THE END OF THE DARK AGE
[Sidenote: The end of the age.]
As we draw to the close of the long period which, through the
conversion of the barbarian races and the growth of a central power in
the Church at Rome, so profoundly influenced the future of the world,
we are met by some outstanding facts which mark an epoch of crisis and
of reformation. They are--the widening breach in matters religious, as
earlier in matters political, between East and West; the influences
which served to strengthen the theory of the papal monarchy even at the
time of its greatest practical weakness; and the strength of the Empire
under the Saxon Ottos as a power to unite Western Europe and to reform
the Western Church.
[Sidenote: The papacy of Nicolas I., 858-67.]
Nicolas, who was elected in 858, was a great pope. He asserted the
moral force of Christianity in a way in which his predecessors very
frequently followed him, by vindicating the indissolubility of the
marriage tie. Chlothochar, King of Lotharingia, separated from his
wife Theudberga, bringing against her foul charges, which a council of
clergy at Aachen accepted. Nicolas intervened: again and again he
endeavoured to control the Frankish clergy and rescind the divorce; but
it was {192} only in 863 by a council at Rome, where the archbishops of
Cologne and Trier were present, that he was able to proceed to
extremities. He excommunicated those two prelates, and deposed them
with all those who had assisted them: he warned Hincmar of Rheims of
what he had done. The emperor Louis, Chlothochar's brother, marched on
Rome and captured the city; but there, through illness it appears, he
completely submitted to the pope. Nicolas enforced his decision on the
Frankish king, the Frankish bishops, on Hincmar, the great archbishop
of Rheims himself. In a letter he developed the theory that the Empire
owed its confirmation to the authority of the Apostolic See, and that
the sword was conferred on the emperor by the pope, the vicar of S.
Peter. Truly it was said of this pope by one who wrote a century after
his death, "Since the days of Gregory to our own sat no prelate on the
throne of S. Peter to be compared to Nicolas. He tamed kings and
tyrants and ruled the world like a monarch: to holy bishops he was mild
and gentle: to the wicked and unconverted a terror; so that truly may
we say that in him arose a new Elijah."
Of equal though different importance was the action of the papacy in
regard to the East. What is known as the Photian schism is the
divergence between the churches of Constantinople and Rome, which
became critical during the pontificate of Nicolas I.
[Sidenote: The Photian schism.]
Photius, a man of great learning and experience, a scholar and
theologian of the familiar Greek type, was elected Patriarch of
Constantinople on Christmas Day, 857. At the time when Michael III.
determined on his appointment he was not even ordained: in six days he
{193} received the different orders and was made patriarch. But his
election was uncanonical. Ignatius the patriarch, who was still
living, was deposed because of his censures of the emperor's evil life.
Photius announced his election to Pope Nicolas, but Ignatius refused to
surrender his rights; both parties excommunicated each other; and the
emperor mocked at both. But he also asked the pope to send legates to
a council which should restore order to the Church. The Council met in
861. It confirmed Photius in his office, and the papal legates
assented. Nicolas refused to accept the decision and took upon him to
annul it, to depose Photius, to declare the orders conferred by him
invalid, and to announce his decision to the other patriarchs and to
the metropolitans and bishops who owed obedience to Constantinople.
Neither the emperor nor Photius would submit; and in 867 Photius
issued, in a council at Constantinople, an encyclical letter, in which
he repudiated the papal claim of jurisdiction (which was complicated by
assertions of supremacy over the Bulgarian Church), and denounced a
number of tenets held by Westerns, [Sidenote: The Philioque
controversy.] and most notably the addition of the word _Filioque_ to
the Nicene Creed, as asserting the procession of the Holy Spirit from
the Father and the Son. He ended by excommunicating the pope.
In the year 867 Nicolas died, Michael was deposed, Photius followed him
into retirement, Basil the Macedonian ascended the throne, and Ignatius
was restored to the patriarchate. A council was held in 869 at which
papal legates attended, which approved these acts, and which is counted
by the Roman Church as {194} the Eighth Oecumenical Council. This
Council confirmed the Church's decision as to image-worship. Ignatius
held his throne till his death in 877, when Photius was reinstated.
His return was signalised by a new agreement with Rome, in which Pope
John VIII. repudiated the insertion of the Filioque, and declared that
it was inserted by men whose daring was due to madness, and who were
transgressors against the Divine Word. Another council at
Constantinople (879-80) confirmed the reinstatement, declared Photius
to be lawful patriarch, and anathematised the Council of 869. This is
reckoned by the Greeks as the Eighth Oecumenical Council. [Sidenote:
End of the schism.] Then the schism was for the time healed. It made
no difference that a new emperor, Leo VI., the Wise, deposed Photius
again and appointed his own brother. The union remained formally
throughout the tenth century. But though the eleventh century opened
with a nominal agreement, it was not destined to endure. The points of
severance must be dealt with in a later volume. It may here suffice to
say that the position of the Greeks was rigidly conservative, of the
popes aggressively authoritative.
It was an age of growing papal claims; and the claims had now found a
new basis.
[Sidenote: The forged decretals.]
The promises, true and legendary, of Pippin, and the spurious donation
of Constantine, had still further extension in the False Decretals.
These were first used by Nicolas I., who was pope from 858 to 867.
During his pontificate the collection of Church laws, with the canons
of the Oecumenical Councils, the letters of the most important bishops
and the like, with the ecclesiastical laws of the {195} emperors, which
were practically becoming a _corpus juris canonici_, received a notable
addition. The genuine decretals of the popes begin with Siricius
(384-98); but there now (between 840 and 860) appeared fifty-nine more,
professing to date from the second and third centuries, and also
thirty-nine became interpolated among the genuine documents, which
ranged from 386 to 731. These were put forth by a skilful forger as
the collection of Isidore of Seville, and they were incorporated in the
authentic collection made by him. A most remarkable series of
documents was this, in every point supporting the claims now put forth
by the Roman See to political as well as ecclesiastical supremacy,
deciding questions of discipline and right such as were then vexed, and
supplying a veritable armoury for the advocates of papal claims to rule
everywhere, over all persons, and in all causes. The forged decretals,
now known as the pseudo-Isidorian, had their origin among the Franks,
and showed the aims and the needs of the Frankish reformers. They set
forth three great objects--"freedom from the secular power,
establishment of the ecclesiastical hierarchy with a firm discipline,
and centralisation of organisation upon which all could depend." [1]
They represented, in fact, a scheme of reform and the way in which a
somewhat unscrupulous reformer imagined it could best be carried out.
Probably the forged decretals were concocted at Rheims, or possibly at
Mainz, and they were first used in a critical case in 866, when a
bishop of Soissons, deposed by Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims, appealed
to the pope on the ground that the power of deposition by the decretals
belonged to him alone. It is difficult {196} to believe that when
Nicolas I. accepted them he was not aware that they were not the
genuine writings of the popes whose work they professed to be: he can
hardly have thought that Spain (where it was said that they had been
discovered) was more likely to have kept papal documents safely than
the Roman Chancery itself. Their importance was, however, not evident
at first. In the ninth and tenth centuries comparatively little was
made of them. It was in the eleventh and the centuries which followed
that a gigantic edifice of papal assumption was to be built upon them
by popes who were fired with a true zeal to reform the world, and who,
not doubting their authenticity, found in them an instrument ready to
their hands.
[Sidenote: The decay of the papacy.]
The weakness of the papacy in the tenth century was indeed such that no
theory could give it respect in Europe. The weakness of the Church was
heralded by that of the Empire. The Carling house expired in contempt
almost as great as that which had fallen on the Merwings. In Gaul the
Norman had won fair provinces on the coast; and the house of the Counts
of Paris came in the tenth century to rule over the Franks. There the
Church remained strong as the State decayed, and it was the great
archbishopric of Rheims which gave the crown to the line of Hugh the
Great. In Germany the dynasty of the Carlings became extinct. In Rome
the power over the city fell into the hands of the local nobility; and
the period was made infamous by the lives of Theodora and Marozia, who
were the paramours of popes. The tale of the age of disgrace which
marks the greater part of the tenth century is of no importance in the
history of the Church. A succession of {197} popes, whom their
contemporaries certainly did not believe to be infallible, followed
each other in rapid procession. John X. alone (914-28) has any claim
to greatness; but he, like the others, was deeply stained with the
vices, political if not moral, of his age. It was not until the Saxon
Otto came to Italy like a knight-errant to redress the wrongs of the
Northern princes, and was crowned at Rome in 962, that the Church in
Italy began to revive from its ashes. He deposed and set up popes; and
he gave to the papacy something of the bracing ideals which the new
life of Gaul and Germany inspired.
The moral weakness of the papacy, the political weakness of Italy, had
founded the Empire anew, as it had been founded anew in 800. The
revival of the Empire under Charles the Great, and again under Otto,
was not due to political considerations only; it was due also to the
force of religious ideas.
[Sidenote: The religious revival of the Empire under the Saxons.]
One great characteristic of the revived Empire in German hands was the
important part played in its policy by missions, and, it must be added,
missionary wars. It was said of Charles the Great by his eulogists
that he converted Saxons and Vandals and Frisians by the Word and the
sword: and this thought was embodied in a series of wars which have
been somewhat fancifully compared to the Crusades of later days. Otto
I. thrice invaded the land of the Slavs and made all the barbarians
from the Oder to the Elbe admit his lordship. Six new bishoprics were
founded as his sway spread, and the bishop of Magdeburg was raised to
be "archbishop and metropolitan of the whole race of the Slavs beyond
the Elbe which has {198} been, or still remains to be, converted to
God." But though it was a real work of civilisation, a work which made
for peace, that the German Caesars undertook, it was not a Crusade. A
Crusade was a war to win back from the infidel what had once been the
patrimony of the Crucified: the wars of the Ottos were directed to
extend their own sway, and, as ever, the true work of the converting
Church was not helped but hindered by the arms and enterprises of
soldiers and statesmen. When the tribes revolted against the
government of the Germans, they often disowned their Christianity and
destroyed their churches. Under Otto III. the Empire did not recover
what she had lost, and the province of Magdeburg remained for nearly
half its extent in heathen hands. [Sidenote: Otto the Great's
endowment in Germany.] The Church suffered from this association.
