters.

Dusters may be made by dipping pieces of cheesecloth in two quarts of

warm water to which one-half cup of kerosene has been added. These

cloths should be kept away from the stove and lighted lamps, as they are

inflammable.

A blackboard eraser covered with flannelette for stove polishing.

An oiled floor mop to use on oiled or polished floors. Several makes can

be found on the market, or one may be made of old stockings or any

discarded woolen of flannelette material. The material is cut into

one-inch strips and sewed across the middle to a foundation of heavy

cloth. This is fastened to an old broom handle or used in a clamp mop

handle. The mop is dipped into a solution made of one-half cup of melted

paraffin and one cup kerosene and allowed to dry. To keep it moist, it

is rolled tight and kept in a paper bag, away from stove or lamp.

A carpet sweeper or a vacuum cleaner should be used in the daily

cleaning of carpets and rugs. A vacuum cleaner operated by hand or

electric power removes practically all the dust and dirt from carpets

and rugs in a dustless manner.

PLAN No. 829. BASKET BOARDERS

During the war people have been thrown upon their own resources and many

methods of making a living have been attempted. Many suggestions have

been given by the United States Department of Agriculture as to plans

which would be feasible for making a living.

One suggestion is a plan followed by a New York woman. She had a small

income but it was not sufficient to care for herself and small child.

She arranged to board and room 15 girls and boys from the farm. And this

board and room was paid with baskets of provisions from the farm from

each of the children’s parents.

She conducted her home on a dormitory plan of a college. Each of the

students took care of their own rooms and spent their week ends with

their parents at which time their washing was taken along or sent to the

city laundry at the expense of the student.

This idea has wonderful possibilities. There are thousands of boys and

girls from the farms that cannot go to High School because of the lack

of ready cash. But if a woman who can furnish the best of references

will charge them $10 a month and a weekly basket of provisions from

their farms it would be possible for them to have a High School or

College education. With fifteen children this would mean an income of

$150 a month and the lady could figure out what kind of provisions from

week to week she needed and have the boys and girls regulate their

baskets accordingly. If it was not practical for the boys and girls to

return to the farms to bring baskets in person the baskets could easily

be sent in by parcel post.

Any woman who has a family and is unable to go out to work can make a

good income in this way as well as do a great favor to the boy and girl

on the farm.

This is a good way for thousands of town and city families to escape the

high cost of living and take from the farmer what he has to pay with--i.

e., food for the education of his children.

OPPORTUNITIES IN PUBLIC OFFICE

There are many opportunities in public office in every city, and county

in the United States.

Many a man with a dark outlook, if familiar with the many opportunities

in public service, might find awaiting him just the kind of work he

likes best.

In this field there is work from the most ordinary labor to the

professions. Activities of the city, county, state and national

government each year create opportunities which should not be overlooked

by those who desire employment or who already have employment and desire

work more in accord with their tastes. There is, perhaps, no more ideal

work one can be engaged in. In public service you work under the best

conditions and the workers do not sacrifice their liberties, and the

hours and pay are good. Civil Service is now used by many city

governments, which insures permanency. The Government every year offers

great opportunities to workers through Civil Service which is set forth

in Plan No. 217.

As space in this book will not permit me to enumerate the many

opportunities given by governments in all cities, counties and states, I

have taken the City of Spokane, County of Spokane, State of Washington,

as an illustration and from this it will be easy for you to check up

the opportunities in your own locality.

This brief of public affairs will be suggestive to those people who

desire to enter public service as a career, as from this they can

determine what work best suits their abilities.

The City of Spokane has been for a number of years under the commission

form of government. The people elect five men at $3,500 each to run the

affairs of the city. These men direct the affairs of the city much like

the manager of a business. The salaries encourages good business ability

to contest for these offices. Each commissioner is given a department

and each department has a certain number of divisions, which are as

follows: Those with a star before the name are either named by the

commissioner at the head of the department or by the five commissioners

together. Those names before which no star appears are covered by the

Civil Service Board. If the office is appointive the thing for you to do

is to get in touch with the party who gives appointments. Each division

in the city departments offer opportunity for various kinds of service,

the nature of which is shown. Your city offers like opportunities.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS

PLAN No. 830. HEALTH DIVISIONS

* Health Officer, named by Health Board $300.00 per month.

* Assistant Health Officer 210.00 „ „

Clerk 120.00 „ „

Associated Clerk 100.00 „ „

Office Attendant 70.00 „ „

Public Health Nurse 90.00 „ „

SANITARY INSPECTION

Sanitary Inspector (collects milk samples) $100.00 per month.

