[1761] Ibid. b.
[1762] Ibid. FIG. 5. _b_ †.
[1763] MacLeay, _Horæ Entomolog._ 9. Chabrier, _Sur le Vol des Ins._
c. i. 417.
[1764] PLATE XXII. FIG. 5. b b b.
[1765] Ibid. c.
[1766] Luke xii. 7.
[1767] See above, p. 397--.
[1768] See above, p. 580.
[1769] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 413--.
[1770] See above, p. 402.
[1771] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 446, 448, 451--.
[1772] Ibid. 412.
[1773] Ubi supr. c. ii. 333.
[1774] According to M. Chabrier, who agrees with him, M. Latreille
also is of opinion, that the _parapleura_ is the analogue of the
posterior _coxæ_. _Ubi supra_, c. ii. 312. Note 2.
[1775] M. Latreille has changed the denomination of this Order to
_Rhiphiptera_, because at first he thought that these organs were
not at all analogous to elytra or wings; but since, upon further
investigation, he appears to admit that they assist in flight (_Annales
Génér. des Scienc. Phys._ VI. xviii. 8. Compare MacLeay, _Hor. Entom._
423. Note *), in common justice he is bound to restore the name
originally given to the Order. In the same place of the work here
quoted, M. Latreille also speaks of these _pseudelytra_, as I would
call them, as appendages of the _mesothorax_: but whoever consults
Mr. Bauer's admirable figures of _Xenos Peckii_ (_Linn. Trans._ xi.
_t._ ix.), and is aware of the unimpeached and minute accuracy of that
admirable microscopic artist, will be convinced that they belong to the
_anterior_ legs, and consequently to the _prothorax_.
[1776] PLATE X. and PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 18-23.
[1777] Chabrier, _Analyse_, &c. 27.
[1778] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ix. 568. We have seen above (p. 578.)
that the wings of insects are connected with their legs by the
_scapula_ and _parapleura_.
[1779] MacLeay, _Hor. Entomolog._ 413--. Mr. MacLeay's opinion seems
to receive some confirmation from a circumstance overlooked when the
_larvæ_ of insects were treated of above (p. 130--), and to which
he alludes (411); namely, that in _that_ state they consist of two
segments more than in the _imago_; these follow the three pedigerous
segments, have no pro-legs, and are supposed to belong to the trunk
rather than to the abdomen. To make this circumstance bear upon the
question, it must be proved that in the perfect insect these segments
in some manner become the back of the trunk and bear the wings. This
would not be more wonderful than many changes that are known to occur
in insects.
[1780] Latreille, _Organization extérieure des Ins._ 173--.
[1781] For instance _Meloe_, the female glow-worm, _Lygæus
brevipennis_, _Ephemera diptera_, _Cynips aptera_, neuter ants, &c. &c.
[1782] See above, p. 559.
[1783] _Chionea araneoïdes_ Dolm.
[1784] See above, p. 560, and VOL. II. 348, 352--.
[1785] See above, p. 591, Note c.
[1786] De Geer, iii. _t._ xvii. _f._ 10, 11. _f f_. M. Savigny has
noticed a part in some _Annelides_, which he regards as analogous to
_elytra_. _Système des Annelides_, 4, 9, 11.
[1787] VOL. II. p. 346--.
[1788] PLATES X. and XXVIII. _b^.._
[1789] Ibid. _c^.._
[1790] Ibid. _d^.._
[1791] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 3-5. _b´´´._
[1792] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 439.
[1793] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 10.
[1794] Chabrier _ubi supr._
[1795] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 6-8. _d´´´._
[1796] Ibid. FIG. 3-5. _b´´´._
[1797] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 3.
[1798] PLATE X. FIG. 1. _c´´´._
[1799] PLATE X. FIG. 1. c.
[1800] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 6-8. _d´´´._
[1801] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 8.
[1802] See above, p. 582.
[1803] See above, p. 402--.
[1804] Ibid. 399.
[1805] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ i. c. 428--. c. ii. 325.
[1806] Oliv. _Ins._ No. 97. _Cassida_, _t._ i. _f._ 10.
[1807] See above, p. 397--.
[1808] See above, p. 399--.