Where the mission of S. Boniface had been purely spiritual, the work of
his successors was often hampered by the ambition of the emperors. In
the lands alike of Eastern and Western Franks the Church was often led
to lean on the State, and the results, of slackness, corruption,
weakness, were inevitable. The rich endowments which were poured upon
the Church were not always wisely given or wisely used. The Caesars
themselves showered gifts: Otto the Great surpassed all his
predecessors in lavishness,[2] and his dynasty followed in his steps.
But the honours and riches were given quite as much for political as
for religious objects. In the bishops and abbats the sovereigns found
the wisest servants, the most capable administrators. As among the
West Franks under the {199} Merwings, so now among the East Franks, the
great ecclesiastics were the supports of the monarchy, the real
governors of the country. It was thus that they came to owe their
position--if not their election always yet certainly their
confirmation--to the imperial will. As in Rome the emperors were
stretching forth a hand to control the elections to the papacy, so in
Germany there was growing up at the end of the tenth century the
practice of imperial control over the things of the Church. The policy
of the Ottos and the reformation of the papacy were certain ultimately
to lead to the contest concerning investitures. High clerical office
had come too often to be bought and sold, and the churches were
becoming mere appanages of the great principalities. It was wise of
Otto I. to try to win from the dukes the power they had obtained: but
it was not for the good of the Church that the power should be even in
the imperial hands.
[Sidenote: Otto III. and the popes.]
Otto I. died in 973. He had begun the reformation of the papacy. His
son and grandson succeeded him, Otto II. in 973, Otto III. in 983. In
996 died Pope John XV., a Roman whom the Frankish chronicler, Abbo of
Fleury, declares to have been lustful of filthy lucre and venal in all
his acts. To Otto the clergy, senate, and people of Rome submitted the
election of his successor. He chose his own cousin Bruno, "a man of
holiness, of wisdom, and of virtue,"--news, to quote the same saintly
writer, more precious than gold and precious stones. His throne was
insecure: the Roman noble Crescentius drove him from it, but he won his
way back and overcame one who had been set up as an anti-pope. He died
in 999.
{200}
At the close of the tenth century a pope and an emperor of great ideas
stand forth from the blackness of an age when, according to the
evidence of councils and of monastic chronicles alike, vice was
rampant--"the more powerful oppress the weaker, and men are like fishes
in the sea, which everywhere in turn devour one another"--and the
bishops and clergy alike neglected their duties. Otto III. (983-1002),
the offspring of the German who sat on the imperial throne and the
daughter of the Caesars of the East, made himself a real ruler of the
Empire in Church as well as in State, and after the disputed succession
of his cousin Bruno (Gregory V., 996-99) placed on the papal throne the
first of the great line of later medieval popes. Gregory V. was the
first pope of transalpine birth imposed by the Germans; Gerbert was the
first of the French popes. It needed the imperial army to keep Gregory
on the throne, and to crush the last of the Roman princelets who had
made the papacy infamous; Gerbert (Silvester II., 999-1003) was only
able to remain in the eternal city so long as Otto was there to protect
him. [Sidenote: Gerbert.] But Gerbert's greatness belonged to a sphere
far wider than that of the local papacy. He was a scholar in the
ancient classics, a logician, mathematician, astronomer and musician, a
great collector of books and a great teacher of men. An Aquitanian by
birth, he was brought up at Aurillac, and then passed from one place of
study to another, till, by the influence of the Emperor Otto I., he
settled at Rheims in 972. His school was a famous one: among those
whom he taught were many bishops, Robert the future king of the Franks
and Otto the future emperor. From Rheims he went as abbat to {201}
Bobbio, where the necessary severity of his rule provoked such
opposition that he was obliged to return to Gaul. [Sidenote: In Gaul]
He returned in time to win the influence of the great see of Rheims on
behalf of the child heir of Otto II., who died at the end of 983, and
to take part in the diplomacy which ended in the transfer of the West
Frankish crown to Hugh the duke of the Franks. When Arnulf, of the
very Karling house which had been dispossessed, became archbishop, and
tried to hand over Rheims to his kindred, Gerbert, the steadfast
supporter of the "Capetians," was made his successor. The election was
of more than doubtful legality, and the politics, papal and imperial,
of the time still further complicated the question: it was only settled
by the transference of Gerbert, on the nomination of his old pupil,
Otto III., to the see of Ravenna, From 998 he remained in Italy till
his death. [Sidenote: and in Italy.] In 999 he became pope, and then
he gave himself, heart and soul, to forward the great schemes,
missionary, reforming, imperial, which were indeed as much his own as
those of the enthusiastic genius of the young emperor. The old offices
of the "republic" were revived and harmonised, as in the East, with the
Christian character of the imperial power. Pope and emperor worked
hand in hand for the conversion of the barbarians: it is said that it
was Silvester who gave the kingship to the Hungarian Duke Stephen, as a
son of the Christian Empire and the holy see of the imperial city. In
the unquiet days of his papacy he was yet able to set an example of
wisdom, counsel, godliness, charity, which formed an epoch in the
regeneration of the Roman episcopate. Zealous, loyal, inspired by an
overpowering sense of duty, {202} Silvester II. in a short time
fulfilled a long time and left a mark on the history of the Middle Ages
such as was made by but few even of its greatest men. [Sidenote: Pope
Silvester II.] At his death in 1003 the age of reform had started on
its way; and his was the light which had directed its beginnings. Thus
in the West the end of the period shows the Empire and the papacy of
one mind, eager for a spiritual reform in the Church, for Christian and
missionary ideals in the State, not careful to delimit the provinces of
Church and State, but eager rather for unity of action as well as
sentiment in the cause of Christian extension and endeavour.
[Sidenote: The end of the Dark Age.]
Though the contest was not yet over, it might be said with confidence
that the Church of Christ had won over the barbarians. Missionaries
and martyrs had changed the face of Europe, and the fierce tribes which
were pouring over the Continent in the fifth century, barbarous and
heathen, were now for the most part tamed and converted to the love of
Christ. Out of a land which had been wild and barbarous, and where one
of the greatest of saints and missionaries had met his death, had come
a revival in Christian form of the old imperial idea, and the great men
who had been nourished by it had given new health to the central Church
of Europe. For the moment, the Empire and the Papacy, Germany and the
new temporal State in the hands of the Roman bishop, were united to
lead the Christian nations and to convert the heathen on their borders.
In the East remained the magnificent fabric of the immemorial Empire,
active still in missionary labour and setting an example of the union
of Church and State in {203} agreement to which the West could never
attain. The eleventh century was to bring to East and West alike, with
new responsibilities, new difficulties in action and new problems in
thought. Everywhere it was for unity men strove, the unity which if in
its main aspect it was political, was on its spiritual and ideal side
embodied in the visible Church of Christ.
[1] Dr. O. L. Wells, _The Age of Charlemayne_, p. 434.
[2] See H. A. L. Fisher, _The Medieval Empire_, ii. p. 65; Hauck,
_Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands_, iii. 57-9.
{205}
APPENDIX I
LIST OF EMPERORS AND POPES, 461-1003
POPES. EMPERORS
WEST EAST
457 Leo I.
461 Hilarus 461 Severus
---------
467 Anthemius
468 Simplicius
472 Olybrius
473 Glycerius
474 Julius Nepos 474 Zeno
475 Romulus
Augustulus
483 Felix III.
---------
491 Anastasius I.
492 Gelasius I.
496 Anastasius II.
498 Symmachus
514 Hormisdas
518 Justin I.
523 John I.
526 Felix IV.
527 Justinian I.
530 Boniface II.
532 John II.
535 Agapetus I.
536 Silverius
537 Vigilius
555 Pelagius I.
560 John III.
565 Justin II.
574 Benedict I.
578 Pelagius II. 578 Tiberius II.
582 Maurice
{206}
590 Gregory I.
602 Phocas
604 Sabinianus
607 Boniface III.
607 Boniface IV.
610 Heraclius
615 Deusdedit
618 Boniface V.
625 Honorius I.
638 Severinus.
640 John IV.
641 ( Heracleonas
( Constantine III.
642 Theodorus I. 642 Constans II.
649 Martin I.
654 Eugenius I.
657 Vitalianus.
668 Constantine IV.
672 Adeodatus
676 Domnus I.
678 Agatho
682 Leo II.
683 Benedict II.
685 John V. 685 Justinian II.
687 Sergius I.
694 Leontius
697 Tiberius III.
701 John VI.
705 John VII. 705 Justinian II.
(restored)
708 Sisinnius
708 Constantine
711 Philippicus
713 Anastasius II.
715 Gregory II. 715 Theodosius III.
717 Leo III.
731 Gregory III.
741 Zacharias 741 Constantine V.
752 Stephen II.
752 Stephen III.
757 Paul I.
768 Stephen III.
(or IV.)