Sanitary Inspector 100.00 „ „

Intelligence Officer 100.00 „ „

Emergency Inspectors, as needed 4.00 „ day.

QUARANTINE

Quarantine Officer $120.00 per month.

FOOD REGULATION

Milk Inspector $132.50 per month.

Bacteriologist 150.00 „ „

Food Inspector (meat) 115.00 „ „

Restaurant and Bakery Inspector 105.00 „ „

Food Inspector 115.00 „ „

ISOLATION HOSPITAL--RIVERCREST

Superintendent $ 90.00 per month.

G. U. Nurse 70.00 „ „

Nurses, as needed 65.00 „ „

Utility Man $ 80.00 per month.

Housekeeper 70.00 „ „

Assistant Housekeeper 50.00 „ „

[10]Steward and Assistant 135.00 „ „

Extra labor as needed 4.00 „ day.

EMERGENCY HOSPITAL

Chief Steward $125.00 per month.

First Assistant Steward 115.00 „ „

Second Assistant Steward 105.00 „ „

[10] It is provided that the Health Officer may, in his discretion,

apportion this monthly salary between the steward and assistant,

provided the aggregate salaries of both shall not exceed $135 per

month.

PLAN No. 831. CITY HALL DIVISION

Elevator Operators $ 85.00 per month.

Utility Man, additional 25.00 „ „

Janitors 90.00 „ „

Telephone Operators 95.00 „ „

Substitutes at above rates.

PLAN No. 832. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES DIVISION

* Inspector $132.50 per month.

PLAN No. 833. LABOR AGENT’S DIVISION

* Labor Agent $165.00 per month.

Assistant, male 115.00 „ „

Assistant, female 85.00 „ „

PUBLIC MARKET

Market Master as needed $ 85.00 per month.

DENTAL CLINIC

School Dentist, nine and one-half months $ 85.00 per month.

MUNICIPAL FISH MARKET

Salesman $100.00 per month.

Salesman 90.00 „ „

PLAN No. 834. CREMATORY DIVISION

* Superintendent $200.00 per month.

Assistant Superintendent 120.00 „ „

Night Foreman 110.00 „ „

Bookkeeper 110.00 „ „

Collector 95.00 „ „

HOUSEHOLD AND TRADE REFUSE COLLECTION

Barnman $100.00 per month.

Blacksmith 115.00 „ „

Utility Man 115.00 „ „

Night Laborers 5.00 „ day.

Day Laborers 5.00 „ „

REFUSE DISPOSAL

Engineer $105.00 per month.

Fireman 100.00 „ „

Mechanics, as needed Going wage.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

PLAN No. 835. COMMISSIONER’S DIVISION

* Secretary $140.00 per month.

Stenographer-Permit Clerk 120.00 „ „

PLAN No. 836. FIRE DIVISION

* Chief $225.00 per month.

Assistant Chiefs 175.00 „ „

Electrician 175.00 „ „

Secretary 140.00 „ „

Master Mechanic 160.00 „ „

Linemen 125.00 „ „

Telephone Operators 85.00 „ „

Captains 135.00 „ „

Lieutenants 125.00 „ „

Engineers 130.00 „ „

Truckmen, Drivers and Pipemen:

First year service $100.00 „ „

Second year service 110.00 „ „

Third year service 120.00 „ „

Firemen assigned to shop work, additional 5.00 per month.

Officers as fire inspectors downtown,

additional 5.00 „ „

PLAN No. 837. POLICE DIVISION

* Chief $225.00 per month.

Secretary 140.00 „ „

Clerk 110.00 „ „

Stenographer 100.00 „ „

Captain of Detectives 160.00 „ „

Captains of Police 150.00 „ „

Sergeants 130.00 „ „

Plain Clothes Men 130.00 „ „

Bailiff 120.00 „ „

Bertillon Officer 140.00 „ „

License Officer (Inspector) 120.00 „ „

Patrol Chauffeurs 120.00 „ „

Emergency Chauffeurs 110.00 „ „

Alarm Operators 85.00 „ „

Police Woman 50.00 „ „

Patrolmen:

First year service 100.00 „ „

Second year service 110.00 „ „

Third year service 120.00 „ „

Special Police, as needed 4.00 „ day.

Jailers 120.00 per month.

Matrons 95.00 „ „

BUILDING INSPECTION

* Building Inspector $175.00 per month.

ELECTRICAL INSPECTION

* Electrical Inspector $160.00 per month.

