elevated part of the _Mesostethium_. Its anterior mucro,
in _Coleoptera_, often meets the posterior one of the
_Mesosternum_, and sometimes appears to form one piece with it,
as in _Hydrophilus_, and many _Lamellicorn_ beetles. Sometimes,
as in _Cetonia vitticollis_, it even passes between the _arms_,
and covers the _Prosternum_, or supplies its place. Behind,
it often terminates in a bifid mucro. It is not present in
many Orders: as in the _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_, &c.[1081] It
includes the _Pectines_.
a PECTINES (the _Pectines_). Two moveable processes, fixed one
on each side by its base below the posterior legs to the
_Metasternum_ in _Scorpio_: on the lower side is fixed a series
of parallel biarticulate processes, resembling the teeth of a
comb[1082].
D POSTFURCA (the _Postfurca_). A process of the _Endosternum_,
terminating in three subhorizontal acute branches,
resembling the letter Y, and forming an acute angle with the
_Endosternum_, to which the muscles that move the hind-legs,
&c. are affixed[1083].
E OPERCULA (the _Opercula_). Plates that cover the vocal
spiracles in humming insects; and likewise two large
cartilaginous plates fixed to the posterior part of the
_Postpectus_, which cover the _Tympana_ in male _Tettigonia_
F.[1084] Perhaps these may be regarded as a kind of
_Metapnystega_ in a new situation.
F PEDES POSTICI (the _Hind-legs_). The pair of legs affixed to
the postpectus[1085]. They include, the _Acetabulum_, _Coxa_,
_Trochanter_, _Femur_, _Tibia_, and _Tarsus_.
a ACETABULUM (the _Socket_). The socket in the _Postpectus_ in
which the leg is planted[1086]. It includes the _Pessella_.
_A_ PESSELLA (the _Pessella_). Two little acute processes,
fixed one in each, in the socket of the hind-legs in male
_Tettigoniæ_, which appear designed to keep down the
_Opercula_[1087].
b COXA (the _Hip_). The _first_ joint of the leg which plays in
the socket[1088].
c TROCHANTER (the _Trochanter_). The _second_ joint of the leg,
by which the thigh inosculates in the _Coxa_. It appears to
have no motion separate from that of the thigh. It is sometimes
biarticulate[1089].
d FEMUR (the _Thigh_). The _third_ joint of the leg, long and
usually compressed[1090]. It includes the _Gonytheca_.
_A_ GONYTHECA (the _Knee-pan_). A concavity at the apex of the
thigh, underneath, to receive the base of the _Tibia_[1091].
e TIBIA (the _Shank_). The _fourth_ joint of the leg, very long,
and usually triquetrous[1092]. It includes the _Epicnemis_,
_Molula_, _Talus_, _Calcaria_, and _Coronula_.
_A_ EPICNEMIS (the _Epicnemis_). An accessory joint at the base of
the _Tibia_ in many _Arachnida_, which does not appear to have
separate motion[1093].
_B_ MOLULA (the _Knee-ball_). The convex and sometimes bent head of
the _Tibia_, armed with a horny process on each side, by which
it is attached to the thigh[1094].
_C_ TALUS (the _Ankle_). The apex of the _Tibia_, where it is
united to the _Tarsus_[1095].
_D_ CALCARIA (the _Spurs_). One, two, or more _moveable_ spines,
inserted usually at the apex of the _Tibia_; and in many
_Carabi_ L., _Lepidoptera_ L., and _Trichoptera_ K., in
the middle also. They may be regarded as a kind of fingers
auxiliary to the _Tarsus_, and furnish often an important
character in the discrimination of genera[1096].
_E_ CORONULA (the _Coronula_). A coronet or semicoronet of _fixed_
spines observable at the apex of the posterior _Tibia_ in
_Fulgora candelaria_, &c.
f TARSUS (the _Tarsus_). The _fifth_ principal portion of the
legs; consisting in the majority of insects of 1-5 joints,
but in the _Phalangidæ_ of sometimes as many as 50[1097]. It
includes the _Planta_, _Digitus_, and _Solea_.
