Laurel Grove, the Great, 59
Las, 177 n.
_Lead_, 31
Leukê (White) Is., 127, 130
Leukê Kômê, 7-9, 74, 76
Licha, 60
Limyrikê, _see_ Dimyrikê.
_Lycium_, 22
Lykia, 22
M
Mabber C., 65
_Macer_, 22
_Madara_, 105
Madeira Is., 20
Mahi R., _see_ Mais R.
Maiôtic Lake, 148
Mais R., 116
Maisôlos R., 144
Makalleh, 91
Makdashû (Magadoxo), 67
Maklow R., _see_ Tomêros R.
Makroprosôpoi, 140
Malabar, 10, 95, 137, 143
_Malabathrum_ (_Betel_), 22, 149
Malacca, 147
Malana, 154, 185, 187
Malaô, 17-39 _passim_, 54, 55
Malava, 171 n.
Maleus M., 185 n.
Malikhos, 8
Malin C., 185
Malli, 171
Manaar G., 141, 142
Mand R., _see_ Sitakos.
Manda Is., 68
Mandagora, 127, 129
Mangalur, 130
Manora, 158, 178
Manpalli, 140
Mansura, 109
Mapharitis, 7
Mardians, 217
Margastana Is., 218
Mariabo, 189
Markah, 158
Markari, 134
Martan Is., 98
Masalia, 144, 145
Masawwâ, 45, 48
Masira, 99
Maskat, 73, 95, 97, 100
Maṭhurâ, 133
Mazênês, 209
Medina, 75
Megasthenês, 154, 208
Mekran, 186
Meligeizara, 127, 129
_Melilot_, 24
Menander, 121
Menhabery, 109
Menouthias Is., 15, 62, 69-71
Mensureh R., 218
Meroê, 45, 46, 186
Mesembria, 160, 215 n., 216 n.
Mesha, 79
Mesopotamia, 220
Mete C., 57, 59
Methora, 134
Mharras, _see_ Mopharitis.
Minâb R., 159, 202 n.
Minnagar, 108-110, 114
Mirjan, 130
Modura, 127, 131, 133
Moghostan, 199 n.
Moinanokalû C., 72
Mokhâ, 78
Mombaros, 113
Momfia Is., 69, 71
Monedes, 186 n.
Monze C., 106, 178 n.
Mopharitis, 72, 74, 79
Moran C., _see_ Malin C.
Morontobara, 178 n., 180 n.
Mosarna, 189
Moskha, 17, 21, 29, 95, 96
Moskhophagoi, 43, 49
Mossylon, 12-39, _passim_. 54
Moundou, 17-39, _passim_. 54, 57
Mouza, 9, 38, _passim_. 54-82, _passim_.
Mouziris, 6-39 _passim_. 131
Mowilah, 75
Muâri C., 178 n.
Muhammarah, 103
Muhani R., 193 n.
Multân, 20, 171 n.
Murghâb, 213 n.
_Muslin_, 26
Mussendom or Mesandum C., 102, 200 n., 212 n.
Muyiri, 131
Myos Hormos, 9, 40-42, 74, 75
_Myrrh_, 24, 25, 29
N
Nabathaea, 7, 74, 75
Nabend C., 199
Nabend or Naban R., 212 n., 213 n.
Nakb-el-Hajar, 88
Namades R., _see_ Narmadâ R.
Nammadios R., _see_ Narmadâ R.
Nanagouna R., 129
Naoura, 13, 127, 130
_Nard_, 25, 122
Narmadâ (Nerbada) R., 10, 107, 114, 117, 127
Nausari, 127
Nausaripa, 127
Neacyndon, 131
Nebaioth, _see_ Nabathaea.
Neiloptolemaios, 58
Neilospotamia, 58
Nelkynda, 10-39 _passim_. 131-135
Neoptana, 202
Nepâl, 23 n.
Nereid, story of a, 198
Nikobar Is., 145
Nikôn, 62, 66
Nineveh, 220
Nirankol, 156
Nitra or Nitria, 129-131
Nosala Is., 188 n., 198, 199 n.
Notou Keras (South Horn) C., 60, 61
O
Oarakta Is., 202 n., 209
Oboleh (Obolegh), 10, 103
Ogyris Is., 99, 202 n.