* Assistant Electrical Inspector 140.00 „ „

PLUMBING INSPECTION

* Plumbing Inspector $160.00 per month.

BOILER AND ELEVATOR INSPECTION

* Boiler and Elevator Inspector $160.00 per month.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC UTILITIES

PLAN No. 838. COMMISSIONER’S DIVISION.

* Superintendent and Assistant to the

Commissioner $200.00 per month.

CITY LABORATORY

City Chemist $160.00 per month.

Assistant Chemist 125.00 „ „

WATER DIVISION

* Superintendent $300.00 per month.

Chief Accountant 135.00 „ „

Bookkeeper (Class A) 135.00 „ „

Clerk to Superintendent 120.00 „ „

Bookkeeper (Class B) 120.00 „ „

Storekeeper 120.00 „ „

Civil Engineer 140.00 „ „

Draftsman and Estimator 130.00 „ „

Chief Rate Clerk 140.00 „ „

Assistant Cashier 130.00 „ „

Bookkeeper, consumers accounts 135.00 „ „

Ledger Clerks 120.00 „ „

Permit Clerk 120.00 „ „

Counter Clerk 110.00 „ „

Bill Clerk 90.00 „ „

Addressograph Clerk 80.00 „ „

Stenographer 80.00 „ „

Chief of Meter Bureau 150.00 „ „

Meter Bureau Clerk 100.00 „ „

Meter Shop Foreman 120.00 „ „

Meter Inspectors 110.00 „ „

Meter Readers 100.00 „ „

Meter Repair Men 100.00 „ „

Chief Inspector 135.00 „ „

Assistant inspector 120.00 „ „

Inspectors 105.00 „ „

Repair and Yard Foreman 130.00 „ „

Tapping Foreman 125.00 „ „

Clerk at Meter Building 105.00 „ „

Chief Engineer 150.00 „ „

Assistant Engineers 130.00 „ „

Chief Electrical Engineer 150.00 „ „

Assistant Electrical Engineers 130.00 „ „

Engineer, Lincoln Heights Station 115.00 „ „

Pump Tenders 110.00 „ „

The Superintendent of Water Division may employ the following when

needed:

Foreman $6.00 per day.

Assistant Foreman 5.50 „ „

Caulkers and Tappers 4.60 „ „

Powdermen 4.60 „ „

Blacksmith Helpers 4.50 „ „

Truck Drivers 4.50 „ „

Inspectors 4.25 „ „

Laborers 4.00 „ „

Mechanics Going wage.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS

PLAN No. 839. COMMISSIONER’S DIVISION

* Superintendent $170.00 per month.

Improvement Clerk-Stenographer 132.50 „ „

Bookkeeper 137.50 „ „

Cost and Distribution Clerk 132.50 „ „

PLAN No. 840. ENGINEERING DIVISION

* City Engineer $300.00 per month.

Chief Field Engineer 167.50 „ „

Chief Office Engineer 167.50 „ „

Sewer Engineer 140.00 „ „

Instrument Man 127.50 „ „

Draftsman 137.50 „ „

Chief Clerk 140.00 „ „

Counter Clerk 120.00 „ „

Abstract Clerk 120.00 „ „

Chainmen, as needed 100.00 „ „

Improvement Inspectors, as needed 4.50 „ day.

Bridge Foreman, as needed 6.00 „ „

Bridgemen, as needed Going Wage.

PLAN No. 841. SEWER DIVISION

Superintendent $132.50 per month.

Inspector 110.00 „ „

Sewer Men, as needed 4.25 „ day.

ASPHALT PLANT

* Superintendent $175.00 per month.

Plant Foreman, as needed 5.50 „ day.

Plant Engineer, as needed Going wage.

Blacksmiths, as needed 5.00 per day.

Watchmen, as needed 4.00 „ „

Roller Engineer, as needed Going wage.

Surface Heater Engineer, as needed „ „

Rakers, as needed 5.00 per day.

Tampers, as needed 4.50 „ „

Smoothers, as needed 4.50 „ „

Utility Man, as needed 4.50 „ „

Teamsters, as needed 7.00 „ „

Laborers, as needed 4.00 „ „

Auto Truck Drivers, as needed 4.50 „ „

Mechanics, as needed Going wage.

PLAN No. 842. GARAGE DIVISION

Foreman $150.00 per month.

Mechanics, as needed Going wage.

Apprentices, as needed „ „

Blacksmith, as needed 5.00 per day.

PLAN No. 843. STREET DIVISION

* Superintendent $160.00 per month.