[1809] M. Chabrier says that the arc described by the _wings_ of
_Melolontha vulgaris_ to that of the _elytra_, is as 200 to less than
50. _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 440.
[1810] PLATE X. FIG. 2. and XXVIII. FIG. 18-20.
[1811] _Magas._ 1806. _Terminologie der Insekt._ 18. 1675.
[1812] PLATE X. FIG. 2. is the tegmen of a _Blatta_ divided into areas.
[1813] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. ii. 327--.
[1814] PLATE X. FIG. 2. _b^.._
[1815] Ibid. _c^.._
[1816] Ibid. _d^.._
[1817] Stoll, _Cigales_, _t._ viii. _f._ 39.
[1818] PLATE X. FIG. 2.
[1819] Stoll _Grillons_ _t._ i. c. _f._ 2.
[1820] Ibid. _Spectres_ _t._ xxv. _f._ 95. and xi. _f._ 42.
[1821] Ibid. _t._ ii. _f._ 5. _Grillons_ _t._ i. c. _f._ 1.
[1822] Ibid. _Spectres_ _t._ xvi. _f._ 58.
[1823] Ibid. _Sauterelles à Sabr._ _t._ iii. _f._ 7. By this name
(_Pterophylla_) I distinguish those _Locustæ_ F. without a conical
head that are veined like leaves.
[1824] Stoll _Ibid._ _t._ vi. a. _f._ 18. and PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 19.
[1825] Stoll _Sauterel. à Sabr._ _t._ i-iii.
[1826] Ibid. _Spectres_ _t._ iv. _f._ 14.
[1827] Ibid. _Cigales_ _t._ i. _f._ 1, 3-5. and _t._ vi. _f._ 31.
[1828] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ iii. _f._ 12-15. and _t._ xvii. _f._ 92.
[1829] _Linn. Trans._ xii. 449, no. 96.
[1830] VOL. I. p. 395--.
[1831] _Linn. Trans._ xiii. _t._ i. _f._ 14. _Flata_ should come
before this genus.
[1832] Of this kind is one of Stoll's _Cigales_, _t._ xxv. _f._ 141.
[1833] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 18.
[1834] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ i. _f._ 1. _t._ x. _f._ 46. _t._ xxix.
_f._ 170. _t._ v. _f._ 22. _t._ iv. _f._ 19. &c.
[1835] PLATE X. FIG. 3.
[1836] In Latreille's whole genus _Pentatoma_, including several
Fabrician genera, the _Hemelytra_ are more substantial than in the
subsequent tribes.
[1837] See above, p. 607.
[1838] Ibid. p. 600.
[1839] My insect, which nearly resembles the Coleopterous genus
_Cerylon_ Latr., agrees with Latreille's description in all respects,
except that it cannot be said to be _membrana nulla apicali_.
[1840] Chabrier _Analyse_, &c. 24.
[1841] PLATE X. FIG. 3. _b^.._
[1842] Ibid. _c^.._
[1843] Ibid. _d^.._
[1844] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 23. _f´´´_ is the _corium_ and _g´´´_ the
_membrana_ of a species of _Reduvius_ F.
[1845] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 23.
[1846] Chabrier _Analyse_, &c. 23.
[1847] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. ii. 325--. and 326. Note 1.
[1848] See above, p. 572--.
[1849] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 9. a.
[1850] See above, p. 572.
[1851] Ibid. p. 560. and PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11. a.
[1852] PLATE IX. FIG. 5.
[1853] Ibid. FIG. 11. 12. _g´´._
[1854] Stoll _Sauterelles à Sabr. t._ iv. _f._ 12. _t._ vi. _f._ 21. &c.
[1855] _Sur le Vol. des Ins._ c. i. 424.
[1856] The idea of dividing the wing of an insect into larger areas
seems first to have been acted upon in _Monogr. Apum Angl._ (1801), in
which those of _Hymenoptera_ were stated to consist of three portions,
viz. _Basis_, _Medium_, _Apex_ (i. 211.); which mode of dividing them
was at first adopted by M. Latreille (_Gen. Crust. et Ins_. iii.