772 Hadrian I.
775 Leo IV.
779 Constantine VI
795 Leo III.
797 Irene
{207}
800 Charles I.
802 Nicephorus I.
811 Stauracius
811 Michael I.
813 Leo V.
814 Louis I.
816 Stephen IV.
817 Paschal I.
820 Michael II.
824 Eugenius II.
827 Valentinus
827 Gregory IV.
829 Theophilus
840 Lothar I.
842 Michael III.
844 Sergius II.
847 Leo IV.
855 Benedict III. 855 Louis II.
(in Italy)
858 Nicolas I.
867 Hadrian II. 867 Basil I.
872 John VIII.
875 Charles II.
(West Franks)
882 Marinus I. 882 Charles III.
(East Franks)
884 Hadrian III.
885 Stephen V.
886 Leo VI.
891 Formosus 891 Guido (in Italy)
894 Lambert
(in Italy)
896 Boniface VI. 896 Arnulf
896 Stephen VI. (East Franks)
897 Romanus
897 Theodorus II.
898 John IX.
900 Benedict IV.
901 Louis III.
(in Italy)
903 Leo V.
----------
903 Christopher
904 Sergius III.
911 Anastasius III.
912 Constantine VII.
(till 958)
{208}
913 Lando 912 Alexander )
914 John X. 919 Romanus I. ) co-
( Constantine ) emperors
915 Berengar 944 ( VIII )
928 Leo VI. (in Italy) ( Stephanus )
929 Stephen VII.
931 John XI. --------
936 Leo VII.
939 Stephen VIII.
942 Marinus II.
946 Agapetus II.
955 John XII.
958 Romanus II.
962 Otto I.
963 Leo VIII. 963 Basil II. )
[964 Benedict V.] 963 Nicephorus )
965 John XIII. II. ) co-
973 Benedict VI. 973 Otto II. 969 John I. ) emperors
974 Domnus II. 976 Constantine )
974 Benedict VII. IX. )
983 John XIV. 983 Otto III.
985 John XV.
996 Gregory V.
999 Silvester II.
1002 Henry (II.)
1003 John XVII.
NOTE.--This list is for the most part that adopted by Dr. Bryce, _Holy
Roman Empire_; but the dates might be slightly varied by reference to
Duchesne, K. Müller, and Funk (Weltzer and Welte, _Kirchenlexicon_).
It may also be noted that the popes were frequently not elected till
the year after the death of their predecessors.
{209}
APPENDIX II
A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. A list of original authorities for the whole of the period 461-1003
would be too long in proportion to the text of this book, but a few of
the most important may be mentioned for the sake of those who wish to
begin to study the period at first hand. Any such study should
include:--
Evagrius, ed. Bidez and Parmentier, 1898.
Zachariah of Mitylene [translation], ed. Hamilton and Brooks, 1899.
Bede, ed. Ch. Plummer, 1895.
Procopius, ed. Haury (in course of publication).
Joannes Diaconus, _Vita S. Gregorii_, ed. Migne, and _Zeitschrift
für Katholische Theologie_, XI., 158-73.
Gregory the Great, _Letters_, ed. Ewald and Hartmann, 1887, etc.
Paulus Diaconus, ed. Waitz, 1878.
_Monumenta Moguntina_, ed. Jaffé, 1866.
Gregory of Tours, ed. Arndt and Krusch, 1884-5.
_Liber Pontificalis_, ed. Duchesne, 1886-92.
_Liudprand_, ed. Dümmler, 1877.
_Letters of Gerbert_, ed. Havet, 1889.
_Regesta Pontificum Romanorum_, ed. Jaffé, 1851, 2nd ed. 1885.
Mansi, _Concilia_, 1759-98.
Einhard, _Vita Caroli Magni_, ed. Pertz and Waitz, 1880.
II. Reference to the other authorities can be most easily found through
modern works, from which the following is a selection:--
Milman, _History of Latin Christianity_.
Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_ (ed. Bury).
{210}
Bury, _History of the Later Roman Empire_.
Bryce, _Holy Roman Empire_.
Oman, _The Dark Ages_.
Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_.
Hauck, _Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands_.
Harnack, _Dogmengeschichte_.
Duchesne, _Les Églises Separées_.
" _Les Premiers Temps de L'État Pontifical_.
H. Leclercq, _L'Afrique chrétienne_.
" _L'Espagne chrétienne_.
M. J. Labourt, _Le Christianisme dans l'Empire perse_.
P. J. Pargoire, _L'Église byzantine, de 527 à 847_.
A. J. Butler, _The Arab Conquest of Egypt_.
Diehl, _L'Afrique byzantine_.
" _Justinien_.
" _Études sur l'administration byzantine dans l'Exarchat de
Ravenne_.
F. H. Dudden, _Gregory the Great_.
Hefele, _History of the Councils_.
Gasquet, _L'Empire byzantin et la Monarchie franque_.
Hutton, _The Church of the Sixth Century_.
Besse, _S. Wandrille_.
Du Bourg, _S. Odon_.
Martin, _S. Colomban_.
Hodgkin, _Charles the Great_.
Davis, _Charlemagne_.
Fisher, _The Medieval Empire_.
Hunt, _The English Church, 597-1066_.
Margoliouth, _Mohammed_.
Gardner, _Theodore of Studium_.
Marin, _De Studio Constantinopolitano_.
Lavisse (ed.), _Histoire de France_.
Marignan, _Études sur la civilisation française (la sociéte
mérovingienne)_.
Lützow, _Bohemia_.
Morfill, _Poland_.
Rambaud, _Histoire de la Russie_.
Poole, _Illustrations of Medieval Thought_.
Kraus, _Geschichte der Christlichen Kunst_, I.
Potthast, _Bibliotheca Medii Aevi_.
{211}
INDEX
Aachen, 167; councils at(809), 81; (860), 190
Abasgi, a Caucasian people, converted, 95
Abbassides, dynasty of Khalifs, descendants of Muhammad's
uncle Abbas, 156
Abbats, lay, 168-9, 172; in the Rule of S. Columban, 171;
Cluniac, 174-5
Abbo of Fleury, Frankish chronicler, 199
Abder Rahman I., Ommeyad Khalif of Cordova (755), 146
Abyssinian Church, Monophysite, 9, 23, 111
Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, 7, 8, 10
Acca, bishop of Hexham (709-32), 169
Adalbert, S. (Voytech), bishop of Prague, 125-6, 129
Adalwald, Lombard king, 63
Adam of Bremen, 130
Adamuan's Life of Columba, 115-16
_Adiaphorites_, 86
Adoptianist heresy, 72; in the West, 78-9, 81, 168;
in the East, 79, 80, 156
Aelfeah (Alphege), bishop, 121
Aelfric, abbat of Eynsham, 121
Aethelbert, king of Kent, 183-5
Aethelred, king of England, 121
Aethelstan, king of England, 131
Aethelwold, bishop of Winchester, 119
Africa, the Church in North, 5, 17, 20, 103-10; increase of papal
power, 65, 67, 69, 107-8; Eucharist, 179; survival of
Christian customs to modern times, 23, 110; Vandals in, 103;
reconquered by Belisarius, 105; Muhammadan conquest, 5, 108, 109
Agapetus (Agapitus), Pope, 15, 38
Agatho, Pope, 88
Agde, 146
Agilulf, Lombard king, 62, 134
Agnellus, archbishop of Ravenna, 33
Agriculture, cared for by the Benedictines, 36; by Gregory
the Great, 65
Aidan, S., 116
Airulf, Lombard king, 68
Aistulf, Lombard king, 148, 149
_Akoimetai_, 8, 14, 161
_Aktistetes_, 86
Alamanni, 42, 135
Alans, Mongol barbarians, in Gaul, 41
Albagrians of the Caucasus, converted, 95
Albinus, abbat of Canterbury (d. 732), 169
Alcuin, 81, 116, 141, 152, 167-70
Aldhelm, S., of Malmesbury, 115, 171
Alexandria, Church and Patriarchate of, 8, 10, 16, 17, 24,
64, 65, 84, 87, 110; Eucharist, 179; conquered by the Arabs, 109
Alfred the Great, king of England, 32, 118
Alodaei, Soudanese people, converted, 111
Althing, Icelandic assembly, 132
Amalric, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74
_Ambo_ (pulpit), 188
Ambrosian Rite (so called from S. Ambrose, bishop of Milan,
374-97), 183
Amöneburg (Hessen), monastery, 136
Anastasius, emperor, 7, 9, 47
Anastasius, patriarch of Antioch, 63
Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople, (703-53), 155, 157
Anastasius of Sinai, S., 180.
Andover, 121
Angarii, tribe allied with the Saxons, 140
Annegray, S. Columban's settlement at, 55
Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury (died 1109), 160, 171
Ansgar, S., archbishop of Hamburg, 129-30
Anthimus, patriarch of Constantinople, 15
Antioch, Church and Patriarchate of, 8, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24,
84, 87, 156; Eucharist, 179; synod at (541 or 542), 16
_Antirrhetici_ of S. Theodore the Studite, 164
_Antistes_ (bishop), 66
Antony, archbishop of Novgorod (c. 1200), 161
_Aphthartodocetes_, 21, 85
_Apocrisiarius_, papal envoy at Constantinople, 63
Aquilea, patriarch of, 21, 39
Aquitaine, 49
Arabia, conquered by Muhammad, 101; Arabian Christians in
Persia, 110; Christianity in S. Arabia, 111
Arabs. _See_ Muhammadans.
Architecture, Byzantine, 25-8, 100, 106
Arcona (Isle of Rügen), heathen temple at, 127
Arianism, extinct in the East, 9; of the Goths in Italy, 29, 30,
60; its suppression a political necessity, 33; the Frankish
struggle against, 47-8; of the Vandals in Africa, 103-5; of
the Lombards, 56, 61; in Spain, 73, 74, 75
Arles, 46, 49, 50, 146
Armagh, monastery, 53
Armenia, 3; Church of, 13, 84, 85, 95, 156; Monophysite, 23,
110; Adoptianiats in, 79; Paulicians in, 80
Arnulf, S., bishop of Metz, 58, 135, 139, 144, 145
Arnulf, archbishop of Rheims, 201
Asser, bishop of Sherborne, 118
Assyria, Christians in, 93, 96 n.