Street Foreman 115.00 „ „

Utility Men, as needed 4.00 „ day.

Tractor Drivers, as needed 5.50 „ „

Roller Engineer, as needed Going wage.

Auto Truck Drivers, as needed 4.50 per day.

Teamsters, as needed 7.00 „ „

Team Drivers, as needed 4.00 „ „

Laborers, as needed 4.00 „ „

Mechanics, as needed Going wages.

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE

PLAN No. 844. CITY TREASURER’S DIVISION

* City Treasurer $220.00 per month.

Cashier 165.00 „ „

Tax Clerk (Class A) 130.00 „ „

Tax Clerks (Class B) 120.00 „ „

Assistant Bookkeeper 125.00 „ „

Bond and Warrant Clerk 125.00 „ „

PLAN No. 845. CITY AUDITOR’S DIVISION

* City Auditor $220.00 per month.

Deputy City Auditor 155.00 „ „

Deputy and Counter Clerk 132.50 „ „

Local Improvement Deputy 120.00 „ „

Assistant Bookkeeper 135.00 „ „

General Checker 165.00 „ „

Local Improvement Checker 135.00 „ „

Cage Checker 120.00 „ „

PLAN No. 846. PURCHASING AGENT’S DIVISION

* Purchasing Agent $220.00 per month.

Stenographer-Clerk 100.00 „ „

Storekeeper 120.00 „ „

DEPARTMENTS NOT UNDER INDIVIDUAL COMMISSIONER

PLAN No. 847. LEGAL DIVISION

* Corporation Counsel $5,000.00 per annum.

* First Assistant 250.00 „ month.

* Second Assistant 175.00 „ „

Clerk 120.00 „ „

* Claim Agent 130.00 „ „

PLAN No. 848. CITY CLERK’S DIVISION

* City Clerk $220.00 per month.

Deputy 130.00 „ „

Deputy 120.00 „ „

PLAN No. 849. CIVIL SERVICE DIVISION

* Secretary $130.00 per month.

PLAN No. 850. JUDICIARY DIVISION--UNDER THE MAYOR

* Police Judge $125.00 per month.

Police Court Clerk 90.00 „ „

Probation Officer 75.00 „ „

COUNTY GOVERNMENT

In the County, Civil Service does not apply, but your selection is

largely dependent upon your political standing. Become an active man in

your party and if you are fortunate in supporting a winner you will have

employment. The county officers run as follows:

PLAN No. 851. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS--ELECTIVE

(Three in number at $3,000 per year.)

PLAN No. 852. JUDGES OF SUPERIOR COURT

(Five in number at $4,000 per year.)

PLAN No. 853. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE

(Three in number at $1,800 each, per year, one of which is to be police

judge, named by city and receives additional salary from city. Each

justice names his own clerk.)

PLAN No. 854. CONSTABLES--ELECTIVE

(Three in number at $960 each per year.)

PLAN No. 855. COUNTY AGRICULTURIST

(Named by County Commissioner.)

Part Pay by Government $125.00 per month.

Part Pay by County 125.00 „ „

Counter 60.00 „ „

PLAN No. 856

Purchasing Agent (named by Commissioners) $160.00 per month.

Assistant Purchasing Agent 110.00 „ „

PLAN No. 857. HEATING AND LIGHTING

Custodian of Court House (Named by

Commissioners) $110.00 per month

Three Engineers (work eight hours) 110.00 „ „

Four Janitors 95.00 „ „

One Watchman 90.00 „ „

Telephone Operator 85.00 „ „

Relief Operator 20.00 „ „

PLAN No. 858

Steward--Jail (named by County

Commissioners) and board $110.00 per month.

PLAN No. 859. TUBERCULAR HOSPITAL

Edgecliff Lady Head Nurse $115.00 per month.

Bookkeeper 60.00 „ „

X-Ray (doctor) 75.00 „ „

Twelve Nurses 60.00 „ „

Four Cooks 40.00 „ „

Head Cook 85.00 „ „

Two Waitresses 45.00 „ „

Dishwasher 35.00 „ „

Waitress and Pantry Girl 16.00 „ „

Three Ward Maids 35.00 „ „

Three Hairdressers 35.00 „ „

Two Engineers 135.00 „ „

One Gardener 40.00 „ „

Two Janitors 40.00 „ „

Two Orderlies 40.00 „ „

County Carpenter 150.00 „ „

PLAN No. 860

County Auditor $3,000.00 per year.

Twenty Employees 125.00 „ month.