226. Note 1.) The same learned author (Ibid. iv. 239.), with regard
to the _Diptera_, made a near approximation to the plan of dividing
wings into longitudinal areas, but by the addition of a _basal_ area,
which interrupts the attention to the communication of the areas with
their _axes_, he has rendered his system less perfect. Two of his
terms--_Costal Area_ and _Intermediate Area_, are here adopted; but
his _Internal_ is changed to the _Anal_ Area, for the term _internal_
belongs rather to the base of the wing. M. Latreille afterwards
relinquished both these plans, _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 248--.
[1857] PLATE X. and XXVIII. _b^.._ _i^.._ is the Postcostal Nervure.
[1858] Ibid. _c^.._ _n^.._ is the Anal Nervure.
[1859] Ibid. _d^.._
[1860] PLATE X. FIG. 7. _h^.._ _i^.._ _k^.._
[1861] Ibid. FIG. 8. 9. 12. _a_ *.
[1862] _Sur le Vol. des Ins._ c. i. 428.
[1863] See above, p. 600. 616.
[1864] VOL. II. p. 358--. See above, p. 559.
[1865] VOL. II. p. 346--.
[1866] Jurine _Hymenopt._ 19. and _t._ v.
[1867] PLATE X. FIG. 4.
[1868] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 251.
[1869] See above, p. 564, 578, 591.
[1870] PLATE X. _h^.._
[1871] Ibid. FIG. 4, 11. _m´´´._
[1872] PLATE X. FIG. 14. _k^.._
[1873] Ibid. FIG. 12. _k^.._
[1874] Ibid. FIG. 8. 9.
[1875] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ v. Gen. 47.
[1876] PLATE X. FIG. 4.
[1877] Ibid. a. _n^._, _o^.._
[1878] Ibid. _m^.._
[1879] Ibid. _l^.._
[1880] Ibid. a.
[1881] Ibid. _o´´´._
[1882] PLATE II. FIG. 1. Comp. _Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._ ix. _f._ 1.
[1883] PLATE X. FIG. 5.
[1884] Ibid. _n^._, _o^._, _p^.._
[1885] Stoll _Spectres_, _t._ xviii. _f._ 65.
[1886] See above, p. 624.
[1887] Stoll figures _Empusa_ as without them, _t._ ix. _f._ 35. but?
I have a nondesc. _Phasma?_ without them.
[1888] Jones in _Linn. Trans._ ii. _t._ viii. _f._ 2.
[1889] _Ibid. f._ 5.
[1890] Jones in _Linn. Trans._ ii. _t._ viii. _f._ 7.
[1891] _Ibid._ _f._ 9.
[1892] _Ibid._ _f._ 2, 3, 6-9.
[1893] I wonder Mr. Jones's plan of ascertaining the divisions
or subgenera of butterflies by the neuration of their wings has
never been followed up; it would I think furnish an easy clue for
the extrication of the tribes of all the _Lepidoptera_. I mean as
subsidiary to more important characters.
[1894] PLATE X. FIG. 6. _l^._, _m^.._
[1895] Ibid. FIG. 8.
[1896] PLATE X. FIG. 8. basal _e^._, medial _f^._, apical _g^.._
[1897] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ v. Gen. 48.
[1898] _Ibid._ Gen. 47.
[1899] _Ibid._ Gen. 45, 46. Comp. PLATE X. FIG. 11.
[1900] Jurine _Ibid._ Gen. 43.
[1901] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. Gen. 47.
[1902] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 40.
[1903] _Ibid._ _t._ ii. Gen. 2.
[1904] This is a remarkable insect belonging to _Vespa_ L., related
to the hornets (_V. Crabro_), distinguished by having a semicircular
piece taken out of the internal margin of each mandible, so that when
these organs are closed there is a circular orifice,--whence the name
_Cyclostoma_.
[1905] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ ii. Gen. 2.
[1906] _Ibid._ Ord. ii. Gen. 2.
[1907] _Ibid._ _t._ iii. Gen. 3.
[1908] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 41.
[1909] _Ibid._ _t._ xii. Gen. 40.
[1910] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 39.
[1911] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. Gen. 29.
[1912] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 42.
[1913] This _Cynips_ inhabits a long polythalamous gall of the bramble.
[1914] Jurine _Ibid._ _t._ ii. Gen. 11.