_A_ PLANTA (the _Instep_). The first joint of the _Tarsus_ is so
called when it is remarkably long and broad[1098]. It includes
the _Calx_.
_a_ CALX (the _Heel_). The curving part of the _Planta_, by which
it inosculates with the _Tibia_.
_B_ DIGITUS (the _Toe_). The remaining joints of the _Tarsus_ taken
together[1099]. It includes the _Allux_ and _Ungula_.
_a_ ALLUX (the _Toe-ball_). The last joint but one of the _Tarsus_,
when remarkable, as in Rhyncophorous beetles (_Curculio_
L.)[1100].
_b_ UNGULA (the _Claw-joint_). The last joint of the _Tarsus_,
which bears the claws[1101]. It includes the _Arthrium_,
_Unguiculi_, and _Plantula_.
α ARTHRIUM (the _Arthrium_). A very minute joint at the base of
the claw-joint, in most Tetramerous and Trimerous beetles[1102].
β UNGUICULI (the _Claws_). One or two pair of moveable incurved
claws, which usually arm the apex of the _Ungula_[1103].
γ PLANTULA (the _Plantula_). A minute accessory joint, sometimes
attached within the claws to the apex of the _Ungula_[1104].
Ex. The _Lucanidæ_. It includes the _Pseudonychia_.
* PSEUDONYCHIA (the _Spurious Claws_). Two stiff clawlike
bristles, that terminate the _Plantula_[1105].
_C_ SOLEA (the _Sole_). The underside of the _Tarsus_[1106]. It
includes the _Pulvilli_.
_a_ PULVILLI (the _Pulvilli_). Cushions of short hairs very closely
set; or of membrane, capable of being inflated, or very soft;
or concave plates, which cover the underside, or their apex,
of the four first joints of the _Manus_ or _Tarsus_, and
sometimes even of the ends of the _Calcaria_, as in _Cimbex_;
which act so as to produce a vacuum, and enable the animal to
suspend itself, or walk against gravity[1107]. Ex. _Timarcha_,
_Buprestis_, _Priocera_ K., the _Gryllina_, _Muscidæ_, &c.
III. ABDOMEN (the _Abdomen_).
The _Abdomen_ is the _third_ or posterior section of the body which
follows the _Truncus_[1108]. It includes the _Tergum_, _Venter_,
_Petiolus_, _Cauda_, and _Anus_.
i. TERGUM (the _Tergum_). The upper or supine surface of the
abdomen[1109]. It includes the _Segmenta Dorsalia_, and
_Pulmonaria_.
1. SEGMENTA DORSALIA (the _Dorsal Segments_). Transverse segments of
the back, the sides of which often lap over and cover those of
the ventral segments[1110].
2. PULMONARIA (the _Pulmonary Space_). Two longitudinal soft spaces,
capable of tension and relaxation, one on each side of the back
of the abdomen, in which, where they exist, the dorsal spiracles
are planted[1111]. They include the _Spiracula Dorsalia_.
a SPIRACULA DORSALIA (the _Dorsal Spiracles_). Lateral
breathing-pores observable in the dorsal segments, often covered
by the preceding segment[1112].
ii. VENTER (the _Belly_). The lower or prone part of
the abdomen[1113]. It includes the _Hypochondria_,
_Epigastrium_[1114], _Segmenta Ventralia_, and _Elastes_.
1. HYPOCHONDRIA (the _Hypochondria_). Two portions of segments, one
on each side; which in some genera[1115] (_Carabus_ L., &c.)
intervene between the first _intire_ ventral segment and the
posterior part of the _Postpectus_.
2. EPIGASTRIUM (the _Epigastrium_). The first intire ventral
segment[1116]. It includes the _Mucro_ and _Tympana_.
