their joints. In general we may first observe that their upper
surface is commonly more or less convex, and the lower flat or
concave: in insects that are swift _runners_, as the terrestrial
Predaceous beetles, they are usually slender and filiform[2074]; in
those that swim, as _Dytiscus_, the two posterior pair taper nearly
to a point from the base to the apex[2075]; in some that climb,
as _Buprestis_, they are rather flat and linear; and in others
(the Weevils, _Curculio_ L.) they grow gradually wider towards
the claw-joint[2076]; sometimes, as in _Mordella_ Latr., the four
anterior _tarsi_ are of this shape, and the posterior pair setaceous.
In _Gyrinus_ the four posterior are flat and triangular; and in that
extraordinary insect _Gryllus monstrosus_ the _tarsi_ are foliaceous
and lobed[2077]. In many males and some others the _anterior_ pair or
_hands_ are of a different shape from the two _posterior_: thus, in
several _Carabi_ they are lanceolate; in _Staphylinus_, _Creophilus_,
&c. in both sexes they are often nearly circular, like those of male
_Dytisci_[2078]. With regard to the _shape_ of individual joints
it may be said in general that they are rather triangular, with
an anterior sinus for the reception of the succeeding joint: the
first joint usually departs most from this form; in the bees it is
commonly much larger than the rest, especially in the last pair of
legs, and nearly forming a parallelogram[2079]; in _Euglossa_ it is
trapezoidal; in the majority nearly linear or filiform. With regard
to their _termination_--in _Brachycerus_ and some ants (_Ponera_,
_Myrmica_, &c., Latr.) the _three first_ joints; in _Dascillus_,
_Lycus reticulatus_ and affinities, the _third_ and _fourth_; and
in the great majority of the Tetramerous insects the _penultimate_
joint is bilobed; although in most Predaceous beetles this joint is
entire or simply emarginate, yet in _Colliuris_ it terminates in a
single oblique lobe; and in _Lebia_, _Drypta_, &c., it is nearly
bipartite. I must now advert to the _Ungula_ or claw-joint: it
is usually clavate or thickest at the end and curved; but in the
_Asilidæ_ it is shaped like a vase or cup; in _Phanæus_, in the four
posterior _tarsi_, in which the claws are obsolete, it is thickest
at the base and sharpest at the extremity[2080]; it usually forms an
angle with the rest of the _tarsus_, rising upwards, which enables
the insect to move more easily without hindrance from the claws,
and also more readily to lay hold of any object it meets with; but
in the Lamellicorn beetles and many other insects it is in the same
line with it. As in the beetles last mentioned this joint is often
inserted in the extremity of the preceding one; but in _Œdemera_ it
articulates with the middle of its upper surface; and in _Lycus_ and
a numerous host of _Tetramerous_ beetles it springs from its base,
just behind where it diverges into two lobes.
I shall next call your attention to the different kinds of
_appendages_ with which the _tarsi_ are furnished. They are
seldom armed, like the _tibiæ_, with teeth, or spines, or horns;
but something of the kind occasionally distinguishes them. In
_Phileurus_, _Oryctes_, and several other _Dynastidæ_, the first
joint is armed at the apex externally with a considerable mucro; in
the fore-leg of _Dasytes ater_ a similar process is prolonged into a
crooked horn[2081]. But the most important appendages of the _tarsi_
are the _claws_ which almost universally arm their extremity, and
which appear clearly analogous to those of _birds_, _quadrupeds_,
&c., though probably differing as to their substance[2082]. Some
few, however, are without them; this, as I lately observed, is the
case with _Phanæus_ with respect to the four _posterior_ legs; the
_anterior_ ones of _Vanessa_ amongst the _Lepidoptera_, and all those
of _Stylops_ and many _Acari_ L., are also without them: this is
likewise the case with the first pair of legs, or the second of the
pedipalps of _Galeodes_. In this genus these organs consist of two
joints[2083]. With respect to _number_ they vary in different tribes,
but not so much as the _calcaria_: these variations may likewise be
represented by three numbers. The most natural is _two_ in all the
_tarsi_, exhibited by the Predaceous beetles and the great majority;
2.2.1. are to be found in _Hoplia_, _Anisonyx_, &c.[2084]; 1.2.2.
in _Belostoma_; three in all the legs in the _Araneidæ_[2085]; in
_Meloe_[2086], _Elater_, &c., each claw is double or consisting of
two, which makes _four_ in each leg; and in many _Hippoboscidæ_ there
are _six_[2087]; in _Nepa_ and the Myriapods there is only _one_.