[1915] _Ibid._ Ord. ii. Gen. 1.
[1916] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. Gen. 23.
[1917] _Ibid._ Gen. 30-32.
[1918] _Ibid._ _t._ v. Gen. 40.
[1919] PLATE X. FIG. 12, 15. _c^.._
[1920] Ibid. FIG. 15. _f^.._
[1921] Ibid. FIG. 12. _g^.._
[1922] Ibid. FIG. 13.
[1923] Ibid. FIG. 15. c.
[1924] Ibid. d.
[1925] Ibid. FIG. 14. e.
[1926] Leach on _Eproboscideous Insects_, _Mem. Wern. Soc._ 1817.
_t._ xxv. _f._ 3, 5, 8, &c.
[1927] _Ibid. t._ xxvi. _f._ 7, 10, 13.
[1928] Insects with _short_ elytra of course must fold their wings
nearer the base than those with _long_ ones.
[1929] PLATE X. FIG. 4. _o´´´._
[1930] See above, p. 611.
[1931] See above, p. 613, and Chabrier _Analyse_, &c. 24.
[1932] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 5.
[1933] PLATE X. FIG. 5.
[1934] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 22.
[1935] See above, p. 608--.
[1936] Stoll _Grillons_, _t._ iii. c. _f._ 11-13.
[1937] _Ibid._ _t._ i. c. _f._ 1, 2.
[1938] See above, p. 636.
[1939] See above, p. 625.
[1940] Ibid. p. 635, 637. &c.
[1941] PLATE X. FIG. 4, 5. and XXVIII. FIG. 21, 22.
[1942] PLATE X. FIG. 6-14.
[1943] Ibid. FIG. 4, 5. and XXVIII. FIG. 21, 22.
[1944] PLATE X. FIG. 4.
[1945] Ibid. FIG. 5.
[1946] PLATE X. FIG. 6.
[1947] Ibid. FIG. 8-11.
[1948] Ibid. FIG. 12-15.
[1949] PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.
[1950] Ibid. FIG. 2.
[1951] In _Gastropacha quercifolia_, &c., amongst the _Nocturnal
Lepidoptera_, these sinuses exist, in the upper wing _ten_, and in
the lower _nine_, but without the folds.
[1952] PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _s._
[1953] Ibid. FIG. 3.
[1954] For some uses of hairs, see above. p. 399--.
[1955] _Analyse_, 24. He seems to think that certain crooked hairs,
in some wings, supply the place of folds. _Ibid._
[1956] PLATE X. FIG. 13.
[1957] Reaum. iv. _t._ xxxix. _f._ 4-11.
[1958] A portion of the antenna of the insect here mentioned is
figured PLATE XII. FIG. 23.
[1959] De Geer i. 63--.
[1960] Reaum. i. 200.
[1961] Hoole's _Leeuwenhoek_. i. 63--.
[1962] De Geer has given 34 figures of different scales (i. _t._ iii.
_f._ 28); and in PLATE XXII. FIG. 6. a-w. 22 others, collected from
Reaumur, are given.
[1963] Stoll _Sauterelles à Sabre_. _Pterophylla ocellata t._ i. ii.,
_Cigales_, _Fulgora laternaria t._ i. _f._ i., and _F. serrata t._
xxix. _f._ 170.
[1964] _Ibid._ _Sauter. de Passage_, _Locusta Dux t._ i. 5. _L.
carinata t._ v. b. _f._ 16. _L. cristata_ _t._ ix. b. _f._ 30. &c. &c.
[1965] PLATE XXV. FIG. 30.
[1966] Scopoli, Hubner.
[1967] PLATE III. FIG. 1.
[1968] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ viii. 257.
[1969] See above, p. 303.
[1970] Sepp. I. i. _t._ vii. _f._ 6.
[1971] Rœmer _Genera t._ xxii. _f._ 2.
[1972] Sepp I. iii. _t._ ii. _f._ 7.
[1973] Ibid. i. _t._ vi. _f._ 7.
[1974] Rœmer _ubi supr. t._ xiv. _f._ 1.
[1975] PLATES _f^._, _r^._, _d_†.
[1976] See above, p. 546--.
[1977] Ibid. 131--.