A MUCRO (the _Mucro_). The central posterior point of the
_Epigastrium_ observable in many of the Orders, which reposes
between the posterior legs; and, according to M. Chabrier, is
useful to the insect during flight[1117].
B TYMPANA (the _Drums_). Two deep cavities, containing a complex
machinery on each side of the _Epigastrium_ in male _Tettigoniæ_,
which are the instruments of sound[1118].
3. SEGMENTA VENTRALIA (the _Ventral Segments_). Transverse sections
of the belly[1119]. In Elytrophorous insects they are usually of
a firmer consistence than those of the back. They include the
_Spiracula Ventralia_.
A SPIRACULA VENTRALIA (the _Ventral Spiracles_).--Breathing-pores
observable in some genera in the intermediate ventral segments,
one on each side[1120]. Ex. _Dynastes Aloeus_, &c.
4. ELASTES (the _Elastes_). The elastic organs on the ventral
segments of _Machilis polypoda_ which assist this insect in
leaping.
iii. PETIOLUS (the _Footstalk_). A slender part by which the abdomen
of many _Hymenoptera_ is united to the trunk, in some genera
very long, in others very short, and in others wanting[1121]. It
includes the _Funiculus_, _Foramen_, _Squama_, and _Nodus_.
1. FUNICULUS (the _Funiculus_). A small cartilaginous _cord_,
passing through a minute orifice of the _Postfrænum_, just above
the point where the footstalk is fixed, to an opposite hole above
it, which enables the animal the better to elevate or drop the
abdomen[1122].
2. FORAMEN (the _Foramen_). The orifice in the abdomen, through
which the above cord passes[1123].
3. SQUAMA (the _Scale_). A vertical flat scale, observable on the
footstalk of the genus _Formica_, &c.[1124]
4. NODI (the _Knots_). One or more subrotund protuberances of the
footstalk in the genus _Myrmica_[1125].
iv. CAUDA (the _Tail_). Where the abdomen grows suddenly slenderer,
and terminates in a long jointed tail, as in _Scorpio_ and
_Panorpa_[1126]. It includes the Centris.
1. CENTRIS (the _Centris_). The last inflated joint of the tail,
terminating in the _Sting_.
v. ANUS (the _Anus_). The termination of the abdomen, consisting of
the two last segments. It includes the _Podex_, _Hypopygium_,
_Culus_, _Ovipositor_, and _Appendices_.
1. PODEX (the _Podex_). The last dorsal segment of the abdomen[1127].
2. HYPOPYGIUM (the _Hypopygium_). The last ventral segment of the
abdomen[1128].
3. CULUS (the _Culus_). The orifice at the end of the anus.
4. OVIPOSITOR (the _Ovipositor_). The instrument of oviposition,
by which the insect conducts the eggs to their appropriate
nidus, and often bores a way to it; the same instrument is by
some genera used as a weapon of offence, when it is called the
_Aculeus_[1129]. It includes the _Unci_, _Tubulus_, _Valvæ_,
_Vaginula_, and _Terebellæ_.
A UNCI (the _Unci_). Two pair of robust organs, the upper incurved
and the lower recurved, with which the anus of _Locusta_ Leach is
furnished[1130].
B TUBULUS (the _Tubulus_). A tubular ovipositor, consisting of
several pieces often retractile within each other, like the tubes
of a telescope[1131].
C VALVÆ (the _Valves_). Two lateral laminæ, often coriaceous, by
which the ovipositor when unemployed is covered[1132].
D VAGINULA (the _Sheath_). A corneous case, with two grooves, in
which the _Terebella_ or _Spicula_ play[1133].
E TEREBELLÆ (the _Terebellæ_). Instruments by which the insect
saws or bores a passage for its eggs to the place in which her
instinct directs her to deposit them[1134].
5. ACULEUS (the _Sting_). The above instrument, when fitted for an
offensive weapon[1135]. It includes, besides the _Valvæ_ and
_Vaginula_ before defined, the _Spicula_.