Okêlis, 54, 83, 84, 131
Okhos M., 212, 213 n.
Omana (Oman), 12-38 _passim_. 88, 92, 95, 98, 104, 105
Omana, 194 n.
Onne, 75
Onore, 130
_Onyx_, 34
Ophir, 114, 127
Opônê, 15-31 _passim_. 62-64
Opsian or Obsidian Stone, 35, 36, 49
Oraia, 27, 106
Oreinê Is., 46-48
Oreitai, 107, 177, 181 n.
Orfui C., 63
Organa Is., 202 n., 209
Ormus, Straits of, 200
Ormus Is., 202 n., 209 n.
Orneôn Is., 87
Oroatis R., 160
Ozênê (Ujjain), 25, 26, 29, 34, 114, 122
P
Pab M., 178 n.
Padargos R., 214
Pagala, 181
Paithana, 34, 125
Palaipatmai, 127, 129
Palaisimoundou (Ceylon), 4, 143
Palk Bay, 142
Pallacopas R., 160, 219 n.
Pandæ, 133
Pandiôn, 6, 131, 133, 135, 139
Panôn Kômê, 63, 64
Papias Is., 101, 102
Papikê C., 115, 117
_Papyrus_, 61
Parada, _see_ Parthians.
Paragôn B., 106
Paralaoi Is., 62
Paralia, 139
Parsidai, 105
Parthians, 110
Pasargada, 213 n.
Pasinou Kharax, _see_ Spasinou Kharax.
Pasira, 106, 187
Pasirees, 106, 187
Pasitigris R., 103, 161, 220
Passence C., 188 n., 189
Pattala, 156
_Pearl Fisheries_, 102, 103, 141, 178, 212
Pegada, _see_ Pagala.
Pekhely, 121
Pemba Is., 69
_Pepper_, 27, 28, 132
Peram Is., 116
Perim Is., 82
Persian Gulf, aspect of, 209 n.
Persis, Climates of, 216, 217
Persis, Coast of, 86, 88, 212
Peshawar, 121
Petra, 75, 76
Phagiaura, 180 n.
Pharan C., 74
Phœnikia, 222
Pirate Coast, 129
_Pirates_, 95, 130, 131, 177, 188
Piti R., 176 n.
Plocamus, 7, 8
Podoukê, 141, 143
Polior Is., 211 n.
Polymita, 39
Pondicherry, 143
Pontos, 148
_Porcelain_, _see_ _Fluor-spath_.
Poulipoula, 127
Pouna C., 72
Prasii, 24
Prasum C., 73
Proklaïs, 20, 121, 122
Psammêtikḥos, 45
Pseudokêlis, 184
Psygmus, 61
Ptolemaïs Thêrôn, 12, 15, 13, 45
Ptolemy Euergetês, 47
Ptolemy Lagos, 41
Ptolemy Philadelphos, 40, 41, 44
Puduchchêri, 143
Pulikât, 143
Purâli R., 177 n.
Puthangelos, Chase of, 51
Pythangelus, 61
Pylora Is., 211 n.
Puralaoi Is., 68
Pytholaus, 61
R
Râjapur, 129
Rambakia, 106
Râmeśvaram C., 142
Ran, _see_ Eirinon.
Ras-al-Sair C., 96
Ras-el-Had C., 10, 90, 95, 99, 100
Regh, 215 n.
Rhapsioi, 73
Rhapta, 9, 62, 71
Rhaptum C., 72, 73
Rhapua, 187 n.
_Rhinoceros_, 14
Rhinokoloura, 76
Rhizana, 180 n.
Rhogonis R., 215 n.
_Rice_, 27, 64
Rizophagoi, 43
Rumrah R., _see_ Kurmut R.
Rangpur, 23
S
Sabæa, 10, 11
Sabæans, 81, 86
Sabaïtai, 80
Sabbatha, 87-89
Saber M., 79
Sabota, _see_ Sabbatha.
Saghar, 91
Saimur, 113
Śâka, 107
Śâkâbda, 110
Sakala, 178
Sakhalitis Regio, 97
Sakhalîtes G., 90
Sakhlê, 91
Salama C., _see_ Mussendom C.