In most insects, perhaps, the claws are simple or undivided[2088];
but in _Galeruca_, _Melolontha subspinosa_[2089], &c., they are
bifid at the apex; as is the exterior claw of the four posterior
legs in _Chasmodia_ and _Macraspis_[2090] M^cL., and of _all_ in
_Melolontha horticola_; in _Serica brunnea_ M^cL. the claws are all
cleft at the extremity, but the internal tooth is broad, flat, and
obtuse[2091]; in _Melolontha vulgaris_ and _Pelidnota punctata_
M^cL.[2092], the claws are armed with an internal tooth near the
base[2093]. In the _Araneidæ_, which have three claws, the two
external ones are furnished with several parallel teeth, which the
animal uses to keep separate the threads of its web, and probably for
other purposes[2094]; and some Predaceous beetles, as _Lebia_ and
_Cymindis_, have both their claws similarly furnished[2095]. These
organs vary in their relative _proportions_: thus, in _Anoplognathus_
the inner claw is much smaller than the other[2096]; and in _Elater
sulcatus_, _fuscipes_, &c., it is represented by a mere bristle; in
_Hoplia_, in the anterior _tarsus_ it is not half the length of the
outer one[2097]; in _Areoda_ and _Pelidnota_ M^cL. this last is the
smallest. They vary also in length--in _Rynchænus_, _Ascalaphus_,
&c., they are very short; in the Lamellicorns, _Galeodes_, &c., very
long; and in _Myrmeleon_ longer than the claw-joint. With regard to
their _curvature_ they generally form the segment of a circle; in
many _Asilidæ_ they are crooked like the claws of the eagle[2098],
and the posterior one of the _Hopliæ_ is bent like a hook[2099];
they most commonly diverge from each other; but in the _Rutelidæ_,
_Anoplognathidæ_, &c., they are perfectly parallel, and in the
former often inflexed[2100]. With regard to _other_ appendages of
the part we are treating of, if you examine the stag-beetle and many
other Lamellicorns, you will find between the claws a minute but
conspicuous joint terminated by two bristles which seem to mimic
the _ungula_ and its claws; these parts are what are denominated
in the table the _palmula_, _plantula_, and _pseudonychia_: in the
stag-beetle these are long[2101]; in the _Melolonthidæ_ short[2102];
and in many _Cetoniadæ_ they resemble an intermediate claw.
The most remarkable of the _appendages_ of the _tarsi_ are to be
looked for on their under side or sole (_solea_), and are the means
by which numbers of insects can overcome atmospheric pressure and
walk against gravity. Many of these have been fully described in a
former letter[2103]; but much that relates to them was there omitted,
which I shall now detail to you. _Four_ kinds of _pulvilli_, as I
would call these appendages, are found in the sole of insects, upon
each of which I shall make a few remarks.
The _first_ is a _cushion_ or brush composed of very thickly set hairs
or short bristles: examples of this you will find in the majority of
_Tetramerous_ and _Trimerous_ beetles. In _Chrysomela_, _Timarcha_,
&c., there is _one_ of these cushions on each of the _three_ first
joints; in _Prionus_, _Liparus_, &c., there is a pair; and in
_Coccinella_ on the _two_ first; in others (_Balaninus Nucum_, &c.)
a pair only on the penultimate joint; in _Calandra Palmarum_, _Rhina
barbirostris_, &c., that joint has an intire cushion; in _Eurynotus
muricatus_ K.[2104] the three first joints of the four anterior tarsi
are similarly circumstanced, but the cushions resemble sponge[2105].