A SPICULA (the _Darts_). The proper stings which inflict the wound:
retractile within the sheath, externally serrulate at the
apex[1136]. They include the _Retinaculum_.
a RETINACULUM (the _Retinaculum_). A minute horny moveable scale or
plate with which the darts are furnished, which prevents their
dislocation by being shot forth too far[1137].
vi. APPENDICES (the _Appendages_). Other instruments and organs, with
which the anus of various insects is furnished. They include--the
_Forceps_, _Forfex_, _Furca_, _Styli_, _Foliola_, _Flosculus_,
_Caudulæ_, _Fila_, _Mammulæ_, _Papillæ_, and _Siphonuli_.
1. FORCEPS (the _Forceps_). A pair of anal organs that open and shut
transversely, and _meet_ at their inner margin, or at the apex.
Ex. _Forficula_.
2. FORFEX (the _Forfex_). A pair of anal organs, which open or shut
transversely, and _cross_ each other[1138]. Ex. Male of _Raphidia
Ophiopsis_.
3. FURCA (the _Fork_). An inflected elastic anal organ, ending in a
fork, by which the animal is enabled to leap[1139]. Ex. _Podura_.
4. STYLI (the _Styles_). Rigid, exarticulate, long and narrow anal
organs[1140]. Ex. _Staphylinus_.
5. FOLIOLA (the _Leaflets_). Rigid, exarticulate, dilated, leaf-like
anal organs[1141]. Ex. _Libellulina_.
6. FLOSCULUS (the _Floret_). A small, tubular, lunulate anal organ,
with a central style[1142]. _Fulgora candelaria_, &c.
7. CERCI (the _Cerci_). Two short, flattish, sublanceolate, jointed,
lateral anal organs[1143]. Ex. _Blatta_.--N.B. Analogous organs
are observable in the _Gryllina_, but usually conical and without
joints[1144]. In _Gryllus_ Latr. they are setiform[1145].
8. CAUDULÆ (the _Caudulæ_). Two or more slender, filiform or
setaceous, _jointed_, flexile anal organs[1146]. Ex. _Lepisma_,
_Machilis_, _Ephemera_.
9. FILA (the _Threads_). Two exarticulate, slender, filiform anal
organs[1147]. Ex. _Machilis_.
10. MAMMULÆ (the _Mammulæ_). Anal protuberances, containing
instruments for spinning web[1148]. Ex. _Araneidæ_. They include
the _Fusi_.
11. FUSI (the _Spinners_). Organs, consisting of two retractile
pieces, issuing from the _Mammulæ_, and rendering the
threads[1149].
12. SIPHONULI (the _Siphonets_). Truncated, fistular, setiform anal
organs, emitting a saccharine fluid[1150]. Ex. _Aphis_.
You will observe, that when the _whole upper-side_ of the _Truncus_
is spoken of, it is called the _Thorax_; and as in _Coleoptera_,
and some other Orders, the whole of the _Mesothorax_ except the
_Scutellum_ is covered by the _Thorax_, and the whole of the
_Metathorax_ by the _Mesothorax_ and _Elytra_--the _Thoracic shield_,
may without danger of mistake be denominated the _Thorax_, as it has
always been. When the _whole under-side_ of the _Trunk_ is spoken of,
it is called the _Pectus_. When the _three Sternums_ are spoken of
together, they may be called the _Sternum_; and the _whole interior
elevation_ of the _Pectus_ may be called the _Endosternum_.
FOOTNOTES:
[903] Lamarck _Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vertèbr._ i. 311, 214.
[904] _Ibid._ 162. Compare the _Systême des Anim. sans Vertèbr._ of
the same author, p. 12--.