Salikê (Ceylon), 4
Salour, 142
Salsette Is., 125
_Sandalwood_, 28
Sandanes, 128
_Sandarakê_, 28
Sangada, 177 n.
Sangadip Is., 188 n.
Sangara, 142, 143
San Pedro R., 58, 59
Sauê, 79, 80
Saugra C., 90
Saphar, 80
_Sapphire_, 36
Saraganes, 127, 128
Saranga, 178
Śarâvatî R., 130
Sawa, 89
Schevar, 212 n.
Seger M., 95
Semiramis M., 102, 103
Semulla, 127, 128, 129
Sephar, 97
Serapiôn, 62, 67
Serapis Is., 15, 99
Sesatai, 23, 148
Sêsekreienai Is., 129, 130
Sesostris, 83
_Shadows_, 85 n.
Shat-el-Arab R., 220 n.
Shamba, 70
Sheba, 82, 89
Shehr, 93
Shenarif C., 60
Shi-Hwengti, 148
Shiraz, 213 n.
Sibyrtios, 208
Sigerus, 129
Sijan M., 83
Sikkah Is., 87
Simulla, 128
Sinai (Chinese), 148
Sindhu, _see_ Sinthos.
Sindhudrug, 129
Sinthos (Indus R.), 107
Sisidone, 211 n.
Sitakos R., 160, 214 n.
Sitioganas R., _see_ Sitakos R.
Skythia, 88, 107, 122, 138
Soal R., 57
Sohar, 104
Sokotra Is., _see_ Dioskoridês Is.
Somâli, 66
Sonmiyâni, 177 n., 179 n., 180 n.
Sôpatma, 141, 143
Sôphir, 127
Soupara, 127
Sous M., 98
Sousa, 220, _passim_.
Sousis, Coast of, 218
Spasinou Kharax, 103, 104
Spermatophagoi, 43
_Spikenard_, _see_ _Nard_.
_Stadium, length of_, 162 n.
St. George Is., 130
Stibium, 32
_Storax_, 30
Stoura, 158, 175
Strongylê M., 102
Suari, 106 n.
Subaha M., 98
Suche, 44
Sudich R., 194 n.
_Sugar_, 11, 23, 65
Sumatra Is., 134
Supârâ, 127
Surat, 127, 209 n.
Suagros C., 10, 21, 90, 91, 95
Surastrênê, 113, 114
T
Taaes, 79
Tâb R., 160, 216 n.
Tabai, 16-31 _passim_. 62
Tabis M., 147
Tagara, 26, 125, 126
Talmena, 193
Tamil, 126, 127
Taôkê, 215 n.
Tapatêgê, 58
Tapharon, _see_ Sapphar.
Taprobanê, 7-33 _passim_., 143, 144
Tarphara, _see_ Sapphar.
Tarsia, 211
Tejureh G., 52, 55
Tellicherry, 132
Terabdôn B., 106
Terêdôn, _see_ Diridôtis.
Thaṇa, 113
Tḥaṭha, 109, 156
Thibet, 124
Thîna (China), 147, 148
Thînai, 12, 14, 23
_Thôth_, 52, 82
Thurbot Ali C., 96
Tigre, 46
Tigris R., 160
Tiashanes (Chashtana), 115
Timoula, 128
_Tin_, 31
Tinnevelly, 139, 144
Tirakal R., 129
Tisa, 193 n.
Tiz, 193 n.
Tlepolemos, 208
Tombo Is., 210 n.
Tomêros R., 183 n.
Tonikê, 67
Topazas Is., 28
Toperon, 127
Torra or Torre, 68
Touag, 215 n.
Travancore, 134, 139
Troglodytes, 45, 47
Troisi, 194 n.
Trombay Is., 128
Troullas Is., 87
Tuna, 144
Tutikorin, 138, 141
Tybi, 52
Tyndis, 13, 129, 131
Turanosboas, 127
U
Ujjain, _see_ Ozênê.
Ulai R., 161
Ulûlah Bandar, 59
Urmara C., _see_ Arabah C.
Uxians, 216
V
Valabhi, 115
Vasâï, 127
Vatrachitis R., 215 n.
Veneris Portus, 41
Vijayadrug, 129
Vikramâditya, 110
Vingorla Rocks, 130
Vrokt Is., _see_ Brokt Is.