PLAN No. 861

County Treasurer $3,000.00 per year.

Twenty Employees 125.00 „ month.

PLAN No. 862

County Assessor $3,000.00 per year.

Twenty Employees 125.00 „ month.

PLAN No. 863

County Clerk $3,000.00 per year.

Fifteen Employees 125.00 „ month.

PLAN No. 864

County Sheriff $3,000.00 per year.

Fifteen Employees 125.00 „ month.

PLAN No. 865

County Prosecuting Attorney $3,000.00 per year.

Eight Employees 150.00 „ month.

County Prosecuting Attorney’s Stenographer 75.00 „ „

PLAN No. 866

County Superintendent of Schools $166.65 per month.

Two Employees 115.00 „ „

Department Superintendent 150.00 „ „

PLAN No. 867

Juvenile Court (named by Presiding Judge)

Eight Employees $100.00 per month.

PLAN No. 868

Chief Probation Officer $150.00 per month.

Chief Probation Officer Assistant 125.00 „ „

Stenographer 100.00 „ „

PLAN No. 869

County Commissioner $166.65 per month.

Clerk 150.00 „ „

PLAN No. 870. SPOKANE COUNTY INFIRMARY EMPLOYEES OR POOR FARM

(Named by County Commissioners)

Superintendent $160.00 per month.

Physician 100.00 „ „

Steward 90.00 „ „

Nurse 50.00 „ „

Cook 100.00 „ „

Engineer 90.00 „ „

Assistant Engineer and Laundry 60.00 „ „

Farmer 75.00 „ „

Milker 60.00 „ „

PLAN No. 871

County Coroner $100.00 per month.

PLAN No. 872

County Engineer $200.00 per month.

Fifteen Employees

Engineers $150.00 per month.

Draftsmen 140.00 „ „

Roadman 140.00 „ „

Each of the five Superior Court judges elected names his clerk, bailiff

and court stenographers.

STATE GOVERNMENT

People generally are not aware of the great number of men and women

employed by the State Government. The State of Washington is

comparatively a young state and yet it employs at least two thousand

people in its different departments. Abilities of every description are

required.

The Governor has great power, as most of the different department heads

are appointed by him. In some cases the state law limits him as to a

certain number of appointments, but as a rule, the Governor is allowed

to make all appointments.

If you desire to learn the nature of work you can apply to the secretary

of the various departments.

The following offices not marked elective are filled by appointment.

PLAN No. 873. CONGRESSIONAL OFFICE (ELECTIVE)

U. S. Senators (2) $8,000.00 per year.

U. S. Representatives (5) 7,500.00 „ „

PLAN No. 874

Governor (elective) $6,000.00 per year.

Secretary to the Governor

PLAN No. 875

Lieutenant Governor (elective) $1,200.00 per year.

PLAN No. 876

Secretary of State (elective) $3,000.00 per year.

Assistant Secretary of State

PLAN No. 877

Auditor (elective) $3,000.00 per year.

Assistant State Auditor

Deputy State Auditor

PLAN No. 878

Treasurer (elective) $3,000.00 per year.

Deputy State Treasurer

PLAN No. 879

Attorney General (elective) $3,000.00 per year.

Assistant Attorney General

Assistant Attorney General

Assistant Attorney General

Assistant Attorney General

Assistant Attorney General

PLAN No. 880

Commissioner of Public Lands (elective) $3,000.00 per year.

PLAN No. 881

Insurance Commissioner (elective) $3,000.00 per year.

Deputy Insurance Commissioner

Actuary Insurance Department

PLAN No. 882

Superintendent Public Instruction

(elective) $3,000.00 per year.

Assistant Superintendent Public Instruction

Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction.

PLAN No. 883

Adjutant General $3,000.00 per year.

Assistant Adjutant General

PLAN No. 884. GOVERNOR’S APPOINTMENTS

The following offices are filled by the Governor and the boards and

commissions are partly, if not all, determined by him.

These different department Boards and Commissions employ many people in

the state. There is hardly a type of work that is not to be found from

the most ordinary labor to the professions. The number of people

employed are more than 2,000.