[905] The doctrine of Epicurus--that the Deity concerns not himself
with the affairs of the world or its inhabitants, which, as Cicero
has judiciously observed (_De Nat. Deor._ 1. 1. ad calcem), while it
acknowledges a God in _words_, denies him in _reality_; has furnished
the original stock upon which most of these bitter fruits of modern
infidelity are grafted. Nature, in the eyes of a large proportion of
the enemies of Revelation, occupies the place and does the work of
its Great Author. Thus Hume, when he writes against miracles, appears
to think that the Deity has delegated some or all of his powers to
nature, and will not interfere with that trust. _Essays_, ii. 75--.
And to name no more, Lamarck, treading in some measure in the steps
of Robinet (who supposes that all the links of the animal kingdom,
in which nature gradually ascends from low to high, were experiments
in her progress towards her great and ultimate aim--the formation of
man. Barclay _On Organization_, &c. 263), thus states his opinion:
"La nature, dans toutes ses opérations, ne pouvant procéder que
graduellement, n'a pu produire tous les animaux à-la-fois: elle n'a
d'abord formé que les plus simples; et passant de ceux-ci jusques
aux plus composés, elle a établi successivement en eux différens
systêmes d'organes particuliers, les a multipliés, en a augmenté de
plus en plus l'énergie, et, les cumulant dans les plus parfaits,
elle a fait exister tous les animaux connus avec l'organisation et
les facultés que nous leur observons." (_Anim. sans Vertèbr._ i.
123.) Thus denying to the Creator the glory of forming those works
of creation, the animal and vegetable kingdom (for he assigns to
both the same origin, _Ibid._ 83), in which his glorious attributes
are most conspicuously manifested; and ascribing them to nature, or
_a certain order of things_, as he defines it (214)--a blind power,
that operates necessarily (311); which he admits, however, to be the
product of the will of the Supreme Being (216). It is remarkable,
that in his earlier works, in which he broaches a similar opinion,
we find no mention of a Supreme Being. (See his _Systême des Animaux
sans Vertèbres_, Discours d'Ouverture.) Thus we may say that, like
his forerunner Epicurus, _Re tollit_, dum _oratione relinquit Deum._
But though he ascribes all to _nature_; yet as the _immediate_ cause
of all the animal forms, he refers to the local circumstances, wants,
and habits of individual animals themselves; these he regards as the
modifiers of their organization and structure (162). To show the
absurd nonplus to which this his favourite theory has reduced him,
it will only be necessary to mention the individual instances which
in different works he adduces to exemplify it. In his _Systême_,
he supposes that the web-footed birds (_Anseres_) acquired their
natatory feet by frequently separating their toes as far as possible
from each other in their efforts to swim. Thus the skin that unites
these toes at their base contracted a habit of stretching itself; and
thus in time the web-foot of the duck and the goose were produced.
The waders (_Grallæ_), which, in order to procure their food, must
_stand_ in the water, but do not love to _swim_, from their constant
efforts to keep their bodies from submersion, were in the habit of
always stretching their legs with this view, till they grew long
enough to save them the trouble!!! (13--). How the poor birds escaped
drowning before they had got their web feet and long legs, the author
does not inform us. In another work, which I have not now by me,
I recollect he attributes the long neck of the camelopard to its
efforts to reach the boughs of the mimosa, which, after the lapse of
a few thousand years, it at length accomplished!!! In his last work,
he selects as an example one of the _Molluscæ_, which, as it moved
along, felt an inclination to explore by means of _touch_ the bodies
in its path: for this purpose it caused the nervous and other fluids
to move in masses successively to certain points of its head, and
thus in process of time it acquired its horns or tentacula!! _Anim.
sans Vertèbr._ i. 188. It is grievous that this eminent zoologist,
who in other respects stands at the head of his science, should
patronize notions so confessedly absurd and childish.
[906] Lyonnet _Traité_, &c. Pref. xxii. Want of due encouragement, it
is to be feared, caused the abortion of these valuable treatises. The
MSS. are, I believe, still in existence. It would probably answer now
to publish them.
[907] See above, p. 52--.
[908] See above, p. 43--.