W
Wadi Meifah, 88
Wejh, 75
_Whales_, 196, 215
_Wheat_, 28
_Wine_, 27
Y
Yemen, 78, 80
Yenbo, 74
Yeukaotschin, 110
Z
Za-Hakale, 5
Zalegh, 55
Zanzibar Is., 69, 71
Zapphar, _see_ Sapphar.
Zarotis R., 216 n.
Zeyla, 54
Zeyla G., 52
Zenobios Is., 98, 99
Zhafâr, 97
Zoskalês, 5, 49
Zouileh, 55
BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S PRESS.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The Introduction and Commentary embody the main substance of
Müller’s Prolegomena and Notes to the _Periplûs_, and of Vincent’s
_Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients_ so far as it relates
specially to that work. The most recent authorities accessible have,
however, been also consulted, and the result of their inquiries noted.
I may mention particularly Bishop Caldwell’s Dravidian Grammar, to
which I am indebted for the identification of places on the Malabar and
Coromandel coasts.
[2] The enumeration is Vincent’s, altered and abridged.
[3] The numerals indicate the sections of the _Periplûs_ in which the
articles are mentioned.
[4] Bhagvânlâl Indraji Pâṇḍit points out that the colour is called
_alaktaka_, Prakrit _alito_: it is used by women for dying the nails
and feet,—also as a dye. The _gulalî_ or pill-like balls used by women
are made with arrowroot coloured with _alito_, and cotton dipped in it
is sold in the bazars under the name of _pothi_, and used for the same
purposes. He has also contributed many of the Sanskṛit names, and some
notes.
[5] Sans. _Guggula_, Guj. _Gûgal_, used as a tonic and for skin and
urinary diseases.—B. I. P.
[6] Mahuwâ oil (Guj. _doliuṅ_, Sans. _madhuka_) is much exported from
Bharoch.—B. I. P.
[7] May not some of these be the fragrant root of the kusâ, grass,
_Andropogon calamus_—_aromaticus_?—J. B.
[8] A similar gum is obtained from the _Pâlâśa_ (Guj. _khâkhara_), the
_Dhâka_ of Râjputâna.—B. I. P.
[9] What the Brâhmans call _kuṇḍaru_ is the gum of a tree called the
_Dhûpa-salai_; another sort of it, from Arabia, they call _Isêsa_, and
in Kâṭhiâvâḍ it is known as _Sesagundar_.—B. I. P.
[10] More likely from Nepâl, where it is called _tejapât_.—B. I. P.
[11] Obtained from the root of _Nardostachys jatamansi_, a native of
the eastern Himâlayas.—J. B.
[12] It is brought now from the Eastern Archipelago.—B. I. P.
[13] In early times it was obtained chiefly from _Styrax officinalis_,
a native of the same region.—J. B.
[14] Nero gave for one 300 talents = £58,125. They were first seen at
Rome in the triumphal procession of Pompey. [May these not have been of
emerald, or even ruby?—J. B.]
[15] Possibly the Lapis Lazuli is meant.—J. B.
[16] There was another Arsinoe between Ras Dh’ib and Ras Shukhair,
lat. 28° 3´ N. The few geographical indications added by Mr. Burgess
to these comments as they passed through the press are enclosed in
brackets. []
[17] Bruce, _Travels_, vol. III., p. 62.—J. B.
[18] From the Tamil _ariśi_, rice deprived of the husk.—_Caldwell._
[19] Meaning _white village_.
[20] “This” (Mons Pulcher) says Major-General Miles, “is Jebel Lahrim
or Shaum, the loftiest and most conspicuous peak on the whole cape
(Mussendom), being nearly 7,000 feet high.”—_Jour. R. As. Soc._ (N.S.)
vol. X. p. 168.—ED.
[21] “The city of Omana is Ṣoḥar, the ancient capital of Omana, which
name, as is well known, it then bore, and Pliny is quite right in
correcting _former writers_ who had placed it in Caramania, on which
coast there is no good evidence that there was a place of this name.