[1978] VOL. II. p. 307.
[1979] De Geer i. _t._ xx. _f._ 11.
[1980] _Règne Animal._ iii. 546.
[1981] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 44, 45.
[1982] VOL. II. p. 312, 363, 365.
[1983] See above, p. 546--.
[1984] _Anatom. Compar._ i. 453.
[1985] See above, p. 308.
[1986] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 18, 19.
[1987] Mr. Montague describes the legs of _Nycteribia_, as _dorsal_
(_Linn. Trans._ xi. 13); but Dr. Leach calls them _lateral_
(Samouelle, 303).
[1988] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxviii. 247.
[1989] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 4.
[1990] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 58. M. Savigny affirms that these insects
cannot have, and really have not, but one pair to each segment; only
that the segments are alternately membranous and shelly, and that
the former are concealed under the latter (_Anim. sans Vertebr._ I.
i. 44.): but, _pace tanti viri_, I cannot discover that any _suture_
separates these portions from each other: so that, admitting his
theory, they must be regarded as two segments soldered together.
[1991] It is by this arrangement of the legs that _Pachysoma_ is
principally distinguished, as a subgenus, from _Scarabæus_ M^cL.
[1992] See above, p. 37.
[1993] _Monogr. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xi. _Apis_ **. d. 2. α. _f._ 18.
ii. 296--.
[1994] Oliv. _Ins._ 68. _t._ i. _f._ 8.
[1995] _Ibid._ n. 6. _t._ iv. _f._ 22.
[1996] See above, p. 305--.
[1997] This variety appears to differ very little from the _Curculio
imperialis_ of Fabricius and Olivier, except in the remarkable
hairiness of its legs.
[1998] VOL. II. p. 563.
[1999] Oliv. _Ins._ n. 67. _t._ xx. _f._ 156.
[2000] See above, p. 591. Some physiologists have been of opinion,
that in _birds_, what is called the _thigh_ should properly be
denominated the _tibia_, and that this last is really the _tarsus_.
Illiger, _Terminologie_, 184. § 185. n. 1246.
[2001] PLATES XIV. XV. XXVII. _p._
[2002] PLATE XV. FIG. 1. _p´´_, _r´´_.
[2003] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 27.
[2004] L. Dufour, _Descr. des six Arachn._ &c.: _Annales Generales_,
&c. 1820. 19. _t._ lxix. _f._ 7. _d_.
[2005] PLATE XIV. XV. XXVII. _q´´_.
[2006] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvi. 195. xxvi. 157.
[2007] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 12. b.
[2008] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 20. _q´´_.
[2009] Ibid. FIG. 28.
[2010] PLATE XIV. XV. XXVII. _r´´_.
[2011] See above, p. 591, 662.
[2012] VOL. II. p. 314--.
[2013] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 12.
[2014] Stoll _Spectres t._ xvi. _f._ 58, 59.
[2015] Ibid. _t._ xviii. _f._ 65.
[2016] Stoll _Spectres t._ vii. _f._ 25.
[2017] _Ibid. t._ viii. _f._ 30.
[2018] _Ibid. ubi supr_.
[2019] _Ibid. t._ x. _f._ 40.
[2020] PLATE XIV. FIG. 5. This appearance of scales on the thighs is
principally confined to this tribe.
[2021] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 23.
[2022] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 16.
[2023] PLATE XIV. FIG. 5, and XXVII. FIG. 15. _r´´´._
[2024] PLATES XIV. XV. XXVII. _s´´._
[2025] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 21. _s´´´._ M. Savigny (_Anim. sans
Vertèbr._ 1. i. 46. Note _b._) seems to think that this structure
obtains in all his _Apiropods_; viz. the Octopod _Aptera_,
_Arachnida_, and _Myriapoda_: but it seems to me _evident_ only in
the two tribes mentioned in the text.
[2026] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 6, 16, 17. _t´´´._
[2027] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 15. _r´´´._
[2028] Ibid. FIG. 11. _r´´´._
[2029] Ibid. FIG. 10. _t´´´._
[2030] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 8. _Thigh._ a. Protuberance. b. Semicircular
cavity, c. Ridge. FIG. 9. _Tibia._ a. Central cavity. b. Ridge. c.