Athanagild, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74
Athanasian Creed, 81-2
Athens, 99
Augustine of Canterbury, S., 62, 69, 113, 117, 182-90
Augustine of Hippo, S., 3, 72, 103, 106, 170; _De Civitate Dei_, 154
Aurillac, 200
Austrasia, Eastern Frankish kingdom, 43, 49, 135, 145-6;
Synod in (742), 138
Autun, Council of (670), 59
Avars, Mongol race, 135, 141
Avignon, 146
Avitus, bishop of Vienne, 81
Axum, Ethiopic kingdom, 111-12
Baghdad, 96, 97
Bangor (Ireland), monastery, 54-5; _Antiphonary_ of, 115
Baptism, 176-8; of Chlodowech, 42; of Borivoj, 128; of the
people of Kiev, 127; of Olaf Trigvason, 132
Basil the Great, S. (329-79), his Rule, 163
Basil I. the Macedonian, emperor, 80, 193
Basil II., emperor, 126
Baume, monastery at, 173
Bavarians, 135, 138
Bede (Baeda), 68 n., 115-16, 118, 167, 169, 170, 179, 180, 183-5
Belisarius, 30, 61, 105
Benedict Biscop, 115, 169
Benedict of Nursia, S., 34-9, 53, 58, 163; his Rule, 35-7, 58-9,
69, 119, 121, 171, 173, 175; the Benedictines, 35-8, 60, 62, 137
Bercta, Kentish queen, 186
Berno, abbat of Cluny, 173-4
Besançon, 56, 173
Béziers, 146
Bishops, their position under Justinian, 24-5; share in the
civil government of Italy, 33-4; without dioceses in the Celtic
Church, 114; "Universal Bishop," 66, 175; bless the
people at the Eucharist, 190
Blemmyes, Ethiopic tribe, converted, 111
Bobbio, 53, 56, 201
Boethius, 32
Bohemia, Christianity in, 127-9;
Bohemian princess brings about the conversion of Poland, 125
_Boïar_, title of Bulgarian magnates, 124
Boleslav I., duke of Bohemia, brother of S. Wenceslas (died
967), 128
Boleslav II., "the Pious," duke of Bohemia (967-99), 128, 129
Boniface, S. (Winfrith), 130, 136-40, 142, 147, 198
Boris, Bulgarian king, 124
Borivoj, Bohemian duke, baptized, 128
Boso, bishop of Merseburg, 126
Braga, councils at (563, 572), 74
Bremen, archbishopric, 130, 142
Bretislav II., king of Bohemia (1092-1100), 127
Britain, 83, 88; Christianity in, 113 ff; early British Church,
183; ritual in the British Church, 183. _See_ England
Brittany, 115
Brunichild, 13, 48-9, 56, 74-5, 171
Bruno (Pope Gregory V.), cousin of Otto III., 199, 200
Bruno, missionary to the Prussians, 125
Brythons, Celts of Britain, their Church, 113, 183
Bulgarians, a Finnish race, conversion of, 124; they and their
Church, 13, 23, 44, 84, 128, 193
Burgundians, 41; Frankish kings of, 49, 55-6, 135
Bury, Dr. J. B., quoted, 21 n., 46-7, 113
Byzacene, African see, 106
Byzantine architecture, 25-8, 100, 106; Church and Patriarchate,
91, _and see_ Constantinople; Empire, _see_ Umpire, Eastern
Caelian Hill at Rome, 60, 64
Caesarius, bishop of Arles, 72, 81
Calabria, 157, 162
_Candace_, title of the queens of Abyssinia, 111
Canons, collection of, 85; canon law, 194-5; canon of the Mass,
181-2, 190
Canterbury, 115, 185-6
Capetians, House of Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks, 201
Carisiacum (Quierzy), 151
Carling House. _See_ Karlings
Carloman, son of Charles Martel, brother of Pippin the Short,
114-5, 147, 149
Carloman, son of Pippin the Short, brother of Charles the Great,
148, 150-1
Carthage, taken by the Vandals, 103; by the Muhammadans,
77, 109; Church of, survival, 110; bishop of, 67, 103-6, 108
Cassiodorus, 30, 38
_Catholicos_, primate of the Monophysite Armenian Church, 84,
95; of the "Church of the East," 96; of the Persian
Church, 93-4, 99
Celibacy of the clergy. _See_ Marriage
Celtic Church, 113-17, _and see_ Ireland; Celtic Easter, 55, 114;
Celtic influence on the English liturgy, 187, 190; Celtic
missionaries and Boniface, 138
Ceremonial, 181-90
Ceylon, 96
Chad, S., 116, 169
Chalcedon, Council of (451), 2, 7, 9, 10, 18, 24, 65-6, 79, 85-6,
89, 95
Chaldeaecan Church, 23, 93
Châlons, Battle of, 41
Charles Martel, Frankish mayor of the palace, 135, 137, 141, 146
Charles I., the Great, 50, 136, 182, 197; anointed king, 148;
revives the Empire, 152-4; destroys the Lombard kingdom,
150, 152; supposed donation of, 151-2; theocratic ideas
of, 139; religious wars, 127, 140-2; his share in the
Adoptianist controversy, 80; his learning and piety, 166-70;
aspirations, 172
Charles II., the Bald, emperor, son of Louis I., the Pious, 170
Charles the Simple, sole king of the West Franks (898-922), 174
Cherson, near the mouth of the Dnyepr, 126
Childebert I., Frankish king, 39
Childebert II., Frankish king, son of Sigebert and Brunichild, 49
Childerich III., last of the Merwings, 147
Chilperich I., Frankish king of Neustria, son of Chlothochar I.,
43, 51, 54, 75
China, Nestorian missions in, 96, 98
Chlodowech, king of the Franks, baptized, 42, 177; dies, 43;
his aim, 46; receives the consulate, 47; his daughter, 74
Chlothochar I., Frankish king, son of Chlodowech, 43, 47, 54, 74
Chlothochar II., Frankish king, son of Chilperich I. and
Fredegund, 56, 58, 145
Chlothochar (Lothar), king of Lotharingia, son of the emperor
Lothar I. (855-69), 191-2
Chora, Church of the, at Constantinople, 26
Chosroes II., Persian king (590-628), 101
Chosroes, Persian king (800-50), 80
Christmas baptisms, 177; communion, 179
Christology, 98. _See_ Heresies
Chrotechild (Clotilda), wife of Chlodowech, 42
Church, The, her task in fifth century, 1; organisation, 2, 24;
tendency to separation in East and West, 3, _and see_ Schism;
Churches of Rome and Constantinople held to be one, 10;
East and West differ in use of _Quicunque_, 81-2
Church, the Eastern, strengthens the Empire, 4; her firm position
in 527, 11; united with the State, 12; history, 6-28, 83-92,
155-65; conservative character, 165, 194. _See_ Constantinople,
Schism
Church, the Western: Church property and jurisdiction under
the Gothic kings in Italy, 30-1; determines the development
of the Frankish nation, 45; maintains imperial tradition,
45-6; her aggressive claims, 194; subject in Germany and
Italy to the control of the Saxon emperors, 191, 197-201.
_See_ Papacy, Rome, Schism
"Church of the East," Nestorian, 96-7
Clonard, monastery, 53, 55
Clonfert, monastery, 53
Clonmacnoise, monastery, 53
Clotilda, Clotilde. _See_ Chrotechild, Hlothild
Clovesho, Synod of (747), 138, 187
Cluniacs, monks of Cluny, 174-5
Cluny, monastic reform of, 169, 171-5; abbey of, 173-4; Rule
of, 174-5; congregation of, 174
Cologne, archbishop of, 192
Columba, S., 114-16
Columban, S., 53-8, 116; his Rule, 55, 171; monastery at Baume, 173
Communion, Holy, 178-90; received by the Stylites, 25. _See_
Eucharist
Confirmation, 178; of Olaf Trigvason, 121
_Consolation of Philosophy, The_, by Boethius, 32
Constans II., emperor, 109
Constantine I., emperor, 12, 40; donation of, 154
[Constantine IV.], emperor, 89
Constantine V., Copronymus, 80, 155, 158, 162, 165
Constantine, pope, 91
Constantine of Thessalonica (S. Cyril), 123
Constantine, founder or reviver of Eastern Adoptianism, 79-80
Constantinople, theological bent of its people, 8; buildings at,
25-7; captured by the Turks (1453), 163; modern, 158, 161
Constantinople, Church of, its growing isolation, 13; a witness
for religious liberty, 14; valuable services to the Church
Universal, 20; quarrel with Rome over the Ecthesis and
Type, 88; missions to Bulgarians, 124; to Russians, 126-7;
to Moravians and Czechs, 128; theology in, 156. _See_
Church, Eastern; Schism
Constantinople, councils at: Fifth General (553), 15, 17, 18, 20-2,
39, 63-4, 86, 106-7, 161; synod of 588, 66; Sixth General
(680-1), 21, 84-5, 88; Council of 681, 67; _in Trullo_ (691),
85, 89-92; Council of 692, 67; iconoclastic synod of 754, 165;
Councils of 861 and 867, 193; Eighth General (869), 193-4;
Council (879-80), 194
Constantinople, Patriarchate of, 24, 67, 85, 90, 124, 192-4
Constantinople, patriarchs of, 87-8; claim the title of
Oecumenical, 65. _See_ Acacius, Germanus, Ignatius, John the
Cappadocian, Mennas, Methodius, Nicephorus, Paul, Photius,
Sergius, Tarasius
Coptic Church, 9, 23, 84, 101, 110, 112; Copts resist Saracens, 109
Corbie (New Korvey), monastery, on the Weser, 130, 170
Corbinian, S., 135
Corinth, bishops of, 67
Cornwall, early British Church of, 113, 117
Corsica, 151
Cosmas, sixth-century traveller, 97
Councils, valuable work of the, 19. _See_ Aachen, Antioch,
Austrasia, Autun, Braga, Chalcedon, Clovesho, Constantinople,
Frankfort, General, Gentilly, Hatfield, Mâcon, Orange,
Regensburg, Rome, Toledo, Whitby
Cracow, relics at, 125
Creed, at the Council of Chalcedon, 2; proposal to reform, 14;
importance of a logically tenable, 19; Pope Leo III. discourages
additions to, 81; Athanasian, 81-2; Nicene, 193
Crescentius, John, patrician of Rome, 199
Crete, bishops of, 67
Croatia, Croats, 84, 124
Cross, the Holy, 100-2; tolerated by the iconoclast emperor Leo
III., 159; sign of the, in baptism, 177; used by S. Augustine
in his mission, 184-5
Crusades, true and false, 197-8
"Culdees," Celtic monks, 119
Cumbria (or Strathclyde), early British Church of, 113
Cuthbert, M., 116, 121, 169
Cuthbert, archbishop of Canterbury, 187
Cyprus, Church of, 21
Cyril, S., patriarch of Alexandria (412-44), opponent of Nestorius,
10, 18, 22
Cyril, S. (Constantine), apostle of the Slavs, 123-4, 126, 128
Czechs, Slav race of Bohemia, 127
Dagobert I., Frankish king, son of Chlothochar II., 44, 58, 145
Danes ravage England and Scotland, 117-19, 121; settle, and
are converted, 118; Danish invasions, 122; conversion of
Denmark, 129, 131
David, S., 118
Decretals, false, 194-6
Deira, northern kingdom of England, 63
Denmark, conversion of, 129, 131
Desiderius (Didier) of Cahors, S., 58
Dionysius the Areopagite, Platonist so called, 89
Dnyepr (Dnieper), Russian river, baptisms in, 127
Dokkum, S. Boniface martyred at, 139
Donation of Constantine, 154; of Pippin, at Quierzy, 149, 151;
of Charles the Great, 151-2
Donatists, 103, 107
Double procession of the Holy Ghost, 76, 80-1, 193-4
Druidism favoured the growth of Christian monasticism, 53
Dublin, conversion of Danes at, 122; Norse king of, 132
Duchesne, Mgr., quoted, 40, 208
Dudden, F. H., quoted, 50, 75 n.