Nearchus does not mention it, and though the author of the _Periplûs
of the Erithræan Sea_ does locate it in Persia, it is pretty evident
he never visited the place himself, and he must have mistaken the
information he obtained from others. It was this city of Ṣoḥar most
probably that bore the appellation of Emporium Persarum, in which,
as Philostorgius relates, permission was given to Theophilus, the
ambassador of Constantine, to erect a Christian church.” The Homna
of Pliny may be a repetition of Omana or Ṣoḥar, which he had already
mentioned.—Miles in _Jour. R. As. Soc._ (N. S.) vol. X. pp. 164-5.—ED.
[22] _Ind. Ant._ vol. I. pp. 309-310.
[23] Written in the Ionic dialect.
[24] See infra, note 35.
[25] Geog. of Anc. India, p. 279 sqq.
[26] See Arrian’s Anab. VI. 19. Καὶ τοῦτο οὔπω πρότερον εγνωκόσι τοῖς
ἀμφ' Ἀλέξανδρον ἔκπληξιν μὲν καὶ αὐτὸ οὐ σμικρὰν παρέσχε.
[27] See Arrian, ib.
[28] See id. VI. 23, and Strab. xv. ii. 3, 4.
[29] Strab. ib. 5.
[30] This may perhaps be represented by the modern Khâu, the name of
one of the western mouths of the Indus.
[31] See infra, p. 176, note 17.
[32] The Olympic stadium, which was in general use throughout Greece,
contained 600 Greek feet = 625 Roman feet, or 606 English feet. The
Roman mile contained eight stadia, being about half a stadium less
than an English mile. Not a few of the measurements given by Arrian
are excessive, and it has therefore been conjectured that he may have
used some standard different from the Olympic,—which, however, is
hardly probable. See the subject discussed in Smith’s Dictionary of
Antiquities, S. V. _Stadium_.
[33] This list does not specify those officers who performed the
voyage, but such as had a temporary command during the passage down
the river. The only names which occur afterwards in the narrative are
those of Arkhias and Onêsikritos. Nearkhos, by his silence, leaves it
uncertain whether any other officers enumerated in his list accompanied
him throughout the expedition. The following are known not to have
done so: Hephaistion, Leonnatos, Lysimakhos, Ptolemy, Krateros,
Attalos and Peukestas. It does not clearly appear what number of ships
or men accompanied Nearkhos to the conclusion of the voyage. If we
suppose the ships of war only fit for the service, 30 galleys might
possibly contain from two to three thousand men, but this estimation is
uncertain.
See Vincent, I. 118 sqq.
[34] So also Plutarch in the Life of Alexander (C. 66) says that in
returning from India Alexander had 120,000 foot and 15,000 cavalry.
[35] Sansk. Malava. The name is preserved in the modern Moultan.
[36] Anab. VI. 11.
[37] The general effect of the monsoon Nearkhos certainly knew; he
was a native of Crete, and a resident at Amphipolis, both which lie
within the track of the annual or Etesian winds, which commencing
from the Hellespont and probably from the Euxine sweep the Egêan sea,
and stretching quite across the Mediterranean to the coast of Africa,
entered through Egypt to Nubia or Ethiopia. Arrian has accordingly
mentioned the monsoon by the name of the Etesian winds; his expression
is remarkable, and attended with a precision that does his accuracy
credit. These Etesian winds, says he, do not blow from the north in
the summer months as with us in the Mediterranean, but from the South.
On the commencement of winter, or at latest on the setting of the
Pleiades, the sea is said to be navigable till the winter solstice
(Anab. VI. 21-1) Vincent I. 43 sq.
[38] The date here fixed by Arrian is the 2nd of October 326 B.C., but
the computation now generally accepted refers the event to the year
after to suit the chronology of Alexander’s subsequent history (see
Clinton’s F. Hell. II. pp. 174 and 563, 3rd ed.). There was an Archon
called Kephisidoros in office in the year B.C. 323-322; so Arrian has
here either made a mistake, or perhaps an Archon of the year 326-325
may have died during his tenure of office, and a substitute called
Kephisidôros been elected to fill the vacancy. The _lacuna_ marked by
the asterisks has been supplied by inserting the name of the Makedonian
month Dius. The Ephesians adopted the names of the months used by the
Makedonians, and so began their year with the month Dius, the first
day of which corresponds to the 24th of September. The 20th day of
Boedromion of the year B.C. 325 corresponded to the 21st of September.