Exterior cavity.
[2031] Ibid. FIG. 6. a.
[2032] Ibid. FIG. 7. a.
[2033] Ibid. FIG. 15. Thigh of _Locusta_ Leach, a. Sinus in which
the condyle of the tibia works. FIG. 16. Tibia of Do. aa. Lateral
condyles. b. Intermediate one.
[2034] Stoll _Punaises_, _t._ x. _f._ 67. _t._ xvi. _f._ 114.
[2035] Stoll _Punaises, t._ ii. _f._ 14. _t._ viii. _f._ 54. _t._
xxviii. _f._ 201. PLATE XV. FIG. 2.
[2036] See above, p. 671.
[2037] Oliv. _Ins._ n. 66. _t._ iii. _f._ 12. Compare _Scarabæus
longimanus_, _Ibid_ n. 3. _t._ iv. _f._ 27.
[2038] Stoll _Punaises_, _t._ iii. _f._ 20.
[2039] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 31.
[2040] See above, p. 306--.
[2041] Oliv. _Ins._ n. 68. _t._ i. _f._ 8. comp. n. 67. _t._ xii.
_f._ 83. and PLATE XII. FIG. 25. _a._
[2042] VOL. II. p. 365. and PLATE XV. FIG. 5. 6.
[2043] See above, p. 433, Note b. and 404, Note a.
[2044] PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.
[2045] It is remarkable that in this tribe _all_ the legs may be
called _raptorious_, though the thighs are not incrassated, for they
are armed with a double series or more of fine long spurs, which
enable them to catch and retain their prey.
[2046] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 35. _v´´´._ _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xix.
_f._ 8, 9. See above, VOL. II. p. 331.
[2047] See above, p. 591, 667, &c.
[2048] _Règne Animal_, iii. 191. I have never had an opportunity to
consult Bonelli's _Observ. Entomolog._ on the genus _Carabus_ L. in
the Memoirs of the Turin Academy.
[2049] PLATE XV. FIG. 6. _v´´´._
[2050] Coquebert _Illustr. Ic._ iii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 3. D.
[2051] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 29. _v´´´._
[2052] Most of Latreille's genera of ants are confirmed by
differences in their spurs. Thus _Formica_ is 1:1:1; _Ponera_ 1:2:2
with the internal intermediate one pectinated: _Myrmica_ 1:2:2 with
all symmetrical, &c.
[2053] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 29. _v´´´._
[2054] Ibid. FIG. 33. _v´´´._
[2055] _Linn. Trans._ iv. 200. Note _a_.
[2056] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 32. _v´´´._
[2057] Ibid. FIG. 36. _a^.._
[2058] PLATES XIV. XV. XXVI. XXVII. _a´´_, _t´´._
[2059] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 44, 46, 47. a.
[2060] By Geoffroy--_Hist. Ins._ i. 58.
[2061] The _Cleridæ_, which M. Latreille has placed in the
_pentamerous_ section, vary considerably in the number of their tarsal
joints. Thus in general in _Thanasimus_ the _tarsi_ are _pentamerous_;
but in _T. formicarius_ they appear to be _heteromerous_; and in
_Enoplium_, _Opilo_, _Clerus_ and _Necrobia_ they are _tetramerous_. M.
Latreille's expression, (_N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 172.) "le premier
article etant fort court et caché sous le second," seems to indicate
that there is a _fifth_ joint in some of these, the first being
concealed under the second; but I have never been able to discover it.
Perhaps he reckoned the _pulvillus_ as a joint?
[2062] The term _heteromerous_ properly belongs to _all_ insects in
which the different pairs of tarsi vary _inter se_ in the number of
their joints, and it is here used in that large sense.
[2063] These three genera appear _really_ to have only _six_ legs,
since the pedipalps or maxillary legs are not armed with claws, while
the real representatives of the legs, or three last pair, are so
distinguished. In _Phrynus_ and _Thelyphona_ the anterior pair are
chelate; but in _Galeodes_ they are pediform, as in the _Araneidæ_,
and the great chelæ are the mandibles.
[2064] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 47, 48. _d_ *.
[2065] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 49. _s^.._ a.