Dunstan, S., 115, 119-21
Durham, see of, 121
Eadgar, king of England, 119
East, the, large number of ecclesiastics in, 25
East and West, reunion of, after the quarrel of pope and emperor,
in 519, 10; political severance completed, 149; breach widens,
191; divergence, Photian schism, 192-4; nominal reunion
throughout tenth century, 194. _See_ Schism
Easter baptisms, 177; communion, 179; use of the alleluia, 182;
Celtic Easter, 55, 114
Eastern Church, orthodox, securer than the West in its
Christianity, 7; its intense conservatism, 27; dictates
to the papacy under Vigilius and Pelagius, 40. _See_ Church,
Constantinople, Schism
Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims, 129, 141
Ebroin, mayor of the palace in Neustria, 146
_Ecthesis_, issued by Heraclius, 87, 89
Edessa, 93, 96, 110
Education, 166-7, 175. _See_ Learning
Egbert, archbishop of York, 167, 179
Egypt, 9; National Church, 13; Monophysite Church, 23; sects,
110; Church, 112; Holy Communion, 180; Muhammadan
invasion, 84, 108. _See_ Alexandria, Coptic
Einhard, biographer of Charles the Great, 142, 153, 167
Eligius, S., 58
Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, 78-9, 168
Ellesthaeos, Ethiopian king, 112
Eloi (Eligius), S., 58
Emly, monastery, 53
Emmeran, Emmeram, S., missionary in Bavaria, 135
Empire, the, becomes a Christian power, 1; obsolescent, 2;
representative of Christian unity, 3; invaded by barbarians, 1, 3;
its vitality, 3
Empire, Eastern, relations with the Franks, 46-7; its strength
renders the Nestorian missions possible, 98; becomes more
purely Oriental, 113; end of the imperial power in Italy, 147-8;
its recognition of the Western Umpire of Charles the
Great, 153. _See_ Constantinople
Empire, Western, ends with Romulus Augustulus (476), 28;
tradition preserved by the Church, 45-6; revival of the
imperial idea, 172; Charles the Great restores the Empire,
139, 144, 152; origin of the "Holy Roman Empire," 153;
papal theory of the Empire, 192; weakness of the Empire in ninth
and tenth centuries, 196; revival under the Saxon Ottos,
191, 197-202
England, conversion of, 62-3, 69, 117, 183-7; Church of,
117-21; its independent attitude towards Rome, 117, 120,
121; kings the nursing fathers of the Church, 27; English
missionaries to Germany, 136-9, 141-2; ritual in, 183-90
Ennismore, monastery, 53
Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia, 29
Epiphany baptisms, 177; communion, 179
Etherius, chaplain and notary to Charles the Great, 151
Ethiopian Church, 110-12
Eucharist, celebration of, in sixth century, 188; doctrine of,
controversy concerning, 170-1; Aelfric's doctrine of, 120;
reservation of, 180-1. _See_ Communion, Mass
Eugenius, S., bishop of Carthage, 104-5
Eutychian heresy, 7
Evagrius, ecclesiastical historian (period 431-594), 21 n.
Exarch of Ravenna, 34, 40, 91; the Exarchate, 61-2, 69, 147-9,
151, 157
Facundus, bishop of Hermione, 106
Fasting Communion, 180; Saturday fast in tenth century, 131
Faustus, bishop of Riez, a semi-Pelagian, 72
Felix II., pope, 8
Felix, bishop of Urgel, 78-9, 168
Ferrand, African deacon, writer in the "Three Chapters"
controversy, 106
Feudalism, rise of, 44-5, 172-3
_Filioque_ ("and [from] the Son"), word added to the Nicene Creed
in the West, leads to controversy with the East, 193-4
Fontaine, monastery, 55
Fontenelle, abbey, 57
Fortunatus, bishop of Carthage, 108
Frankfort, Council of (794), 79, 168
Franks in Gaul, 42; conversion of, 4, 43, 177; their imperfect
Christianity, 43-4, 54; staunch Catholicism, 42, 47-8, 177;
break up of their kingdom, 44; formative influence of the
Church, 45; relations with the Eastern Empire, 46-7; alliance
with the papacy, 49; their Church's relations with Rome,
50; greatly influenced by monasticism, 58; they invade
Spain, 74; laxity and corruption of their Church, 138, 144;
Karling reformation, 144; Frankish missal, 183; relations
with England, 186; Frankish clergy concoct the forged decretals, 195
Fredegund, wife of Chilperich I., 43
Frederic, Saxon bishop in Iceland, 132
Freeman, Edward Augustus, quoted, 3
Freising, see of, 138
Frisians, 197; English missionaries to, 136, 139
Fritzlar, abbey, 140
Fuero Jusgo, the Wisigothic code, 74, 76
Fulda, monastery, 81, 140
Fulgentius, S., African bishop, 105
Gaiseric (Genseric), king of the Vandals, 103-4
Gall, S., 56, 116
Gallican Church, 39, 41-59, _see_ Franks, Gaul; Gallican liturgy
and ritual, 47, 181-3, 186, 188-90; influence on the English
liturgy, 186-7
Galswintha, wife of Chilperich I. of Neustria, 48
Gaul, Roman, 41; Christianity in, 41-59, 83, 176; Gregory
the Great in, 48-51, 65, 69; monasticism in, 171; feudalism,
172; Normans in, 196
Gelasian Sacramentary (so named from pope Gelasius I., 492-6), 182-3
Gelimer, Vandal king, 105
General Councils, first four, 76; Third (of Ephesus, 431), 96;
Fourth (of Chalcedon, 451), 2, 7, 9-10, 18, 24, 65-6, 79, 85-6,
89, 95; Fifth (of Constantinople, 553), 15, 17, 18, 20-2,
39, 63-4, 86, 106-7, 161; Sixth (of Constantinople, 680-1),
21, 84-5, 88; Seventh (of Nicaea, 787), 155, 165; Eighth
(of Constantinople, 869), 193-4; Eighth, according to the
Greeks (of Constantinople, 879-80), 194
Gentilly, Council of (767), 81
Georgia, Church of, 23, 95
Gerbert of Aurillac (Silvester II.), 200-2
Germanus, S., patriarch of Constantinople, 155
Gildas, British historian, 183
Glastonbury, monastery, 115, 119
Gnesen, archbishopric of, 125
Goidels, Celtic stock in Ireland, 53; Goidelic language, 119
Goths, Eastern (Ostrogoths), in Italy, 4, 29-32; Western, _see_
Wisigoths
Grado, archbishop of, 157
_Gradual_, 188
Greece, iconoclasm causes a rising in, 157; Greek Church, its
character, 6: the Eastern Empire in its religious aspect, 13.