STATE BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS

Agricultural Commissioner

Secretary Agricultural Dept

Assistant Commissioner Division of Dairy and Live Stock

Assistant Commissioner Division of Foods, Feeds, Fertilizers, Drugs

and Oils (including inspection of bakeries)

Chief Deputy Oil Inspector

Assistant Commissioner of Horticulture

State Fair Secretary

Director of Farm Markets

State Labor Commissioner

State Librarian

Assistant State Librarian

Superintendent Traveling Library

State Fish Commissioner and Chief State Game Warden

Deputy State Game Warden

Coal Mine Inspector

Public Printer

Bank Examiner

Deputy Examiners

Hotel Inspectors

Fire Warden

Highway Commissioner

Assistant Highway Commissioner

State Geologist

State Chemists

State Commissioner of Health

State Fiscal Agency

State Superintendent of Weights and Measures

Deputy Superintendent of Weights and Measures

Inspector of Weights and Measures

Commissioner of Statistics

Deputy Commissioner of Statistics

Clerk of Supreme Court

Superintendent of Election Division

State Printing Expert

Hydraulic Engineer

Assistant Hydraulic Engineer

Agricultural Advisory Board

Board of Accountancy

Secretary

Board of Barber Examiners

Secretary

Board of Control

Secretary

Board of Dental Examiners

Secretary

Board of Education

Secretary

Board of Embalmers

Ex-officio Secretary

Board of Medical Examiners

Secretary

Board of Health and Vital Statistics

Secretary

Board of Optometry

Secretary

Board of Pharmacy

Secretary

Board of Chiropody

Bureau of Inspection and Supervision of Public Affairs

Secretary

State Labor Commissioner

Assistant State Labor Commissioner

Secretary

Forest Commission

Secretary

Industrial Insurance Commission

Secretary

Library Advisory Board

State Medical Aid Board

State Nautical Board

Nurses’ Examining Board

State Board of Park Commissioners

State Capitol Commission

Bar Examiners

Public Service Commission

Chief Grain Inspector

Industrial Welfare Commission

Tax Commissioner

Assistant Tax Commissioner

Uniform Legislation Commission

Veterinary Examining Board

State Humane Bureau

Board of Regents University of Washington

Board of Regents State College of Washington

Trustees State Normal School, Cheney

Trustees State Normal Schools, Bellingham

Trustees State Normal School, Ellensburg

State School for Deaf

State School for Blind

State Training School

State School for Girls

State Soldiers’ Home

Washington’s Veteran’s Home

Western Hospital for Insane

Eastern Hospital for Insane

Northern Hospital for Insane

State Penitentiary

State Institution for Feeble Minded

State Reformatory

Superintendent

U. S. GOVERNMENT

If you are out of employment it is well for you to examine carefully the

activities of the Government in your city or county, or any place in the

state where it may have general offices.

Any man who is out of work cannot say he has done his best to obtain

employment when he has neglected looking up Government work.

Because the Civil Service applies to certain positions, do not let this

stand in the way. Go to the head of the department in whatever locality

it is and ascertain whether there are any possibilities of taking a

Civil Service examination in the different departments; or find out

whether there is not a temporary position that you can fill. This

condition often exists and many times employment is obtained in this way

and Civil Service Examination is given later.

READ OUR PLAN NO. 217 IN CONNECTION WITH THE FOLLOWING PLANS

In Spokane, Spokane County, State of Washington, a town of about 125,000

population, the Government employs more than 600 men. I will take up the

various departments of the Government in Spokane County and give you a

statement concerning these different departments, which might assist you

if you are desirous of obtaining employment which are also represented

in your State.

PLAN No. 885. POSTAL DEPARTMENT

This department is headed by the postmaster, who receives a salary of

$6,000 per year, and an assistant postmaster who receives $3,150. About

two hundred employees work in this department. The rural route employs

about ten men. The mail men in the city receive from $1,350 to $1,668

per annum. The Civil Service governs this department. The rural mail

carriers receive from $1,100 to $1,600 per annum. They are also under

Civil Service.

PLAN No. 886. SECRET SERVICE DEPARTMENT

There are two employed in this department. Their salaries range from

$1,500 to $2,200 per year. These employees are appointed by the chief of

the Secret Service, Washington, D. C., and confirmed by the Secretary of

the Treasury. The title of this department is self-explanatory.

PLAN No. 887. U. S. MARSHAL IS APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT AND CONFIRMED

BY THE SENATE

This officer has four deputies. U. S. Marshal receives a salary of

$4,000 per annum, while the deputies receive from $120 to $170 per

month. This department names bailiffs for the Federal Judge.

PLAN No. 888. FEDERAL ATTORNEY’S OFFICE

The attorney in charge is appointed by the President and confirmed by

the senate and holds office for four years. He receives $4,500 per

annum. He has one assistant, appointed by the Attorney General under

advice of the District Court, who receives $1,800 per year.