The _second_ kind of cushion is a vesicular _membrane_ capable of
being inflated. This distinguishes the tarsi of _Thrips_[2106], and
many _Acari_ L.[2107]; likewise those of _Xenos_[2108]; and also of
many _Orthoptera_ fully described on a former occasion[2109], though
the fact of their capacity of inflation has not been ascertained,
belong to this section.
The _third_ kind of covering of the sole is when the three or
four first joints of the _tarsus_ each terminate in _one_ or
_two_ membranous lobes or appendages: of the first description is
_Priocera_ K., in which the lobes are involute[2110]; and of the
second _Rhipicera_ Latr.[2111], in which there is a pair on each
joint, in the Brazil species set with very fine hairs.
The _fourth_ and last kind are what may with the utmost propriety be
denominated _suckers_, since their use as such is clearly ascertained.
These are not only to be found in a large proportion of the _Diptera_,
in some of which there are _two_ of them, as in the _Asilidæ_[2112];
and in others _three_, as the _Tabanidæ_[2113]; but also in many of
the subsequent Orders: thus, in the Heteropterous _Hemiptera_, in
_Scutellera_ and _Pentatoma_, but not the _Reduviadæ_, and in the
Neuropterous genus _Nymphes_ Leach there is a minute one under each
claw. It is discoverable between the claws in many _Hymenoptera_, as
_Apis_[2114], _Vespa_, &c. But the genus that exhibits to the curious
Entomologist the most singular and elaborate apparatus of this kind is
_Dytiscus_ Latr.; and the examination of the under side of the _hand_
of any _male_ of this genus will almost compel the most inattentive
observer to glorify the wisdom and skill of the ALLFATHER so
conspicuously manifested in the structure of these complex organs. For
this part in these, instead of two or three pedunculate cups as in the
insects just mentioned, is composed of a vast number, some large and
some small. If you take a male specimen of the common _D. marginalis_,
you will find that the three first joints of the hand are very much
dilated, so as to form a plate or shield nearly circular, fringed all
round with stiffish hairs; if you next examine the under side of this
plate with a good magnifier, you will discover at the base, where it
is united to the cubit, two circular cups, the external one more than
three times the size of the other, with an umbilicated centre[2115];
besides these two larger cups the rest of the shield is covered by a
vast number of minute ones of a similar construction[2116]: the larger
cups are nearly sessile, but the smaller are elevated upon a tubular
footstalk[2117]; the three first joints of the intermediate _tarsi_
are also dilated, but not into an orbicular shield, and thickly set
with minute pedunculated suckers[2118]. The structure varies however
in different species. Thus in _D. limbatus_ the shield is triangular
with the smaller suckers at the base, and two rows of larger oblong
ones, concave but not umbilicated, at the apex; in another Brazilian
undescribed species (_D. obovatus_ K. MS.) the shield is oblong and
quite covered with suckers like those last mentioned; in _D. sulcatus_
(_Acilius_ Leach) almost the whole plate is occupied by a very large
sucker, above which, at some distance in the inner side, are two
smaller ones, while the extremity of the shield is covered by minute
ones elevated on long footstalks: the central umbilicated elevation
of the large one, which nearly fills its cavity, is in this species
beautifully radiated. The male of _Colymbetes transversalis_ has also
an orbicular shield, but the suckers are much less strongly marked. The
use of this organ has been before sufficiently explained[2119].