[39] Regarding the sunken reef encountered by the fleet after leaving
Koreatis, Sir Alexander Burnes says: “Near the mouth of the river we
passed a rock stretching across the stream, which is particularly
mentioned by Nearchus, who calls it _a dangerous rock_, and is the
more remarkable since there is not even a stone below Tatta in any
other part of the Indus.” The rock, he adds, is at a distance of six
miles up the Pitti. “It is vain,” says Captain Wood in the narrative
of his _Journey to the Source of the Oxus_, “in the delta of such a
river (as the Indus), to identify existing localities with descriptions
handed down to us by the historians of Alexander the Great ... (but)
Burnes has, I think, shown that the mouth by which the Grecian fleet
left the Indus was the modern +Piti+. The ‘dangerous rock’
of Nearchus completely identifies the spot, and as it is still in
existence, without any other within a circle of many miles, we can
wish for no stronger evidence.” With regard to the canal dug through
this rock, Burnes remarks: “The Greek admiral only availed himself
of the experience of the people, for it is yet customary among the
natives of Sind to dig shallow canals, and leave the tides or river
to deepen them; and a distance of five stadia, or half a mile, would
call for not great labour. It is not to be supposed that sandbanks will
continue unaltered for centuries, but I may observe that there was a
large bank contiguous to the island, between it and which a passage
like that of Nearchus might have been dug with the greatest advantage.”
The same author thus describes the mouth of the Piti:—“Beginning from
the westward we have the Pitti mouth, an embouchure of the Buggaur,
that falls into what may be called the Bay of Karachi. It has no bar,
but a large sandbank, together with an island outside prevent a direct
passage into it from the sea, and narrow the channel to about half a
mile at its mouth.”
[40] All inquirers have agreed in identifying the Kolaka of Ptolemy,
and the sandy island of Krokola where Nearchus tarried with his fleet,
for one day, with a small island in the bay of Karâchi. Krôkala is
further described as lying off the mainland of the Arabii. It was 150
stadia, or 17¼ miles, from the western mouth of the Indus,—which agrees
exactly with the relative positions of Karâchi and the mouth of the
Ghâra river, if, as we may fairly assume, the present coast-line has
advanced five or six miles during the twenty-one centuries that have
elapsed since the death of Alexander. The identification is continued
by the fact that the district in which Karâchi is situated is called
+Karkalla+ to this day. Cunningham _Geog. of An. India_, I. p. 306.
[41] The name of the Arabii is variously written,—Arabitæ, Arbii,
Arabies, Arbies, Aribes, Arbiti. The name of their river has also
several forms,—Arabis, Arabius, Artabis, Artabius. It is now called
the +Purâli+, the river which flows through the present district
of Las into the bay of Soumiyâni. The name of the Oreitai in Curtius
is Horitæ. Cunningham identifies them with the people on the Aghor
river, whom he says the Greeks would have named Agoritæ or Aoritæ, by
the suppression of the guttural, of which a trace still remains in
the initial aspirate of ‘Horitæ.’ Some would connect the name with
+Haur+, a town which lay on the route to Firabaz, in Mekran.
[42] This name Sangada, D’Anville thought, survived in that of a race
of noted pirates who infested the shores of the gulf of Kachh, called
the +Sangadians+ or Sangarians.
[43] “The pearl oyster abounds in 11 or 12 fathoms of water all
along the coast of Scinde. There was a fishery in the harbour of
Kurrachee which had been of some importance in the days of the native
rulers.”—_Wanderings of a Naturalist in India_, p. 36.
[44] This island is not known, but it probably lay near the rocky
headland of Irus, now called +Manora+, which protects the port of
Karâchi from the sea and bad weather.
[45] “The name of Morontobara,” says Cunningham, “I would identify with
Muâri, which is now applied to the headland of Râs Muâri or Cape Monze,
the last point of the Pab range of mountains. _Bâra_, or _Bâri_, means
roadstead or haven; and Moranta is evidently connected with the Persian
_Mard_ a man, of which the feminine is still preserved in Kâśmîrî as
_Mahrin_ a woman. From the distances given by Arrian, I am inclined to
fix it at the mouth of the +Bahar+ rivulet, a small stream which
falls into the sea about midway between Cape Monze and Sonmiyâni.”