[909] There are certain processes which are a continuation of the
internal surface of the crust; and serve, as well as the rest of it,
for points of attachment to the muscles: these, though completely
internal, must be considered as parts of the external skeleton.
[910] See above, p. 28--.
[911] The crust which covers the body of insects is lined internally
with a kind of fibrous cuticle. _Query_, Whether in any degree
analogous to the _Periosteum_ of Vertebrate animals?
[912] We employ this term instead of _Instrumenta Cibaria_ F., to
avoid circumlocution.
[913] PLATES VI. VII. &c. a´, and XXVI. FIG. 30-33.
[914] Ibid. FIG. 30. _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. 139. _Melitta_ **. b. _t._
ii. _f._ 4, 5.
[915] PLATES VI. VII. &c. and XXVI. FIG. 23-29. b´.
[916] PLATES VI. and VII. a´´, and XXVI. FIG. 34, 35.
The part in this work regarded as the _mentum_, does not in all
cases accord with what MM. Latreille, Savigny, &c. have regarded as
entitled to that denomination. Thus in _Hymenoptera_, their _Mentum_
is what we term the _Labium_, while our _Mentum_ is the small piece
upon which that part sits (PLATE VII. FIG. 3. a´´). This is called
the _Fulcrum_ in _Mon. Ap. Angl._ (See i. Explan. of the Plates.) Our
Mentum may generally be known by its situation between the hinges and
base of the _Maxillæ_.
[917] PLATES VI., VII., and XXVI. b´´.
[918] Ibid.
[919] PLATE XIII. FIG. 7. c´´.
[920] Marcel de Serres _Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des
Orthoptères._ 7. _Ann. du Mus._ 11.
[921] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. c´, a´´´. and XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.
[922] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. b´´´. and XIII. FIG. 5. b´´´.
[923] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 16. c´´´.
[924] Ibid. FIG. 20. d´´´.
[925] Cuv. _Anat. Comp._ iii. 322--.
[926] PLATES VI. VII. d´. and XXVI. FIG. 9-15.
[927] Ibid. c´´.
[928] Ibid. f´´.
[929] Ibid. and XXVI. FIG. 13-15.
[930] PLATE VI. FIG. 3. d´´´.
[931] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 11. d´´´.
[932] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. d´´´.
[933] Ibid. FIG. 3, 6, 12. and XXVI. FIG. 9, 10. e´´´.
[934] Ibid. VI. FIG. 3, 12. f´´´.
[935] PLATES VI. VII. h´´. XIII. FIG. 1-4, 8. h´´. and XXVI. FIG. 1-8.
[936] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. e´.
[937] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 26, 29. e´.
[938] PLATE VII. FIG. 2, 3, e´.--What is here called the _Lingua_ in
_Hymenoptera_ has been usually regarded as the _Labium_; but surely
that organ which collects, and as it were _laps_ the honey, and passes
it down to the _Pharynx_, is properly to be considered as the tongue.
The _Labium_ itself appears to be represented by what has been called
the _Mentum_, and the true _Mentum_, as was lately observed, is at the
base of the part last mentioned, in the usual situation of that piece.
This, though long since noticed (Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. 103--), has
not been much attended to by modern entomologists.
[939] Huber _Fourmis_, 4--.
[940] PLATE VII. FIG. 2, 3. and XXVI. FIG. 28. i´´.
[941] PLATE VII. FIG. 14. f´.
[942] Ibid. FIG. 2. k´´. This is M. Savigny's name for this part. It
has also been called _Epiglossa_. Latreille _Organisation Extérieure
des Insectes_, 185.
[943] Vide Savigny _Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 12--.
[944] The majority of Hymenopterous insects, though they have the
ordinary _Trophi_, are not _masticators_, using their _mandibulæ_
only for purposes connected with their economy.
[945] See his _Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres_, I. i.
[946] I have used this word here and on a former occasion (see above,
p. 29), perhaps not with strict propriety, in the sense of the French
word _remplacer_, for which we seem to have no single corresponding
word in our language.