_See also_ Church, Constantinople, Eastern, Schism
Greenland, mission to, 132
Gregorian Sacramentary, 182
Gregory I., the Great, S., pope, 21, 25, 34, 40, 55, 76, 113, 134,
171, 180-2, 184, 186, 190, 192; his life and work, 60-71; his
relations to Gaul, 48-51, 65, 69; to Africa, 107; to missions, 69;
to monasticism, 69; to classical learning, 52, 70; his claim to
jurisdiction, 68; claimed no special authority for the use of
Rome, 187; his theology, 70-1; his writings, 35, 60, 63-5
Gregory II., pope, 136-7, 157
Gregory III., pope, 137, 147, 157
Gregory IV., pope, 130
Gregory V. (Bruno), pope, 199, 200
Gregory of Tours, bishop and historian, 43-5, 51-2, 58, 66 n.,
145, 171
Gregory, abbat of Utrecht, 136
Gregory, patrician, upstart emperor, 109
Guntchramn (Guntram), king of the Burgundian Franks, 55
Haakon (Hacon) the Good, king of Norway, 131
Hadrian I., pope, 151, 154, 182
Hadrian II., pope, 123-4
Hamburg, archbishopric, 129-30
Harnack, A., referred to, 22
Harold Bluetooth, king of Denmark (died 978), 131
Harold, Danish king in 822, 129
Harold Haarfager (Fairhair), king of Norway, 131
Hatfield, Council of (680), 88
Helena, empress, 100
_Henotikon_, the, 7, 8, 10
Henry I., "the Fowler," first German king of the Saxon
House(919-36), 126
Heraclius, emperor, 22-3, 83-4, 100-1, 109, 158; as a theologian, 87
Herat, Nestorian bishopric of, 98
Heresy, not a unifying power, 134; real danger of sixth and seventh
century heresies, 19; heresy akin to patriotism in the East,
13; an expression of national independence, 23; baptism of
heretics, 178. _See_ Adoptianist, Aphthartodocetes, Arianism,
Donatists, Eutychian, Jacobite, Monophysites, Monothelites,
Nestorians
Hermenigild (Hermenegild), Wisigothic king in Spain, 75
Heruls, a Teutonic tribe, 29, 94
Hessen, 136-8
Hieria, iconoclastic synod at, 155
Hieroclea, author of the _Synekdemos_, 24
Hilarus, papal official under Gregory the Great, 107
Hilda, S., 116
Hilderic, Vandal king, 105
Himyarites, Christians in South Arabia, 111-12
Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, 170, 192, 195
Hira (in Persia), Monophysite bishop of, 110
Hlothild (Chlothildis), daughter of Chlodowech, 74
Hodgkin, Dr. Thomas, quoted, 32-3, 48, 75 n, 135, 144
Homerites (Himyarites) in South Arabia, Christian, 111-12
Honorius I., pope, 87-8; condemned by the Sixth General
Council, 85
Hormisdas, pope, 9-10, 90
Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks (923-56), 196
Hugh Capet, duke (956), and king (987-96) of the Franks, 201
Hugh, S., abbat of Cluny, 174
Hungary, 141; received a Christian king, 201
Hunneric, Vandal king, 104
Huns, 41, 94
Hymns, 15 n, 81, 156, 162, 168, 190
Ibas of Edessa, 16-18
Iberians of Georgia, 95
Iceland, 115; conversion of, 132-3
Iconoclastic controversy, 12, 143, 147, 155-65, 194
Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, 193-4
Illyria, Illyricum, 65-7, 157
Image-worship. _See_ Iconoclastic
Incarnation, doctrine of the, the Church's tenacity of, 19;
endangered by iconoclasm, 160, 164. _See_ Heresies
India, 9, 23, 96-8
Ingunthis, Frankish princess, daughter of Sigebert and Brunichild,
wife of Hermenigild of Spain, 48, 75
Iona, 116-17
Ireland, Christian and outside the Empire, 3; the Church in, 53,
113-16, 121-2, 183; Irish learning, 169-71; missionaries in
Thuringia, 136; monks in Iceland, 132; priests at
Glastonbury, 115, 119
Irene, Empress, 154, 164
Irminsul, the, a column worshipped by the Saxons, 140
Isidore of Seville, 76, 195
Isis, worship of, 111
Islam, 98. _See_ Muhammadanism
Istria, 63-4, 68, 151
Italy, conquered by Goths, 4, 29; reconquered by Belisarius and
Narses, 32; Imperial restoration, 33; Church in, 29-40;
S. Columban in, 56; saved from Arianism, 60; liturgy, 183; end
of the Eastern Imperial power, 143, 147-8; Charles the Great,
150-4; the Saxon Ottos, 197-201
Italy, Northern, long refuses to accept the Fifth General
Council, 21; Gregory the Great's activity, 65, 69; Bavarian
kings in, 135
Italy, Southern, Benedictines in, 62; effect of iconoclasm on,
157, 162
Jacobite sect, 109-10; in Syria, 23, 84
James, Studite monk, 162
Jarrow, monastery, 116
Jerusalem, Church and patriarchate of, 8, 16-17, 84, 87,
100-1, 156; councils at (553), 20; (628), 101
Jews, Gregory the Great tries to convert, 69; persecuted in
Spain, 77; Jews in Syria, 100; influence Muhammad, 101;
Jews in Arabia, 111-12
Joannicius, S., Bulgarian recluse, 124
John I., pope, martyred, 31
John II., pope, 15
John VIII., pope, 194
John X., pope, 197
John XI., pope, 174
John XV., pope, 199
John XVI., anti-pope set up by Crescentius (997-8), 199
John of Biclaro (Joannes Biclarensis), bishop of Gerona, 62 n.,
95 n., 75
John the Cappadocian, patriarch of Constantinople, 10, 90
John of Damascus (John Damascene), S., 87, 159-60
John the Deacon, biographer of Gregory the Great, 64, 182
John of Ephesus, Monophysite bishop and Syriac writer of
sixth century, 24, 111
John Maro, 89
John of Nikiu, Jacobite bishop, 86, 109
John the Patrician, recaptures Carthage from the Arabs, 109
John the Scot (Johannes Scotus "Erigena"), 170-1
Julian of Halicarnassus, 86
Justin I., emperor, 10, 32, 112
Justin II., emperor, 21-2
Justinian I., emperor, 86, 89, 90, 94, 99-100, 107, 110-12, 143,
153, 177; his birthplace, 24, 67-8, 91; building, 26, 27, 100,
106; Christian legislation of, 28; controversies of his reign,
14-22; corresponds with the pope, 10, 14; deals with the
Monophysites, 15; his alleged heresy, 15, 21, 22; summons
Fifth General Council, 17; intervenes in Africa, 105-6;
his relations with the Franks, 47; restores the imperial rule
in Italy, 33; Spanish war, 74; hymn-writer, 15 n.
Justinian II., 90-1
Justiniana Prima, 67, 91
Jutes in Britain, 117; of Jutland, converted, 130
Karlings, Frankish royal house, 57, 139, 144, 147, 196, 201
Kerait, Tartar kingdom of, 96-7
_Key of Truth, The_, book of the Armenian Paulicians, 80
Khalifs of Baghdad, 97, 99; Khalif Omar, 101
Khartoum, Christian remains near, 111
Khorassan, 93
Kiev, town on the Dnyepr, becomes Christian, 127
Kothransson, Thorwald, Icelander, 132
Kristián, tenth-century Bohemian historian, 128
Lateran synod (649), 88
Leander, archbishop of Seville, 63, 75-6
Learning, 5, 38, 123; survival of, 5; at the court of the
Merwings, 51; classical, taught to Gregory the Great, 60;
yet he opposed classical learning in bishops, 52; classical,
of the Irish Church, 115; in England, 115; of the Irish monks,
121-2; of the Studite monks, 163; revival of, under Charles the
Great, 154, 166-70. _See_ Aelfric, Bede, Gerbert, Education,
Literature
Lebanon, 84; Monothelites in, 22
Leger (Leodegar), S., 81, 146
Lent, 36, 140
Leo I., the Great, S., pope, 6, 7, 10, 29, 63, 89
Leo III., pope, 81, 152
Leo III., the Isaurian, emperor, 109, 155, 157-8
Leo IV., the Chazar, emperor, 155
Leo V., the Armenian, emperor, 165
Leo VI., the Wise, emperor, 194
Leodegar, Leodgar, (S. Leger), bishop of Autun, 81, 146
Leontius of Byzantium, 86
Leovigild, Wisigothic king in Spain, 48, 75
Lerins, abbey, 81
_Liber Pontificalis_, 39 n., 151
Liberatus, sixth-century theological writer in Africa, 106
Limoges, 150, 174
Lindisfarne, 117
Litanies, 184-6
Literature in North Africa, 106; literary renaissance under
Charles the Great, 166. _See_ Boethius, Cassiodorus, Gregory
the Great, Gregory of Tours, John of Damascus, Learning,
Paul the Silentiary, Procopius, Venantius Fortunatus,
Theodore of the Studium
Liturgies, 181-90
Liudhard, Frankish bishop in Kent, 186
Lombards, 40, 147-50, 152; invade Italy, 34, 61; pope negotiates
with, 62; conversion from Arianism to Catholicism, 4, 56, 63, 134
Lothar (Chlothochar) II., king of Lotharingia, 191-2
Louis I., the Pious, emperor, son of Charles I., 129
Louis II., emperor, son of the Emperor Lothar I., 192
Louis the German, king of Bavaria (840-76), son of Louis the
Pious, 128
Louis d'Outremer, king of the West Franks (936-54), son of
Charles the Simple, 174
Ludmilla, S., of Bohemia, 128
Luxeuil, S. Columban's monastery at, 55-6
Mâcon, Second Council of (585), 180
Magdeburg, archbishopric, 126, 197-8
Maieul (Majolus), abbat of Cluny, 174
Mainz, 195; S. Boniface, archbishop of, 137-8
Malmesbury, abbey, 115, 171
Manichaeans, 104, 178
Mansi, G. D., Italian theologian (1692-1769); his Concilia