_Women’s Haven_ is mentioned by Ptolemy and Ammianus Marcellinus. There
is in the neighbourhood a mountain now called +Mor+, which may be
a remnant of the name Morontobari. The channel through which the fleet
passed after leaving this place no longer exists, and the island has of
course disappeared.
[46] The coast from Karâchi to the Purâli has undergone considerable
changes, so that the position of the intermediate places cannot be
precisely determined. “From Cape Monze to Sonmiyâni,” says Blair, “the
coast bears evident marks of having suffered considerable alterations
from the encroachments of the sea. We found trees which had been washed
down, and which afforded us a supply of fuel. In some parts I saw
imperfect creeks in a parallel direction with the coast. These might
probably be the vestiges of that narrow channel through which the Greek
galleys passed.”
[47] Ptolemy and Marcian enumerate the following places as lying
between the Indus and the Arabis: Rhizana, Koiamba, Women’s Haven,
Phagiaura, Arbis. Ptolemy does not mention the Oreitai, but extends the
Arabii to the utmost limit of the district assigned to them in Arrian.
He makes, notwithstanding, the river Arabia to be the boundary of the
Arabii. His Arabis must therefore be identified not with the _Pârâli_,
but with the _Kurmut_, called otherwise the _Rumra_ or _Kalami_, where
the position of Arrian’s Kalama must be fixed. Pliny (vi. 25) places
a people whom he calls the Arbii between the Oritae and Karmania,
assigning as the boundary between the Arbii and the Oritae the river
Arbis.
[48] The +Arabis+ or +Purâli+ discharges its waters into the
bay of Sonmiyâni. “Sonmiyâni,” says Kempthorne, “is a small town or
fishing village situated at the mouth of a creek which runs up some
distance inland. It is governed by a Sheikh, and the inhabitants appear
to be very poor, chiefly subsisting on dried fish and rice. A very
extensive bar or sandbank runs across the mouth of this inlet, and none
but vessels of small burden can get over it even at high water, but
inside the water is deep.” The inhabitants of the present day are as
badly off for water as their predecessors of old. “Everything,” says
one who visited the place, “is scarce, even water, which is procured
by digging a hole five or six feet deep, and as many in diameter, in
a place which was formerly a swamp; and if the water oozes, which
sometimes it does not, it serves them that day, and perhaps the next,
when it turns quite brackish, owing to the nitrous quality of the
earth.”
[49] Strabo agrees with Arrian in representing the Oreitai as
non-Indian. Cunningham, however, relying on statement made by Curtius,
Diodorus and the Chinese pilgrim Hwen Thsang, a most competent
observer, considers them to be of Indian origin, for their customs,
according to the Pilgrim, were like those of the people of Kachh,
and their written characters closely resembled those of India, while
their language was only slightly different. The Oreitai as early as
the 6th century B.C. were tributary to Darius Hystaspes, and they were
still subject to Persia nearly 12 centuries later when visited by Hwen
Thsang.—_Geog. of An. Ind._ pp. 304 sqq.
[50] Another form is Pegadæ, met with in Philostratos, who wrote a work
on India.
[51] To judge from the distances given, this place should be near the
stream now called Agbor, on which is situated +Harkânâ+. It is
probably the Koiamba of Ptolemy.
[52] “In vessels like those of the Greeks, which afforded neither space
for motion, nor convenience for rest, the continuing on board at night
was always a calamity. When a whole crew was to sleep on board, the
suffering was in proportion to the confinement.”—Vincent, I. p. 209
note.
[53] In another passage of Arrian (Anab. VI. 27, 1,) this Apollophanês
is said to have been deposed from his satrapy, when Alexander was
halting in the capital of Gedrosia. In the Journal Arrian follows
Nearkhos, in the History, Ptolemy or Aristobûlus.—Vincent.
[54] From the distances given, the Tomêros must be identified with the
+Maklow+ or +Hingal+ river; some would, however, make it the
+Bhusâl+. The form of the name in Pliny is +Tomberus+, and in
Mela—+Tubero+. These authors mention another river in connection
with the Tomêros,—the +Arosapes+ or +Arusaces+.