A few words will be necessary upon the _folding_ of the legs in
_repose_. When insects _walk_, the thigh is usually in an _ascending_
position, rising _above_ the horizontal line, the _tibia_ forming with
it rather an obtuse angle, and the _tarsus_ nearly a right one with
the _tibia_; but in the Myriapods, as far as I can unravel their swift
many-footed motions, these angles in walking do not take place; in
repose however, in many insects, the _coxa_ forms an angle with the
thigh _below_ the horizontal line and with the _tibia_ above it, and
the _tibia_ and _tarsus_ continue in the same line, and point downwards
nearly vertically; in others, as in the _Tetramerous_ beetles, the
last-mentioned joints form an angle with each other and turn upwards,
the _tibia_ having an external oblique cavity to permit this; but
the insects most remarkable for packing close their legs are those
carnivorous genera _Dermestes_, _Anthrenus_, _Byrrhus_, &c. In the
last-mentioned genus there are cavities in the under side of the trunk,
in each division of the breast, and at the base of the abdomen, to
receive the legs when folded; the _coxæ_ have also a cavity to receive
the _base_ of the thigh. In the _anterior_ legs this last part has a
longitudinal one on its _upper_ side, and in the four _posterior_ on
the _under_, which receives the _tibiæ_, which at the inner edge are
straight, and at the outer curvilinear, and the _tarsi_ are turned up
and received by the concave part, on the _anterior_ side of the _first_
pair and the _posterior_ side of the two _last_ of the _tibiæ_, so
as to lie between it and the body: when the legs are close packed,
the animal looks almost as if it had none. I have observed that when
_Dytisci_ repose on the water, the posterior legs are turned up and
laid over the elytra, and curved towards the head.
vi. _Pectines._ I must next say a few words upon a remarkable organ,
which seems in some degree supplementary to the _legs_, by which
the CREATOR has distinguished the genus _Scorpio_, called from
its parallel teeth, set in a back, their _pecten_ or comb[2120].
This back consists of two or more articulations, is attached by
its anterior extremity to the sides of the posterior piece of the
_mesostethium_, and is marked by a longitudinal furrow or channel.
The teeth, which vary in number in the different species, and in
the same species at different periods of its growth, are usually
ovato-lanceolate, or obtusangular, furnished on their exterior edge
with what appears to be a longitudinal sucker, and supported between
their bases, or at the base, both within and without, by triangular,
conical, or subglobose props. With regard to the _use_ of these
organs, it has not been clearly ascertained. Amouroux states that
he has seen the animals use them as feet, and he conjectures that
by them they may fix themselves and turn upon them as on a pivot,
when they have to make a retrograde movement[2121]. M. Latreille,
from their having branchial pouches immediately under them, seems to
think that they are connected with respiration[2122]. This may be
true; but from the suckers just described, I am inclined to think
with Amouroux, that they are useful to the animal in its _motions_,
and that like the suckers of the Gecko, flies, &c., they enable it to
support itself against gravity and to climb perpendicular surfaces.
Whether the five obtriangular plates, elevated on a pedicle, which are
found arranged in a series on the under side of each of the jointed
_coxæ_ of the posterior legs in _Galeodes_, are at all analogous to the
pectens of scorpions, has not been ascertained[2123]. M. Leon Dufour
watched them very attentively in one species (G. _intrepidus_), but he
could observe no motion in them[2124].
FOOTNOTES:
[1585] For the reason which induced the authors to use this word
instead of _Terminology_, before employed, see VOL. I. _Pref._ p.
xii--. They are gratified to see that M. Latreille has adopted this
term in the work quoted on the other side, p. 194.
[1586] _Organisation Extérieure des Insectes_, Mém. du Mus. _t._ viii.
[1587] _Ibid._ 199--. I have never been able to procure M. Audoin's
_Mémoire_ on this subject.
[1588] _Fundament. Entomolog._ in _Amœn. Acad._ vii. 143.
[1589] _Terminologie_, 1578, &c. He afterwards called the trunk
_Stethidium_: _Terminologie der Insekten_ Magaz. 1806. 14.
[1590] _Organisation_, &c. 198.
[1591] In _Nirmus Anseris_, &c. however, in this Order, the same
distinction is observable.
[1592] PLATES VIII. & IX. _á_.
[1593] PLATE VIII. _a._
[1594] If the head of any individual of these two Orders be carefully
taken off, it will be found that above there is a very short piece
representing the _prothorax_, and quite unlike the collar of
_Hymenoptera_.
[1595] PLATE VIII. FIG. 1.