referred to, 15 n., 17 n., 21 n., 76
Maraba, catholicos of Persia, 99
Mark, S., evangelist, 64
Maron, John, founder of the Maronites, 84
Maronite Church, 23, 89
Marozia, paramour of Pope Sergius III., mother of Pope John
XI., 196
Marriage of the clergy, 25, 91, 119-20; in the Greek Church,
85; marriage of spiritual relations forbidden, 177
Martel, Charles, Frankish mayor of the palace, 135, 137, 144, 146
Martial, S., monastery at Limoges, 174
Martin, S., monastery at Tours, 168, 173
Martin I., pope, 88
Martin, S., bishop of Braga, 74
Martyrdom of S. Adalbert, 125, 129; S. Boniface, 139, 202;
Pope John, 31; S. Theodosia, 158; S. Wenceslas, 128-9
Mary, the Blessed Virgin, 18, 80; images of, 156-7
Mass, the, 15 n.; Mass of the presanctified, 179; the Roman
Mass, fifth to eighth century, 180-2: sixth century, 188-90;
"ite, missa est," 190
Maurice, emperor, 22, 62, 66
Maurice, S., 125
Maximus, orthodox African abbat and controversialist, 89, 108
Meccah, 101
Media, 93
Medinah, 101
Melkites, orthodox, in Egypt, 84, 110
Mellitus, bishop, 176
Melrose, monastery, 116
Mennas, patriarch of Constantinople, 15, 17
Merovech, son of Chilperich I., 43
Merovingians. _See_ Merwings
Merv, Nestorian Church of, 98
Merwings, Frankish royal house, 43-7, 138, 144, 147, 196, 199;
encourage literature, 51; their sins, 52-4: their age called
golden by Mabillon, 57; decay of their kingdoms, 135
Mesopotamia, national Church of, 13
Methodius, S., patriarch of Constantinople (843-7), 12, 156
Methodius, S., archbishop of
Moravia, 123-4, 128-9
Metz, capital of Austrasia, 135; bishop of, 144
Michael III., "the Drunkard," emperor, 192-3
Mieczyslaw, king of Poland, 125
Milan, archbishop of, 39; church of, 183
Mir (Theodemir), king of the Suevi in Spain, 74
_Missale Francorum_, 183
Missions, important in this period, 2, 3; Byzantine, 6, 84;
supported by the emperors, 23; missions from Rome, 62, 117,
183-90; Nestorian, 6, 96-8; Monophysite, 24, 111; missionary
zeal of the Irish Church, 116, 121-2; missions of the
ninth century, 123; to the Bulgarians, 124; to the Slavs,
124-9; to Northmen, 129-32; to Frisians, 136, 139; missions
checked by the iconoclastic controversy, 156; mission of
S. Augustine, 183-90; missionary wars of Charles the Great,
139-42, and of the Saxon emperors, 197; zeal of Otto III. and
Silvester II. for missions, 201-2
Monasticism, in the East, 25, 161-3; its debt to S. Benedict,
37; to S. Columban, 53; Irish, 53, 114; monasticism in Gaul,
54, 171; a defence against the secularisation of the Frankish
Church, 57; in Persia, 99; in Scotland, 119; missionary fruits
of, 130; close connection with learning, 167; Alcuin's attitude
to, 168; decay in ninth century, 172; revival at Cluny, 173-5;
the Studium at Constantinople, 161-3; kings become monks, 77, 145
Mongols, 100
Monophysites, Monophysitism, 23, 83, 85, 110, 156, 159;
Eastern attempts at compromise rejected by Rome, 7-8;
Justinian studies the question, 10-11, and condemns it, 15;
its condemnation necessary to the acceptance of a logically
tenable creed, 19; Monophysite missions, 24, 111; Monophysitism
in Abyssinia, 112; Arabia, 101; Armenia, 95; India, 97; Persia,
98-9; Syria, 101
Monothelites, Monothelitism, 22-3, 84-9, 159; its condemnation
necessary, 19; favoured the progress of Islam, 102; weakened
African Christianity, 108
Montanists, heretical followers of the second-century fanatic
Montanus, 178
Monte Cassino, monastery, 35, 39, 61, 145
Monza, Lombard relics at, 69
Moors, heathen, of fifth century, 103; Muhammadan, in Spain
and Gaul, 73, 146
_Moralia_ of Gregory the Great, 63
Moravia, 124, 127-9
Mosaics at Constantinople and Ravenna, 26
Mozarabic rite, Christian liturgy which survived the Moorish
occupation and is still in use in Spain, 189
Mugurrah (Nubia), visited by missionaries, 111
Muhammad (Mohammed), the prophet, 101
Muhammad II., conqueror of Constantinople in 1453, 27
Muhammadans, Muhammadanism, theocratic ideal of, 139-40;
absorb the attention of the Eastern emperors, 143;
contributes to the iconoclastic movement, 158; conquests, 84;
conquest of Arabia, etc., 112; Merv, 98; Persia, 99; Syria,
101; Egypt, 102; Africa, 5, 108-9; Soudan, 111; Spain,
72-3, 77-8, 146; defeated in Gaul by Charles Martel, 146
Naples, 143
Narses, general of Justinian, 32, 34, 61
Nationalism, a complicating factor in theological controversy, 9;
nationalism of the Spanish Church, 73; nationalism and
heresy, 110
_Negus_, title of the ruler of Abyssinia, 111
Nerses III., Armenian "Catholicos," 84-5
Nestorians, Nestorianism, 9, 23, 83; missions, 6, 96-8; in
Armenia, 95; in Persia, 93-6, 98-9; Nestorianism and
Muhammad, 101; Nestorian "Church of the East" 96
Neustria, Western Frankish kingdom, 43, 135-6, 146
Neutra (in modern Hungary), Christian Church at, 127
Nevers, S. Columban at, 56
Nicaea, First General Council (325), 89; Seventh General Council
(787), 165
Nicene Creed, 193
Nicephorus I., emperor, 80
Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, 160
Nicetius, bishop of Trier, 47, 86
Nicolas I., pope, 124, 191-6
Nîmes, 75, 77, 146
Nisibis, Nestorian school of theology at, 95-6
Nobadae, a people of the Soudan, converted, 111
Nona, bishop of, 125
Normans, 150, 172, 196
Northmen, ravages of, 169; pillage Hamburg, 130; converted,
129-33. _See_ Danes
Northumbria, 116-17; schools of, 116, 167. _See_ Deira
Norway, conversion of, 121, 131-2
Nubia, missionaries in, 111
Odilo, abbat of Cluny, 174
Odo, S., abbat of Cluny, 163, 171-5
Oecumenical Councils, canons collected, 194; the Eighth
disputed, 193-4. _See_ General Councils
Oecumenical patriarch, 65-6
Olaf, king of Sweden (in 853), 130
Olaf Trigvason, king of Norway (995-1000), 121, 132-3.
Olaf, S., king of Norway (1017-29), 132
Olaf, Norse king of Dublin, 132
Olga, S., a "ruler of Russia," baptized, 126
Omar, Khalif, 101
Ommeyads, dynasty of Khalifs, descended from Omeyya, 156
Orange, synod at (529), 72
Ordination, anointing the hands at, 183
Origen, his doctrines condemned, 16; Origenists, 15-16
Oswald, king of Northumberland, 116
Oswald, bishop of Worcester, 119
Oswiu, king of Northumbria, 117
Otto I., emperor, revives the Empire and reforms the papacy,
197; ecclesiastical policy in Germany and Italy, 198-9;
patron of Gerbert, 200; overlord of Poland, 125; Slav
missions, 126; intervenes in Bohemia, 129; and Denmark, 131
Otto II., emperor, 199, 201
Otto III., emperor, 125, 198-202
Ouen, S., bishop of Rouen, 58
Paderborn, 152
Palestine, Church in, 15-16, 100. _See_ Jerusalem, Syria
Pallium, its significance, 67-8; sent to S. Boniface, 137;
to S. Ansgar, 130
Pannonia, 124
Papacy and the popes: Papacy rises as the Empire decays, 4;
wins political power, 5, 61, 149; acquires rights of jurisdiction,
31; popes act as envoys of Arian Gothic kings, 15, 31;
papal elections confirmed by the emperor or the exarch, 34, and
controlled by the Saxon emperors, 199; papacy supported
by the Benedictines, 37, as afterwards by the Cluniacs, 173-5;
degradation of the papacy in sixth century, 39; papal
infallibility not dreamt of in sixth century, 39-40, nor in the
early tenth, 197; growth of new ideals, popes begin to intervene
in politics, 61; pope styled "oecumenical archbishop and
patriarch," 65; papal power increases in Africa, 107-8; papacy
preserves the traditions of the Empire, 143; alliance of the
papacy with the Karlings, 147; growth of the temporal power,
143, 149; beginning of the Papal States, 149; loss of the
Bulgarian Church, 134; papacy foments strife between the Slavs
and Constantinople, 125; popes oppose iconoclastic emperors,
157; pope crowns Charles the Great emperor, 152-3; Nicolas
I. claims to be the source of the Empire, 192; degeneracy of the
popes in ninth and tenth centuries, 172, 196-7, 199; papal
monarchy grows in theory at the time of its practical weakness,
191; papacy supports its claims by the forged decretals, 194-6;
papacy reformed by the Saxon emperors, 197, 199-202; list of
popes, 205-8. _See_ Rome
Paschasius Radbertus, abbat of Corbie (died about. 865), 170
Passau, see of, 138
Patriarchates, the five, 24; question of supremacy, 90; their
jurisdictions not considered unalterable, 91; patriarchal rights
over the Bulgarian Church, 124; Illyria lost to Rome, 157.