[947] PLATE VI. FIG. 7-9.
[948] PLATE VI. FIG. 7, 9. b´.
[949] Ibid. c´.
[950] Ibid. d´.
[951] Ibid. VII. FIG. 5, 6.
[952] Ibid. b´.
[953] Ibid. FIG. 6. b´.
[954] Ibid. _a._ The _Labella_ have been usually thought confined,
or nearly so, to the genus _Musca_ L.; but they may be traced in all
genuine _Diptera_, i. e. excluding _Hippobosca_ L.
[955] PLATE VII. FIG. 5. a´, c´, d´.
[956] PLATE VII. FIG. 5, 6. a´.
[957] Ibid. c´.
[958] Ibid. d´. It has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained,
whether _all_ the ordinary Trophi are represented in every Dipterous
mouth, the number of the lancets seeming in some cases to vary.
[959] PLATE VI. FIG. 13.
[960] Ibid. _a._
[961] Ibid. _b._
[962] Ibid. Labrum a´; Mandibulæ c´; Maxillary Palpus h´´.
[963] PLATE VII. FIG. 8.
[964] Ibid. c´.
[965] Ibid. d´. Maxillary Palpi h´´.
[966] Ibid. e´.
[967] PLATE VII. FIG. 11, 13. _f_´.
[968] Ibid. FIG. 11. _d_´.
[969] See above, p. 18, &c.
[970] PLATE VI. FIG. 10. c´.
[971] PLATE VI. FIG. 1, 4, 10. â.
[972] Ibid. a.
[973] Ibid. g´.
[974] PLATE VI. c.
[975] Ibid. d.
[976] Ibid. e.
[977] Ibid. f.
[978] Ibid. g.
[979] PLATES VI. VII. and XXVI. h.
[980] PLATE VI. FIG. 1. and VII. FIG. 2. h´.
[981] PLATE VI. FIG. 4, 10. VII. FIG. 1, 2, 4. and XXVI. FIG. 39-41. i.
[982] PLATES XI. XII. and XXV.
[983] PLATE VI. FIG. 1, 2. and VII. FIG. 1. i´.
[984] Ibid. XII. FIG. 6. 9. k´.
[985] Ibid. l´´.
[986] Ibid. l.
[987] Ibid. FIG. 6. m´.
[988] Ibid. FIG. 6, 8-10. m´´.
[989] PLATE VI. FIG. 2, 8. ê.
[990] PLATE VII. FIG. 2. l. _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiii. _f._ 1.
_a_, _e_.
[991] PLATE VI. FIG. 2. m.
[992] Ibid. î.
[993] Ibid. n.
[994] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 1, 3, 4. n.
[995] PLATE VI. FIG. 2. o.
[996] PLATE IX. FIG. 7, 10, 11, &c. and XVI. FIG. 4, 8. B.
[997] M. Chabrier, in his admirable _Mémoires sur le Vol des Insectes_.
uses the term _Tronc Alifère_, which suggested the terms here employed.
[998] PLATE IX. FIG. 3, 12, 16, &c.
[999] Ibid. FIG. 1, 2, 10, 11, &c.
[1000] Ibid. FIG. 2. a´.
[1001] Ibid. IX. FIG. 4.
[1002] Ibid. VIII. FIG. 3, 11.
[1003] PLATE XXIX. FIG. 12. _c´_.
[1004] PLATE VIII. FIG. 2, 11. _d´_.
[1005] PLATE XXII. FIG. 7. _e´_.
[1006] M. Latreille, in his _Organisation Extérieure des Insectes_
(_Mem. du Mus._ viii. 198.) proposes calling the fore-legs of
Hexapods _Propedes_; but having long ago applied this term to the
false legs of caterpillars (see above, VOL. II. p. 288. &c.), we
shall not adopt it.
[1007] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 36. _a´_.
[1008] PLATE XV. FIG. 6-9.
[1009] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 59. a.