[1596] Ibid. FIG. 2. _a´_.
[1597] Ibid. FIG. 1, 10. a.
[1598] Ibid. b.
[1599] Ibid. c.
[1600] Ibid. _b_.
[1601] Ibid. _a_.
[1602] See above, p. 327--.
[1603] Coquebert _Illustr. Ic._ ii. _t._ xviii. _f._ 2, 4.
[1604] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ xxi. _f._ 116.
[1605] _Ibid. t._ xi. _f._ 53.
[1606] PLATE II. FIG. 4.
[1607] PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a_.
[1608] Stoll _Cigales t._ xxviii. _f._ 163.
[1609] _Ibid._ _t._ xxi. _f._ 115. Coquebert _Illust. Ic._ ii. _t._
xviii. _f._ 5.
[1610] Stoll _Spectres_ _t._ xi. _f._ 42. _t._ xii. _f._ 45. _t._
xvi. _f._ 58, 59.
[1611] PLATE IX. FIG. 4.
[1612] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. vii. 374. _t._ xviii. _f._ 9. _i i._
[1613] PLATE IX. FIG. 5.
[1614] _Theatr. Ins._ 98.
[1615] De Geer iv. 74.
[1616] _Organisation Extérieure des Ins._ 177.
[1617] A subgenus, related to _Lebia_ (_Hexagonia_ K. MS.) and some
_Cimicidæ_, are so circumstanced.
[1618] _Regne Animal_ iii. _t._ xiii. _f._ 6.
[1619] See above, p. 398.
[1620] PLATE XIII. FIG. 17.
[1621] PLATE VIII. FIG. 10.
[1622] Ibid.
[1623] _Linn. Trans._ vi. _t._ xxi. _f._ 10.
[1624] _Ibid._ _f._ 8.
[1625] PLATE VIII. _b._
[1626] See above, p. 536.
[1627] Something of the kind is observable at the base of the other
legs in this tribe.
[1628] Monro _On the Bones_, 160.
[1629] PLATE VIII. _d´._
[1630] Ibid. FIG. 7. _d´._
[1631] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xiv. _t._ iii. _f._ 4. i.
[1632] It is doubtful whether M. Latreille's _Harpalus megacephalus_
is synonymous with _Carabus megacephalus_ Fab. Comp. _Gen. Crust. et
Ins._ i. 206. with _Syst. Eleuth._ i. 187. 95.
[1633] VOL. II. p. 317--.
[1634] PLATE VIII. FIG. 11. _b._
[1635] _Linn. Trans._ iv. 53.
[1636] _Syst. Nat._ i. Cancer. Scorpio.
[1637] Moses, when he describes insects as going upon _four_ legs,
evidently considers the anterior pair as _arms_; Bochart does the
same. _Levit._ xi. 20--. _Hierozoic._ ii. 497.
[1638] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 31.
[1639] PLATE XV. FIG. 5, 6.
[1640] Samouelle _t._ v. _f._ 4.
[1641] PLATE IX. _g._
[1642] Latreille _Organization_ &c., 199. Chabrier _Sur le Vol des
Ins._ c. i. 412. c. iv. 54, &c.
[1643] In _Chlorion_, _Ammophila_, &c., this part separates more
readily from the alitrunk.
[1644] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 413--. c. iv. 54.
This author seems to regard the _collar_ as something peculiar to
_Hymenoptera_.
[1645] See above, p. 536.
[1646] PLATE IX. FIG. 11.
[1647] PLATE IX. FIG. 6. a.
[1648] Ibid. FIG. 7. _g´_.