_See_ Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Rome
"Patrician of the Romans," title conferred on Pippin the Short,
148; borne by Charles the Great, 152
Patrick, S., 57, 113-14, 183
"Patrimony of S. Peter," 65, 148
Paul the Deacon, 62 n., 65, 134, 167
Paul, patriarch of Constantinople, 164
Paul of Samosata, 80
Paul the Silentiary, 25-6
Paulicians, 80, 156
Pelagius, founder of the Pelagian heresy in fifth century, 72
Pelagius, I., pope, 16, 21, 34, 39-40, 107
Pelagius II., pope, 62, 64-6
Persecution of Catholics by Arians, 32, 74-5, 103-5; of Catholics
by Moslems, 78; in the iconoclastic controversy, 155, 158,
165; of Jews, 77; of Nestorians by Muhammadans, 99
Persia, 12, 22-3, 80, 83, 110; the Church in, 93-5, 98-9; kings
of, 93-5, 100, 102
Peter, S., 117, 120; _Confessio_ of, 152; patrimony of, 65, 148;
Charles the Great's gift of lands to, 151; popes act in the name
of, 148-50
Peter the Stammerer, bishop of Alexandria, 8
_Phantasiasts_, 86
Philae, temple of, 111
Phocas the Cappadocian, emperor, 22
Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, 124, 192-4
Picts, heathens in Scotland, 114, 116
Pippin the Short, Frankish king, 150; anointed by S. Boniface
(751), 139, 147; by Pope Stephen II. (754), 148; relations
with the papacy, 144, 147-9; donation of, 149, 151, 194
Poictiers, Battle of, 146
Poland, conversion of, 125
Pomerania, 125
Poppo, bishop, missionary to the Danes, 131
Posen, bishopric of, 125
Pragmatic Sanction of Justinian for the government of Italy, 33-4
Prague, see of (bishopric, 973; archbishopric, 1343), 125, 129
Primasius, sixth-century theological writer in Africa, 106
_Privilegia_ to monasteries granted by Gregory the Great, 69;
to the Cluniacs, 173-4
Procession of the Holy Ghost, Double (i.e. from the Father
and the Son), 76, 80-1, 193-4
Proconsularis (i.e. Africa Proconsularis, the modern Tunis
and Tripoli), 104
Procopius, 11, 26, 91 n., 94, 100, 112
Prussians, missions to, 125, 129
Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 195
Pyrrhus, Monothelite heresiarch, 89, 108
_Quicunque vult_, 81-2
Quierzy (on the Oise), donation of, 151
Quini-sextan Council at Constantinople (_in Trullo_), 85, 89-92
Rabanus Maurus, 81
Radegund, S., Frankish princess, 51; monastery of, 171
Ratramnus of Corbie (died 868), 170
Ravenna, 85, 147, 149, 151, 201; Odowakar's capital, captured by
Goths, 29; recaptured by Belisarius, 30; mosaics at, 26;
archbishopric, 68, 157
Reccared, Wisigothic king in Spain, 73, 75-6, 80
Recceswinth, Wisigothic king in Spain, 76
Regensburg (Ratisbon), Bohemians baptized at, 128; see
of, 129, 138; Council of (792), 79
Remigius, S., baptizes Chlodowech, 43
Remismond, Suevic king in Spain, 73
Reparatus, bishop of Carthage, 106
Reunion of Eastern and Western Church (in 519), 10; sought by
Justinian, 11; nominal, after the Photian Schism, 194
Rheims, 195-6, 200-1
Rimbert, S., archbishop of Bremen, 130-1
Rome, Church and patriarchate of, 24, 65-6, 157; insists on
obsolete claims, 14; its supremacy repudiated at Constantinople,
85, 90; quarrel with Constantinople over the _Ecthesis_
and _Type_, 98; authorises the missions of S. Augustine, 117,
and S. Boniface, 136-9; attitude of S. Boniface to, 139;
connection with Ireland, 113-15, 122; with the East, 123; with
England, 117, 120-1; assumes the political rights of the
exarchate, 148-9; Eucharist, 179; councils at (680), 88;
(731), 157; (863), 192. _See_ Church (Western), Papacy
Rome, city of, its peculiar history, 143; dominated by the local
nobles, 196
Romulus Augustulus, 29
Rügen, isle of, 127
Rule of Bangor, 54-5; of Basil, reformed by Theodore the
Studite, 163; of S. Benedict, 35, 58-9, 69, 119, 121, 171,
173, 175; of Cluny, 174-5; of S. Columban, 55, 171
Rupert, S., missionary in Bavaria, 135
Russia, conversion of, 6, 126-7; modern Russian Church, 95
Sabas, S., 15
Sabbas, archimandrite of the Studium, 162
Sabellians, followers of the heretic Sabellius (third century), 178
_Sacramentary_ of Pope Gelasius I. (492-6), 182-3; of Gregory the
Great, 182
Sacraments, 176-181
Saints, Celtic "age of saints," 53; Merwing, 51; images of
the, 156-7
Salzburg, archbishopric, 127, 135, 138
Samaritans, 100
Samarkand, Nestorian bishopric of, 98
Sancho the Great, king of Navarre (970-1035), 78
Sapor II., king of Persia, 93
Saracens, 77, 158, 172; in Africa, 109; in Spain and Gaul, 146.
_See_ Muhammadans.
Saxons, 135; forcible conversion by Charles the Great, 140-2,
197; the Saxons in Britain, 113, 117-18, 176; "Old"
Saxons of the Continent, 180
Schism between East and West, formal beginning due to
Monophysitism, 8; schism of 484-519, 68; schism of 649-81 caused
by the _Ecthesis_ and _Type_, 88; steps towards, 149; the Photian,
192-4
Schleswig, converted, 130
Scholarship, 5, 38, 55. _See_ Learning
Scholastica, S., sister of S. Benedict, 37
Scilly Isles, 132
Scotland, Church in, 114, 116-17, 119
Scotus, Johannes. _See_ John the Scot
Sebert, king of the East Saxons, 176
Seleucia, see of, 93
Semi-Pelagianism, 72, 81
Septimania, 77, 146
Serbia, Church of, 124
Serbian Church, 23, 84
Sergius I., pope, 91
Sergius I., patriarch of Constantinople, 83, 87
Sermons, 64-5, 120, 163, 185, 188
Severus, Monophysite patriarch of Antioch, 10, 15, 86
Severus, patriarch of Aquileia, 62
Sigambrians, a Teutonic tribe, allied to the Franks, 43
Sigebert (Sigibert), Frankish king of Austrasia, 43, 54, 75
Silvester II., pope, 7, 125, 200-2
Simplicius, pope, 8
Siricius, pope, 195
Slaves, slavery, 130; freed by Gregory the Great, 65; Jews
enslaved in Spain, 77
Slavs, 44, 84; Charles the Great allied with heathen, 141;
conversion of, 123-9; attacked by Otto I., 197
Smbat, supposed author of the Paulician _Key of Truth_, 80
Soissons, 139, 195
Sophia, S., the Church of the Divine Wisdom, at Constantinople,
25-7; Church of, at Kiev, 127
Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 87
Soracte, monastery, 145
Spain, 172, 196; Gregory the Great active in, 65; invaded by
the Franks, 74; Dagobert I. influential in, 44; Charles the
Great in, 140; conflict of Arianism and Catholicism in,
48; Catholicism wins, 62-3, 73, 75; conquered by the
Muhammadans, 77-8; Church has to contend with Islam, 72;
Catholicism survives in the North, 78; Eucharist, 179; Spanish
rite, 183; literature, 73
Squillace, monastery, 38-9
Stephen II. (or III.), pope, 148-9
Stephen III. (or IV.), pope, 151
Stephen, king of Hungary, 201
Strathclyde, early British Church of, 113
Studium, the, monastery at Constantinople, 161-3
_Stylites_, 25
Subiaco, S. Benedict at, 35
Suevi (a Teutonic confederate people) in Gaul, 41. _See_ Mir,
Remismond
Sweden, missions to, 129-30
Syagrius, bishop of Autun, 49, 67 n.
Symmachus, Senator, father-in-law of Boethius, executed, 32
_Syntagma_, a collection of canons, compiled, 85, 178
Syria, 100-1, 156; Syrian Church, Monophysite and Nestorian, 9;
National Church, 13; monks disregard the Fifth General
Council, 20; Jacobites in, 23, 84; Adoptianism in, 79;
Monophysitism, 110; Monothelitism, 89; Muhammadan invasion, 108
Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople, 164
Tartars, 96-7
Tauresium, 91. _See_ Justiniana Prima
Tebessa (in modern Algeria), monastery, 106
Thaddeus, Studite monk, 162
Theandric energy, 87, 89
Theodebert I., Frankish king, 47
Theodelind, Lombard queen, 56, 69, 134-5
Theoderic III., king of Neustria, 146
Theodora, empress (842), wife of Theophilus, 165
Theodora, paramour of Pope John X., mother of Marozia, 196
Theodore of Mopsuestia, 16-18
Theodore of the Studium (or the Studite), S., 124, 156, 160-4
Theodore of Tarsus, 115, 117, 169
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 16-18
Theodoric the Ostrogoth, king of Italy, 29; his tolerant
ecclesiastical policy, 30; executes Symmachus and Boethius, 32;
aims at a united Italy, 60
Theodoric II., Frankish king of Burgundy, son of Childebert II., 56
Theodosia, S., 158
Theodosius II., emperor, 67
Theology, important in this period, 1; the predominant interest
in the literature, 5; the theology of statesmen and
military men, 9, 87; theology at Constantinople, 8, 156;
iconoclastic, 158-9; theology of S. John Damascene, 159-60
Theophanes, Greek chronicler (758-817), 111
Theophilus, emperor, 165
Thessalonica, 67-8, 123
Theudberga, wife of Chlothochar, king of Lotharingia, 191
Theudis, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74
Thomas of Edessa, 99
Thormod, missionary priest in Iceland, 132
Thorwald Kothransson, Icelander, 132
Thrace, Paulicianism in, 80
"Three Chapters," controversy of the, 16-20, 22, 62-3, 72, 99, 106-7
Thuringia(ns), 135-8
Tiberius II., emperor, 22
Tithes, 140
Toledo, cathedral of, 76; councils, 72; Third Synod (of 589), 76,
80; Fourth (of 633), 81; Sixteenth (of 695), 77
_Tome_ of S. Leo, 63
Tomi, monks of, 14
Tonnenna, Victor of, 106-7
Totila, Gothic king, 37
Tours, 168; battle of, _see_ Poictiers. _See also_ Gregory of Tours
Transubstantiation, 171
Trier (Trèves), archbishop of, 192
Trullian Council (691) at Constantinople, 85, 89-92
Tunis, survival of the Church of, 110
_Type_, issued by Constans II., 88
Tzani, Asiatic people, converted, 94
Unity, the central idea of the period, 2, 154, 203; need of
unity in the Church, 70
"Universal bishop," title declined by Gregory the Great, 66;
Cluniac ideal, 175
Urban II., pope (1088-99), 174
Vandals, 197; in Gaul, 41; in Africa, 103-5
Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poictiers, 51, 75
_Veni Creator Spiritus_, 81
Venice, 143, 151, 157
Victor, bishop of Carthage, 108
Victor of Tonnenna (Victor Tununensis), 106-7
Victor Vitensis, 104-5
Vienne, 186
Vigilists, 15. _See_ Akoimetai.
Vigilius, pope, 17, 20, 39-40, 106
Vivarium, monastery of, 38
Vladimir, S., of Russia, 126-7
Wales, Church of, 113, 118, 122; West Wales (i.e. Cornwall), 113
Wallachian Church, 23
Wamba, Wisigothic king in Spain, 76
Wandrille, S., 57
Wenceslas of Bohemia, S., 128-9
Wends, missions to the, 126
Whitby, Synod of (664), 116
Wilfrith (Wilfrid) of Ripon, S., 88, 117-18, 121, 169
Willehad, archbishop of Bremen, 142
William of Aquitaine, founder of the abbey of Cluny, 173
Willibald, biographer of S. Boniface, 138
Willibrord, S., Northumbrian missionary in Frisia, 136
Winfrith of Crediton (S. Boniface), 121, 136-40, 142
Wisigoths in Spain, 73-8; corruption of society, 73-4; accept
Catholicism, 5, 62-3, 73, 75; their monarchy falls before the
Moors, 146
Würzburg, 138, 147
York, school of, 116, 167
Zacharias, pope, 147
Zacharias, patriarch of Jerusalem, 101
Zeno, emperor, 7