[2066] VOL. II. p. 330.
[2067] Dr. Leach says there are _three_ joints in this tribe. _Nat.
Misc._ iii. 80.
[2068] From De Geer's description this insect seems related to
_Agathidium_ (iv. 221--. _t._ viii. _f._ 21-23). M. Leclerck de Laval
discovered it to be _monomerous_. _Règne Animal_, iii. 365.
[2069] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 22.
[2070] See above, p. 311. Note a.
[2071] _Melolontha sericea_ and _aurulenta_. _Linn. Trans._ xii. 463.
400. belong to this subgenus.
[2072] See above, p. 335--.
[2073] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 25.
[2074] PLATE XIV. FIG. 7. _t´´._
[2075] Ibid. FIG. 6. _t´´._
[2076] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 47.
[2077] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 41.
[2078] PLATE XV. FIG. 9.
[2079] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _neut._ _f._ 20.
[2080] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 44. _s^.._
[2081] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 26. _w´´´._
[2082] See above, p. 396.
[2083] L. Dufour _Descr. de six Arachnides_. Annales, &c. 1820. 19.
[2084] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 51. is the posterior claw of _Hoplia_.
[2085] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 14.
[2086] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 52.
[2087] Ibid. FIG. 46.
[2088] Ibid. FIG. 53, 54.
[2089] Ibid. FIG. 49.
[2090] Ibid. FIG. 38.
[2091] Ibid. FIG. 39.
[2092] This structure is not general in this genus.
[2093] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 40.
[2094] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 14.
[2095] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 43.
[2096] Ibid. FIG. 47.
[2097] Ibid. FIG. 48.
[2098] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 53.
[2099] Ibid. FIG. 51.
[2100] Ibid. FIG. 47.
[2101] Ibid. FIG. 56. _a_ψ, _f_*.
[2102] Ibid. FIG. 49. _a_ψ, _f_*.
[2103] VOL. II. p. 326--.
[2104] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 1.
[2105] For other instances of this structure, see above, p. 336.
[2106] De Geer, iii. 7.
[2107] Ibid. vii. 84. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 60, 63.
[2108] Ibid. FIG. 61.
[2109] VOL. II. p. 327--.
[2110] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 59.
[2111] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 3.
[2112] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 53.
[2113] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 54. _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xviii. _f._
9-11.
[2114] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 55. _t._
[2115] PLATE XV. FIG. 9. a.
[2116] Ibid. b.
[2117] _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xx. _f._ 9, 12-15.
[2118] _Philos. Trans._ 1816. _t._ xx. _f._ 4, 11.
[2119] See above, p. 305--.
[2120] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 50.
[2121] Amouroux _Insectes Venimeux_, 44.
[2122] _Observations Nouvelles_, &c. Mém. du Mus. viii. 177.
[2123] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xii. 370.
[2124] _Descr. de six Arachnides_, &c. Annales Gen. des Scienc. Phys.
1820. 19. _t._ lxix. _f._ 7. _d._
LETTER XXXVI.
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS
CONTINUED.
THE ABDOMEN, AND ITS PARTS.
The _abdomen_ of insects, which we are next to consider, is the
_third_ great section of the body, and is the seat of the organs of
generation, as well as of a principal part of those connected with
respiration. My remarks upon it will be under the following heads:
Its _substance_; _articulation with the trunk_; _composition_; _shape
and proportions_; its _appendages_; and its _clothing_.
i. _Substance._ Under this head I may observe in general, that where
the abdomen is protected by _hard_ elytra or tegmina, as in most
_Coleoptera_, and many Heteropterous _Hemiptera_, the _upper_ side is
generally of a softer and more flexible substance than the _under_,
which from its exposure requires a greater degree of hardness and
firmness to prevent its being injured. In some,--as the _Dynastidæ_
and those beetles whose elytra are connate, or as it were soldered
together, the former is scarcely more than _membrane_. In others of
the above tribes, nearly the _whole_ of the back of whose abdomen, as
in _Staphylinus_; or only its anal _extremity_, as in _Melolontha_;
or its _sides_, as in _Lygæus_, &c., is not covered by the elytra or
tegmina, that part, as was requisite for its protection, is harder
than the covered portion.