[1649] M. Chabrier (_Vol. des Ins._) supposes that the _humming_ of
insects is produced by the exit of the superfluous air from their
thoracic spiracles, &c.; in _Melolontha_ he thinks they are in the
_metathorax_ under the wings (c. i. 457--. PLATE XXII. FIG. 13. c. †.
represents the _operculum_ of one of those of _Dytiscus marginalis_):
in the _Hymenoptera_, in the _mesothorax_, near the posterior lobes
of the collar (Ibid. 459. c. iv. 50.); and in the _Diptera_, in the
_metathorax_, near the poiser (c. i. 457). I observed myself lately,
that _Elophilus tenax_, if held by the anterior part of the body,
when it hummed, alternately opened and shut this spiracle. The wings
during the sound vibrated intensely. The hum ceased and was renewed,
as they were restrained from this motion or released from restraint;
when the wing was moved towards the head, a different sound was
emitted from that produced when it merely vibrated.
[1650] PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _g´._
[1651] PLATES VIII. IX. _i´._
[1652] When the _prothorax_ is separated from the elytra by a kind of
isthmus, as in _Scarites_, _Passalus_, &c., the _dorsolum_ is more or
less uncovered.
[1653] PLATE VIII. FIG. 16. 20. _i´._
[1654] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _i´._
[1655] Ibid. FIG. 10. _i´._ _k´._
[1656] Ibid. FIG. 1. _i´._ _k´._
[1657] Ibid. FIG. 11. i´.
[1658] PLATES VIII. IX. XXVIII. _k´._
[1659] Audoin, Chabrier, &c.
[1660] Olivier. He seems also to have thought that neither the
_Orthoptera_ nor Homopterous _Hemiptera_ have this part. _N. Dict.
d'Hist. Nat._ x. 112.
[1661] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _k´._
[1662] In _Macraspis_ MacLeay it is often half as big as an elytrum.
[1663] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12. _k´._
[1664] Mr. W. S. MacLeay opposes the _Hemiptera_ to the _Orthoptera_,
the _Homoptera_ to the _Neuroptera_, and the _Aptera_ to the
_Coleoptera_: but if analogous structure be made the guide, I think
my arrangement will be found most correct. _Hor. Entomolog. 367._
[1665] PLATE VIII. FIG. 20. _k´._
[1666] Ibid. FIG. 16. _k´._
[1667] PLATE IX. FIG. 1. _k´._ N. B. This is from _Cossus_ F.
[1668] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _k´._
[1669] Ibid. FIG. 11, 15. _k´._
[1670] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ vi. _Apis._ ** a. _f._ 2. _a a._
[1671] Stoll _Cigales_ _t._ xxviii. _f._ 164.
[1672] PLATE IX. FIG. 12. _k´._
[1673] PLATES VIII. IX. XXVIII. _l'._
[1674] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 6. _e´´´._
[1675] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12. _l´._
[1676] Ibid. FIG. 20. _l´._
[1677] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11. _l´._
[1678] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. iii. _t._ viii-v. B. _i._
[1679] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _m´._
[1680] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. iii. 354.
[1681] From πνυμι to breathe and σέγω to cover.
[1682] PLATES VIII. IX. _n_´.
[1683] At first I had named this piece the _antecosta_, and the
_mesostethium_ the _postcosta_; and there is certainly some analogy
between the thorax of insects, consisting of several pieces that follow
each other, and the vertebral column; between their three _sternums_
and the _sternum_, and between their other pieces and the _ribs_ of
vertebrate animals. Comp. Chabrier, _ubi supr._ c. iv. 49. note 1.
[1684] PLATES VIII. IX. _o´._
[1685] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12. 13. _o´._ _z´._
[1686] Ibid. FIG. 17. _o´._
[1687] PLATE IX. FIG. 8. _o´._ _z´._
[1688] Ibid. _o´._
[1689] PLATE IX. FIG. 8. a.
[1690] Ibid. FIG. 12. _o´._
[1691] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3, 13. _p´._
[1692] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 4.
[1693] A remarkable instance of analogy is afforded by this genus. In
_Erotylus_ there are two groups; one distinguished by gibbous elytra,
and the other by flatter ones. The same distinction is observable in
_Spheniscus_; for to this genus belongs _Helops fasciatus_ Oliv.,
which represents the flat _Erotylí_, and even individually _Erotylus
trifasciatus_ Oliv., _E. fasciatus F._
[1694] I would restrict this name to the conical-headed _Locustæ_ F.
[1695] PLATE VIII. IX. _t´._ _Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._ ix. _f._ 16. c.
[1696] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _t´._
[1697] Ibid. FIG. 12. Comp. _i´_, _k´_, _l´_, with _t´_, _u´_, _v´_.
[1698] PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _t´._
[1699] Ibid. FIG. 11. _t´._
[1700] PLATE IX. FIG. 19, 20. _t´._
[1701] See above, p. 558--.
[1702] PLATES VIII. IX. _u´._
[1703] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _u´._
[1704] Ibid. VIII. FIG. 12. _u´_. PLATE IX. 7. _u´._
[1705] PLATES VIII. IX. _v´._
[1706] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _v´._
[1707] PLATE VIII. FIG. 12, 16.; and PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _v´._
[1708] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _w´._
[1709] PLATE XXII. FIG. 14. _w´._
[1710] PLATE XXIX. FIG. 25. _w´._
[1711] Ibid. and PLATE VIII. FIG. 12.; and PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _k´´._
[1712] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. iii. 354.
[1713] See above, p. 572.
[1714] PLATE IX. FIG. 15. _k´´._
[1715] PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _k´´._
[1716] Ibid. FIG. 20. _k´´._
[1717] PLATES VIII. IX. _y´._
[1718] PLATE VIII. FIG. 4. _z´._
[1719] Ibid. _p´´._
[1720] Ibid. _y´._
[1721] PLATE VIII. FIG. 13. _y´._ _a´_ †.
[1722] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 50.
[1723] PLATES VIII. IX. _z´._
[1724] PLATE VIII. FIG. 4. _z´._
[1725] PLATE XXIX. FIG. 15. _z´._
[1726] PLATE IX. FIG. 8. z´.
[1727] PLATES VIII. IX. _a_ †.
[1728] See above, p. 565.
[1729] PLATE VIII. FIG. 8. _a_ †.
[1730] De Geer iv. _t._ iv. _f._ 3. _d d._ _c c._
[1731] PLATE VIII. FIG. 13. _a_ †.
[1732] The history of this parasite has been traced by Dr. Reid; but
alas! this learned and acute observer of nature did not live to give
his discoveries to the world: it is hoped, however, they will not be
lost, being in most able hands.
[1733] PLATE VIII. FIG. 18. and XXII. FIG. 13. _c_ †.
[1734] VOL. II. p. 405.
[1735] _Sur le Vol des Ins._ c. i. 459.
[1736] Ibid. 457--.
[1737] PLATE XXII. FIG. 13. _c_ †.
[1738] _Mem. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr._ 45--. _Hor. Entomolog._ 411--.
[1739] PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _x´_. IX. FIG. 2. _s´_. and XXII. FIG. 5-14.
[1740] PLATE XXII. FIG. 8-11.
[1741] VOL. II. p. 318.
[1742] PLATE XXII. FIG. 8, 11. _h´_.
[1743] PLATE XXII. FIG. 9, 11. _s´_.
[1744] Ibid. FIG. 9. a a.
[1745] Ibid. FIG. 11. a.
[1746] Ibid. b.
[1747] PLATE IX. FIG. 2. _s´._
[1748] PLATE XXII. FIG. 10, 11. _x´._ Comp. _Linn. Trans._ xi. _t._
ix. _f._ 16. g.
[1749] PLATE XXII. FIG. 10, 11. d.
[1750] Ibid. FIG. 9. c.
[1751] Ibid. FIG. 10. a.
[1752] Ibid. FIG. 9-11. _l´´._
[1753] PLATE XXII. FIG. 5-7.
[1754] Ibid. FIG. 7.
[1755] Ibid. a.
[1756] Ibid. _e´._
[1757] See above, VOL. I. p. 191. and II. p. 257, 366.
[1758] This machine is described by Dr. Eschscholtz, _Beiträge zur
Naturkunde_, &c. Heft. i. 24--. _t._ i. ii.
[1759] PLATE XXII. FIG. 6.